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THE UNIVERSITY 


OF ILLINOIS 
LIBRARY 


Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2023 with funding from 
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates 


https://archive.org/details/officialobluebookOOjame 


THE LIBRARY 
OF THE 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 


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THE LIBRARY 
QUIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 


STATUE OF CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH 
By Wituam Couper, Sculptor 


Erected at Jamestown Island by the Association for the 
Preservation of Virginia Antiquities 


flea om by ee 
OFFICIAL 
BLUE BOOK 


OF THE 


JAMESTOWN 
TER-CENTENNIAL 
EXPOSITION 


AD-19@7: 


THE ONLY 
AUTHORIZED HISTORY 
OF THE CELEBRATION 


ILLUSTRATED 


THE COLONIAL 
PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. 


NORFOLK .VIRGINIA, U.S. A. 


COPYRIGHT, 1909 


By THE COLONIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, 
INCORPORATED 
NORFOLK, VIRGINIA 


MANUFACTURED BY 
THE WERNER COMPANY, AKRON, OHIO 


EDITOR S#PR Hla Gr: 


HAT the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition, its inception, its devel- 
opment and its completion, its general history and the story of its efforts 
demand a record, is a fact too obvious to require a word of explanation. 

To prepare an exposition history is a work involving enormous labor and a 
large expenditure of capital. All of the great fairs have been recorded in 
books; some have had only perfunctory accounts, others have been elaborate; 
but with the exception of this History all have been written by some one 
employed by the Exposition whose story was told. 

It is not our purpose even to hint at bias in other works of this character, 
but, in favor of ourselves, we may say frankly and without fear of contradic- 
tion that if anything appears in the following pages which is not an exact fact 
it is a misfortune due to lack of available information, and not to any desire 
that the truth should be hidden or distorted. The records and the books of 
the Jamestown Exposition Company have been open to the Editor and in 
the compilation of this work he has received much valuable aid from the 
officers of that Company, from department chiefs, from many exhibitors and 
from a number of exceptionally strong men who as Commissioners splendidly 
served their several States or as managers of the United States’ exhibits made 
a showing of which the Nation should be proud. There does not appear in 
any line of this History a word for which any one has paid; it is impartial and 
tells the exact truth as the Editor has seen the truth—praising no one unduly 
and censuring no one without just cause. 

If there are errors in the text, and naturally some will be found, it may 
be said in extenuation that information was in certain lines extremely difficult 
to obtain. If the efforts of some States appear to be unduly aggrandized the 
reason lies in the fact that the Commissioners of these States preserved better 
records of their transactions and were more willing to permit an investigation 
of their files. Believing that in a large degree exhibits form an exposition and 
desiring to give so far as possible prominence to the principal displays, the pub- 
lishers decided to describe and illustrate every exhibit that received a gold 
medal. All of the descriptions appearing in the history have been prepared 
and printed without cost to the exhibitor; and, where a prize exhibit is not 
described, the exhibitor refused to give the facts connected with the display of 
his wares. We feel safe in saying that this course toward commercial houses 
has established a precedent. In this history for the first time there appears a 
complete and verified list of the findings of the Jury of Awards. 

The plan of this book was evolved by Eugene d’Avigneau, who believed 
that the Jamestown Exposition, an eminently historical celebration, should 
have a real history and was convinced that such a book critically compiled 
would serve as a primer for future similar undertakings. Consequently there 
is in the legend of this event much purely editorial matter—deductions, infer- 
ences, conclusions. Many occurrences that perhaps have been worthy of the 
Editor’s comment have escaped attention because inferences were involved and 
conclusions were hazardous. Where such comment shows the Editor felt 
that no logical difference of opinion could obtain. 

The Jamestown Exposition Company entered with the Colonial Pub- 
lishing Company into an agreement which officially authorized the latter to 
publish this History and positively precluded the use of the Exposition’s rec- 
ords for the preparation of any other account of the undertaking. This is, 
therefore, the only History of the Ter-Centennial which will appear. To 
Mr. d’Avigneau who, as General Manager of the Colonial Publishing Com- 
pany, invaluably aided in the compilation of this volume, the Editor extends 
the assurance of his appreciation and to him and also to Cornelius H. Bull, 
the President of the Company, the Editor is grateful for their consistent atti- 
tude, rejecting utterly all suggestions of commerciality and interfering not 
even in the slightest degree with the text of the book. Whatever faults there 
are, therefore, in the treatment of any subject or incident must be charged to 
the signer. 

CHARLES RUSSEL KEILEY. 


57 362 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 


STAWUEL OH CASTAIN, TON SMITH s o:0cc ieee ole syeiein ois.ye 415.50) «a0, a)e sete s leu ehohe wrote tel es tea romeys] mney ayeMaatotay ste Haas fal syste atin ste abelce cvs TT Frontispiece 


Epiror’s PREFACE 
AupTvoRIUM ILLUMINATED 
INTRODUCTION, TIARRY St. GrorGe TUCKER 


History OF THE JAMESTOWN SETTLEMENT, J. A, C. CHANDLER, LL.D. 


THE 


THE 


ELE 


CHAPTER I 


INCEPTION—Naming of Virginia—Celebrations in 1807 and 1857—Efect of Jamestown—The Idea of a Ter-Centen- 
nial—Association for Preservation of Virginia Antiquities—Other Agencies—Interest in Tidewater Virginia—Governor 
Tyler’s Proclamation—Organizing Committees—Concentrating Activities—Preparing a Charter—The Charter Granted.. 


CHAPTER II 


INCORPORATION—Meeting of Incorporators—Election of Officers—Visit to Charleston—Election of a President— 
Selecting the Site—Scope of the Exposition—The Financial Plan—An Appropriation from Virginia—Securing Subscrip- 
tions—Aggressive Solicitation—Mass Meetings—Transportation Subscriptions—Appeal of Executive Committee—Close of 
Campaigner cere aires m 


CHAPTER III 


ORGANIZATION—Meeting of Stockholders—The Directorate—Executive Committee—Standing Committees—Request 
for Appropriation from Congress—Opposition to the Appropriation—Endorsements of the Exposition—Congressional 
Pilgrimage to Jamestown—lIlearing before a Special House Committee—Interest shown by Cabinet Officers—With- 
drawalof Biller wasiitarcinsctetensntcaretanorer cesta erases oan terete 


CHAPTER IV 


PROMOTION—Pilgrimage, Daughters American Revolution—Consultation with Director-General of Charleston Exposition— 


THE 


CONSTRUCTION—Historical Tidewater Virginia—Souvenir Certificates—President Roosevelt’s Message 


Plans for Construction Submitted—The Board of Design—Dissatisfaction with the Company’s Organization—Schmelz 
Resolution—Board of Governors—Settling Transportation Subscriptions—Plans for Buildings—Improvement of 
Grounds Begun—State Campaigns—Bill before Congress—The Vote in the House—Exploiting the Exposition— 
State Appropriations—Death of General Lee—Visit of Rhode Island Commission—Honorable Harry St. George 
Tucker Elected President—Mr. Tucker’s European Trip—Creation of Working Bureaus—Analysis of Board’s Policy 
—The Various Governing Bodies Compared—The Unusual Powers of the Board of Governors.........+..++ees+e00- 


CHAPTER V 


BOARD OF GOVERNORS—Ways and Means—Collections—Original Estimate of Cost—Enforcing Collections— 
Securing the Virginia Appropriation—Public Utilities—Transportation Arrangement—Location of Main Gate—Dis- 
advantages of Location—The Effect of Trolley Consolidation—Water Supply—A Reservoir—Light and Power—The 
Division of Concessions—Experience of other Expositions—The Policies of the Concession Division—Prices Charged 
—Division of Works—Landscape Features—Collecting Plants—Characteristics of the Site-—-The Exposition Fence— 
Water and Sewer System—Building Roadways—The Labor Problem—Exploitation and Exhibits—Ramification of 
Exhibit Division—Exhibit Commissioners—History, Education and Social Economy.............sseseeececeesevees 


CHAPTER VI 


Efforts to Secure 
an Appropriation from Congress—Odd Feature of the Bill—Opposition to the Seigniorage Clause—Testimony of 
Cabinet Officers—Appropriation Recommended by Committee—Hearing Denied by Speaker Cannon—TIntroduced 
Through the Senate—A New Division Created—‘t Exhibits’’ and ‘‘ History, Education and Social Economy ” 
Conflict—Classification of Exhibits—Necessity for a Single Head for Exhibit Division—Issue Between Exhibits and 
Concessions—Rules Governing Sale of Privileges—Amendment to Rules—Discrimination Against American Venders 
—Contrast Between the Amusement Sections of an Exposition and Its Neighborhood—Immorality at Pine Beach 
—The Exposition’s Cash Balance July First—Conditions of Buildings at that Time—Board of Design Urges Speed 
—Large Buildings Started—Excess of Liabilities—Necessity for a Loan—Budget of November First—Congress Re- 
quested to Lend One Million Dollars—Exaggerated Building Conditions—Building Materials Ordered and Returned 
—Increased Cost of Materials—Rise in Labor Rates—Beginning State Buildings—Supervision of Executive Com- 
mittee—Cransp ortatiom  Maciities: voice ciate ies aco art ole G:e¥arn 6's 1G ahacerel avane in Toy olinncbalfe debetee tebe naWencivite oiokereneker cere peice ere: alot eicteton ede ten caeneaneane 


CHAPTER VII 


COMPLETION—An Empty Treasury—Motives of Managers—Supply System—Auditing Difficulties—Increased Cost of 


Material and Labor—Late Building—Construction Problems—Contractors Delays—History Building—Indefinite Ex- 
hibit space—Electric Fountain—Rumors of Postponement—Public Service Features—Exposition Post Office—Pre-Ex- 
position Hurry—Need of Practical Works Director—Arrival of Soldiery—Exposition Debts—First Bond Issue—Advisory 
Committee—Second Deed of Trust—Enforced Payments on Common Stock—Alteration of By-Laws—James M. Barr 
Elected Director-General—Condition of Exhibit Palaces—Efforts of Government—Injudicious Exploitation—<Atten- 
dance Figures—Tucker-Barr Controversy—Resignation of Mr. Barr—Alvah H. Martin Elected Director-General— 
Completed Exposition—Re-opening Discussed—Receivers for the Company Appointed...........-...eseeeeeeeveee 


CHAPTER VIII 


DIARY OR THEE SPOSLEION—April26y tos November 80) 1907, yayerctetereiage er-vspetrsrntet-tetaltetaretelatee its tetee state ate tele ete ener 


CHAPTER IX 


STATE PARTICIPATION—-Palatial Mansions on Shore Line—Virginia, Hostess of the States, Various Appropriations, 


Plan of State Building, Laying Corner-stone, Hostesses, Building and Furniture, Entertainments, Distinguished 
Guests—Connecticut, Description of Building—Delaware, Enabling Act, Commissioners, Curious House, Receptions 
—Georgia, Public Subscriptions, President Roosevelt's Interest—TIllinois, Attractive Ileadquarters, Notable Fune- 
tions, Popularity of the House—Kentucky, State Development Company, Public Spirited Kentuckians, Fort DBoones- 
boro, Large Registration—Louisiana, Typical Creole Mansion, Pictures, Entertainments—-Maryland, Generous 
Appropriation, Social Features, Furniture, Paintings and Relics—Massachusetts, Old State House, Colonial Exhibit, 
Meetings and Receptions—Michigan, Late Opening of State Building, Michigan Day Banquet—Missouri, Location 
of Building, Luncheons, Receptions and Dinners—New Hampshire, Building Opened Early, [Entertainments—New 
York, Largest Appropriation, Imposing Headquarters, Handsome Furnishings, Elaborate Social Features New 
Jersey, Early Interest well Sustained, New Jersey’s Paintings, Splendid Receptions—North Carolina, Large Number 
of Visitors, Elaborate Functions, North Carolina Day—QOhio, Large Appropriation, Distinctive Building—Pennsyl- 
vania, Strong Commission, Independence Hall, Colonial Furniture, [Entertainments—Rhode Island, First Completed 
State Building, Notable Social Features, Dedication of Building--Vermont, Dainty Headquarters—West Virginia, 
Dignified Building, Fine Receptions, Handsome Decorations—North Dakota, Single Commissioner, State Com- 
MiSSLoMer’S GA SSOCLALLOM sf veveneue) gh ettonsnue estes: oor ells yaralteShoirous ts yeasts sousilowss sy wiesat wa eiehamaer’, ofevar stele cisysuanshoveuerstabe are) sites narataletel seeronenenChetantes ena eeen 


CHAPTER X 


SPECIAL PARTICIPATION—Municipal—Richmond, Council Ordinance and Committee, Chamber of Commerce Assumes 


Charge, Resident Representative City Building, Headquarters for Other Cities; Baltimore, Motives for Building, 
Means Employed to Finance, Conduct of House, Baltimore’s Jamestown Commission—Religious—Baptist Exhibit, 
Financial Plan, Style of Building, Character of Exhibits, Distinguished Visitors; Pan-Presbyterian Exhibit, Classifi- 
cations, Thoroughness of Demonstrations, Composition of Governing Board—Patriotic—Beauvoir, Virginia Division, 
United Daughters of the Confederacy, Building Committee, Choice Site, Typical Building, Fine Management, 
Method of Maintenance—Fraternal—Travelers’ Protective Association, T. P. A. Building.................ceeeeee- 


25 


35 


45 


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89 


107 


381 


CHAPTER XI 


GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION—Jamestown Ter-Centennial Commission—Changes in Personnel—Act of March #, 1905 
Amendment to Sundry Civil Bill, 1906—Sites for Government Buildings—United States Government Board 

General Character of Exhibits—Department of State—Relics of Famous Personages Commemorative Medal—Hlis- 

toric Flag—Portraits of Distinguished .Men—Declaration of Independence—Monroe Doctrine—Treasury Department 

Office of the Secretary—Office of the Register—-Treasurer’s Office—Paper Money, Bonds and Securities—Bureau 

of Engraving and Printing—Bureau of the Mint—Revenue Cutter Service—Bureau of Public Health and Marine Hos- 

pital Service—United States Life-Saving Service—War Department—Office of the Secretary—General Staff Exhibit 
Quartermaster’s Department—Transportation Devices—Commissary Models—Ordnance Department—Signal Corps 

United States Military Academy—Submarine Defense—Gettysburg National Cemetery—Panama Canal— Department 

of Justice—Etchings, Photographs and Paintings—Curious Venire—Rare Books—Government Penitentiaries—Post 

Office Department—Mail Transportation Division—Star Route, Alaska Sledges, Stage Coach, Ocean Liner and Rail- 

way Delivery—Rural Outfits—Post Office Car—Model Sub-station—Dead Letter Office—Navy Department—Model 

of Great Review—Bureau of Yards and Docks—‘‘ Dewey’ Dry Dock—Cannon—Models of Vessels—Naval Gun 

Factory——United States Naval Academy—Naval Medical School— Marine Corps—Artificers School of Norfolk Navy 

Yard—Department of Interior—Geological Survey—Educational Maps—Patent Office—General Land Office—Pension 

Office—Bureau of Education—Reclamation Service—Bureau of Indian Affairs—Illustrated Lectures—Department 

of Agriculture—Weather Bureau—lInstructive Animal and Plant Exhibits—Investigations—Soil Survey—-Tobacco 

Investigation—Bureau of Entomology—<Agricultural Resources of Hawaii and Porto Rico—Library of Congress 

Division of Printed Books—Division of Maps and Charts—Division of Prints—Division of Periodicals—Mechanical 

Divisions, Shelving, Catalogues, Coverings and Bindings—Department of Commerce and Labor—Lighthouse Service, 

Lenses, Lamps, Signals and Models—Bureau of Fisheries, Aquarium, Fish Propagation, Fish Culture, Biologic In- 

vestigations—Rhode Island Commission of Inland Fisheries—Smithsonian Institution and National Museum—Ethno- 

logic Exhibit, Models, Pictures, Sculpture—Evolution of Transportation, Land and Water—History of Medicine 

Exhibit of Photography—Latin-America—International Bureau of American Republics Porto Rico—Mexico—Re- 

publica Dominicana—Haiti—Other Latin-American Participation—United States Army—United States Navy, Naval 

Participation—Government Piers—Army and Navy Entertainment—Officers’ Club—Soldiers and Sailors Club 


CHAPTER XII 


JURY OF AWARDS—tThe Jury and their Laws—Special Rules and Regulations, Divisions of Jury, Rules Governing 
Awards, System of Certification, Rules for Temporary Exhibits, Manner of Determining Standing of Exhibits; 
Percentage of Values Necessary to Obtain Medals, Special Commemorative Medals and Diplomas—Personnel of 
the Jury, Character of the Jury, Its Officers and Members, Brief Biographies—Report of the President of the Jury, 
Explanation of the Functions of the Jury, Comments on Nature of Rules and Regulations, Single Responsibility, 
Grades of Awards, Selection of Jurors, Non-Duplication of Awards, No Grand Prize, Innovation Regarding Govern- 
ment Exhibits, Organization of Department Juries, Division into Groups, Exhibit Installation, Negro Exhibits, Com- 
pletion of Jury Work—Department Juries, Composition of these Bodies—Awards—Explanation of Groupings, Gold, 
Silver and Bronze Medals—Departments of History; Higher Education ; Primary and Secondary Education; Social 
Economy; Manufactures and Liberal Arts; Machinery; Transportation; Agriculture; Horticulture (Fresh Fruits and 
Vegetables, Flowers and Nuts); Foods and Accessories; Forestry, Fish and Game; Mines and Metallurgy—Awards 
to United States Government Exhibits, Commemorative Gold Medals, Department and Bureau Awards, Department 
of State, Treasury Department, War Department, Department of Justice, Post Office Department, Navy Depart- 
ment, Library of Congress, International Bureau of American Republics—Individual Awards—Collaborators 
Awards—Medals for Installation, Individual Buildings, Booths in Exhibit Palaces—Commemorative Medals for 
Valuable Services—Negro Awards, Advisory Board—Gold, Silver and Bronze Medals to Exhibits in Negro Building 


CHAPTER XIII 


HISTORY, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY—History, Value of Collection; Exhibit of the States of Rhode Island, 
Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, West Virginia, Virginia, Georgia, South Caro- 
lina, Ohio, New Jersey; Individual Collections; National Patriotic Associations; Church Collection—Education, 
Halls of Primary and Secondary Education and Higher Education; Exhibits of Universities, Colleges, Technical 
Institutions, Normal Schools, High Schools, Grammar and Primary Grades, Kindergartens—Social Economy, Ter- 
Centennial Establishes American Precedent; Divisions in Classification; Anti-Cruelty Endeavors; Schools for Blind 
and Deaf: Good Roads; Institutes for Criminal Youth and Mentally Deficient; Domestic Economy; Endeavors 
for Children, Women’s Philanthropic Efforts; Labor Exhibit; TP rabeKCulosisnute x MULE Lote) ss,cete werereie sien uroieraner Mists ler'e} ay 


CHAPTER XIV 


MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS—Palace of Manufactures and Liberal Arts—Exhibits in Other Buildings— 
U. S. Customs Division, Organization, Classifications of Imports, Duties Paid—Foreign Exhibits—Manufacturing 
Exhibits—Special Installations—Interior Court—Collective Exhibits—Organs in Auditorium and Convention Hall— 


CHAPTER XV 


MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION; MARINE APPLIANCES; POWER—FUEL AND ALCOHOL—United States 
Officer in Charge—Machinery and Transportation—Ramifications of Department—Location of Exhibits—Absence 
of Power Plant—Agricultural Implements—Electrical Apparatus—Meters-——Machines and Tools—Beltings—Ordnance 
—Railways—Locomotives and Cars —Vehicles—Power, Fuel and Alcohol—Experiments in Fuel Economy—Gas, 
Gasoline and Alcohol Engines—Coal Briquetting—Smoke Consumers—Concrete Testing—Special Alcohol Exhibit 
—Marine Applicances—Shipbuilding—Signals—M otor Boats—Motors—Dredges—Diving Apparatus—Alaska-Yukon-Pa- 


ATRL OSG Adpe dios cach cixe clu ldo o cao oteiee Panen oo Garces amor cdi nd Novi yh ced Choe im eNO m Oa tae GIST DG Same saat 
CHAPTER XVI 


DEPARTMENT OR AGRICULTURE—States Exhibit Palace—Provisions for Exhibiting Commonwealths—Character of 
Suilding Heterogeneous Groupings—Displays of Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Missouri, Maryland, Michi- 
gan, Kentucky, New Jersey, West Virginia, Louisiana, Connecticut, Ohio, New Hampshire, Georgia, Vermont, Okla- 
homa, Los Angeles and San Diego Counties, Cal.—Railway Exhibits, Seaboard Air Line, Norfolk & Southern, 
Southern Railway, Chesapeake & Ohio, Atlantic Coast Line, Norfolk & Western, Grand Trunk Railway System—Missis- 
sippi Cotton—Fertilizers—Agricultural Sundries—Seeds, Flowers and Bulbs Food Products 
3uilding—Exhibits of Coffee, Teas, Spices Sugars—Cereals—Canned Goods—Oils—Flours—Meats Whiskeys 
Gins—Waters—Honeys and Syrups—Ice Machines—Exhibit Buildings of Mrs. Buchanan and Walter Baker & Com- 
pany, Limited—Exhibit of the Republic, of Waitt se)... cvs erascaveteicodstereeselade =) oll coda =arep visser ele esebnl> lic clzin sp ieisfeievers/s/¥e) 0A) 0)" 


CHAPTER XVII 


Foods and Accessories 
Beers— 


MINES AND METALLURGY Personnel of Department—Honorary Director—Virginia Mineral and Timber Association 
—Virginia’s Railway Exhibits—Displays of North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, Maryland, Nova 
Scotia, Vermont, West Virginia—Miscellaneous Exhibits—Mining Machinery—Mining Literature........-....ee005 


CHAPTER XVIII 


NEGRO PARTICIPATION—Laying Cornerstone of Negro Building—United States Supervision—Negro Architect and 
Craftsmen—Promising Exhibits—Education Displays—Collegiate, Secondary and Industrial—Sculpture — Agricultral 
Showing-—Foods—Photographs—China-ware- =F ir TOL SLES ce sige pile ete eral acanelae ai etvan Sreueeuetelsiereress a alle ie ra aleloue. n Wole;'e ssny.celeisie;ire rece 


CHAPTER XIX 


CONCESSIONS—Hotel on Grounds _Restaurants—Stands—Official Photographers—War Path -Amusements, Great Spec- 


tacles, Cycloramas, Oriental Shows, Menagerie, Labyrinths, Incubator, Wild West, Minor Attractions............-- 
APPENDIX 
REPORTS of Officers, Directors and Chiefs—INDICES (a) General, (b) Awards, (c) Illustrations.......--++.+eeeeeeeees 


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INTRODUCTION 


Bye HARRY St. GEORGE. LUCKER 


President of the Jamestown Exposition. 


HE original conception of 
those who projected the 
Exposition was to cele- 
brate in a fitting manner 
the Ter-Centennial of the 
birth of the Nation. This 


task was so monumental in its scope that it is 
easy to understand how many opposed the pur- 
pose, viewing it as chimerical and impossible to 
achieve. 


Indeed as we look back and review the con- 
ditions which confronted the men who origi- 
nated the idea; the enormous amount of money 
that had to be raised; the limited means at their 
command; the meagre local population from 
which they had to draw; the vast project of 
interesting the States of the Union and the 
Federal Government in the enterprise, and 
their inexperience in such difficult work, I hesi- 
tate not to express the belief that future history 
will accord to them a reputation 
for courage equal to that of the 
colonists who first braved the 
deep and landed at Jamestown 
in 1607. 

There was never in the minds 
of those who projected and per- 
fected this Exposition any hope 
or purpose of vying with the in- 
dustrial fairs of the past. It was 
ever the design to produce a 
great historical and educational 
exposition in direct contra-dis- 
tinction to a commercial enter- 
prise. [hat exhibits from every 
State and from foreign coun- 
tries, that the first fruits of the 
land and the products of manu- 
factures, of art and of com- 
merce were gathered is largely 
incidental and while the collec- 
tion demands that credit be 
given to those whose skill and 
energy brought about the re- 
sult, yet the prime purpose of 
the Ter-Centennial was to illus- 
trate history, to inculcate patri- 
otism and to show the value of 
education. 

The history of this Exposi- 
tion will record the indefati- 
gable energy of a small body of 
men selected in Tidewater Vir- 
ginia, immediately adjacent to 
the Exposition grounds, who 
have in their completed work 
builded far greater than any 
anticipated, and have given to 
the world an Exposition which 
in beauty of design, architec- 
tural taste and fitness of location 


_ The Honorable Harry St. George Tucker, LL. D., is a native of Winchester, 

Virginia, and a eradate of ihe Washington and Lee Universiy, of which institution is unexcelled by any ever de- 
in May, 1%, to, succeed. his father, the Honorable ohn, Randglph Tucker as veloped in this country and in 
Ce ee eet ea ee ae eo cooree Wasknon University at historic importance surpasses all 
Washington; was President of the American Bar Association; was chosen President 


of the Jamestown Exposition to succeed General Fitzhugh Lee. 


1 


others. 


Introduction. 


From the Revolutionary our history has 
been so brief and so spectacular that it needed 
only lightly to be touched in order to recall 
each large event to the inquisitive student. 
But to emphasize the history of the early devel- 
opment of the country, less insistent than the 
later story but more important as the record of 
a formative stage, the Colonial states brought 
together a collection of original documents and 
early manuscripts and relics of pre-Revolution- 
ary wars that have stimulated the study of our 
early history in a manner and to a degree un- 
equalled by any movement heretofore inau- 
gurated in this country. 

History visibly and continuously impressed 
on the visitor and the great historical days set 
aside for celebration during the progress of 
the Exposition caused effects far-reaching and 
important. On the Opening Day the Presi- 
dent of the United States, whose invaluable 
aid was ever a chief asset of the Exposition, 
formally opened the Ter-Centennial with a 
notable speech that bears in every paragraph 
the impress of his great personality and his fer- 
vid patriotic spirit; and on the tenth of June 
Mr. Roosevelt delivered an address scarcely 
less important than his opening speech. Wil- 
liam J. Bryan, Morefield Story of Massachu- 
setts, W. Bourke Cockran of New York, Gov- 
ernor Charles E. Hughes of the same State, 
Governor Claude A. Swanson of Virginia, 
Woodrow Wilson, President of Princeton 
University; former Vice-President Adlai E. 
Stevenson, Alton B. Parker, Democratic Can- 
didate for the Presidency; Warren J. Keiffer, 
former Speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives of the United States; Samuel W. Mc- 
Call of Massachusetts; the Governors of New 
Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connec- 
ticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, Maryland, North Carolina, 
South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Missouri, 
Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, and Utah were visit- 
ors at the Exposition and orators on various 
occasions. 

The Government of the United States, with 
liberality and without stint, supplied exhibits 
from all of its departments, making a display 
more instructive and beautiful than was ever 
presented at any Exposition. These were 
largely viewed by those who attended the Ex- 
position, and under the management of the 
efficient officers detailed for the purpose, fur- 
nished entertainment and education to the 
thousands of visitors. To the Ter-Centennial 
Commission, composed of the Secretaries of 
the Treasury, of War and of the Navy, the 
Exposition was greatly indebted for the loyal 
efforts which they at all times put forth to per- 
fect the Government Exhibit. 

The naval and military features, which some 
feared would stimulate an erroneous ambition 
in the minds of young America, was one of the 
most successful and imposing features of the 
Exposition. It is certain that never before in 


the history of our country have so many nations 
been represented by their fleets in American 
waters. 

From a spectacular point of view, perhaps 
the great naval participation was the most im- 
portant Exposition feature. Our magnificent 
Atlantic Squadron, which acted as a host for 
the monster ironclads of Austria, Argentina, 
Chile, England, France, Germany, Holland, 
Italy, Japan, Norway and Sweden, was largely 
represented during the entire Exposition and for 
a considerable period was concentrated in 
Hampton Roads; and the social intercourse 
and friendly contests, the camaraderie and in- 
terchange of hospitalities surely drew closely 
together in the bonds of mutual respect and 
admiration the fighting men of many nations. 

The United States Army furnished an at- 
traction of fascinating interest. The drills and 
parades of the Infantry, Artillery and Cavalry 
twice daily executed on Lee’s Parade, were 
always witnessed by a large proportion of those 
who attended the Exposition, and in addition 
to the Federal soldiery the National Guards of 
the several States brought to the celebration 
nearly one hundred thousand men who, thrown 
with the Regulars, must have been benefitted 
by observing the rigid discipline of an army 
camp. 

Unfortunately the Exposition was for a 
long time incomplete but since the finishing 
touches were applied no person could leave the 
grounds without praise for the beauty of the 
prospect and the interest of the collection. 
There was on view an Exposition of which 
every American might well be proud and no 
man who saw it can claim otherwise. It was 
in every respect worthy of the great occasion 
which was celebrated and no higher praise 
could be accorded to it. 

Whether it was a success or failure depends 
on the point of view. For those who con- 
ceived the undertaking, it stands as a success 
for they achieved their purpose. In the awak- 
ening of historic interest in our country, in the 
study of our Colonial history and the impress 
of the great characters of that period on the 
national hearts of our people; in the renewed 
determination of our people to preserve the 
principles of religious freedom and civil liberty, 
first delivered to us by our fore-fathers, who 
landed at Jamestown in 1607; in the strength- 
ening of the moral sinews of the people, and 
the final obliteration of any sectional feeling 
growing out of the Civil War; in the union of 
all parts of our country under one flag and the 
constitution of our fathers, it succeeded signally. 
Those who saw the Exposition must have re- 
ceived the lesson and those who have read or 
will read the history of the undertaking and 
study the great speeches that great orators de- 
livered, cannot fail to absorb a love for their 
land and an interest in its story which will be 
through the ages productive of real good to the 
Nation. 


THE HISTORY OF THE JAMESTOWN SETTLEMENT 


HE settlement at James- 
town in 1607 marks the 
birth of the American 
Nation. Its antecedents 
go back at least thirty 
years before the accom- 
plishment of the first permanent settlement. In- 
deed it might be said that the antecedents of 
Jamestown are to be traced in the discoveries 
of the Cabots, John and Sebastian, who at the 
close of the fifteenth century, sailing under the 
British flag with the approval of Henry VII, 
explored the American coast from Labrador 
to the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. The 
Papal Bull of Alexander VII (1497) di- 
vided the newly found lands between Spain 
and Portugal and this may have had something 
to do with the relaxing of English effort to 
secure western territory during the early part 
of the sixteenth century. 
the lack of such effort may have resulted from 
the troubles at home and the desire on the part 
of Henry VIII to keep out of European polli- 
tics and to occupy a neutral ground between 
Spain and France. But whatever may have 
been the motives influencing the English it is, 
nevertheless, a fact that until England had sev- 
ered its relations with the Church of Rome and 
its Government became hostile to both Spain 
and France, no real efforts were made to ex- 
plore and settle in the Western World. 

In the middle of the reign of good Queen 
“Bess”? the English seriously began to con- 
sider American conditions. The spread of geo- 
graphical knowledge among the English and 
the desire for exploration on the part of their 
bold seamen, demonstrated by a circumnaviga- 
tion of the globe by Sir Francis Drake in 1565, 
followed by a determination to secure some of 
the wealth from the new world which was aid- 
ing in the development of Spain, caused par- 
ticular notice to be taken of America. Already 
Spain and Portugal had control of all of South 
America, the West Indies, Central America, 
Mexico and Florida. Spanish explorers had 
pushed into the interior and discovered the 
Mississippi River. The wealth of the northern 
part of the new world was still unknown, and 
the English naturally revived their claims to 
this territory based upon the explorations of the 
Cabots. Moreover the English desired to share 
in the trade to India and efforts were made to 
discover the ““Northwest Passage’’ to that land 
of so many commercial commodities. 

From 1576 to 1578 Martin Frobisher made 
three voyages searching for the Northwest Pas- 
sage and for gold in Labrador. Drake in his 


3 


On the other hand | 


By J. A. C. CHANDLER, LL. D. 


circumnavigation of the globe had touched on 
the western shores of North America. ‘These 
explorations brought no direct fruit but they 
stimulated Sir Humphrey Gilbert and his half- 
brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, to apply to Queen 
Elizabeth for a charter to plant a colony in 
the new world. With the consent of the 


vanneone 


} 
j 
q 
| 
j 
a | 
q 


SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT 
Queen, Gilbert sailed to Newfoundland, took 


possession of it for the English Government 
and established a settlement. Lack of supplies 
and the unfavorable location forced him to 
abandon the colony. On his return voyage to 
England he was lost in a storm. To a less de- 
termined man than Sir Walter Raleigh this 
disaster which resulted in the death of his 
brother would have deterred him from further 
efforts, but Sir Walter Raleigh had an undying 
hatred of Spain; he saw each day the power 
of Spain increasing in wealth and influence, 
chiefly due to the returns which that empire 
was receiving from the mines of South Ameri- 
ca. We are convinced also that Sir Walter 
dreamed a dream of a British Colonial empire 
which would girdle the globe. Whether this 
be merely a surmise or not Sir Walter Raleigh 
at once applied to Queen Elizabeth for per- 
mission to continue his expeditions, and in 1584 
sent out under two sea captains, Philip Ama- 
das and Arthur Barlow, an expedition to ex- 
plore further North America. These two sea 
captains touched upon the coast of North Caro- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


lina where they discovered Indians who proved 
to be friendly, and found the tobacco plant and 
the potato. They were greatly impressed with 
the grandeur of the forest, the luxuriance of 
foliage and fruit, and on their return to Eng- 
land made to Raleigh a report so satisfactory 
that at once the land was named in honor of 
the Virgin Queen, Virginia. An old writer of 
the time in defining Virginia said: “ The 
bounds thereof on the east side is the ocean, on 
the south lieth Florida, on the north Nova 
Francia and to the west thereof the limits are 
unknown.” In other words Virginia as it re- 


SIR WALTER RALEIGH 


Sound, now included in the State of North 
Carolina. The settlement did not prosper, and 
the following spring it was visited by Sir Fran- 
cis Drake with his fleet. On the solicitation of 
Richard Grenville, he carried the colonists 
back to England. Leaving Roanoke Island 
the settlers abandoned their homes without de- 
stroying them. 

Among the first settlers who went to Roan- 
oke Island were Thomas Hariot, a learned 
English mathematician, and John White an 
English artist, both of whom boasted that 
Raleigh was their patron. These men along 


~~ ane 
Ki 


ma 


SRE aE SS 


By Freperick ZuccaRO 


ceived its name from the Queen Elizabeth was 
practically that territory which makes the pres- 
ent United States of America. Queen Eliza- 
beth then gave to Raleigh a charter making 
him proprietor of all of this vast territory. At 
once the “Shepherd of the Ocean,” as Sir 
Walter Raleigh was familiarly known among 
his associates in England, organized a colony 
which was sent to settle in Virginia. 

Under the leadership of Richard Grenville 
in the summer of 1585 a colony was planted 
on Roanoke Island situated on Albemarle 


with Grenville and others explored the territory 
north of Roanoke Island. The account of 
their exploration has been published in Hariot’s 
Discoveries. The names given there are so 
different from our names to-day that it is fre- 
quently difficult to locate rivers and places, but 
as far as one can judge these gentlemen dis- 
covered what is now the Elizabeth River in 
Virginia, exploring the region of the Chesa- 
peake Indians which is now Princess Anne and 
Norfolk counties, Virginia, and from what is 
now Sewell’s Point, where the Jamestown Ex- 


4 


The History of the Jamestown Settlement. 


position was located, they viewed Hampton 
Roads and the Chesapeake Bay. White made 
water color sketches showing Indian scenes and 
portraying their manners and customs. For a 
long time these sketches were supposed to 
have been lost, but some years ago they were 
discovered in the British Museum in the Gren- 
ville Library collection, and they are a valu- 
able commentary on the Virginia Indian as he 
appeared to the first English who trod upon 
Virginia shores. 

One result of the first settlement by Raleigh 
was the introduction of the white potato into 
Ireland. Some of the settlers took back to 
England the potato which Raleigh planted on 
his estate in Ireland and it was soon discovered 
that the lands of the Emerald Isle were well 
adapted to its production. The potato to-day 
is the chief food of Ireland and is known the 
world over as the Irish potato. Following the 
first settlement the use of tobacco was intro- 
duced into England. Many marvelous stories 
are told concerning its use there. We recall 
the familiar story of Raleigh weighing the 
smoke from his pipe for Queen Elizabeth, and 
also the stories that were told about school 
children being furnished with tobacco to be 
used as luncheon. 


The failure of Raleigh’s first settlement did 


a 


SIR FRANCIS DRAKE 


not prevent him from making other efforts. The 
following year (1587) he sent out a second 
colony under the direction of John White, the 
artist, as Governor. ‘This colony had instruc- 
tions to settle on the Chesapeake Bay, and had 
these instructions been obeyed Raleigh’s second 
colony would have been planted near the pres- 
ent city of Norfolk. The pilot in charge, how- 
ever, took the ships back to Roanoke Island 
where the second settlement was begun by re- 
pairing the old houses which had been aban- 
doned the previous year. 

In a short time John White returned to 
England to get new supplies. Hardly had he 


5 


SIR RICHARD GRENVILLE 


reached London before Spain and England 
were at war and the Spanish Armada sailed 
up the English Channel. No thought could be 
given to the little settlement on Roanoke Island 
for all had to meet the emergency. The 
Spanish fleet was defeated, and White at once 
prepared to return to America. On reaching 
Roanoke Island no signs of the settlers could 
be found. It had been arranged that if, for 
any reason, the settlers had to move, they 
would leave carved upon a tree the name of the 
place to which they had gone, and if the trans- 
fer had been made under distress that a cross 
should be carved underneath the name. A 
search was made and the word “ Croatan”’ was 
found but no cross, and the assumption, there- 
fore, was that the Roanoke settlement was 
abandoned for a better location. A search party 
was sent to locate Croatan, but as a matter of 
fact it went but a short distance into the in- 
terior. Five expeditions were sent from Eng- 
land to find the Roanoke Colony but their 
explorations were made chiefly along the coast 
and consequently no signs of the settlement 
were ever discovered. 

To-day there is in North Carolina a tribe 
of Indians known as the Croatans, many of 
them having blue eyes and light hair, and by 
some it 1s assumed that the Roanoke colonists 
intermarried with the Croatan tribe and were 
absorbed by it. This is purely a conjecture 
and to this day the lost colony of Roanoke re- 
mains one of the untold stories of history. 

With this colony ended Raleigh’s attempt 
to settle in America, but the impetus he had 
given was not lost and to-day we reverently 
speak of Raleigh as the father of American 
Colonization. In North Carolina his name has 
been preserved in the capital city of that state 
and patriotic citizens have caused a stone to 
be placed on the site of old Fort Raleigh on 
Roanoke Island to commemorate Raleigh’s at- 
tempted settlements. The stone bears the fol- 
lowing inscription: 


“On this site in July-August, 1585 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


(O. S.), colonists, sent out from England 
by Sir Walter Raleigh, built a fort, 
called by them * The New Fort in Vir- 
ginia. 

These colonists were the first settlers 
of the English race in America. ‘They 
returned to England in July, 1586, with 
Sir Francis Drake. 

Near this place was born, on the 18th 
of August, 1587, Virginia Dare, the 
first child of English parents born in 
America—daughter of Ananias Dare and 
Eleanor White, his wife, members of an- 
other band of colonists, sent out by Sir 
Walter Raleigh, in 1587. 

On Sunday, August 20, 1587, Vir- 
ginia Dare was baptized. Manteo, the 
friendly chief of the Hatteras Indians, 
had been baptized on the Sunday pre- 
ceding. These baptisms are the first 
known celebrations of a Christian sacra- 
ment in the territory of the thirteen orig- 
inal United States.” 


Tablet at Old Fort Raleigh, Roanoke Island, erected by 


the Roanoke Colony Memorial Association. 


The period from 1590 to 1600 is not filled 
with explorations in Virginia; it was one of 
preparation for the establishment of English 
colonies. Commercial enterprise in Europe 
was taking on a new form and Elizabeth and 
England were ready to seize hold of any move- 
ment looking toward the increase of the wealth 
of the realm. Commercial companies organized 
for trade in the east were numerous. From 
England came the idea of these trade com- 
panies, an idea which rapidly spread to Hol- 
land, France, Sweden, Denmark and even to 
Scotland and to Russia. A list of the com- 
mercial companies formed in the | 6th and 17th 
centuries contain not less than seventy-five dis- 


tinct organizations. In the formation of the 
English companies a model was found in the 
society of merchant adventurers which went 
back to the 15th century. It was a great me- 
dieval merchant guild and the last survivor of 
that system which aided so materially in the 
development of commerce and trade and the 
growth of towns in the middle ages. 

Raleigh’s proprietary attempts having failed, 
a number of merchants interested in trade in 
India applied to Queen Elizabeth for a char- 
ter for a great company to trade in the Orient, 
and in the year 1600 the famous East India 
Company of London received from the Queen 
a charter addressed to the Earl of Cumberland 
and two hundred and fifty knights and mer- 
chants, making a corporation and body politic 
under the name of “ Governor and Company 
of Merchants of London trading to the East 
Indies.” Under its charter the company had 
the privilege of trading with all continents and 
islands lying between the Cape of Good Hope 
and the Straits of Magellan—that is, the east 
coast of Africa, the southern shores of Asia, 
the islands in the Indian Ocean and the west 
coast of America. It was a perpetual cor- 
poration with privileges of trade granted for 
fifteen years to be extended longer if the trade 
should prove profitable. Moreover this Com- 
pany was given a complete monopoly of the 
trade in the regions described with the right to 
secure land without limitation and the nght of 
making all reasonable laws for the government 
of such lands as it possessed and such colonies 
as it planted. [The Company was freed from 
all payments of customs for the first four voy- 
ages. The organization of the Company is 
interesting; it consisted of a governor, and 
twenty-four members of a directing board to 
be called committees, to be elected annually in 
a general assembly or court of the Company. 
The governor and committees must all take the 
oath of allegiance to the English sovereignty. 
It is interesting to note here that through this 
Company England acquired possession of all 
India. ‘The charter was not revoked until 
about the middle of the reign of Queen Vic- 
toria. It was a new type of commercial organ- 
ization and its growth was so marvelous that it 
quickly influenced the English mind to believe 
that such companies were the best means under 
which commerce could be encouraged and 
colonies be planted. 

In two years after the East India Company 
had been organized Bartholomew Gosnold, an 
explorer, prominent merchant and sea captain, 
proposed that the colonization of Virginia 
should be revived and that a great trading 
company should be organized for the accom- 
plishment of this purpose. In these efforts he 
was seconded by Martin Pring, and George 
Waymouth, both of whom had conducted ex- 
ploring expeditions to the coast of New Eng- 
land. ‘The matter was also taken up by the 
Reverend Richard Hakluyt who saw in the 
organization of the company for the coloniza- 
tion of Virginia, the opportunity to christianize 
the savages, to relieve England of its pauper 


6 


The History of the Jamestown Settlement. 


KING 


and beggar classes, as well as to promote the 
commercial supremacy of England. Sentiment 
grew in favor of the proposed company and 
finally the Virginia Company was organized, 
composed of two large associations, one made 
up of knights and merchants of London and 
the other of persons resident in the cities of 
Bristol, Exeter and Plymouth. These asso- 
ciations received the sanction of King James, 
who on the 10th day of April, 1605, granted 
a charter to the Virginia Company in two 
divisions. One division is known in history as 
the London Company and the other as the Ply- 
mouth Company. 

With the first division of the Virginia Com- 


pany we are more particularly interested. The 
7 


JAMES I 


London Company was chartered under the 
technical name, “ The Treasurer and Company 
of Adventurers and Planters in the City of 
London for the First Colony of Virginia.” As 
granted in the charters of 1608 the colony to 
be planted in southern Virginia was intrusted 
to Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers and 
others, with the understanding that the said 
Company could plant a colony anywhere be- 
tween thirty-four and forty-one degrees of 
north latitude, but the limitations of the colony 
when planted were to extend fifty miles north 
and fifty miles south of the spot selected for 
the settlement, one hundred miles into the land 
and to embrace any island within the same dis- 
tance of the coast. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


The Plymouth Company was granted the 
privilege to settle anywhere between thirty- 
eight and forty-five degrees north latitude with 
the specific provisions, however, that the strip 
included between thirty-eight and forty-one 
degrees of north latitude should be open to 
either company; but should the land be occu- 
pied by either settlers, the others should not 
come within fifty miles of their settlement. 

Under the charter of the Virginia Company 
the first attempted settlement was made by the 
Plymouth Company in the northern part along 
what is known as the Kennebec River. The 
winter proved so severe that the settlement was 
abandoned. It is interesting to note, however, 
that when the colony departed for England, it 
sailed on a ship built on the Kennebec River 
which was named in honor of the country, Vir- 
ginia. This was the first ship built by English- 
men in America. 

The London Company was not inert but 
prepared for exploration and settlement three 
ships, the Susan Constant or Sarah Constant 
of one hundred tons burden, the God Speed, 
or Good Speed, of forty tons burden and the 
Discovery of twenty tons burden, commanded 
respectively by Christopher Newport, Barthol- 
omew Gosnold and John Ratcliffe. One hun- 
dred and four men besides the crews prepared 
to sail for Virginia, among them Edward 
Maria Wingfield, the London Merchant; 
George Percy, brother to the Earl of North- 
umberland; John Smith, the well known ad- 
venturer; George Kendall, a cousin of Sir Ed- 
ward Sandys; Gabriel Archer, an English law- 
yer; John Martin, who had commanded one 
of the ships in Drake’s fleet in 1585-86, and 
the Reverend Robert Hunt, a pious minister. 
These three vessels sailed from Blackwell on 
the Thames on December 19, 1606. 

The settlers whose names are given by Smith 
in his general history were: 


Council : 
Mr. Edward Maria Wingfield, 
Capt. Bartholomew Gosnold, 
Capt. John Smith, 
Capt. John Ratcliffe, 
Capt. John Martin, 
Capt. George Kendall. 


Gentlemen: 
Mr. Robert Hunt, Preacher, 
Mr. George Percie, 
Anthony Gosnold, 
George Flower, 
Capt. Gabriell Archer, 
Robert Fenton, 
Robert Ford, 
William Bruster, 
Edward Harrington, 
Dru Pickhouse, 
Thomas Jacob, 
John Brook, 
Ellis Kingston, 
Thomas Sands, 
Benjamin Beast, 
Jehu Robinson, 
Thomas Mouton, 


Eustace Clovill, 
Stephen Halthrop, 
Kellan Throgmorton, 
Edward Morrish, 
Nathaniel Powell, 
Edward Browne, 
Robert Behethland, 
John Pennington, 
Jeremy Alicock, 
George Walker, 
Thomas Studley, 
Richard Crofts, 
Nicholas Houlgrave, 
Thomas Webbe, 
John Waller, 
John Short, 
William Tankard, 
William Smethes, 
Francis Snarsbrough, 
Richard Simons, 
Edward Brookes, 
Richard Dixon, 
John Martin, 
Roger Cooke, 
Anthony Gosnold, 
Tho. Wotton, Chirurg, 
John Stevenson, 
Thomas Gore, 
Henry Adling, 
Francis Midwinter, 
Richard Fnith. 
Carpenters: 
William Laxon, 
Edward Pising, 
Thomas Emry, 
Robert Small. 
Laborers: 
John Layden, 
William Cassen, 
George Cassen, 
Thomas Cassen, 
William Rodes, 
William White, 
Old Edward, 
Henry Tavin, 
George Goulding, 
John Dods, 
William Johnson, 
William Unger, 
Jam: Read, Blacksmith, 
Jonas Profit, Sailor, 
Tho. Cowper, Barber, 
William Garrett, Bricklayer, 
Edward Brinto, Mason, 
William Love, Taylor, 
Nic: Scot, Drum, 
Wm. Wilkinson, Chirurg, 
Samuel Collier, boy, 
James Brumfield, boy, 
Nat. Pecock, boy, 
Richard Mouton, boy. 
The others are not mentioned by name. 
These settlers preceded the dissenters who 
sailed in the Mayflower by thirteen years and 
while there are not so many persons living in 
America to-day who boast descent from those 
who sailed in the three ships for Virginia in 
1606 as those who claim as forbears the voy- 


8 


The History of the 


agers in the Mayflower, yet in Virginia there 
are here and there farmers, planters and mer- 
chants of more or less distinction whose an- 
cestors were among those who sailed in the 
three ships that brought the first permanent 
colony to America’s shore. 

The settlers reached Virginia on the 26th 
of April, 1607. They effected a landing at 
a point which they named Cape Henry in 
honor of the eldest son of James I. From this 
point they explored the surrounding 
country and in a few days 
reached Lynnhaven Bay ( 
where they came upon , 
some Indians engaged in 
an oyster roast. The 
Indians fired upon 
them with a flight of 
arrows but were driv- 
en away by the dis- 
charge of the blun- 
derbuss. The Eng- 
lish came ashore and 
for the first time par- 
took of the famous bi- 
valve, now considered by 
many, the best flavored 
oyster in America. A few 
days later they crossed 
over the river to a 4 
place which they 
named Old Point 
Comfort because 
they were em 
so gra- ; 
ciously 


In- ee |) 
dians. Proceed- 
ing up the river, which ' 
they named James in 
honor of the King, they 
finally came on May 
13th to a_ peninsula 
containing less than 
2000 acres of land. A ¥ 
recent discovery shows 
that the area was 1400 
acres, but much of it 
has been washed away 
or inundated. 

To the settlers this appeared as a satisfac- 
tory place to build a settlement because it was 
located on a river suitable for navigation, and 
at one corner of the peninsula the water was 
deep enough for the vessels to be moored prac- 
tically against the banks. It was also easy 
to be fortified against the attacks of the Indians. 
The peninsula has since that day become an 
island. It is to-day two and a half miles in 
length and varies in width five hundred yards 
to a mile and a half. 

The island is now surrounded on three sides 


BUST OF CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH 
By GeNneRAL BapEN-PoWELL 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Jamestown Settlement. 


by the James River and on the north side by 
Back River, which separates it from the main- 
land. Through the island in the northern part 
runs the Pitch and Tar Swamp and in the 
south Passmore’s Creek—the latter named 
after Thomas Passmore, a carpenter, who was 
living on the Island in 1623. No portion of 
the island is more than fourteen feet above low 
tide. The western shore has been washed 
away to an extent which is not definitely known, 
but it probably extended in 1607 more than 
four hundred feet beyond the present 
sea wall which has been built for the 
protection of the island. ‘The little 
isthmus that connected the northwest 
corner of the island with the main- 
S _ land was spoken of by Strachey, 
) in 1610, as a slender neck. Mrs. 
3y Anne Cotton, in 1676, estimated 
the middle of this neck as fifty feet 
and the Reverend John Clayton, in 
1688, as sixty to ninety feet, William 
Sherwod, in 1694, as one hun- 
dred and ninety-eight feet. The 
next information we have is 
from Richard Ambler, in 
1748, who spoke of 
this neck as 
being so 
low 

that 


Series you 


it was neces- 

sary to have a cause- 

way, but at the time 
of the Revolution the 
island was separated 
from the mainland by 
a small gut “ not two 
feet wide at the reflex 
of the tide.” In 1805 
_ the neck of land was 
very narrow and inun- 


dated at high tide. In 
1837 we are told that 
the neck had been en- 
tirely washed away, 
and in 1844 a bridge was built across what is 
now called Back River, formed by the wash- 
ing away of the isthmus. The change from a 
peninsula to an island varied, sometimes the 
river filling up and almost re-forming a peninsula 
and at other times the river widening out. 
Bishop Meade spoke of the river that separated 
the island from the mainland as being one-third 
of a mile across. The question of just how 
much land has been lost by the washing away 
is difficult to determine, but it is probable that 
it is something like twenty-five acres. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


BUILDING THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT AT JAMESTOWN, VA., 1607 


From an old wood cut published in 1800 of the History of United States 
Written by Rey. Chas. A. Goodrich. 


The selection of Jamestown Island, as we 
shall call it, was not a fortunate one for the 
settlers. It was subject to fevers and the 
water for drinking purposes was bad. On the 
14th of May, 1607, work began and an open- 
ing was cleared in a dense growth of trees for 
a stockade. Only a few days after the land- 
ing at Jamestown, an expedition with Capt. 
Newport and twenty others went up to the 
falls of the river, first touching the point where 
Richmond now stands. While this was being 
done other settlers built rude habitations of 
logs, covering the roof with sedge and earth 
and plastering the building inside with clay 
and mud. A fort was built at once, near 
which the English planted some of the wheat 
that they had brought with them. 

It is generally supposed that Smith on being 
brought to the colony was under arrest and 
was tried by a jury. ‘The reports from James- 
town show that he was tried by the council and 
released and Kendall fined for the part that 
he had taken in his unjust accusation against 
Smith. It was in September, 1607, that the 
first jury trial in America took place, when 
John Robinson and John Smith sued Edward 
Maria Wingfield, who had been deposed as 
President, for slander, and recovered damages 
from him, Robinson to the extent of one hun- 
dred, and Smith, two hundred pounds. These 
cases were acted upon by a jury of the settlers. 

The summer of 1607 was a terrible time. 
Edward Maria Wingfield, though a prominent 
London merchant, was not a suitable person 
to preside over a new settlement. He was, 
therefore, a failure as president, which was 
very unfortunate for the colony. In a little 
while more than fifty men were dead, among 


them Bartholomew Gosnold who had urged 
the settlement, and Thomas Studley the treas- 
urer. The supplies were wasted, Wingfield 
and certain members of the council taking all 
the best for themselves. ‘Then it was that 
Smith led a rebellion that deposed Wingfield 
and resulted in the election of John Ratcliffe 
as president. By September | Oth there were 
only forty-six of the one hundred and four col- 
onists left alive. 

With the coming of frost, conditions im- 
proved somewhat but there was no food on 
which the settlers could subsist. Smith was 
now Cape Merchant and Treasurer, having 
succeeded Thomas Studley. He went in 
November to Kecoughtan, now Hampton, and 
secured corn from the Indians. In December 
he went up the Chickahominy River where he 
was captured by Opechancanough and carried 
finally before Powhatan, who condemned him 
to death. According to Smith’s account he 
was saved by an Indian maiden, the daughter 
of Powhatan, known in history as Pocahontas. 
After a few days he was allowed to return to 
Jamestown where he arrived on January 2, 
1608. He found the settlement containing 
about thirty men, but the council was still an- 
tagonistic to him and had him arrested and sen- 
tenced to death under the Levitical law, for 
they claimed that he was responsible for the 
death of the men who had accompanied him in 
the exploring trip up the Chickahominy River. 
He would probably have been executed but 
for the timely arrival of Newport who had 
returned to England on June 22nd of the 
previous year to get additional supplies. To 
add to the confusion and turmoil, a few days 
after Smith’s return the entire town was de- 


10 


The History of the Jamestown Settlement. 


—> 


eld this fate & fefhion when Capt: Smith oa a 
rwas deliuered lo hin prifanen 
1607 


PO 


a 


stroyed by fire, consuming all the ammunition 
and provisions. 

The winter was severe and the habitations 
were rude. The conditions under which the 
settlers had to live were so bad that many died 
from exposure. According to Smith the mor- 
tality would have been much greater but for 
the timely aid of the Indians through the kind 
solicitations of Pocahontas. ‘The settlement 
now numbered about one hundred, Newport 
having brought seventy additional settlers in 
his first supply. The company was seeking 
wealth and urged that gold and other salable 
material should be sent to London. ‘The result 
was that exploring parties went through the 
country instead of engaging in building houses 
and working the land. Finally Newport’s 
vessels were loaded with dirt 
supposed to contain gold and 
he sailed back to England on 
the 10th of Apmil, 1608. Ten 
days later came the Phoenix, 
commanded by Captain Fran- 
cis Nelson, with forty addition- 
al settlers. He remained until 
June of that year and returned 
to England with a cargo of 
cedar and a manuscript copy of 
the first pamphlet ever written 
in America, called the ‘‘ True 
Relation of Virginia,”’ by Cap- 
tain John Smith. This was 
printed the same year in Eng- 
land at the Greyhound, St. 
Paul’s Churchyard. 

Much of the summer of 
1608 was spent by Smith as 
a leader of the colonists in 
learning about the new land 
to which they had come. With 
fourteen companions Smith ex- 
plored the Chesapeake and 


PNY, 


SSRMAUULVURLDEARURRTT ARATE ORS UE ERG! 


Za Na 


being absent for nearly three months, he 
returned to Jamestown, where he found 
everything was in a state of confusion. Kat- 
cliffe had consumed all the stores, had spent 
much time in building a pleasure house in the 


Wh woods, with the result that the people deposed 
Ratcliffe and elected Smith. 


It was no open 
election but a rebellion against Ratcliffe, but 
the action of the settlers in placing Smith at 
the head of affairs may justly be termed the 
first popular election in Virginia. 

Smith’s rule brought order, for he put the 
men to work. According to his own story: 
“the church was repaired; the storehouse re- 
covered; buildings prepared for the supplies, 
we expected; the Fort reduced to a five-square 
form; the order of the watch renewed; the 
squadrons trained; the whole company every 
Saturday exercised in the plaine by the west 
Bulwarke, prepared for the purpose, we called 
Smithfield where sometimes more than an 
hundred Salvages would stand in an amaze- 
ment to behold, how a fyle would batter a 
tree, where he would make them a mark to 
shoot at; the boats trimmed for trade.’’ More 
land was got ready for cultivation all in thirty 
days when the second supply arrived under 
Newport in October, bringing with it seventy 
additional settlers. These seventy raised the 
population to about two hundred, which at the 
departure in the early part of June of the 
Phoenix, was two hundred and forty, but more 
than half had died from disease in the summer 
of 1608. 

The London Company was dissatisfied with 
the returns from Virginia. Newport brought 


a letter saying that the colony must send back 
a lump of gold or one of Raleigh’s lost colo- 
nies or they must discover the South Sea. New- 
port was instructed not to return until he could 
comply with one of these three demands of 
the London Company. 


In addition to these 


| 


King Powhatan comands CSmith to bE 


many of its tributaries. After 


11 


= = fii dg daughter Pokahontas beggs his life his Vorslaelegstrcrd ‘ 
SSS ig and how he Subvected 39 of their kings réade$ iften| 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


conditions, the Company desired to acknowl- 
edge that Powhatan was a king and at the re- 
quest of the King of England they sent him a 
present of a basin and ewer, a bedstead and a 
royal robe, and instructed that he should be 
duly crowned. Smith and some companions 
were sent to announce to Powhatan that he 
must come to Jamestown to be crowned in due 
form. Smith with four companions started to 
Werowocomoco, and reaching there they 
found that Powhatan was absent but would 
return the next day; so he and his companions 
awaited the return of the brawny emperor of 
the woods and were entertained by Pocahontas 


anticke; thirtie young women came naked 
out of the woods, onely covered behind 
and before with a few greene leaves, 
their bodies all painted, some of one 
color, some of another, but all differing, 
their leader had a fayre payre of Bucks 
Hornes on her head, and an Otters skinne 
at her girdle, and another at her arme, a 
quiver of arrowes at her backe, a bow and 
arrowes in her hand; the next had in her 
hand a sword, another a club, another 
a potsticke; all horned alike; the rest 
every one with their several devises. 
These friends with most hellish shouts 


theirtoniuralion abial—=s 


Smith. 160: 


and the women in a manner which is best told 
by Smith himself: 

“In a fayre plaine field they made a 
fire, before which, he sitting upon a mat, 
suddainly amongst the woods was heard 
such a hydeous noise and shreeking, that 
the English betooke themselves to their 
armes, and seized on two or three old 
men by them supposing that Powhatan 
with all his power was come to surprise 
them. But presently Pocahontas came, 
willing him to kill her if any hurt were 
intended, and the beholders which were 
men, women and children, satisfied the 
Captaine there was no such matter. Then 
presently they were presented with this 


and cryes, rushing from among the trees, 
cast themselves in a ring about the fre, 
singing and dancing with most excellent 
ill varietie often falling into their infeznal 
passions, and solemnly againe to sing and 
daunce; having spent neare an houre in 
this Mascarado, as they entered in like 
manner they departed. Having reac- 
comodated themselves, they solemnly in- 
vited him to their lodgings, where he was 
no sooner within the house, but all these 
Nymphs more tormented than ever, with 
crowding, pressing, and hanging about 
him, most tediously crying, “ Loue you 
not me? Loue you not me?’ This 
salutation ended the feast was set, con- 


The History of the 


sisting of all the Salvage dainties they 
could devise; some attending, others sing- 
ing and dauncing about them; which 
mirth being ended with firebrands instead 
of torches they conducted him to _ his 
lodgings.” 

When Powhatan returned he refused to go 
to Jamestown to be crowned, saying: 

“If your King have sent me presents, | 
also am a King, and this is my land; eight days 
I will stay to receive them. Your Father is 
to come to me, not | to him, nor yet to your 
Fort, neither will I bite at such a bait.” 

The result of Smith’s visit was that New- 
port with a great deal of trouble went by water 
around Old Point to Werowocomoco and 
there Powhatan was crowned King of the 
native Virginians. 

Among those that came over with Newport 
in the second supply were Thomas Forrest and 
Mistress Forrest with her maid Anne Burras. 
Of the former settlers was one John Laydon, a 
carpenter by trade who became enamoured of 
Anne Burras and early in December, 1608, 
they were married in the Church at Jamestown. 
This was the first recorded English marriage 
on the soil of the United States. The first 
child born to this marriage was named Vir- 
ginia in honor of the country and was the first 
English child born in the first permanent 
English settlement in America. Some twenty 
years later a grant of five hundred acres of land 


Jamestown Settlement. 


was given to John Laydon in what is now Eliz- 
abeth City County, Virginia, as a gift for the 
distinction of being the first man to marry in 
the colony and the father of the first English 
child born in Virginia. 

Throughout the winter of 1608-9 Smith con- 
tinued as an aggressive leader. Forty acres 
of land were prepared for seeding, twenty new 
cabins built, glass manufactured, a block house 
placed on the peninsula and a new fort built. 
While this was going on, Smith carelessly 
allowed most of the grain to be consumed by 
rats which forced him during that winter to 
place the settlers among the Indians in order 
that they might secure a living. Much trading 
was also done with the Indians along the York 
and Pamunkey rivers. In the winter New- 
port returned to London with a letter from 
Smith which has been termed the “ rude an- 
swer. It was Smith’s reply to the instruc- 
tions which Newport brought over as to the 
three things that must be done. He as good as 
told the members of the Company that they 
did not know how to manage affairs in Virginia 
for they had foolishly spent money in such 
acts as the crowning of Powhatan, a farce, the 
sending of new settlers without provisions, only 
embarrassing the colony, they being settlers 
who did not know how to work. He up- 
braided Newport, believing that the Captain 
misrepresented affairs to the people of London. 
In short he told the Company that if Virginia 

was to grow and prosper, 


it should send “carpenters, 


husbandmen, gardeners, 


fishermen, blacksmiths, 


masons, diggers-up of trees 


_lriump about hi 1 


roots, well provided,” and 
he closed his letter by say- 
ing: “And I humbly en- 
treat you hereafter, let us 
know what we should re- 
ceive, and not stand to the 
Saylers courtesie to leave 
us what they please else 
you may charge us what 
you will, but we not you 
with anything. These are 
the causes that have kept 
us in Virginia, from laying 
such a foundation, that ere 
this might have much bet- 
ter content and satisfac- 
tion; but as yet you must 
not looke for any profit- 
able returns; so I humbly 
rest.” 

Things had not gone 


smoothly in London. The 
Company there had made 
a great mistake ‘in the 
methods used to establish 
a colony. ‘They had in- 
augurated first of all in 
Virginia the communal 
system: Every one of the 
settlers had to draw from 
a common store-house and 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


all their products were to 
go into the same store- 
house. After the expenses 
were paid a sort of divi- ff 
dend was to be declared kj 
from the products, a part 
of which would go to the 
Company and a part to 
the settlers. This arrange- f=: 
ment was neither satisfac- |27f243" 
tory to the Company nor § 
to the settlers. The lazy 
and the indifferent would 
fare as well as the indus- § 
trious and __ persevering. 
Newport made it appear 
that the whole trouble in & 
Virginia was its govern- 
ment and not the condi- 
tions under which the col- 
ony was founded. ‘These 
reports caused an up- {q4 
heaval in the Company | (VJ 
and the granting of anew F* 
Charter in 1609. 

The Charter of 1606 
had been granted to Sir 
Thomas Gates, Sir 
George Somers, Rich- ||\NIK 
ard Hakluyt and Ed- Ail; 
ward Maria Wingfield. 
Now the Company was ; 
organized into a_ great 
corporation composed of 
six hundred and fifty of 
the most distinguished nobles, knights, gen- 
tlemen and merchants of England and some 
fifty-six city companies of London. The King 
enlarged the prerogatives of the Company and 
also the privileges of the colonists. Sir 
Thomas Smith was appointed treasurer of the 
Company and the Earl of Southampton and 
fifty-one distinguished gentlemen a council resi- 
dent in England. At that time the council 
was composed of fourteen members of the 
House of Lords and thirty members of the 
House of Commons. To it was granted the 
right to make all regulations as to the govern- 
ment of the colony. The territory of Virginia 
was now fixed as two hundred miles south and 
two hundred miles north of Old Point Com- 
fort, to extend west and northwest to the sea. 
It was under this Charter that Virginia claimed 
the great northwest territory from which five 
magnificent states have been carved: Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. 

The London Company as reorganized de- 
termined to appoint a Governor, a Lieutenant 
Governor and an Admiral of Virginia who 
were to go there with power to declare military 
law if necessary. The communal system, 
however, was not interfered with. The officers 
appointed were Thomas West, Lord Dela- 
ware, Governor and Captain General; Sir 
Thomas Gates, Lieutenant Governor; and Sir 
George Somers, Admiral. They were all 
splendid gentlemen. In the latter part of May 


there were sent from England nine vessels con- 
taining full supplies, five hundred new settlers 
—men, women and children. Lord Delaware 
did not sail with them but Gates and Somers 
did. In charge of the whole fleet was New- 
port, Smith’s old enemy. Unfortunately for 
the enterprise Somers, Gates and Newport all 
sailed in one vessel, the Sea Venture. When 
the fleet was within eight days of Virginia it 
was caught in a hurricane, one of the vessels 
lost and the Sea Venture was separated from 
the rest and went ashore on the Bermuda 
Islands with all three of the leading men and 
about one hundred and fifty settlers, among 
them John Rolfe and his wife. After several 
months they succeeded in building from the 
wreck of the Sea Venture two small barks, 
called Patience and the Deliverance, and 
finally reached Virginia on the 24th day of 
May, 1610. 

The seven ships that were not destroyed but 
separated from the Sea Venture, reached the 
Chesapeake Bay in the summer of 1609. 
They found Smith in command and ordered 
him to give over the government of the colony 
into the hands of John Ratcliffe. Smith re- 
fused to do so until papers could be produced 
showing the change of government as deter- 
mined upon by the London Company. This 
could not be done as all papers and instructions 
to the officers were on the Sea Venture. The 
settlers landed, however, about two hundred 


14 


The History of the 


and seventy-five in number, but they only in- 
creased the dissensions because of disputes aris- 
ing between Smith ruling under the Company 
as organized in 1606, and the demands of the 
new settlers under the Charter of 1609. 

In the fall of 1609, Smith was wounded by 
the explosion of some gun powder as he was 
coming down the river from the falls, and he 
felt compelled to go to England for medical 
treatment. His only embarrassment in leav- 
ing Virginia was to determine who should be 
appointed as commander. Finally to George 
Percy was entrusted the reins of the govern- 
ment, and Smith sailed from Virginia in Sep- 
tember, 1609, never again to return. 

Jamestown at this time contained about 
fifty or sixty houses, forty of them hay- 
ing been built 
by the new 


Jamestown Settlement. 


ware, Governor and Captain General of Vir- 
ginia, had arrived from England with three 
ships. They returned that night to James- 
town, having been absent from the village but 
one night. 

The next morning Lord Delaware arrived. 
It was Sunday morning when he came ashore 
and he was received by Gates at the south en- 
trance to the fort. The Governor and Cap- 
tain General on landing knelt down and re- 
mained for some moments in prayer; he then 
went in state to the Church where he remained 
during services, after which he delivered an 
address to the colonists, uttering words of en- 
couragement and hope. A new era _ had 
dawned in Virginia, a man with power 
was at the helm; Virginia had been saved 

and from. this 
time forth its 


settlers. All permanency 

told there was not to be 

were nearly questioned. We 

five hundred Wt SS 3% too frequently 

men, women How they tooke hanprifoner ua) 3 %y forget the im- 
: fy pinthedaze 1607. Pgs" 

and children; SL ny : portance of the 


some five hun- 
dred or six hun- 
dred hogs, a 
number of 
horses, 


sheep 
and cows, 
twenty cannon, 
three hundred 
muskets, three 
ships and seven 
boats. Percy 


was not a man, 
however, to 
manage affairs. 
Within two 
months every- 
thing was in a 
state of confu- 
sion, followed 


coming of Lord 
Delaware. 
When he land- 
ed at James- 
town the colony 
had been in 
existence for 
three years and 
twenty-seven 
days. Dumng 
this whole time 
it was one of 
bickering and 
dissension inter- 
nally and not 
in harmony 
with the Lon- 


don Company 
which had 


é EAA Sinith bindeth afalwage tohis armé 
Sighteth with theKing of Pamaunkee ando 


all his company, andflew 3 of therm. = 


by the terrible 
starving time. 


planted it. 
There was now 


An Indian who 
had been killed 
and buried was 
dug up and his 
flesh eaten by 
the poor sort of people. In six months time out 
of the five hundred persons left in Septem- 
ber, not more than sixty remained alive, the 
others had died of starvation or were killed by 
the Indians. This was the state of affairs when 
Gates and Somers arrived on the 24th day of 
May, 1610, in their little boats, the Patience 
and Deliverance. When they saw the remain- 
ing settlers drawn up on Jamestown Island they 
determined to abandon the place, and after a 
few days of preparation, they sailed away on 
the 7th of June, 1610. Fortunately they did 
not burn the village. They spent the night of 
the 7th at Mulberry Island in James River, 
and on the morning of the 8th made ready to 
depart, when a row boat was seen coming up 
the river. It brought news that Lord Dela- 


15 


to be a master, 
an autocrat, and 
he was to rule 
with authority 
which made it 
possible for the colony to grow more stable. 
Immediately upon the arrival of Lord 
Delaware the colony took on new life. The 
communal system was continued but everyone 
was put under military discipline; all were 
forced to work, the hours of labor being from 
six to ten in the morning and two to four in 
the afternoon. He brought with him supplies 
that would last four hundred men for twelve 
months. Among the improvements made at 
Jamestown was the repairing of the Church. 
Here every Sunday two sermons were delivered 
and on Thursday one, there being two preach- 
ers who took their weekly turns. Every day 
at 10 o'clock prayers were held in the church 
and also at four o'clock in the afternoon. On 
Sunday the Governor went to church accom- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


panied by his councilors, officers and all the 
gentlemen, with a guard of halberdiers, num- 
bering fifty, dressed in the red livery of his 
lordship. Lord Delaware had a seat in the 
choir in a green velvet chair with a cloth and 
green velvet cushion laid on the table before 
him on which he knelt. The councilors and 
officers sat on either side of him. Two forts 
were erected, one called Fort Henry and the 
other Fort Charles. These forts were near 
the mouth of the river where it was intended 
that new settlers on arriving in Virginia should 
first land. After some six months residence 


LORD DE LA WAR 


in the colony, Lord Delaware on account of 
ill health was forced to return to England, 
leaving behind him at Jamestown about two 
hundred settlers and a store of provisions suf- 
ficient for ten months. 

The London Company in the meantime was 
greatly dissatisfied. It made the mistake of 
expecting Delaware to show returns before he 
really had an opportunity to put the colony into 
a good working state. After some debate it 
was decided, however, not to abandon the 
colony and Sir Thomas Dale was appointed 
to come to Virginia as High Marshal with abso- 
lute martial authority. He was a rough sol- 
dier who had fought in the low country and on 
arriving in Virginia he instituted a military 
code. On arriving at Jamestown he found the 
settlers engaged in their usual occupation of 
playing at bowls in the streets. He put them 
to work felling trees and rebuilding and re- 
pairing the houses. Eight of the colonists 
were convicted of treason and executed. In 
August, 1611, three hundred more settlers 
arrived under the direction of Sir Thomas 
Gates. A large number of these colonists were 
sent to establish a town at what is now known 
as Dutch Gap. ‘This town was named in 


honor of Prince Henry, the eldest son of James 
I, Henrico. A third settlement was made at 
Bermuda Hundred on the south side of the 
James River, not far from Henrico. ‘There 
was also a settlement which had been in exist- 
ence for some years at Kecoughtan, now 
Hampton. 

It was during the administration of Dale 
that Pocahontas, who had never been to the 
colony after Smith’s departure, was captured 
by Captain Argall on the Potomac River from 
an Indian named Japazaws. She was brought 
to Jamestown where she was finally converted 
to Christianity and baptized under the name of 
Rebecca. John Rolfe, whose wife had died 
soon after his arrival in Virginia from the Ber- 
mudas, became enamoured of her and finally 
secured Powhatan’s consent to their marriage. 
This marriage was performed in the church at 
Jamestown, about April 5, 1614, and was the 
first recorded marriage of the white with the 
Indian race in America. 

The building of new settlements caused a 
number of persons to leave Jamestown and in 
1615 there were only sixty persons in the town, 
and when Dale left the colony in 1616 there 
were only three hundred and fifty-one persons 
in all the settlements. It was during the ad- 
ministration of Dale that the third charter was 
granted to the London Company extending the 
boundaries of Virginia and providing for a 
quarterly court of the council resident in 
England and for four general courts of the 
whole Company. All the former privileges 
were re-afhrmed but the charter explicitly 
stated that all the laws of the colony were to 
be made by the Company, and that should any 
question of interpretation of the charter be 
raised it should be construed by the general 
court of the Company liberally in favor of the 
Company and the colonists. This made it 
possible for the Company to inaugurate in Vir- 
ginia such a form of government as in its judg- 
ment seemed best. 

When Dale departed from Virginia, in 
1616, he carried with him to England John 
Rolfe and his wife, the Lady Rebecca, and 
their little son. George Yeardley then acted 
as deputy governor and new life was instilled 
into the colony. Rolfe had already raised 
some tobacco as early as 1612 and shipped it 
to London. Yeardley advised a further culti- 
vation of the weed and we are told that it was 
even planted in the streets of Jamestown. 
Yeardley’s rule continued at this time for only 
a few months when he was succeeded by Sam- 
uel Argall as deputy governor, who in turn was 
succeeded by Capt. Nathaniel Powell. 
Yeardley had in the meantime returned to 
England where he had been knighted and ap- 
pointed Governor and Captain General of 
Virginia. He arrived in Virginia with his in- 
structions from the London Company on April 
19, 1619. He was the first Governor of Vir- 
ginia who had resided in Virginia and was still 
residing in Virginia, at the time of his appoint- 
ment, as a permanent resident. The com- 
munal system was still in existence as from 


16 


The History of the Jamestown Settlement. 


the beginning, except somewhat modified under 


Dale who had assigned to each inhabitant 
three acres of land to cultivate as his own 
in addition to the common crops. He 
was, however, to pay to the storehouse 
from this three acres of land two and 
a half barrels of corn as rent. In the 
three years that had elapsed after # 
the departure of Dale the popula- § 
tion of the colony had trebled, 
being now about one thousand. 
The number of settlements had 
increased from four to eleven. 
The attitude of the London 
Company had become liberal. 
Already a_ struggle had 
taken place in England 
between the King’s forces & 
and the reform party in Parliament. 
Questions debated in Parliament 
had even been carried into the 
quarterly courts of the London § 
Company. Upon the appointment ‘ 
of Yeardley as Governor of Virginia 
liberal instructions were granted him, 
under which it was possible for him to 
establish a legislative assembly for the 
people of Virginia. Accordingly early in 
June, 1619, he sent out a summons that @% 
two burgesses should be elected from ¢& 
each of the eleven plantations of 
the colony to assemble at James- © 
town on July 30th to pass laws 


“ 


and to deliberate upon the. 
affairs of the colony. In accord- / 
ance with these instructions / 


the Assembly met on July 
30th and remained in session 
five days. It was composed 
of twenty-two _representa- 
tives chosen by the inhabit- 
ants of the eleven planta- 
tions, the Governor and 
the Council of State. The 
names of the first mem- 
bers of the House of 
Burgesses were: 

For James City, 
Capt. William ebitdeps yi 
Powell, En- 
sign William 
Spense; for 
Charles City, 
Samuel Sharpe, 


Lawne, Ensign Washer; for Captain Ward’s 
Plantation, Captain Ward, Lieutenant 
Gibbes. 

John Rory, the Secretary of the Colony, 


was elected Speaker and John Twine, 
Clerk. The Assembly sat in the choir of 


ai a the Church and each burgess on taking 


his seat was required to subscribe to 
the oath of allegiance and supremacy. 
Among the acts of this assembly was 
» the making of tobacco the currency 
")\ of the colony. Steps were taken to 
insure the completion of the col- 
lege at Henrico which had been 
agitated by the London Com- 
pany since 1616. All persons 
were required to attend 
hy religious services. As an in- 
b, dication of the independence of the 
P people they asked the Company to 
““ give us power to allow or dis- 
allow of their orders of court as his 
Majesty hath given them power to 
» allow or reject our laws.” There 
was a feeling that no legislation 
' should be enacted concerning the settlements 
in Virginia which would not meet with the 


' approval of the representatives of the people 


in body assembled. ‘Their boldness is to be 
considered in connection with the fact 
that just previous to the meeting of 
\ this first legislative assembly there 
\ had been in England a great fight 
~ in the London Company over the 
election of a successor to Sir 
Thomas Smith as treasurer of 

the Company. Sir Edwin San- 

dys, a friend of the liberal 
government, was chosen. He 

was extremely obnoxious to 

the King. He held the office 

for one year and in 1620 

when the question of the 
re-election of the treas- 
urer came up_ the 
majority of the Com- 

pany was in favor 

of retaining San- 

dys. Certain gen- 

tlemen of the 

King’s party in 

the Company 

declared that the 


King was un- 


Samuel Jor- POCAHONTAS alterably oppos- 
dan; for the city Statue by William Ordway Partridge ed to Sandys and 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation, 


of Henrico, 
Thomas Dowse, John Polentine; for Kic- 
cowtan, Captain William Tucker, Wailliam 
Capp; for Martin Brandon (Capt. John 
Martin’s Plantation), Mr. Thomas Davis, Mr. 
Robert Stacy; for Smythe’s Hundred, Captain 
Thomas Graves, Mr. Walter Shelley; for 
Martin’s Hundred, Mr. John Boys, John Jack- 
son; for Argall’s Gift, Mr. Pawlett, Mr. 
Gourgainy; for Flowerdieu Hundred, Ensign 
Rossingham, Mr. Jefferson; for Captain 
Lawne’s_ Plantation, Captain Christopher 


begged that his 
name should be rejected. Sandys’ friends 
thereupon withdrew his name and elected in 
his stead the Earl of Southampton who was 
even more objectionable to the King than San- 
dys himself. 

For the remaining four years of existence of 
the Lendon Company the liberal party con- 
trolled, but the King was determined to revoke 
the Charter if possible; he hated Sandys and 
he hated the London Company because it was 
controlled by those members of Parliament 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


who were opposed to his high handed measures 
in setting aside parliamentary action. He like- 
wise was opposed to a legislative assembly for 
Virginia and this, along with the election of 
Southampton, made him determine to repeal 
the charter. But during four years of dispute 
the London Company did not waver in its 
liberal policy for Virginia. 

In addition to the introduction of the first 
legislative assembly in 1619 Yeardley’s admin- 
istration was marked by the introduction of 
negro slaves into Virginia. A Dutch man- 
of-war came to Jamestown with twenty slaves, 
twelve men and eight women, and offered them 
for sale. The system of private ownership of 
property had already been introduced, the 
communal system being abolished with the be- 
ginning of Yeardley’s administration. Each 
individual planter was raising his own crops 
and it was thought that the negro would be 
serviceable for field hands. The Governor 
himself bought eight out of the twenty slaves 
and sent them to his plantation of Flowerdieu 
Hundred on James River. African slavery 
was not rapidly introduced. In twenty years 
the population of African slaves did not reach 
more than three hundred, but in the next twenty 
years the population increased by births and 
importation to about two thousand. With the 
growth of the tobacco industry slavery became 
a more important economic institution. 

Above all, however, Yeardley’s administra- 
tion was an important one because it marked 
the real permanent settlement of Virginia. It 
was a period of home building. When Y eard- 
ley came to the colony there were a very few 
women and children. He saw the importance 
of having permanent homes and urged the 
London Company to send to Virginia a number 
of maidens who were eligible for marriage, for 
a man is not permanently bound to the soil or 
to the community until he is the head of a 
family. No one saw this more plainly than 
did Yeardley and through his influence young 
women came to Virginia and were married to 
the colonists. The transportation of each 
maiden was paid, by the man who became her 
husband, in tobacco amounting to one hundred 


iy 
ras: sa Jf 


wi sii Poh itt Ae 


a) a 


and twenty pounds. Other settlers soon came 
direct from England with their wives and chil- 
dren and permanent homes after twelve years 
of struggle were finally established. As a 
matter of fact this social side of Virginia life 
is frequently overlooked by historians, but it 
was the real factor in making the settlement per- 
manent in spite of the tendency to retard 
growth resulting from the squabbles between 
the King and the Company as to the rights of 
the House of Burgesses or of the Company 
itself. 

When Yeardley had to give up the gov- 
ernorship in 1621 the London Company ap- 
pointed Sir Francis Wyatt as Governor of 
Virginia, who brought to Virginia a document 
reafhrming Yeardley’s establishment of the 
first legislative assembly of America. He 
brought with him also William Clayborne as 
Surveyor General, a man destined to figure so 
prominently in the affairs of the State. While 
Wyatt was Governor we are told that the num- 
ber of inhabitants at Jamestown amounted to 
three hundred and fifty-three. Since in 1622, 
at the time of the Indian Massacre, the entire 
population of Virginia was about twelve hun- 
dred and fifty-eight we conclude that about 
one-fourth of the inhabitants were living at 
Jamestown. 

In 1624 the King persuaded Chief Justice 
Ley to declare the Charter null and void. 
When quo warranto proceedings were about 
to be instituted to overthrow the Charter, we 
are told that Nicholas and John Farrar who 
were strong supporters of the London Com- 
pany, preserved the records, passing them to 
the Earl of Southampton. They were bought 
from the Southampton estate by William Byrd 
of Westover, and from the Byrd family they 
passed to William Smith, President of William 
and Mary College, from the Smiths to Peyton 
Randolph, then to Thomas Jefferson and finally 
to the United States Government. To-day ’ 
they are preserved in the Library of Congress. 

The importance of the London Company is 
not to be ignored for it was this Company that 
made possible the first permanent English set- 
tlement in America. At times it did not under- 


ig ieamoctitee wevas 
i eee 
eS 
ce 


(Enlarged from a cut in the Scheeps- Togt tan Anthony Chester Na Virginia, geaaan in het yaar 1020. Printed at Leyden by Peter Vander, 1707. A pamphlet. 12mo.]} 


18 


The History of the 


stand conditions but its perseverance and deter- 
mination to build a colony in America was the 
only thing that made the Jamestown settlement 
the first permanent colony in America. 

What the fate of Virginia would have been 
had James I been allowed to carry out his plans 
on the repeal of the Charter of the London 
Company, is not known. Fortunately he died 
before he had determined on its government, 
and the final settlement of the affairs of Vir- 
ginia fell into the hands of Charles I. 


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The London Company had expended in 
Virginia two hundred thousand pounds and 
sent over eight thousand emigrants, many of 
whom died and many of whom returned to 
England. It looked as if their effort was a 
failure, yet their undertaking was really of a 
national character and far reaching, in view of 
the fact that it fought more for the rights of 
the individual than any other organization 
which up to that time had existed in England. 
Moreover it stimulated interest in the new 


19 


POC CAHO $ : 
hee oe Bee ABW) 
EC ay aRFOLA, ENG 


Jamestown Settlement. 


world and the success achieved in the days of 
Sandys and Southampton with Yeardley in 
Virginia, stimulated interest on the part of the 
Dissenters and Puritans of England, leading 
finally to the settlement made at Plymouth by 
the Pilgrims on December 22, 1620. ‘These 
settlers had started for Virginia, lost their way 
and landed on the New England coast. The 
establishment, therefore, of a new and distinct 
colony in New England was a pure accident, 
it having been the purpose of the Pilgrims to 


land on territory controlled by the London 
Company. The interest created in Virginia 
by the London Company was destined to give 
England a colonial empire which no other 
European country has had or is likely to have. 

Charles I continued Sir Francis Wyatt as 
Governor of Virginia. On his return to Eng- 
land in 1626 he was succeeded by Sir George 
Yeardley who was now Governor of Virginia 
for the third time. Att this time the affairs of 
the colony were unsettled but finally Charles I 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


agreed that the government of Virginia should 
remain in statu quo as in the days of the Lon- 
don Company with the understanding that he 
should have the monopoly of the tobacco trade. 
Thus it was that by a compromise, as it were, 
Virginia persuaded the King to continue the 
same form of government as inaugurated by 
the London Company except that the governor 
and councilors were now appointed by the 
King instead of a corporation. 

In 1627 the governor died at Jamestown 
where he resided and was buried in the church 
or the church yard. It is generally supposed 
that he was buried within the chancel of the 
church and recent excavations there have 
brought to light the tomb of a knight from 
which the brasses, however, have been stolen 
so that it is impossible to identify this tomb 
definitely as that of Sir George Yeardley’s. 
Since, however, there are no reports of any 
other knight having been buried at Jamestown 
this is probably the last resting place of that 
governor who is justly entitled to be called the 
first practical Governor of Virginia. At this 
time the population of the colony was near 
three thousand but the population of the James- 
town settlement had increased very little as the 
new settlers went into different parts of the 
colony in order that they might plant and grow 
tobacco to advantage. 

Among the notable events that took place at 
Jamestown within the next few years was the 
arrival of Lord Baltimore where he was coldly 
received, being a Catholic. Lord Baltimore 
was requested to take the oath of allegiance 
and on declining to do so was forced to retire 
from the colony. For a few months Lady 
Baltimore and the children remained at James- 
town and then returned to England. This trip 
resulted in his Lordship making application to 
the King for a Charter to a part of the Virginia 
dominion and thus the first division of her ter- 
ritory was made when Baltimore received a 
charter to what is now the State of Maryland. 

Six years later the Virginia Council and As- 
sembly under the influence of William Clay- 
borne, the Surveyor General and Secretary of 
the colony, by a revolutionary procedure re- 
moved from office Governor John Harvey and 
sent him back to England. This action was 
regarded at once by the King as rebellious in 
its nature, for Harvey was his appointee. He 
thereupon rebuked the Virginians and _ sent 
Harvey back as Governor. On his return his 
instructions were to build up Jamestown and 
he reports that after his return twelve houses 
and stores were built, one being a brick house 
built by Richard Kemp, secretary. Among 
the persons who obtained the grants at James- 
town at this time were Kemp, Arthur Bayley, 
Captain Thomas Hill, Richard Tree and 
George Muinifie, Thomas Hampden and Alex- 
ander Stone. 

In 1641 came Sir William Berkeley, who 
found Jamestown in a very dilapidated con- 
dition. It was even suggested that he should 
move the seat of government to another place, 
retaining the name of Jamestown, but by Act 


of Assembly it was determined to remain on 
the Island. Every effort was made, however, 
to encourage the building of substantial dwell- 
ing houses and it was decreed that any person 
who would build a brick house twenty-four feet 
long and sixteen broad with a cellar, would be 
granted five hundred acres of land in the col- 
ony. 

By 1644 the population of the colony was 
about twelve thousand and an attempt was 
made by the Indians to exterminate the whites, 
but the attack was a failure and Opechanca- 
nough, the leader, was arrested and carried to 
Jamestown as a prisoner where he was shot by 
one of his guards. 

Within a few years came the struggle in 
England between Charles I and the Puritan 
party, which resulted in the defeat of the King, 
his arrest, trial and execution. As the King’s 
cause began to fail in England many of his fol- 
lowers flocked to Virginia and soon the popu- 
lation had reached twenty thousand. On hear- 
ing of the execution of Charles, the Assembly 
of Virginia at Jamestown passed an act de- 
nouncing the execution of the King as murder 
and proclaiming Charles II as King. ‘This ac- 
tion brought down upon the little colony the 
wrath of Cromwell and he sent a fleet with 
commissioners to bring the colony to terms. On 
reaching Jamestown they found the Assembly 
in session. Berkeley favored resistance but the 
Assembly negotiated with the Commissioners, 
one of whom was Richard Bennett who lived 
in Nansamond County, and an agreement was 
reached wherein the colonists acknowledged 
the English commonwealth, with the distinct 
understanding that the colony should have free 
trade and the right of taxing themselves. Berke- 
ley thereupon quietly retired to his estate at 
Green Spring about three miles distant from 
Jamestown and the Assembly elected Richard 
Bennett as Governor. Bennett was succeeded 
by Diggs, who in turn was succeeded by Sam- 
uel Matthews, both being elected by the As- 
sembly. Matthews died about the time that 
Charles II was proclaimed King in England 
and thereupon the Assembly recalled Sir Wil- 
liam Berkeley as Governor, who issued a pro- 
clamation acknowledging Charles as King. 

In 1662 the Assembly passed a law provid- 
ing again for the building of Jamestown. It 
had now been fifty-five years since the first set- 
tlement and still the wording of the Act would 
imply that a new town was to be built. The 
houses were so few and so temporary that the 
place was hardly more than a camp. The Act 
provided that the town should consist of thirty- 
two brick houses forty feet long and twenty 
feet wide within the walls. “There were at that 
time seventeen counties in the colony, and in 
order that the building of these new houses 
might go on more rapidly each county was re- 
quired to construct at least one house and to 
every county or private individual who built a 
house, the Assembly supplied a bonus of ten 
thousand pounds of tobacco. ‘The erection of 
wooden structures was forbidden. Still other 
efforts were made to make Jamestown an im- 


20 


The History of the Jamestown Settlement. 


BURNING OF JAMESTOWN, 1676 


portant center by declaring that it should be 
the sole market of the three counties of James 
City, Charles City and Surry, and from this 
center alone the tobacco of these counties could 
be shipped to England. 

In 1676 occurred Bacon’s Rebellion and 
the town was burned by Bacon and his men. 
There are two descriptions of the extent of the 
village. One says that the town consisted of 
twelve new brick houses, a considerable number 
of frame houses with brick chimneys, besides 
a brick church and State House. Mrs. Anne 
Cotton says: ‘‘ The town is built about the 
middle of the south line, close upon the River 
extending east and west about three quarters of 
a mile in which is comprehended some sixteen 
or eighteen houses, fair and large and in them 
about a dozen families (for all their houses are 
not inhabited), getting their livings by keeping 
of ordinaries at extraordinary rates.’’ Evidently 
the efforts of the Assembly to build up the 
town had not been successful for it was not 
as large at this date as in the early days of 
the colony. The opening up of new territory 
all along the streams and the development of 
large plantations, the establishment of a number 
of new counties with court houses for centers 
was retarding rather than increasing the pro- 
gress of Jamestown. 

We might say that Bacon’s Rebellion marked 
the end of Jamestown as the center of the col- 
ony. For fourteen years before this movement 
to overthrow the Government in Virginia this 
same Assembly had met from time to time at 
Jamestown and imposed burdens upon the peo- 
ple. The Governor during this period had 
engaged in trade with the Indians and when 
they made inroads upon the frontier settlements 
he refused to send troops to drive them back. 
This incensed the settlers who, led by Na- 
thaniel Bacon, Jr., a citizen of Henrico county, 
demanded a commission of the Governor to go 
against the Indians. At first Berkeley refused, 


21 


but later out of fear of the people yielded and 
Bacon with an army proceeded against the In- 
dians. On this march he learned that he and 
his followers had been ordered by the Gover- 
nor to disband or they would be proclaimed 
traitors; but heeding not the warning, he pro- 
ceeded against the Indians and defeated them, 
then returned and attacked Berkeley in James- 
town, which Berkeley was forced to abandon. 
Bacon then burned the town. Shortly after 
this Bacon died and his followers disbanded. 
Berkeley returned to Jamestown where he and 
his followers encamped for the winter. The 
following spring he was recalled by Charles II. 
Two years later the rebuilding of Jamestown 
commenced. In 1684 there seems to have been 
only some six or seven houses at Jamestown 
and in that year the State House was rebuilt, 
but in 1697 there were twenty or thirty houses 
at Jamestown, if the report of Dr. Blair can 
be relied upon. The English government 
seems to have determined to make Jamestown 
the center of the colony, for when in September, 
1698, Col. Francis Nicholson was appointed 
Governor by King William he was given in- 
structions to rebuild and enlarge Jamestown, 
but before he arrived in the colony there oc- 
curred another fire which consumed the state 
house, the prison and nearly all the buildings. 
When Nicholson arrived he reported conditions 
and claiming that the expense of rebuilding 
Jamestown would be too great, he selected 
Middle Plantation as the site of a new town 
and began there the city of Williamsburg as 
the capital of Virginia. Virginia now con- 
tained about eighty thousand inhabitants. 
The remaining story of Jamestown is briefly 
told. For a time it was the county seat of 
James City county and was the site of a church 
and three or four dwelling houses, and by the 
time of the Revolution all the land of the Is- 
land has passed into the hands of the Amblers 
and the Travises, the Amblers having secured 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


their first hold by inheritance from the Jaque- 
lins, whose interest was secured by inheritance 
from William Sherwood, the Sherwoods hay- 
ing been inhabitants of Jamestown from the 
earliest days. The Amblers and Travises held 
their interest in Jamestown Island until 1831 
when they sold to David Bullock of Richmond, 
who became sole proprietor. Since that day 
it has had several owners. ‘To-day the Island 
is owned by Mrs. Barney, with the exception 
of twenty-two and one-half acres, including 
the churchyard, which Mrs. Barney very gen- 
erously gave to the Association for the Preser- 
vation of Virginia Antiquities. 

In concluding this chapter of the history of 
the Jamestown settlement, it might be well to 
give a brief history of the first church of Ameri- 
ca. When the settlers landed in 1607 they 
stretched between three or four trees an old 
sail as an awning; for their seats they used un- 
hewed trees, and for the pulpit a bar of wood 
nailed between two trees. In rainy weather 
they used an old rotten tent. Under these 
conditions the settlers had prayers daily morn- 
ing and evening, two sermons every Sunday 
and the holy communion every three months 
until the death of the Reverend Mr. Hunt. 
After the death of Mr. Hunt until other min- 
isters came some of the laymen held services 
from the book of common prayer. 

Sometime during the summer or fall in 1607 
a rude barn-like house was constructed for a 
church. This was consumed by fire on Janu- 
ary 7th, 1608; a new house was constructed 
during the same year, which was the second 
church and in which was doubtless performed 
the first marriage in Virginia between John 
Laydon and Anne Burras. But the most im- 
portant marriage celebrated in this church was 
the one between Pocahontas and John Rolfe. 
The house had previously been reconstructed, 
however, under the direction of Sir Thomas 
Gates in 1610. 

In 1617 when Captain Argall arrived the 
church was in ruins, and a new building was 
constructed “fifty foote in length by twenty 
foote in breadth.” It was in this church that 
the first legislative Assembly ‘in 
America assembled. This build- 
ing was probably not in the 
same place in which the two 
former churches had been erect- 
ed, but the present church at 
Jamestown is undoubtedly on 
the site of the church erected by 
Aygall. 

In 1639 a new church was 
erected of brick in place of the 
former wood structure; the present 
brick tower standing is a part of 
this original structure. This church 
was burned when Nathaniel 
Bacon fired the town. When 
the government was resumed at 
Jamestown after Bacon’s Rebel- 
lion a fifth church was erect- 


SEAL ON FIRST MAP OF VIRGINIA 


ed also of brick; it was in this building that the 
first convention of the clergy of Virginia was 
held in 1690, called by John Blair, the rep- 
resentative of the bishop of London in the dio- 
cese of Virginia. After the capital was re- 
moved to Williamsburg in 1698 this church 
still continued to be used, but preaching was 
discontinued something like a score of years 
before the Revolution. 

Very little has been preserved of the old 
Jamestown church. There are two pieces of 
silver, a chalice and paten, preserved in the 
Bruton church at Williamsburg; these were 
gifts to the Jamestown church from Francis 
Moryson in 1661. ‘There is also a silver alms- 
basin in the possession of the Union Theologi- 
cal Seminary at Alexandria which was given 
by Sir Edmund Andros to the Jamestown 
church in 1694. A vase for baptism presented 
to the church by Martha Jaquelin in 1732 is 
preserved in Monumental Church, Richmond. 

The tombstones of the church are in frag- 
ments, but a visitor to Jamestown Island 
can still decipher some of the inscriptions. 
Among those buried in the church-yard were 
James Blair and his wife, Lady Frances Berke- 
ley, Philip Ludwell, Ursula Beverly, some 
of the Amblers, Travises, Champions and Sher- 
woods. ‘The recent excavations conducted at 
Jamestown under the direction of the United 
States government have brought to light the 
foundation of block houses, a fort, the first 
capitol and many of the homes of the early 
settlers as well as the foundations of the church. 
In addition to the Society for the Preservation 
of Virginia Antiquities, the Colonial Dames 
and the Daughters of the American Revolu- 
tion have taken a great interest in the Island. 
The old church has been restored through the 
instrumentality of the Colonial Dames, and the 
Daughters of the American Revolution have 
fittingly recognized the part played in the im- 
petus given to American colonization by Sir 
Walter Raleigh and have reproduced at James- 
town his birth-place, Hayes-Barton. Through 
the instrumentality of the Society for the Pre- 


servation of Virginia Antiquities the United 


States government has built a sea 
wall around the island and has 
erected a monument to Captain 
John Smith, has conducted the 
excavations and discovered many 
of the old foundations, notably the 
first capitol of Virginia. 

Jamestown no longer exists as 
a place of residence, it is no longer 
a mart, but its part in American 
history was not in vain. For thir- 
teen years before another English 
settlement had been established in 
America it was the center in Vir- 
ginia of the operation of the Lon- 
don Company and for eighty 
years longer it still continued to 
be the central point of activity in 
the colony. 


Note.—The old line cuts relating to Smith’s adventures were reproduced from illustrations in his “ Historie.” 


22 


NARRATIVE 


OF alle 


EXPOSITION 


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NOILISOdXa AHL JO LNOYI YALVA 


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[BIOYJO UMOJsaUIef ‘}q4311AdoD 


24 


PANORAMA OF JAMESTOWN ISLAND 


CHAPTER | 


ES INGEE TION 


NAMING OF VIRGINIA—CELEBRATIONS IN 1807 AND 1857—EFFECT OF JAMESTOWN—THE IDEA 

OF A TER-CENTENNIAL—ASSOCIATION FOR PRESERVATION OF VIRGINIA ANTIQUITIES—OTHER 

AGENCIES—INTEREST IN TIDEWATER VIRGINIA—GOVERNOR TYLER’S PROCLAMATION—ORGAN- 

IZING COMMITTEES—CONCENTRATING ACTIVITIES—PREPARING A CHARTER—THE CHARTER 
GRANTED 


@ HE three hundredth anni- 
versary of Jamestown, the 
first permanent settlement 
of English-speaking peo- 
ple in the Western World, 
an event of such tran- 
scendent interest to civilization, could not pass 
unnoticed. Asa name, Virginia had been since 
Sir Walter Raleigh, as a tribute to the Maiden 
monarch, Queen Elizabeth, so designated the 
fair, smiling, fruitful, grape-laden land, which 
his captains had discovered; and prior attempts 
at settlement had been essayed. But it was left 
to the men of Jamestown to effect the first 
foundation of a colonial capital in the territory 
which became the United States of America 
when Yorktown fell one hundred and seventy- 
four years later. 

Abstractly the idea of some commemoration 
had probably occurred to thousands long be- 
fore any concrete form of celebration had been 
suggested. Centennial celebrations in America 
have been many and varied. The quadro- 
centennial of the Discovery of America and the 
centennials of the Signing of the Declaration 
of Independence, the Purchase of the Louisiana 
Territory, the acquisition of Oregon, all had 
received large national recognition before the 
ter-centennial recurrence of Virginia’s birthday. 
These events had been memorialized by World’s 
Fairs. Several cities had held centennial exhi- 
bitions; patriotic celebrations had marked the 
completion of one hundred years after such 
events as the signing of the Constitution of the 
United States and the victory of Yorktown. 

It was peculiarly fitting therefore that 1907 
should witness some great attestation of patriotic 
fervor, for the acorn of national life was planted 
in 1607 at Jamestown, and the oak which has 


25 


grown therefrom had become a mighty monarch 
in the forest of civilization. Recurring even 
periods after May 13, 1607, had previously 
received recognition. Seventeen hundred and 
seven, it is true, recorded no observance. The 
General Assembly of Virginia was not then in 
session; the Lieutenant Governor of the Colony, 
General Robert Hunter, had been captured by 
the French before he reached America, and the 
colonists, who had suffered for years under the 
misrule of the Colonial Governor, Colonel 
Francis Nicholson, and had enjoyed only a 
brief period of semi-prosperity under his worthy 
and short-lived successor, Edward Nott, doubt- 
less were paying more attention to their material 
needs than to any glorification of the senti- 
mental relic—for even in that distant day 
Jamestown was but a memory. 

The second centennial recorded a different 
condition. Eighteen hundred and seven was 
part of a period of pandemic patriotism. ‘The 
colonies had been free and independent for 
scarce twenty-six years and the United States 
had existed as a national confederation only 
since October, 1789. There were men present 
on the occasion of the bi-centennial who had 
taken part in the Colonial General Assembly, 
men who had fought for Virginia’s Bill of 
Rights, men who had followed Washington 
through the dismal and the glorious days from 
Boston to Y orktown—these and their sons were 
the celebrants. And the interest which they 
took was keen and personal, because it had 
been theirs to tell or to hear at first hand how 
the history of Jamestown had influenced the 
Revolution, and it had been their privilege to 
witness the results of that conflict. The cele- 
bration was led by the College of William and 
Mary and the city of Williamsburg, patriotic- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ally assisted by Norfolk, Portsmouth, Rich- 
mond, Petersburg and some smaller Virginia 
communities. 

Fifty years later a similar commemoration 
occurred, and under practically the same 
auspices, the plans having been evolved by the 
College of William and Mary. John Tyler, 
a former President of the United States, whose 
son, Lyon G. Tyler, is now President of 
William and Mary College, was the chief 
orator of the day, though the great oration was 
delivered by Henry A. Wise, subsequently the 
Civil War Governor of Virginia. In the course 


of his speech, Mr. Wise said: 


“Here the old world first met the 
new. Here the white man first met the 
red, for settlement and civilization. Here 
the white men wielded the axe to cut the 
first tree for the first log cabin. Here 
the first log cabin was built for the first 
village. Here the first village rose to the 
first State Capital. Here was the first 
capital of our empire of states. Here was 
the very foundation of a nation of free- 
men, which has stretched its millions and 
its dominion across the continent to the 
shores of another ocean. Go to the 
Pacific now to measure the progression 
and power of a great people.” 


Jamestown, partially destroyed by fire dur- 
ing Bacon’s Rebellion in 1675, fell a complete 
victim to flames in the last decade of the seven- 
teenth century. As a town its life ended with 
the second conflagration. Some houses were 
later built; some older residences restored; but 
as a political or commercial entity Jamestown 
ceased when Williamsburg became the Co- 
lonial Capital. “To the men of the earlier days 
of the republic, ruined Jamestown was more 
impressive in its moldiness than the grandest, 
the most imperial metropolitan triumph. The 
crumbling tower of the ancient church, under 
whose arch the old burgesses had passed and 
repassed, was a relic as sacrosanctified in the 
hearts of the patriots as Mecca to the Mussel- 
man, as Jerusalem to Christian or to Jew. The 


ee tiers 7 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


JAMESTOWN TOWER 


immaterial glory of the relic was haloed by 
associations, world-wide in influencing the up- 
lift of man. 

This, however, is a commercial day and a 
spectacular era. The impress of Jamestown 
upon our modern life is not patent enough to 
reach those. who read as they run. The fact 
that the first representative Assembly that had 
ever sat in a colony was the one which con- 
vened at Jamestown in 1619, though known 
to students, was no part of general information. 
That the charter granted to Virginia had been 
the basis of the contention on the part of those 
who declared that England had released the 
colonists from their obligation because the 
mother land had failed to fulfill its part, was 
a matter of book record, but, having no direct 
relation to everyday life, failed of appreciation. 
Yet happily there were, in this historical section 
of Virginia and scattered widely elsewhere 
throughout this broad land, thousands who 
were capable of exalting sentiment and patriot- 
ism above commercialism and utility, and to 
such as these due recognition of the Ter-Cen- 
tennial was imperative. 

Who conceived the idea of celebrating is not 
known nor would it be of consequence to know. 
Probably the thought of subsequent celebra- 
tions had entered the minds of the celebrants 
in 1807 and 1857, even as now our imagina- 
tion pictures what the future may bear one 
hundred years hence. Since those days many 
may have speculated as to just what would 
be done during the present year; but the first 
concrete movement for the Ter-Centennial was 
initiated by some ladies in the city of Rich- 
mond, members of the “ Association for the 
Preservation of Virginia Antiquities.” This 
society of patriotic men as well as women, 
though all of its officers are women and in its 
membership the fair sex largely predominates, 
have for years taken deep interest in all things 
pertaining to the history of Virginia, and have 
given their special care to the maintenance and 
preservation of all that remained visible of 
Jamestown and to the unearthing of what lay 
buried there. 


THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE PRESERVATION OF VIRGINIA ANTIQUITIES 


Formal resolutions, to celebrate in some befitting manner the 
three hundredth anniversary of the landing of the English 
Colony at Jamestown, were passed at a meeting of the Asso- 
ciation for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, in the 
rooms of the Virginia Historical Society in Richmond on the 
Twelfth day of June, 1900. At that time the President of 
the Association appointed a committee, with Mrs. J. Taylor 
Ellyson as chairman, who were requested to formulate plans 
for a worthy observance of the Ter-Centennial of the first 
permanent English settlement in America. The committee then 
created, worked assiduously and evolved various methods of 
commemorating, only desisting from their efforts when the 
General Assembly of Virginia granted a charter to hold an 
Exposition near Hampton Roads. Since that time the Asso- 
ciation has co-operated with the Exposition Company, aiding it 
wherever possible. 

he Association was chartered in February, 1889, with 
Mrs. Fitzhugh Lee as President, a number of other prominent 
women as incorporators and officers, and an Advisory Board 
of distinguished men. Mrs. Lee resigned after the first year 
and Mrs. Joseph Bryan, who has since then held the office of 
President, was chosen to succeed her. Richmond, Virginia, 
was made the home of the Association and branches were 
formed in various other cities of Virginia and elsewhere 
throughout the United States. 

The objects, for which the Association was chartered, are to 
restore and preserve the ancient historic buildings and tombs in 
the State of Virginia, and to acquire, by purchase or gift, the 
sites of such buildings and tombs with a view to their perpetual 
preservation. Among its noteworthy achievements, aside from 


26 


1900 


JOO 


The Inception. 


Mrs. J. TAYLor ELLYsSoNn 
First Vice President 


the works connected with Jamestown, have been the purchase, 
restoration, and preservation of the home of Mary Washington 
in Fredricksburg, and of the magazine known as the Powder 
Horn in Williamsburg, the erection of a memorial by the 
Washington Branch on the site of the Colonial Capital in 
Williamsburg, and the placing of a tablet on the old light- 
house at Cape Henry, a reminder of the first landing of the 
colonists, made at that point. 

While the object of the Association so far as it concerns 
Virginia's relics is general, the preservation of Jamestown has 
been its chief concern. Very early in its history the Asso- 
ciation turned its attention toward securing possession of the 
Church Tower and the circumjacent ground within which lies 
the old grave yard. 

The purposes of the Association and its earnest wish to 
secure the hallowed site were explained to Mr. and Mrs. 
Edward E. Barney, the owners of Jamestown Island, and these 
generous proprietors conveyed by deed of gift to the society 
22% acres of ground within the bounds of which stand the 
tower and many other objects of reverential regard. 

Through the efforts of the late Mrs. J. L. M. Curry, an 
appropriation was secured from the United States Government 
for building a breakwater, an imperative protection from the 
encroachments of the river which had converted the original 
peninsula into an island and was rapidly reducing the area of 
the new formation. Later Mrs. George W. Bagby, at that 


Gates PresenTED BY D. A. R. 


time chairman of the Jamestown Committee, secured a second A 


appropriation which was necessary to complete the work. / 


The Ter-Centennial year was the most active period of A 
the organization. At Jamestown on the three hundredth ( 
anniversary, May 13, 1907, the largest crowd that ever | | 
visited the Island gathered from far and near. Many dis- | 
tinguished men and women were present. The exercises |— 
were the most elaborate and impressive ever held by the | 
Association. The presiding officer for the day was Hon- | 
orable Joseph Bryan. Conspicuous among the speakers | 
was the Honorable Joseph Bryce, the English Ambassador |~ 
to America, who brought greetings from the old world to ! 
the new. Mr. Bryan’s introduction of Mr. Bryce was | 
replete with patriotic and stirring allusions, as was the | 
short talk of Honorable J. Taylor Ellyson, Lieutenant | 
Governor of Virginia, who introduced Governor Claude 
A. Swanson, of Virginia, the principal orator of the day. | 
Governor Swanson’s speech was an eloquent epitome of — 
the Nation's history from the time of its humble beginning - 
at the sacred spot where the celebrants had gathered, | 
down through the centuries which separated then from now. | 

About a month prior to this occasion, on the 9th day of | 
April, the Society of the Colonial Dames of America pre- ~ 
sented to the Association a magnificent bronze gate which 
they had placed at the entrance to the grounds. Two days | 
later, April 11, The National Society of Colonial Dames ~ 
made their splendid gift, the rebuilt church of the first | ~ 
Colony. This church, which was in effect a reproduction | — 
of the last brick structure used for public worship at 
Jamestown, was transferred to the Association ceremo- 
niously. Mrs. William Ruffin Cox, president of the 
Dames, presented the church on behalf of her associates. 


The deed of gift was read by General Appleton of 


Boston, and the treasured present received by Honorable vf 
interchanges, Kd 


Joseph Bryan. After these formal 
Thomas Nelson Page, LL. D., was introduced by Mrs. 
Barrett Wendell, and delivered a superb oration. A 
distinguished assemblage of Colonial Dames and mem- 
bers of the Association for the Preser- 
vation of Virginia Antiquities congre- 
gated from all parts of the country 
that day—came and worshipped at the 
ancient shrine. 

The Norfolk branch of the Associa- 
tion unveiled a monument near the old 
church tower on the thirty-first of 
July, a memorial to the first House of 
Burgesses, which met in 1619 at James- 
town. The peculiar importance of this 
first Virginia Assembly lies in the fact 
that it antedated all other colonial rep- 
resentative assemblies in America or 
elsewhere. On October 9, the James- 
town Committee of the National So- 


27 


MoNuMENT AT JAMESTOWN ISLAND 
Erected in 1907 by U. S. Government 


a 


se 


Mrs. Joun B. LicHtTFoor 
Chairman Jamestown Committee 


ciety of Daughters of the American Revolution, having finished 
their memorial building, transferred it to the Association. Mrs. 
Benjamin L. Purcell, chairman of this committee, gracefully 
and with well chosen words, turned over the building to Mrs. 
Donald McLean, President-General of the Daughters of the 
American Revolution, who in an eloquent address, presented it 
to the Association, the splendid gift being accepted on behalf of 
the organization by Honorable Lyon G. Tyler, President of the 
College of William and Mary. Daughters from thirteen States 
and many members of the Association who were at the same 
tme D. A. R., were present when the transfer was consum- 
mated. 

The Pocahontas Memorial Association has erected a bronze 
figure in honor of Powhatan’s daughter, who saved Virginia's 
colony from destruction; and, near by, stands the statue of 
Captain John Smith, heroic size, the principal figure of the 
Colony and the chief testator to the services of the adventurers’ 
benefactress. 

The Society of Indian Wars presented a fine sculpture to 
adorn the artesian well at the Island. It represents an Indian 
maid. The National Congress has expended fifty thousand 
doilars for the erection of a handsome shaft, which stands like 
a sentinel near the bronze gate of the Association's grounds. 

A few years ago, save the ghastly ruins of the long since 
fire ridden Ambler mansion, and the tottering tower of the 
departed church, Jamestown Island made no display. The As- 
sociation for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities has with 

magic wand metamorphosed the Nation’s shrine; and me- 

morials, statues, buildings and monuments appear, presents 
from patriots or patriotic associations or from the Nation, 
which has joined issue with individuals in perpetuating and 
adorning the Cradle of the Republic. To the Jamestown 

Committee of the Association, and in a great measure to 

its watchful and efficient chairman, Mrs. John B. Light- 

foot, belong the chief honor for the accomplishments at 

Jamestown. Their work has been absorbing and the re- 

sults are convincing. A\ll of the officers have been energetic 

ae have freely given their time and tact to their labor of 
ove. 

Those who direct the affairs of the Association are: 
Mrs. Joseph Bryan, President; Mrs. J. Taylor Ellyson, 
First Vice-President and Acting President; Mrs. E. V. 
Valentine, Second Vice-President; Mrs. J. S. Wellford, 
Third Vice-President; Mrs. William Ruffin Cox, Fourth 
Vice-President; Mrs. E. B. Ball, Fifth Vice-President; 
Mrs. John B. Lightfoot, Treasurer; Mrs. W. T. Robins, 
Secretary; Mrs. J. Enders Robinson, Corresponding Sec- 
retary; Mrs. William G. Stannard, Historian; Mrs. A. 
W. Garber, Assistant Secretary; Mrs. Henry Gibson, 
Assistant Corresponding Secretary; Miss Mary Barney 
Baughman, Assistant Treasurer. 


ae The approach of 1907 very naturally 


brought members of this Society to con- 

sider what part they and the State should 

do in order to commemorate fittingly the 

real birthday of the Nation. As a result 
» of their thoughts they prepared a me- 
morial to the General Assembly of the 
State of Virginia requesting that body 
to authorize a celebration to 
be held in Richmond during 
1907 and to appropriate a 
sum of money to aid the ob- 
servance. There was no 
opposition to the proposed 
celebration, but the legisla- 
tors were not united in favor- 
ing Richmond as the loca- 
tion. As a result of this 
difference of opinion the 


1900 


1901 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


General Assembly, on the second day of Feb- 
ruary, 1901, passed a bill authorizing the Gov- 
ernor of Virginia to proclaim the celebration 
and to invite the various cities and sections of 
the Commonwealth to put forward their claims 
for the privilege of holding the fair and to show 
what ways and means they could devise for its 
fitting conduct. 


PROCLAMATION 


In relation to a proposed Celebration of the Three Hun- 
dredth Anniversary of the First Permanent Settlement of the 
Continent of North America by English-Speaking People at 
Jamestown, in Virginia, May 13th, 1607. 

“ WHEREAS, the first English settlement of the Continent of 
North America by the English-speaking people was made at 
Jamestown, in Virginia, on the 13th day of May in the year 
of our Lord, one thousand six hundred and seven, by Christo- 
pher Newport, Bartholomew Gosnold, John Smith and their 
companions: 


“ Anb, WHEREAS, after braving the perils of the great deep, 
and encountering the unknown dangers of a strange land, in 
illustration of the great virtues of free men, they there founded 
the great colony which has since become the illustrious com- 
monwealth of Virginia, and led the way to the founding of 
other colonies, which likewise have grown into noble com- 
monwealths: 


“ Anpb, WHEREAS these commonwealths have all united into 
one grand government, founded upon the immutable principles of 
human rights, and devoted to the liberty and happiness of man, 
and have expanded into one of the world’s greatest nations— 
the high and mighty United States of America: 


“ Be It, Therefore, Resolved by the House of Delegates of 
Virginia, the Senate concurring, that the three hundredth anni- 
versary of the successful founding of the Colony of Virginia, 
and the establishment of the English-speaking people on the 
continent of North America—an event that marks an epoch 
in the history of the world—ought to be celebrated by the 
good people of this commonwealth in some appropriate man- 
ner: 


“ Resolved, Further, That in the opinion of this General 
Assembly the most fitting form for such celebration would be 
to hold a Great Exposition in some of the cities of Virginia 
in which all our sister States, and if possible, all the English 
speaking peoples of the earth, shall be invited to participate, 
and where shall be displayed the products of peace and 
the fruits of free institutions in all the realms of human 
ingenuity : 

“ Resolved, Further, That the General Assembly invites all 
the cities in her borders to consider of ways and means and 
to make such proposition to the General Assembly at its next 
session as will enable the General Assembly to determine that 
there will be a celebration of the anniversary herein referred 
to, the location thereof, and the proper representation of this 
commonwealth therein, and at the same time enable it to invite 
the participation in such celebration of such States and peoples 
as may be determined upon. 


“Resolved, That the Governor of this Commonwealth be, 
and he is hereby requested to make his proclamation setting 
forth these resolves of the General Assembly of Virginia and 
to communicate them officially to the proper officers of the 
several cities in this Commonwealth.” 


In accordance with the above joint resolution of the General 
Assembly the attention of the mayors of the different cities 
of this State, as well as all commercial, industrial and_his- 
torical organizations are hereby directed to take such action as 
they may deem proper to celebrate this great and important 
event. 


Given under my hand and Lesser Seal of the Commonwealth, 
at Richmond, this, the fifteenth day of November, in the year 
of our Lord, nineteen hundred and one, and the 126th year of 
the Commonwealth. 

(Signed) 


J. Hoce TyYLer, Governor. 


By the Governor: 
(Signed) 
J. G. Hankins, 
Acting Secretary of the Commonwealth. 


Following the action of the Association for 
the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, Lyon 
G. Tyler, LL.D., offered at a meeting of the 
Business Men’s Association of Williamsburg, 
a resolution urging that a national celebration 
of the Ter-Centennial should be held. This 
meeting was held on the seventh of September, 
1900. One month later a committee was ap- 
pointed to promote the object of the resolution 
and on October 15th the members of this com- 


HONORABLE J. HOGE TYLER 
Governor of Virginia, 1898-1902 


mittee introduced this subject to the Tidewater 
Commercial League which was then meeting at 
Newport News. ‘The Chairman of the Wil- 
liamsburg Committee, Doctor Tyler, prepared 
a bill embodying suggestions for the observance 
of the Ter-Centennial and this was presented in 
the Senate of Virginia by Hon. D. Gardner 
Tyler, his brother. 

On the twelfth of February, 1901, a letter 
reciting these facts was prepared by the Wil- 
liamsburg Committee which consisted of Lyon 
G. Tyler, Chairman, and the following mem- 
bers: 


Parish; Rw D. Peachy: I. J) Stubbs: lesb: 
Cole; J. B. C. Spencer, President of the Busi- 
ness Men’s Association; and John S. Charles, 
Secretary of that organization. ‘This letter 
which was sent to prominent men throughout 
the United States further stated: 

“While the subject of a Ter-Centennial 
celebration had been long one of discussion in 
the country at large, the Business Men’s Asso- 
ciation of Williamsburg was the first organiza- 
tion to take official action, and has been ever 
since foremost in pushing the matter. And it 
is right that this should have been so. Wil- 
liamsburg is situated within six miles of James- 
town, and succeeded it in 1699 as the Colonial 
Capital of Virginia. It shares with it in the 
romantic history of colonial days. In accord- 
ance with the joint resolutions of the General 
Assembly of Virginia, the President and Con- 
gress will be requested by the Senators and 
representatives of Virginia to turn their atten- 
tion to this important subject, and the purpose 
of the present letter is to ask your co-operation 
in inspiring in your State or community an in- 
terest in the said celebration. Will you not 


28 


Rev. W. T. Roberts, Rector of Bruton ~ 


1901 | 


1901 


The Inception. 


communicate to your representative in the Na- 
tional Legislature your indorsement of the pro- 
ject, and interest him to earnestly aid in making 
the celebration the grandest, not only in the 
history of the United States, but in the history 
of the world? Let Congress declare for a 
great civic and naval demonstration, and let 
them mark the occasion by a monument worthy 
of this great country! Let them appropriate 
a suitable sum of money for this great national 
purpose, and have proper and appropriate lit- 
erary exercises in honor of the services rendered 
mankind by the hardy band of settlers who 
dared the unknown and all its terrors, separa- 
ting themselves by an ocean from home and 
family.” 

Up to this time there had been apparently 
no definite idea as to the form of the memorial. 
In the William and Mary Quarterly Magazine 
Dr. Tyler had in April, 1900, asked “* Why 
not have a national celebration in 1907”? Dur- 
ing May 1900, Rabbi E. N. Calisch of Rich- 
mond and Professor Mitchell of Richmond 
College, wrote learned and convincing letters 
to the Times Dispatch of Richmond advoca- 
ting a commemoration of the approaching three 
hundredth anniversary of Jamestown. But all 
of these earlier efforts were directed merely to- 
ward a celebration. 


Following the action of the General As- 
sembly, five citizens of Norfolk, G. T. Shep- 
perd, Walter Herron Taylor, James W. Mc- 
Carrick, John F. Lawler and Robert B. Cooke, 
associated themselves as a quasi committee for 
the purpose of creating sentiment in favor of 
having a celebration in their city during 1907. 
At that time the newspapers of the country 
were teeming with notices of the approaching 
Pan-American Exposition and some celebra- 
tion of a similar character naturally was sug- 
gested to those interested in the Jamestown 
Memorial. They secured promises of support 
from many leading citizens, among others J. 
M. Thomson then proprietor of the Norfolk 
Dispatch, who on the 14th day of May ad- 
dressed a letter to John G. Tilton, a mem- 
ber of the Common Council of Norfolk, re- 
questing that he use his best efforts in securing 
the adoption of a resolution having for its pur- 
pose the creation of an official committee who 
would ascertain Norfolk’s wishes regarding the 
proposed celebration. 

Mr. Tilton read this letter at a meeting of 
the Council held the same night and offered 
this resolution which was adopted: 

* Be it Resolved by the Common and Select Councils of the 
City of Norfolk that a Special Committee of five members, 
three from the Common and two from the Select Branch, be 
appointed by the respective presidents to consider ways and 


means of securing the Jamestown Celebration at Norfolk, and 
to report to the Councils as soon as may be.” 


The committee appointed in conformity with 
this act of the Councils consisted of John G. 
Tilton, T. S. Southgate and W. W. Old from 
the Common Council and J. O. Reid and E. 
L. Mayer from the Select, Messrs. Tilton and 
Reid being chairmen of their respective 
branches. 


29 


Until September the committee had tormu- 
lated no plans. Then Mr. Thomson whose 
letter of May 14, read to the councils, had per- 
haps been the immediate cause of the commit- 
tee’s appointment, again showed his interest in 
the Ter-Centennial project, and in the editorial 
columns of his paper September 6, 1901, he 
urged the committee and the citizens of Norfolk 
to shake off their lethargy and prepare immedi- 
ately some answer to the invitation of the Gen- 
eral Assembly. ‘This editorial drew attention 
to the opportunities of Norfolk as an exposition 
site, mentioned the transportation, hotel, com- 
mercial and picturesque advantages of the 
Hampton Roads country, and stated that as 
Virginia settlements were all Tidewater pro- 
ducts therefore to the communities surrounding 
Tidewater’s great harbor should be given the 
right to celebrate. 


JAMES M. THOMSON 


Who First Editorially Advocated Holding an Exposition in 


Norfolk. Later a Director of the Exposition Company 


The special committee then called a public 
meeting which was held at the office of the 
City Treasurer at Norfolk, Wednesday even- 
ing, September | 1th, 1901. The chief result 


of this meeting was the preparation of an invi- 
tation which was sent to two leading repre- 
sentatives of each branch of trade or profession 
in Norfolk. The invitation read as follows: 


September 14, 1901. 
Dear Sir: 

The committee appointed by the Common and Select Coun- 
cils of the City of Norfolk to devise ways and means for the 
promotion of an exposition to commemorate the three hundredth 
anniversary of the settlement of Jamestown, desire your pres- 
ence and assistance at a public meeting to be held on Tues- 
day, September 17, 1901, at 8 Pp. mM. in the Common Council 
chamber, in order that you may advise with them as to the 
best method to inaugurate this movement. 

Trusting that you will give us your hearty co-operation at 
this meeting, we beg to remain, 

Yours very respectfully, 
JoHn G. TILTon, 
Chairman of Special Committee on Jamestown Celebration 
from Common Council. 
J. O. Rew, 
Chairman of Special Committee on Jamestown Celebration 
from the Select Council. 


1901 


1901 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


This letter was sent to: Hon. N. Beaman, 
mayor of Norfolk, and W. T. Brooke, city 
engineer; Rev. B. D. Tucker and Rev. T. T. 
Hall (clergy), C. W. Grandy and William 
E. Taylor (capitalists) ; C. Billups and I. L. 
Winston (agricultural implements); J. K. 
Peebles and J. Parker Breese (architects) ; A. 
T. Stroud and R. H. Riddleberger (attor- 
neys); Caldwell Hardy and Col. W. H. 
Taylor (bankers); Moses L. Nusbaum and 
W. L. Bilisoly (booksellers and stationers) ; 
J. E. Burke and W. T. Barron (bookbind- 
ers); W. R. Mayo and E. W. Face (brick 
manufacturers); W. B. Baldwin and J. P. 
A. Mottu (stocks and bonds); J. E. Ether- 
idge and W. N. Waller (builders’ materials) ; 
C. W. Fentress and S. T. Nye (butter and 
cheese); J. W. Martin and J. J. Johnston 
(crockery) ; J. W. Perry and John J. Jenkins 
(commission merchants) ; C. R. Parlett and E. 
Tatterson (contractors) ; F. Odenthal and C. 
C. Jones (clothiers); McD. L. Wrenn and 

W. Borum (carriage builders); Kensey 
oun and W. T. Anderson (coal and wood) ; 
C. H. Diggs and B. E. Oberndorfer (con- 
fectioners) ; Geo. L. Arps and Fergus Reid 
(cotton factors) ; Edwin S. Lee and John F. 
Reed (dentists); W. R. Martin and W. H. 
Terry (druggists); W. M. Rettew and Jos- 
eph Brown (retail dry goods) ; Jas. J. Riddle 
and John Graham, Jr. (engineers); F. S. 
Royster and C. W. Priddy (fertilizers) ; Geo. 
H. Dawes and Chas. H. Williams (fruit deal- 
ers); D. Carpenter and John Willis, Jr. (fur- 
niture dealers); B. P. Loyall and L. P. 
Roberts (retail grocers); R. P. Voight and 
W. L. Kelly (wholesale grocers); Paul R. 
Howard and Milner Price (wholesale hard- 
ware); J. H. Thompson and Walter J. Sim- 
mons (hats); R. Henry Jones and Robert 
Wilson (hay, grain and feed) ; J. Hull David- 
son and Sylvanus Stokes (hotels); Peter 
Wright and Louis Feurstein (ice manufactur- 
ers); L. W. Childrey and H. H. Trice (in- 
surance); D. P. Paul and C. F. Greenwood 
(jewellers) ; E. B. Freeman and John L. Rop- 
er (lumber dealers); R. D. Nichols and B. 
Salomomsky (merchant tailors); Albert H. 
Grandy and S. S. Nottingham, J. G. Fiveash, 
James M. Thomson (press); W. T. Simcoe 
and J. W. Grandy (notions); J. D. Arm- 
strong and W. D. Hemingway (oyster pack- 
ers); J. I. Jenkins and W. A. Jones (paints 
and oil) ; R. C. Marks and L. Hornthal (pea- 
nut factories); J. J. McCormick and H. M. 
Nash (physicians); J. W. Cherry and Sam. 
W. Borun (printers) ; Capt. J. W. McCarrick 
and R. B. Cooke (transportation) ; Col. Wm. 
Lamb and John Twohy (shipping) ; Le Roy 
W. Davis and I. Moritz (tobacco dealers) ; 
W. C. Cobb and D. Lowenberg (real estate 
agents); A. E. Camp and P. H. Thomas 
(shoe dealers); Geo. L. Crow and W. H. 
Barnard (stoves and tinware); C. A. Nash 
and Frank T. Clark (sash, door and blinds) ; 
C. Brooks Johnston and H. L. Page (street 
railways); E. IT. Lamb and T. J. Wool (fer- 
ries); Harry Hodges and J. A. Ridgewell 


(machine works) ; E. Hirshler and M. Win- 
ston (wholesale dry goods); N. C. Pamplin 
and C. H. Ashburn (telegraph). 

The city across Hampton Roads, at this 
time, became keen to the importance of taking 
a share in the purposed celebration and at a 
meeting of the Business Men’s Association of 
Newport News, held September 13, the fol- 
lowing resolution was adopted: 

““ Moved that a committee of seven be appointed from this 
Association by the President, to co-operate with the committee 
from Williamsburg, with the committees of al] other associa- 
tions of the state which may be appointed for a similar pur- 
pose, and that this committee, in company with the Williams- 
burg committee, shall be instructed to address a letter to 
Senator John W. Daniel, requesting him to introduce the 
proper bill in Congress, urging an appropriate recognition by 
the whole country of the landing at Jamestown on May 13th, 
1607, and urging Senator Daniel to interest the President of 
the United States and all other officials of the Government 


in taking such steps as will lead to a grand national Ter-Cen- 
tennial Celebration at some appropriate place to be selected 


by Congress to be held on May 13th, 1907, and 

oved further that this Committee be instructed to call 
on the Governor of Virginia and request him to issue the 
proclamation about the Ter-Centennial which he was asked 
to do by the General Assembly of the last session, and the 
Committee to request the Governor to ask the cities and towns 
of this Commonwealth to appoint corresponding committees, 
ane. Moved further that this committee use every honorable 
means in their power to get Newport News named as the site 
of the celebration.” 

Five members of the committee were ap- 
pointed on this occasion, L. B. Henley, J. E. 
B. Stuart, J: L. Patton; |,Ce Bakermand 
Geo. F. Adams. 

This action of the Business Men’s Associ- 
ation, now the Chamber of Commerce of New- 
port News, recorded the first wish on the part 
of the Ter-Centennial advocates to remove 
from the celebration its local and state aspect 
and make it a more national fete. Sooner or 
later this idea must certainly have obtruded it- 
self upon the celebrants, but the resolution im- 
mediately forced into the realm of present dis- 
cussion a subject whose ramifications were large 
and one which bore immense possibilities. 
Among the immediate effects of the resolution 
was the wide interest at once developed in Nor- 
folk. The favorable responses to the invitation 
of the Councilmanic Committee were nearly 
unanimous, resulting in the attendance of al- 
most all invited, and where it was impossible 
for several personally to be present, letters 
were sent evidencing the most avid interest in 
the purpose of the meeting and pledging sup- 
port to any movement inaugurated on the oc- 
casion. ‘The real important decision of this 
meeting was made at the instance of Theodore 
J. Wool, who lived in Portsmouth, but was 
largely interested in the city of Norfolk and 
the surrounding territory. Mr. Wool pointed 
out the difficulties which would confront any 
one community which might attempt to op- 
pose the claims of the State’s Capital should 
that city desire to hold the Exposition. He 
expressed his opinion that if the chief com- 
munities of Tidewater should combine, and as 
a unit appeal to the General Assembly to lo- 
cate the exposition at some suitable site near 
Hampton Roads, the logic of the situation, 
coupled with the political strength which would 
come from the united effort would be sufficient 
to counteract any influence brought into play 


30 


1901 


1901 


The Inception. 


by Richmond; and, as preliminary to possibly 
a larger coalition, he suggested that Ports- 
mouth and Berkley, together with Norfolk 
County be requested to appoint committees 
similar to that already created by the Norfolk 
Councils, the larger committee to be known as 
the Joint Jamestown Exposition Committee. 
The logic of this advice deeply impressed 
the meeting, and the following letter was ad- 


dressed to the Norfolk Councils: 


Norfolk, Va., Sept. 17th, 1901. 
To the Honorable Common and Select Councils, 
Gentlemen: 

The Special Committee appointed by your Honorable 
Bodies to devise ways and means for the celebration of the 
three hundredth anniversary of the settlement of Jamestown 
beg leave to report that we have had several public meetings 
at which various citizens were present and with whom the Com- 
mittee discussed the best methods to inaugurate this movement. 
We would further report that it is the sense of this Committee 
that the sister communities of Portsmouth, Berkley and Norfolk 
County be invited to co-operate with the Committee of the 
city of Norfolk in formulating a plan that will best meet the 
object of having the Exposition here, and we therefore recom- 
mend that the Councils of the city of Portsmouth, the town 
of Berkley and the Board of Supervisors of Norfolk County 
be asked to appoint Committees of three from Portsmouth and 
one each from Berkley and Norfolk County to act in con- 
junction with your Committee. The Joint Committee of ten 
thus appointed to appoint additional members from citizens of 
each community represented in proportion to their representa- 
tion on the original Committee. The Committees from the 
respective communities to prepare a concerted plan for putting 
in operation the means for inaugurating and carrying to a suc- 
cessful conclusion a grand Exposition in our community, which 
will fitly celebrate the historic event and reflect credit upon our 
entire community and state. 

Respectfully submitted, 
Joun G. TILTon, 
Chairman Special Committee on Jamestown Celebration from 
Common Council. 


Jesse O. Rem, 


Chairman Special Committee on Jamestown Celebration from 
Select Council. 
T. S. SouTHeate, 
E. L. Mayer, 


Members of Committee. 


W. W. Old, the fifth member of the 
committee, who was unavoidably absent from 
Norfolk that night, was in full sympathy with 
the letter which was sent, and later asked that 
he be so recorded. 

Norfolk officially extended the invitation 
suggested by the special committee and its ac- 
ceptance was general.. Portsmouth named as 
her representatives J. W. Brown, Jr., and J. 
M. Overton, and G. T. Bell from the Coun- 
cil; Berkley appointed Councilman C. H. 
Williams; Norfolk County, Supervisor E. M. 
Tilley. The larger committee held their first 
meeting on the 22nd of October, and, at that 
time, authorized the membership to be increased 
by appointing citizens from each community 
equal in number to the official representatives. 

Norfolk, entitled to five representatives 


named D. Lowenberg, C. W. Priddy, G. T. 
Shepperd, Wm. Lamb, and R. B. Cook; 
Portsmouth, entitled to three named only two, 
T. J. Wool and Goodrich Hatton; Berkley 
and Norfolk County each appointed one, 
Alvah H. Martin from the town and Henry 
Kirn from the county. These nineteen repre- 
sentatives, ten officials and nine other citizens, 
were constituted a Ways and Means Commit- 
tee to take full charge of the movement. At 
the same meeting Mr. Tilton was elected chair- 
man, G. T. Shepperd, secretary and T. S. 
Southgate, treasurer. 
The first action of 


31 


this committee was to 


recommend that Norfolk should subscribe three 
thousand dollars and Portsmouth and Norfolk 
County one thousand dollars each, for the pur- 
pose of defraying preliminary expenses. The 
report of the committee when transmitted to 
the several bodies which had made the original 
appointments was accepted. The recom- 
mended appropriations were made by Norfolk 
City and Norfolk County, while Portsmouth 
appropriated five hundred dollars, a total of 
four thousand, five hundred dollars. 

On the 20th day of November, the idea 
which had been suggested by Mr. Wool more 
than a month previously, namely, that a larger 
confederation might be necessary, again was 
brought to the attention of the committee. 
Newport News had been making strenuous and 
intelligent efforts to enlist the support of its 
project of holding the exposition in that city. 
To the north of Hampton Roads were, besides 
the larger city of Newport News, Hampton, 
Phoebus and Old Point Comfort, none of 
which was negligible. Committees then were 
appointed to visit these several communities and 
also to enlist the support of Suffolk, a city of 
some size and a near neighbor to Norfolk. 
These gentlemen were appointed : 

To visit Newport News: D. Lowenberg, 
chairman; M. B. Crowell, J. V. Trehy, T. J. 
Wool, John A. Upshur, Thomas W. Shelton, 
and Tazewell Taylor. 

To visit Hampton: T. J. Wool, chairman; 
R. B. Cooke, C. W. Priddy, N. Beaman, and 
C. Brooks Johnston. 

To visit Phoebus and Old Point: 
Cooke, chairman; N. Beaman, 
Johnston, and 1h. W. Brown, Jr. 

To visit Suffolk: W. W. Sale, chairman; 
C. E. Finch, C. W. Priddy, W. W. Dey, 
John F. Lawler, James M. Thomson, and J. 
G. Tilton. 

The Norfolk representatives visited New- 
port News where they were entertained by 
George F. Adams at a luncheon at the Hotel 
Warwick. They conferred on this occasion 
with Geo. F. Adams, R. M. Lett, J. E. B. 
Stuart, J. L. Patton and A. L. Powell, a new 
committee from the Newport News Business 
Men’s Association, recently appointed in the 
place of the origina! committee. 

Mr. Adams, reporting at a meeting of his 
Association held on the evening of November 
29th, stated that as the result of the joint con- 
ference at the Hotel Warwick his committee 
had decided to recommend that the Business 
Men’s Association request the city council of 
Newport News to supplement the committee of 
the association by the appointment of five rep- 
resentative citizens, among whom should be the 
mayor of the city, the president of the council 
and the president of the Business Men’s Asso- 
clation, and give this committee of ten the 
power to act officially for the privilege of hold- 
ing the exposition. Conforming with this ad- 
vice a resolution was adopted and it was fur- 
ther resolved that the Council of Newport 
News be requested to appropriate two thousand 
dollars to supplement the joint fund of expense 


ReB: 
C. Brooks 


1901 


190] 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


money toward which forty-five hundred dollars 
had previously been subscribed by the govern- 
ing bodies of Norfolk, Portsmouth and Nor- 
folk County. 

At its next meeting the city council of New- 
port News accepted the suggestions of the 
Association, appropriated the amount request- 
ed, and appointed A. A. Moss, mayor, B. S. 
Jones, president of the council, W. E. Barrett, 
president of Business Men’s Association, J. W. 
Elliott and O. D. Batchelor as the city’s ad- 
ditional representatives. 

Meanwhile the Jamestown Exposition Com- 
mittee had opened an office at 86 Commerce 
Street, Norfolk, and as the first move in the 
campaign, the legal firm of Jeffreys and Law- 
less were retained to prepare the exposition 
charter. Conditions attaching to the creation 
of the Jomt Committee and the anticipated 
emergencies which would necessarily arise from 
the further ramifications of confederation—the 
expected co-operation of the cities to the north 
of Hampton Roads and the contiguous coun- 
ties—combined to make this instrument a pe- 
culiarly difficult one to construct. Contending 
interests clashed; and with some degree of 
reason, each city or county objected to giving 
undue prominence to one locality to the exclu- | 
sion or detriment of the others. As a conse- 
quence the labor of harmonizing the elements 
required considerable ingenuity but it was 
finally accomplished. 

When the members of the various com-.—~ 
munities of Tidewater met in Norfolk 4 
the proposed charter was read to 
them and was accepted. On the 
first Monday of December, 1901, 
one hundred leading citizens of 
the cities and counties circum- 

4 


? 


om, ~~ 


Se 


jacent to Hampton Roads, journeyed to 
Richmond and appeared before the Gen- 
eral Assembly. Coincident with their ap- 
pearance, Senator W. W. Sale of Norfolk 
introduced Senate Bill Number One, the first 
paper presented at that session of the Senate, 
and Tidewater’s answer to the Governor’s 
Proclamation. 

The city of Richmond had up to that time 
made apparently no effort to secure the ex- 
position; but the interest there, while dormant, 
was by no means dead. At once repre- 
sentatives of the capital city urged delay in the 
granting of the charter and besought time in 
which to prepare a counter proposition looking 
toward the choice of Richmond asa site. The 
many advantages of a seashore or harbor loca- 
tion were obvious, even to the staunchest parti- 
sans of the capital; and the Tidewater plan, 
which comprehended a great naval and marine 
display impressed the General Assembly. The 
conviction that such an imposing spectacle 
would prove a most valuable factor of success 
caused the suggestion by Richmond that the 
celebration be divided—that a maritime ren- 
dezvous be held in Hampton Roads, while the 
land exposition should be located at Richmond. 
A steering committee from Tidewater, consist- 
ing of C. W. Priddy, chairman, T. J. Wool, 
C. H. Williams, George F. Adams and S. 
Gordon Cummings, D. Lowenberg, O. D. 


a Batchelor, D. S. Jones and H. L. Schmelz, 


co-operating with the Senators and Dele- 


» 


_ gates from the Hampton Roads section, 
: strenuously opposed this suggestion. 
Fortunately those who viewed the 
situation as judges dispassionately 
deemed this departure from exposi- 
tion precedent inexpedient. “They 
wisely decided that a divided cele- 
bration must result in lessened in- 
terest; finally the Senate 


Nati al acy 


€ LADAOGDDR gee OEE 


ow , AP ges FSS 
tte 5 
28 


NORFOLK CITY HALL 
Where the Joint Jamestown Committee Met 


32 


190] 


902 


The Inception. 


passed the Bill and it went to the House. 
There, as in the Senate, opposition was en- 
countered but finally the inevitable logic of the 
situation prevailed and the following charter 


was granted. It was approved by the Hon. A. 
J. Montague, Governor, March 10, 1902: 


WHEREAS, it is the desire and purpose of the people of this 
Commonwealth to fittingly commemorate the third centennial 
of the settlement effected at Jamestown on the thirteenth day 
of May in the year sixteen hundred and seven; and, 

WuereAs, the General Assembly of Virginia, by joint reso- 
lution, which was agreed to by the House of Delegates on the 
second day of February, nineteen hundred and one, and con- 
curred in by the Senate on the fifth day of February, nineteen 
hundred and one, expressed the opinion that the “ most fitting 
form of such a celebration would be to hold a great exposition 
in some one of the cities of Virginia in which all our sister 
states, and, if possible, all the English-speaking people of the 
earth, shall be invited to participate, and where shall be dis- 
played the products of peace and the fruits of free institutions 
in all realms’; and, 

Wuereas, the General Assembly, in the aforesaid joint 
resolution, invited “ all the cities in her borders to consider of 
ways and means and make such propositions to the General 
Assembly, at its next session, as will enable the General Assem- 
bly to determine that there will be a celebration of the anniver- 
sary herein referred to, the location thereof, and the proper 
representation of this commonwealth therein, and at the same 
time enable it to invite the participation in such celebration of 
such States and peoples as may be determined upon”’, and, 

Wuereas, the Governor of this Commonwealth, in com- 
pliance with a provision in the joint resolution aforesaid, has 
by his proclamation extended the invitation to the cities of the 
State; and, 

Wuereas, the cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth, Berkley, and 
Newport News, and the counties of Norfolk, Princess Anne, 
Nansemond, Elizabeth City, Isle of Wight, and Warwick, by 
their duly constituted authorities, have maturely considered of 
ways and means to inaugurate and successfully conduct such 
exposition, and to that end certain public-spirited citizens of 
those places desire to form a joint stock company; and, 

WHEREAS, it is their opinion, and the opinion of the Gen- 
eral Assembly of Virginia, that such exposition should be held 
at some place adjacent to the waters of Hampton Roads, 
whereon the navies of all nations may rendezvous in honor of 
the hardy mariners who braved the dangers of the deep to 
establish the colony aforesaid: now, therefore, 

Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia, That, 

1. J. W. Perry, C. Brooks Johnston, J. P. A. Mottu, 


Jacob Hecht, H. L. Page, William Lamb, W. H. Wales, 
J. H. Davidson, E. T. Lamb, T. S. Southgate, W. B. F. 
Slaughter, J. G. Fiveash, J. O. Reid, J. Edward Cole, John 
Willis, Joseph T. Lawless, S. Stokes, George E. Bowden, 
M. W. Mason, Harry Hodges, N. Beaman, W. D. Pender, 
R. B. Cooke, M. B. Crowell, A. H. Grandy, J. M. Thompson, 
C. W. Priddy, J. L. Jeffries, G. T. Shepperd, D. J. Callahan, 
Max Pincus, W. W. Old, W. H. Taylor, Jr., Thomas Town- 
send, John G. Tilton, C. E. Finch, B. P. Voight, J. D. 
Burrow, S. S. Nottingham, F. S. Royster, D. Lowenberg and 
Thomas W. Shelton of Norfolk; J. L. Bilisoly, A. J. Phillips, 
Frank Lindsay, J. W. Brown, Jr., T. J. Wool, G. Hatton, 
J. Davis Reed, W. G. Maupin, J. W. Overton, C. S. Sher- 
wood, C. A. Butt, John L. Watson and G. T. Bell of 
Portsmouth; Alvah H. Martin, J. H. Jacocks, Oscar F. Smith, 
C. H. Williams, W. L. Berkley, John A .Codd, E. M. 
Tilley, M. C. Keeling and D. M. Harding of Berkley; Henry 
Kirn of Norfolk County; George T. Snead and B. D. White 
of Princess Anne County; Sidney T. Ellis, E. E. Holland 
and J. L. McLemore of Nansemond County; R. E. Boykin of 
Isle of Wight County; D. S. Jones, O. D. Bachelor, A. L. 
Powell, George F. Adams, A. A. Moss, W. A. Post, W. E. 
Barrett, J. W. Elliott, George B. West, E. W. Robinson, 
J. L. Patton, A. E. Burcher, R. M. Lett, Elias Peyser and 
J. E. B. Stuart of Newport News; H. P. Taylor of Warwick 
County; Frank W. Darling, Robert I. Mason, S. Gordon 
Cumming, John M. Willis, Henry L. Schmelz, William J. A. 
Cumming, John W. Rowe and J. W. Richardson of Hamp- 
ton; E. M. Tennis and E. C. Kaiser of Phoebus; John B. 
Kimberley and William Baulch of Fortress Monroe; M. R. 
Horrell of Williamsburg; Cory Brouck of James City County; 
C. C. Vaughan, Junior, P. D. Camp, J. L. Barham, J. J. 
Deyer and B. E. Worrell of Southampton County; J. H. 
Spencer of Henry County; F. E. Nottingham of Northampton 
County; S. Wilkins Matthews of Accomac County; James P. 
Mason of Glade Springs; J. N. Johnson of Bristol; George 
W. Richardson of Mason; James R. Kemper of Augusta; 
John J. Lawson and R. M. C. Glen of Halifax, and such 
other person or persons as may be hereafter associated with 
them, be, and they are hereby, created and made a_ body 
politic and corporate by the name and style of the Jamestown 
Exposition Company, by which name they may contract and 
be contracted with, sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, 
and in all courts of this Commonwealth and elsewhere during 
the existence of said company, and may adopt and use a com- 
mon seal, which they may alter or renew at pleasure. The 
said company, when organized, may adopt and ordain such 
by-laws, ordinances, and regulations for its government as it 
may deem wise and proper, and generally do everything which, 


33 


in its judgment may be necessary or proper to carry this act 
and the ends and purposes contemplated by it into effect: pro- 
vided, that nothing in this act shall be construed as authoriz- 
ing the said company to do anything in conflict with the 
laws of the State or of the United States. 

The incorporators herein named, or a majority of them, 
after due notice shall have the power forthwith to meet and 
elect a Board of Directors of such number as they may deem 
proper, and to elect a president and such other officers as they 
may prescribe, and any two or more offices may be held by the 
same person. The directors and officers so to be elected shall 
manage the affairs of the company for one year, and until 
their successors are duly elected: provided, that a majority of 
the Board of Directors of the said company shall at all times 
be selected from among the incorporators herein named. 

2. The said company shall have exclusive power to hold, 
conduct, operate and maintain an exposition or fair at some 
place adjacent to the waters of Hampton Roads at such time 
and during such period in the year nineteen hundred and seven 
as it may determine. It shall select a suitable name designating 
the said exposition, which name shall be commensurate with 
the great significance of the event it commemorates, and shall 
contain the name of no city. It shall have the power to erect 
at Jamestown or elsewhere a suitable, permanent memorial 
of such character as to it may seem appropriate and proper, 
the erection of a memorial at Jamestown to be subject to the 
consent and the design of the Association for the Preservation 
of Virginia Antiquities. Said Company, by and with the 
consent of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia 
Antiquities, shall shave power to hold at Jamestown, in the 
State of Virginia such celebration commemorative of the estab- 
lishment of the colony as said Association for the Preservation 
of Virginia Antiquities may approve, the same to be under 
the exclusive management and control of said association, and 
the profits accruing therefrom to become its absolute property. 

3. For the purpose of holding such fair or exposition the 
said Company may hold and own, by purchase, lease, gift, or 
otherwise, as much land as may be necessary for its purposes, 
not to exceed five thousand acres, and it may execute and issue 
its notes, bonds, and other evidences of debt, and secure the 
same by mortgage or deed of trust upon its real or personal 
property or franchises, and may sell or otherwise dispose of 
any of its property or franchises, or any part thereof, at any 
time. It may accept aid or assistance of any sort, or in any 
form from the government of the United States, or of any of 
the States or Territories, or of any foreign State, or from any 
officer, citizen, or corporation thereof. 

4. The Governor of Virginia shall, within thirty days after 
he passage of this act, appoint one resident of each of the 
congressional districts of this State and on the recommendation 
of the Society for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (a 
corporation) shall appoint two residents of this State, who shall 
constitute a commission or board to represent the State of Vir- 
ginia as such in all the affairs of said Company in whatever 
it may do in the execution of the powers and rights herein 
conferred, and in carrying into effect the object and purposes 
of this act; to which end and for which purpose, said com- 
mission or board shall be clothed with such powers, duties, and 
authorities as the general assembly may prescribe consistent 
with the provisions of this act. Said Commission or Board 
shall be ex-officio members of the Board of Directors of said 
company, and one or more of them shall be members of each 
of the standing committees of said Board of Directors. 

5. The capital stock of said Company shall be in such sum 
as the Company may determine, the same to be not less than 
one million, nor more than ten million dollars, and shall be 
diviced into shares of such denomination or denominations in 
amounts as its Board of Directors may elect. Its Board of 
Directors shall have further power to issue common and pre- 
ferred stock, and in such series as it may prescribe; and the 
said stock, whether common or preferred, may be subscribed 
for or held by any person or by any corporation chartered 
under the laws of this or any other state. The Board of 
Directors of the said Company shall have the right and power 
to prescribe the manner in which said capital stock may be 
subscribed, paid, or called for, and may accept in payment 
thereof anything of value, the same to be determined by it. 

6. The capital stock of said Company, whether held by it 
or by any of its stockholders, and its property, real, personal, 
or r-ixed, and all its rights, privileges, and franchises shall be 
exempt from city, county and state taxation, but after the clos- 
ing of the fair or exposition provided for in this act, the said 
Company shall proceed with reasonable expedition to wind up 
its affairs, wh2reupon the rights, powers, and privileges herein 
granted shall cease and determine. 

7. The principal offices of said Company shall be located 
in one of the cities or counties named in the preamble to this 
act, with such branch offices therein, or at such other places, 
as its Board of Directors may determine. 

8. This charter shall become void unless there shall be on 
or before January first, nineteen hundred and four, subscribed 
to the capital stock of said Company not less than one million 
dollars, to be in cash or its equivalent, said subscriptions to 
be bona fide and enforceable at law. In the meantime, the 
said Company may organize as herein provided, and proceed 
with such operations as may be requisite, looking to due prep- 
aration for the accomplishment of the purposes for which it 
is incorporated; and the corporate existence of said Company, 
and the rights and powers incident thereto, shall not be im- 
paired by this section, unless and until the same shall have been 
forfeited under the provisions hereof. 

9. This act shall be in force from its passage. 


1902 


Yald LNANNYAAOD dO AVAAKHOUV LVAYD AO dOL WOYUA GAAAIA ONIGNVT AYAAOOSIGC GNV NISVd S.HLIWS 
"uoKwsodi0y Ydeisojoyg [eioyjOQ uMoj}souiel ‘yys11AdoD 


34 


LOOKING EAST FROM WAR PATH TOWER 


GHAR TERMI 


THE INCORPORATION 


MEETING OF INCORPORATORS—ELECTION OF OFFICERS—VISIT TO CHARLESTON—ELECTION OF 

A PRESIDENT—SELECTING THE SITE—SCOPE OF THE EXPOSITION—THE FINANCIAL PLAN—AN 

APPROPRIATION FROM VIRGINIA—SECURING SUBSCRIPTIONS — AGGRESSIVE SOLICITATION—MASS 

MEETINGS—TRANSPORTATION SUBSCRIPTIONS—APPEAL OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE—CLOSE OF 
CAMPAIGN 


HE. incorporators of the 
Company met April 16, 
1902; and were called to 
order by Joseph T. Law- 
less. George F. Adams 
of Newport News was 
chosen chairman of the meeting. ‘The incor- 
porators resolved that the directorate of the 
Company should consist of ninety-one mem- 
bers, forty-eight of whom were to be selected 
from the incorporators at that first meeting. 
The Governor of Virginia was, by the charter, 
empowered to appoint twelve directors and 
the election of the remaining thirty-one was de- 
ferred. It was further resolved that the forty- 
eight directors should be apportioned as fol- 
lows: Sixteen from Norfolk; six from Berk- 
ley and Norfolk County; eight from Ports- 
mouth; eight from Newport News and War- 
wick County; five from Hampton and Eliz- 
abeth City County; one each from Suffolk, 
Smithfield and Princess Anne County, Wil- 
liamsburg and Old Point. By some unex- 
plained error seven members were elected from 
Berkley and Norfolk County, and the follow- 
ing forty-nine constituted the first Board of 
Directors : 
From Norfolk: C. Brooks Johnston, 
J. P. A. Mottu, Wm. Lamb, Joseph T. 
Lawless, Nathaniel Beaman, John G. 
Tilton, W. D. Pender, C. W. Priddy, 
ieelee lamb, sles 5. Southgate, H. L: 
Page, George E. Bowden, Jacob Hecht, 
D. Lowenberg, W. H. Wales, Jr., and 
M. W. Mason. From Portsmouth: A. 
[ee leiullipsae). Vea Brown, Jr... GC. (Ss. 
Sherwood, G. T. Bell, Frank Lindsay, 
Goodrich Hatton, John L. Watson and 


wo 
Oo 


T. J. Wool. From Berkley: E. M. 
Tilley, Alvah H. Martin, John A. Codd, 
J. H. Jacocks, C. H. Williams, D. M. 
Harding, and W. L. Berkley. From 
Newport News: D. S. Jones, J. L. 
Patton, J. E. B. Stuart, A. L. Powell, 
W. A. Post, John W. Rowe, Frank W. 
Darling, H. L. Schmelz, E. C. Kaiser 


and S. Gordon Cumming. From Suf- 
folk: E. E. Holland. From Smith- 
field: R. E. Boykin. From Princess 
Anne County: George T. Snead. From 
Williamsburg: MM. R. Harrell. From 
Old Point: Wm. Baulch. 


It was further resolved that the officers be 
a president and ten vice-presidents, five of 
whom were to be elected at that meeting and 
these to be apportioned as follows: one each 
from Norfolk, from Portsmouth, from Berkley 
and from Norfolk County, from Newport 
News and Warwick County and from Hamp- 
ton and Elizabeth City County. The vice- 
presidents chosen were Nathaniel Beaman of 
Norfolk, Geo. F. Adams of Newport News, 
Theodore J. Wool of Portsmouth, S. Gordon 
Cumming of Hampton and E. M. Tilley of 
Berkley. These vice-presidents ranked in 
order as named. ‘The election of a president, 
the other vice-presidents, a secretary and a 
treasurer was entrusted by the incorporators to 
the Board of Directors, but it was ordered that 
whoever might be chosen as president or vice- 
president should become a voting member of 
the Board of Directors. It was left optional 
with the Board of Directors to elect a full 
quota of vice-presidents, and they were not 
bound to select directors to fill any of the 
offices. 


1902 


1902 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Later Governor Montague complying with 
the fourth provision of the Charter made his 
appointments. He issued this order: 

Richmond, Va., April 29, 1902. 


To the Secretary of the Commonwealth: 

Let commissions issue to Rt. Rev. A. M. Randolph of Nor- 
folk, and J. Taylor Ellyson of Richmond, as members of 
commission to represent the State of Virginia upon the Board 
of the Jamestown Exposition Company, upon the recommenda- 
tion of the Society for the Preservation of Virginia An- 
tiguities: 

Also the following to represent the State upon said Board 
or Commission from the several Congressional Districts, re- 
spectively: First District, E. D. Cole of Fredricksburg; 
Second District, Foster Black, Berkley; Third District, W. 
S. Copeland, Richmond; Fourth District, Thomas N. Williams, 
Clarksville; Fifth District, J. H. Spencer, Martinsville; Sixth 
District, Roy B. Smith, Roanoke; Seventh District, Walter 
B. Richards, Front Royal; Eighth District, S. R. Donohoe, 
Fairfax; Ninth District, Wm. H. Aston, Abingdon; Tenth 
District, W. G. Barker, M. D. Buchanan. 

(Signed) A. J. Montacue. 


HONORABLE ANDREW JACKSON MONTAGUE 
Governor of Virginia, 1902-1906 


At a meeting of the Directors held May 7, 
1902, G. T. Shepperd was elected secretary, 
and at a meeting of the stockholders held July 
15 of the same year, Nathaniel Beaman was 
elected treasurer. 

When the Directors met, a committee of 
seven consisting of T. S. Southgate, chairman, 
D. Lowenberg, George F. Adams, T. J. 
Wool, Alvah H. Martin, W. S. Copeland, 
and S. Gordon Cumming, was appointed to 
take under advisement the matter of selecting 
a suitable president for the Company, and to 
them were delegated certain other powers, to 
investigate whatever might be of interest to the 
Exposition. This committee was practically 
executive, its findings being subject to the rati- 
fications of the Board of Directors. 

At that time an exposition was being held in 
Charleston, S. C., and at their own expense the 
entire committee visited the South Carolina 
city and went minutely into the details of the 
organization and financing of that undertaking. 


At the same time they visited many merchants 
and representatives of manufacturing and trans- 
portation interests in the city of Charleston and 
collected information regarding the benefits 
which were being derived by the city from the 
exposition. The information which they gained 
in Charleston was laid before the Board of 
Directors at its meeting held July 15, and the 
committee's recommendation that John H. 
Averill, Director General for the Charleston 
Exposition Company, should be invited to 
visit Hampton Roads, and furnish the James- 
town Exposition Company with all details as 
to receipts, expenditures, and disbursements of 
other expositions previously held in this country, 
was adopted, as was also their suggestion that 
it would be advisable to introduce at the cur- 
rent session of the General Assembly of Vir- 
ginia a bill for an appropriation for the James- 
town Exposition Company. 

Although this committee had been consider- 
ing for more than three months the selection of 
a suitable president, they had arrived at no 
conclusion. [he delay was due to no failure 
on their part to recognize the importance of 
filling this office. It was rather occasioned by 
the fear of making a mistake which would, at 
the start, jeopardize the success of the under- 
taking. It was of supreme importance that the 
representative head of the Company should be 
a man of influence and power—a strong pres- 
ident giving character to the undertaking, 
while a weak leader might invite disaster. 

Many local and national celebrities were 
suggested to the committee, and the subject was 
discussed wherever Exposition men gathered. 
Admiral Winfield Scott Schley; Honorable 
Joseph E. Willard, then Lieutenant Governor 
of Virginia; Honorable John Goode, formerly 
Solicitor General of the United States; Joseph 
Bryan of Richmond, the proprietor of the 
Times Dispatch of that city, a director of the 
American Locomotive Company and a man of 
other large and varied business interests; John 
Skelton Williams of Richmond, then President 
of the Seaboard Air Line; Henry Schmelz, 
a prominent banker of Newport News and 
Hampton, and General Fitzhugh Lee of Vir- 
ginia, received the most attention. 

On the 5th day of August the Directors 
elected Mr. Schmelz, who was the choice 
of the committee as president, and David 
Lowenberg of Norfolk as Director-General. 
Though Mr. Schmelz accepted his election and 
determined to exert his every effort in promot- 
ing the interest of the Exposition, his physician 
peremptorily demanded that he refuse to carry 
the burden, and ill health alone prompted his 
resignation, which was received with regret 
fifteen days later. 

On the 10th day of September, 1902, Gen- 
eral Fitzhugh Lee was elected president of the 
Company. He served as its presiding officer 
until the day of his death, April 29th, 1905, 
dying in harness, universally regretted. 

Exactly six months to a day after the ap- 
proval by the Governor of the Charter creating 
the Jamestown Exposition Company, General 


36 


1902 


1902 


The Incorporation. 


Lee became its President. Had this period 
been utilized to effect a permanent organization 
and to solicit subscriptions to the Company’s 
stock, pursuing the work with the same vigor 
and intelligence that later was found imper- 
atively necessary, four years and six months 
from September 1902 until April 1907, could 
have been given to construction work—a period 
ample for every requirement. ‘This conclusion 
is predicated upon the inference that Congres- 
sional aid might have been secured proportion- 
ately earlier; and if such had been the case the 
Exposition could easily have been finished on 
time or even before the date set for the opening. 
There would have been no scarcity of labor to- 
ward the end of the building months and the 
Jamestown Exposition would have been a glar- 
ing exception to all others. As it was the Com- 
pany was purely a temporary organization 
whose continuity depended upon the securing 
of subscriptions to its capital stock amounting 
at the least to one million dollars. 

The General Assembly by giving to the in- 
corporators the remainder of 1902 and all of 
1903, during which time they could secure the 
requisite subscription, demonstrated the entire 
willingness of the State Legislature to offer 
every opportunity for the fulfillment of its de- 
mands. ‘The law makers did not desire to im- 
pose any unnecessary burden on the friends of 
the enterprise; the reason for placing the min- 
imum capitalization of the Company at one mil- 
lion dollars was to guarantee the holding of an 
exposition adequate in scope and commensurate 
with the dignity and importance of the event to 
be celebrated. To have compelled the citizens 
of the Tidewater communities to raise so large 
a sum of money within such a brief period as 
six months might have seemed a harsh and ex- 
acting condition, yet this is exactly what later 


4 
ate 


EXPOSITION SITE 


was done, and had it been done sooner, the per- 
manent working organization could have been 
immediately effected, because the securing of 
subscriptions to one million dollars worth of 
stock ipse facto completed the provisions of the 


- charter, making the permit operative. 


However, this work was not performed and 
the days went by, and weeks grew from days, 
and months from weeks. No financial plan 
had been adopted, no site had been secured. 
The first of these desiderata was imperative for 
any success, however meagre; the second al- 
most equally necessary in order to secure wide 
support. 

On the 26th day of August, 1902, a Site 
Committee, consisting of Theodore J. Wool, 
chairman, C. Brooks Johnston, J. L. Patton, 
Alvah H. Martin, Barton Myers and Na- 
thaniel Beaman, was appointed to select a fav- 
orable site and to report to the Board of Di- 
rectors. At the same meeting D. Lowenberg, 
chairman, T. S. Southgate, S. Gordon Cum- 
ming, J. Taylor Ellyson, and Theodore J. 
Wool were appointed as a committee to decide 
upon a financial plan and outline the scope of 
the Exposition. These committees who were 
appointed at the same time, brought in their 
reports at the Directors’ meeting December Ist, 
and in both cases the recommendations were 
adopted by the Board. 

The Site Committee had to consider the pre- 
amble of the Company’s Charter which recited 
that it was,—‘‘ the opinion of the General As- 
sembly of Virginia, that such exposition should 
be held at some place adjacent to the waters 
of Hampton Roads whereon all navies of all 
nations may rendezvous in honor of the hardy 
mariners who braved the dangers of the deep 
to establish the colony.”” A water front situ- 
ation was inevitable under the circumstances 


1902 


1902 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


and only those tracts which bordered Hampton 
Roads or its immediate tributaries received 
consideration. 

The finding of the Committee was eminently 
satisfactory. ‘The site selected contained ap- 
proximately three hundred and forty acres of 
high land, having a frontage of nearly five 
thousand feet on Hampton Roads. It was al- 
most equidistant from Norfolk, Portsmouth, 
Newport News, Hampton and Old Point 
Comfort. From its shores could be seen Fort 
Wool, or the Rip Raps and the more imposing 
battlements of Fortress Monroe. On one side 
was the Chesapeake Bay reaching out toward 
the ocean; while, on the other side, in plain 
view was the juncture of the mighty James 
River and the Elizabeth, which together form 
the landward supply of Hampton Roads. The 
eastern boundary of the land was Boush Creek, 
a tidal stream, whose confines vary with the 
tide, but whose bed always contains water suf- 
ficient to lend attractiveness. 

The grounds were naturally beautiful and 
capable of infinite adornment. ‘Thousands of 
shade trees and groves of pine, fruit orchards 
and multitudes of shrubs made native decora- 
tion, and served the skilled minds of the land- 
scape artists with material for countless devices 
in the way of odd effects, appealing vistas and 
tasteful, tortuous, leaf protected paths. 

As to the scope of the Exposition it was de- 
cided that it be international and that the 
leading feature should be the great naval and 
marine exhibition in Hampton Roads. The 
Committee recommended that the Exposition 
Company should strive to have such legislation 
passed as would enable 1907 to witness the 
greatest assemblage of war vessels ever gath- 
ered in one harbor. It was also recommended 
that diligent efforts should be put forth to se- 
cure the attendance of large merchant marine 
boats, private yachts and launches, and that a 
convocation of naval and marine vessels should 
not be limited to representatives of our own 
country, but that all foreign nations should be 
invited to participate. Save this departure 
from the usual scope of expositions, the rest of 
the report, in so far as it dealt with the pre- 
liminary forecast, outlined the general exposi- 
tion attractions, with a strong insistence, how- 
ever, upon emphasis being given to the illustra- 
tions of historical events. 

As a part of its financial plan the Company 
resolved to buy its site instead of leasing. This 
conclusion was not in accord with Exposition 
precedent but was made after a full consider- 
ation of the topic from every viewpoint. The 
initial cost was made larger by the pursuit of 
this plan but the Directors believed that future 
salvage would more than compensate for the 
increased original outlay. Aside from the 
monetary question involved, there was an un- 
derlying sentimental idea which had been the 
chief motive of many of those who had given 
their time and energy to the movement for the 
celebration. ‘The desire of the celebrators was 
to create an historical commemoration, which 
should exist not as a mere memory when 1907 


had joined 1906 and its other predecessors in 
the graveyard of time, but should endure, at 
least in part, through the years as a memorial 
of the love the Virginians of the day bore for 
their Commonwealth. On this occasion senti- 
ment and finance met without clashing. 

The Finance Committee decided to dispose, 
if possible, of one million five hundred thousand 
dollars worth of stock to be divided into two 
classes, five hundred thousand dollars of com- 
mon, and one million dollars of preferred. The 
latter was to bear interest at the rate of six per 
cent from the date of any payment and divi- 
dends were to be cumulative. The preferred 
stock was to be retired by payment of face value 
and accrued dividends before the common stock 
was entitled to any return. 

At the meeting of the Directors held August 
20th, 1902, the following gentlemen had been 
chosen to compose the executive committee of 
the Company: Nathaniel Beaman, Barton 
Myers, Theodore J. Wool, T. S. Southgate, 
Parke Agnew, C. S. Sherwood, C. Brooks 
Johnston, Alvah H. Martin, J. L. Patton, S. 
Gordon Cumming, George F. Adams, J. Tay- 
lor Ellyson. At the same meeting Mr. Myers 
and Mr. Agnew had been elected members of 
the Board of Directors. The Executive Com- 
mittee became from the time of its creation the 
active governing power of the Company and 
so continued until changes were made in the 
by-laws, which resulted in the creation of the 
Board of Governors. 

Before beginning an aggressive campaign 
for subscriptions, an effort was made to secure 
an appropriation from the State of Virginia, a 
proceeding recommended at the July meeting 
of the Directors. “The amount requested was 
two hundred thousand dollars, following the 
precedent of St. Louis which secured from the 
State of Missouri for its World’s Fair one fifth 
of its minimum capitalization. 

When the Bill appropriating this sum was 
introduced in the Legislature unexpectedly 
strong opposition developed. A\t that time the 
needs of the State for public improvements 
were very large and the Finance Committees of 
both House and Senate were averse to making 
appropriations for any purpose other than ac- 
tual State necessities, among which the remodel- 
ing of the State Capitol was deemed particu- 
larly important. This Bill like the former was 
introduced in the Senate by Colonel W. W. 
Sale of Norfolk. Taking the State Auditor’s 
figures the financiers of the Upper House 
claimed that Virginia could not afford to make 
any appropriation for the celebration. This 
view was combatted by the representatives of 
the Exposition and especially ably opposed by 
C. S. Sherwood of Portsmouth who prepared 
a paper showing, with the Auditor’s figures as 
a basis but supplying in addition estimated re- 
ceipts omitted from the former paper, that the 
State would be able to pay the first installment 
of the appropriation and yet leave a working 
balance of two hundred and sixty-seven thous- 
and, one hundred and eighty-five dollars and 
fifty-nine cents in the Treasury at the end of 


38 


1902 


902 


1903 


The Incorporation. 


the fiscal year, September 30, 1903; and it is 
rather extraordinary that the actual figures for 
the State’s balance at that date later showed 
two hundred and seventy-two thousand, two 
hundred and fourteen dollars and twenty-two 
cents, or a sum scarcely five thousand dollars 
more than Mr. Sherwood’s estimates. 

The Chairman of the Finance Committee of 
the Senate was opposed to granting an appro- 
priation and estimated that the net surplus for 
the year 1903 instead of being nearly three 
hundred thousand dollars would only be three 
thousand, one hundred and two dollars and 
twenty-eight cents, but again Mr. Sherwood 
taking Senator Wickham’s figures and supply- 
ing supplemental facts, adhered practically to 
his former statement and claimed that the sur- 
plus for 1904 would not be less than three hun- 
dred and sixty-eight thousand dollars. And it 
is a fact that the surplus at the end of the fiscal 
year, September 30, 1904, was in excess of 
five hundred thousand dollars. From Novem- 
ber 1902 until the thirtieth day of April 1903, 
the issue was vigorously contended before the 
General Assembly. On that day the Appro- 
priation Act was passed and sent to the Gov- 
ernor who immediately approved it. 


An Act APPROPRIATING THE SUM oF Two HuNpDRED 
THousaAND Do.Lars To THE JAMESTOWN E.xposiTION Co.: 


Wuereas, the Jamestown Exposition Company has been 
duly organized under the authority of an act of the General 
Assembly of Virginia, approved March tenth, nineteen hun- 
dred and two, which company is preparing to establish and 
conduct an exposition of great magnitude that will both com- 
memorate the unequaled importance to this Comomnwealth and 
to the United States of America, of the first Anglo-Saxon 
settlement in the Western Hemisphere, at Jamestown, and will 
also serve to advertise to the commercial and business interests 
of the world the vast natural gifts and resources which exist 
to a great extent undeveloped in this commonwealth; and, 

WHEREAS, it is proper, advisable, and expedient at such 
an Exposition, by reason of both its historic purposes and its 
natural advantages, should receive both the moral and financial 
support and endorsement of the state of Virginia; therefore, 

No. |. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Vir- 
ginia, that the sum of Two Hundred Thousand Dollars be, 
and the same is hereby, appropriated out of any funds now 
or hereafter in the Treasury of this State, not heretofore 
otherwise appropriated. 

The appropriation hereby made shall be paid to the treas- 
urer of the Jamestown Exposition Company, by the treasurer 
of the Commonwealth, upon the warrants of the auditor of 
public accounts, as follows: the sum of fifty thousand dollars 
shall be paid to said company on or after the first day of 
March, nineteen hundred and four, and within two years from 
the expiration of this present session of the general assembly: 
provided, that before the payment of said sum of fifty thousand 
dollars shall be made there shall have been paid into the treas- 
ury of said exposition company in actual cash, the sum of two 
hundred and fifty thousand dollars on account of subscriptions 
to the capital stock of said company, and the remaining portion 
of said appropriation, to-wit: one hundred and fifty thousand, 
shall be paid on or after March first, nineteen hund:ed and 
five, and within two years from the expiration of this present 
session of the general assembly; provided, that before said sum 
of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars shall be paid to said 
company, there shall have been paid into the treasury of said 
company in actual cash the sum of two hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars additional, making five hundred thousand dol- 
lars in all, on account of subscriptions to the capital stock of 
such company, before the auditor of public accounts shall draw 
or deliver any warrant to the said company for any money 
hereby appropriated, there shall be filed in his office a certified 
copy of a resolution of the executive committee of the James- 
town Exposition Company, and the affidavits of the president, 
secretary and treasurer, certifying that the respective sums herein 
required to be paid have been duly paid as herein prescribed: 
provided, further, that if from any cause the exposition is not 
held or is abandoned, then so much of said appropriation as 
shall have been received by said Jamestown Exposition Com- 
pany shall be refunded into the treasury of the State: and pro- 
vided, further, that the acceptance of any portion of this appro- 
priation shall constitute a contract with said company to return 
any portion of said appropriation so received, and shall impose 
upon said company a liability to the State for the refunding into 
the State treasury of any such money so received, if such exposi- 
tion is not held, or is abandoned. 


39 


HARBOR SHOWING BERKLEY 


Meanwhile S. Gordon Cumming, Theodore 
J. Wool and John G. Tilton had been ap- 
pointed a committee to draft bills to be pre- 
sented before the governing bodies of the cities 
of Norfolk, Portsmouth, Newport News, 
Hampton, the town of Berkley, the Counties 
of Norfolk, Princess Anne, Nansemond, Isle 
of Wight, Elizabeth City and Warwick, ask- 
ing for appropriations to aid the Exposition. 
Again the plan pursued by St. Louis was 
adopted—a request to the municipalities to is- 
sue bonds payable in installments running over 
four years. A new constitution of Virginia 
was proclaimed while this subject was being 
considered, and unfortunately this instrument 
precluded an issue of bonds by any city or 
county to aid an undertaking not strictly of a 
public character. Therefore no assistance could 
be secured from these sources, and consequent- 
ly the Company had to rely for its financial 
support upon the subscriptions of stockholders 
and the appropriation made by Virginia until 
other aid might be secured from the National 
Congress. Notwithstanding the positive knowl- 
edge that these were their only sources of in- 
come for the time being and the further cer- 
tainty that Congress would do nothing for any 
Exposition Company until they had demon- 
strated their own financial responsibility, some 
more months were allowed to elapse unutilized 
by those who might have aggressively pursued 
a campaign of stock placing. 

The Directors of the Company had at var- 
ious times severally subscribed to blocks of the 
Common Stock but beyond the membership of 
the Board no shares had been placed prior to 
July 1, 1903. During that month, the Execu- 
tive Committee realizing the prepotent need of 
immediate action, busied themselves in an ef- 


NORFOLK 


WATERFRONT 


1903 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


fort to create a subscription bureau which 
would have a chance of success. ‘They first 
secured promises of ten thousand dollars to be 
advanced immediately by the Street Railway 
companies and real estate firms in the vicinity; 
and, with this nucleus, they determined to open 
offices and pursue an aggressive campaign. 
The Committee, at a meeting held August 5th, 
proposed to Theodore J. Wool that he “ take 
charge of the sale of stock, both Common and 
Preferred and market the stock on as econom- 
ical a basis as possible.” Mr. Wool was au- 
thorized to incur a reasonable expense for 
office facilities, clerical help, travelling expenses, 
etc., and the committee recommended that, if 
subsequently he should need an assistant, C. 
Brooks Johnston should be engaged. 

Mr. Wool undertook the work for which he 
had been selected. He opened offices in the 
Atlantic Hotel building, August 28, and at 
once inaugurated a campaign of diligent effort 
and instructive publicity. It was known that 


\ rest Be 


HEADQUARTERS OF EXPOSITION COMPANY 
1903-1907 

the people of Tidewater Virginia felt a deep 
interest in the proposed celebration, but their 
interest had been more or less impersonal, and 
consequently ineffective. To counteract this 
seeming apathy and to crystallize sentiment all 
of the officers and directors of the company 
gave such assistance as they could; but the 
brunt of the fight was borne by Mr. Wool and 
the secretary, G. T. Shepperd. 

The Company’s headquarters soon assumed 
a busy appearance. A number of well known 
men in Norfolk, Portsmouth and Newport 
News undertook the work of securing subscrip- 
tions through personal and persistent solicita- 
tion. The solicitors received no salary nor 
were their expenses borne by the Company. 
In lieu of such an account a commission of five 
per centum was paid. To aid the solicitors in 
their work the assistance of the newspapers of 
the Tidewater section was utilized systemat- 
ically and John Whitehead was placed in 


charge of this branch of endeavor. 


Mr. Whitehead, who was at the time a 
member of the Virginia Legislature, conduct- 
ed this work for a brief period, when he was 
succeeded by C. R. Keiley, a veteran news- 
paper man. Day after day the columns of the 
daily press contained articles appealing to the 
patriotism and public spirit of the citizens of 
‘Tidewater, expatiating as well upon the com- 
mercial advantages which would necessarily 
inure to the communities from the holding of 
an exposition. Notwithstanding the strategic 
importance of Hampton Roads as a transpor- 
tation terminal, the great harbor was, previous 
to the Exposition, comparatively unknown, and 
decidedly unappreciated. The publicity of 
this pre-Exposition period was very largely di- 
rected therefore, toward instructing the citizens 
of the immediate territory as to the advantages 
of a successful exploitation of their resources 
and the indirect benefits which would neces- 
sarily accrue therefrom. ‘This style of educa- 
tional campaign coupled with the intelligent 
and persistent solicitation of those who had 
undertaken to secure subscriptions soon began 
to bear fruit, and the stock list showed a very 
gratifying increase of names. 

None of these solicitations for subscriptions 
was desultory or unsystematic. While there 
were a number of solicitors who did not con- 
fine their efforts to any specific branch of com- 
merce or industry but attempted in more or 
less a general way to interest prospective sub- 
scribers, yet a careful record was kept of each 
man’s work and the field he was covering. 
Where there were large allied corporate in- 
terests, as in the case of the street railways, the 
chief part of the work of interesting them was 
confided to the care of men competent to ex- 
plain the advantages likely to be gained by 
those corporations—men who were at the same 
time able to secure the attention of the corpor- 
ate directors. Land and development com- 
panies, different jobbing industries, the whole- 
sale trade, financial institutions, retailers and 
professional men were similarly approached. 
It was necessary to secure the hearty co-opera- 
tion of organized labor, not only for subscrip- 
tion purposes, but also for the moral effect it 
would have upon the community at large. A 
special campaign of intelligent promotion was 
put into effect along educational lines with the 
various labor unions. Tidewater Virginia had 
unions in almost all the trades and as their 
councils met in Norfolk, Newport News or 
Portsmouth, some representative of the Com- 
pany was present and ready to explain to la- 
boring men the advantages of having the ex- 
position in this section and the consequent wis- 
dom of giving to it their support and sympathy. 

Yet with all the efforts made and making, 
January Ist, 1904, kept looming large on the 
horizon, and a considerable gap between the 
coveted million dollar mark and the amount al- 
ready secured was apparent; so Mr. Wool de- 
termined to essay, in addition to the methods 
already in operation, the more spectacular and 
enthusing device of public mass meetings in the 
chief cities contiguous to Hampton Roads. 


40 


1908 


-1903 


The Incorporation. 


JUDGE LEGH R. WATTS 


General Counsel of the Seaboard Air Line Railway, who presided 
at Norfolk Mass Meeting, and later, as Chairman of the Joint 
Transportation Committee, was a v aluable friend of the E xposition, 


The first of these was held in the Academy 
of Music in Norfolk, October 15th, and the 
speakers who appeared on the platform that 
evening were sufficiently notable to crowd any 
hall in the United States. This meeting was 
called to order by Judge Legh R. Watts, who 
introduced as the first orator of the evening 
that veteran journalist and distinguished public 
man from Ohio, Honorable Murat Halstead. 

The United States Senators from Virginia, 
the eloquent John W. Daniel and his distin- 
guished fellow Senator, Thomas Staples Mar- 
tin, the Governor of the Commonwealth, An- 
drew Jackson Montague, Governor Aycock of 
North Carolina, Theodore J. Wool and the 
President of the Company, General Fitzhugh 
Lee, each made a set address, while a most 
delightful impromptu talk was delivered by 
the Reverend G. W. Bull of Atlanta, a native 
of Norfolk, who had resided in the Georgia 
metropolis several years. 

The great event of the evening, however, 
was the speech of John Temple Graves of At- 
lanta, and if possible even more extraordinary 
than his speech was the ovation accorded to 
him at its conclusion. His happy periods were 
punctuated by generous applause; and when 
Mr. Graves resumed his chair after his pero- 
ration, the audience, not content with applaud- 
ing, rose to its feet almost as a unit and cheered 
until the orator was compelled in order to quell 
the tumult, to step forward and give, as it were, 
a brief encore. 

All of the speakers dwelt on the sentimental 
aspect of the celebration while each emphasized 
the importance of speedily subscribing for the 
necessary amount of stock. 

Governor Montague of Virginia said, “ No 
exposition ever held has had so grand an event 
to commemorate. But if you want to make 
this a success you must get about it quickly and 
determinedly.” 

Governor Aycock of North Carolina said: 


4] 


“ Carolina is with you in this enterprise, and | 
am here that my presence may speak for the 
co-operation of the state I represent; but before 
you call upon Carolina you must do something 
for yourself.” 

Senator Martin said: “* This exposition pro- 
ject has more patriotic sentiment behind it than 
any ever held, but patriotic sentiment won't 
pull it through. There has to be some com- 
mercial sentiment. You must back it up with 
your pocketbooks.” 

Senator Daniel said: “ It is a small task to 
raise one million dollars in this rich section com- 
pared with the great task undertaken and 
pushed to a success by John Smith and his in- 
trepid associates. Distinctly it is up to you.” 

Mr. Graves said: ““ Chicago’s exposition cel- 
ebrated the great growth of that phenomenal 
city; Buffalo’s the wonderful development of 
electricity; Omaha’s the advancement of the 
far West; Atlanta’s the unconquerable nerve 
of an indomitable community. If the people 
of Atlanta had one tenth the natural advan- 
tages of this section, they would hold an ex- 
position, the most unique, complete and elabo- 
rate in the history of great fairs. I am here to 
testify to you what enormous benefits the city 
of Atlanta has derived from her exposition and 
to tell you that she gained them because, she, 
daring, did, and daring won.”’ 

Honorable Murat Halstead urged Virgin- 
ians not to permit the celebration to fail and 
said: ““ Gentlemen of Virginia, some of us in 
the land you once held and gave to your 
Country, will do missionary work to help you so 
far as we can to make a success worthy of the 
Jamestown Exposition, and the endeavor will 
be to place this aid in material form.” 

Dr. Bull said: “ You may have people here, 
who do not favor an Exposition. There are 
croakers everywhere. There once was one in 
Atlanta. He died. A prominent citizen was 
asked whether he would attend the funeral. 
He answered, * No, but I heartily approve it.’ 


HONORABLE JOHN TEMPLE GRAVES 


Who freely placed his fine oratorical ability at the disposal of 
the Exposition, speaking at mass meetings in Norfolk, before a 


delegation of Congressmen at Old Point Comfort, and_ before 
the House Committee on Industrial Arts and Expositions. 


1903 


1903 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Don’t let your Exposition die for lack of sus- 
tenance.” 

Mr. Wool said: ‘‘ We have striven during 
the past eighteen months to raise one million 
dollars and up to this time have secured 
scarcely one-third of this amount. We have 
only two and one-half months left, and every 
patriotic citizen must put his shoulder to the 
wheel if we are to succeed. We cannot afford 
to fail in our endeavor, nor could we face the 
world if we did.” 

General Lee treated the critical situation in 
a humorous way and forced his points home. 
He told some stories which illustrated the dif- 
ficulty of creating opportunity and how easy 
was its escape. [he veteran of two wars, ap- 
pealing to his hearers’ patriotism and begging 
them not to allow a few dollars to stand in the 
way of immortalizing the founders of the 
Mother of States, was extremely impressive. 
His speech brought to a close the meeting 
which had done most to help the Exposition 
cause. 

At this meeting subscription blanks were cir- 
culated, and stock to the amount of seventy-five 
thousand dollars was taken. For several days 
subsequently enthusiasm in the city was very 
marked and the solicitors turned in satisfactory 
reports. 

Stull, January Ist, 1904, was fast approach- 
ing, and several hundred thousand dollars 
worth of stock was unplaced. It was realized 
that the bulk of this subscription must come 
from Norfolk. Another monster meeting for 
that city was planned. On the previous oc- 
casion the Academy of Music had proven en- 
tirely inadequate to contain the people gathered 
to hear the orations, and the Armory Hall, 
which has a seating capacity of over four 
thousand was secured for the second meeting. 

On the night of November 12th not less than 
five thousand people gathered to hear distin- 
guished speakers who had come to Norfolk to 
address the Jamestown meeting. Responding 
to the pressing invitations of Messrs. Wool and 
Shepperd, John Temple Graves consented 
once more to address the citizens of Tidewater 
Virginia. Honorable Harry L. Maynard, 
Representative from the Second District of 
Virginia in the United States Congress, the dis- 
trict in which Jamestown Island and the prin- 
cipal cities of Tidewater Virginia are located, 
was the first speaker on this occasion; and, 
helping him to enthuse his constituents in sup- 
port of their undertaking were Congressmen 
James R. Mann of Illinois, I. M. Robinson of 
Indiana, and M. J. Wade of Iowa, who had 
journeyed from Washington to address the 
meeting. These national representatives and 
Mr. Graves were the orators of the occasion. 

Mr. Wool, who was the Chairman of the 
meeting, made a few brief introductory remarks 
referring to the notable array of speakers and 
the splendid audience which filled every chair 
in the large hall, and stood several rows deep 
against the walls. The only drawback to this 
occasion was the absence of Congressman Wil- 


liam R. Hearst and Senator Daniel, both of 


whom had promised to address the assemblage, 
yet neither of whom, owing to unavoidable 
circumstances, found it possible to attend. Mr. 
Graves repeating his former triumph, stopped 
in the midst of a period and called for sub- 
scriptions, and in response to his unexpected ap- 
peal fifty thousand dollars was pledged im- 
mediately. 

Later and largely through the assistance of 
Mr. Maynard a successful meeting was held 
in Newport News and on the | 8th of Decem- 
ber the same gentleman brought with him from 
Washington Congressmen W. C. Adamson, 
Thomas W. Hardwick, and James M. Grice 
of Georgia, Chas F. Scott and D. P. Campbell 
of Kansas, and Honorable John W. Langley 
of Kentucky, chief of the Census Bureau, to 
address a large audience at the Lyceum Thea- 
tre in Portsmouth. 

All during the fall one of the matters which 
had engaged Mr. Wool’s attention most ser- 
iously was the part to be played by the rail- 
roads. How to secure their co-operation, how 
far this co-operation should extend, were sub- 


ARMORY, NORFOLK, VIRGINIA 


jects of wide interest. Many efforts were made 
by him to secure a meeting with representative 
transportation officials and finally a date was 
set for the first conference. 

On December 4th Vice-President Andrews 
of the Southern Railway, Vice-President John 
Callahan and Assistant Manager Daniel J. 
Callahan of the Norfolk and Washington 
Steamboat Company, General Agent N. M. 
Osborne of the Norfolk and Western Railway, 
and Key Compton, General Traffic Manager 
of the Baltimore Steam Packet Company, met 
at the Hotel Chamberlain, Fortress Monroe, 
Va. With Mr. Wool on this occasion were 
Mr. Shepperd, secretary of the Company, Mr. 
Lowenberg, Director-General, Mr. Southgate 
of the Executive Committee and Mr. Keiley 
of the Publicity Bureau. The meeting being 
attended by so few transportation men the only 
matters discussed at the time were general in 
nature and the chief efforts were directed to- 
ward impressing transportation representatives 


42 


19038 


The Incorporation. 


308 with the idea of offering assistance in the way 


of special rates and otherwise, rather than by 
broaching the subject of contributions or sub- 
scriptions. After a brief conference the meet- 
ing adjourned to meet the following Saturday 
at the same time and place. 


On the 13th of December a more representa- 
tive meeting was held, yet on the second oc- 
casion there were still not sufficient executives 
present to justify a decision as to the subscrip- 
tions. The transportation officials who attend- 
ed this meeting were H. B. Walker, Vice- 
President of the Old Dominion Steamship 
Company, and M. B. Crowell, General Agent; 
Levi Woodbury, President of the Norfolk and 
Washington Steamboat Company; John Cal- 
lahan, Vice-President and D. J. Callahan, As- 
sistant General Manager of the same line; John 
Sherwood, President of the Baltimore Steam 
Packet Company and George P. Toms, Gen- 
eral Agent; Alfred P. Thom, General Coun- 
sel of the Southern Railway; Captain J. W. 
McCarrick, General Southern Agent of the 
Clyde Line; Captain N. M. Osborne, General 
Agent Norfolk and Western; J. D. Parker, 
Superintendent of Terminals, Chesapeake and 
Ohio; R. B. Cooke, Traffic Manager of the 
New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk, and 
Irwin Weisiger, President of the Virginia 
Navigation Company. 


There were also present General Fitzhugh 
Lee and W. W. Moss, President of Virginia- 
Carolina Trust Company, Caldwell Hardy, 
President of the Norfolk National Bank; Al- 
vah H. Martin, T. J. Wool, G. T. Shepperd, 
David Lowenberg and C. R. Keiley from 
Norfolk; C. S. Sherwood from Portsmouth, 


and O. D. Batchelor and J. L. Patton from 
Newport News. 


General Lee and Messrs. Wool, Lowen- 
berg, Sherwood, Southgate and Batchelor ad- 
dressed this meeting. For the first time the 
subject of the transportation interests subscrib- 
ing to exposition stock was officially discussed. 
The speeches were effective to the extent of in- 
teresting those present; and, while no immedi- 
ate action was taken at the meeting it is very 
probable that this conference helped to expedite 
the final settlement. The meeting adjourned 
to reconvene on the succeeding Friday at the 


Hotel Raleigh in Washington. 


On this last occasion fourteen railway and 
steamship companies were officially represent- 
ed. Judge Legh R. Watts, General Counsel 
of the Seaboard Air Line presided and among 
others there were present many of the best 
known and most important railway men of Vir- 
ginia, including Alexander Hamilton, General 
Counsel of the Atlantic Coast Line, President 
L. E. Johnston of the Norfolk and Western, 
President W. L. Guillaudeu of the Old Do- 
minion Steamship Company, President Irwin 
Weisiger of the Virginia Navigation Company, 
R. B. Cooke, General Traffic Manager of the 
New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Rail- 
road, Mr. Devant of the Norfolk and West- 
ern, President John Sherwood of the Baltimore 


43 


Steam Packet Company, and President J. M. 
Barr of the Seaboard Air Line. 


At this meeting the transportation represen- 
tatives agreed to subscribe to one hundred 
thousand dollars worth of preferred stock of 
the Exposition. The pro rata of these sub- 
scriptions was based upon the passenger re- 
ceipts of the companies for the fiscal year pre- 
ceding the meeting, this being considered the 
most equitable distribution of subscriptions 
since it was the most plausible way of forecast- 
ing the possible profits. 


On December 19, the day following this 
conference in Washington, the Executive Com- 
mittee of the Jamestown Exposition Company 
issued the following statement which was 
signed by each member: 


“The possibility of holding the exposition is now a matter 
of critical concern to every man in this section who desires to 
see the wonderful opportunity which we have well within our 
grasp utilized. 

he effort to carry this great undertaking for two years and 
a half up to the present time, when we may safely say it is 
well introduced to the people all over this great country, has 
been a stupendous one. 

To fail would be the most lamentable and distressing thing 
that could occur to our section and state. It, however, remains 
with the people to say what shall be done in the few days 
that will elapse between now and January | for making good 
the charter under which the organization is to operate. 

In view of this fact, the executive committee deems it wise 
to state that the entire subscriptions (including the transportation 
and electric companies) amount to seven hundred and forty 
thousand dollars. Thus it will be seen that the movement lacks 
two hundred and sixty thousand dollars. We feel that too 
much work has been done to lose the result now, and we 
therefore appeal to the grit and manhood of Tidewater Vir- 
ginia to arise and assert itself, even in these few remaining 
days and make good this deficiency, and thus save to Virginia 
a patent right for which other more progressive states would 
give millions of dollars. The committee faithfully endeavored 
to lay before the great transportation companies the critical 
conditions that exist with reference to the saving of this charter, 

ut we regret to state that the amount subscribed by them is 
much less than was expected. 

In the light of these facts, in this brief statement, we 
appeal to all that is high and noble in the men and women of 
Tidewater Virginia. Much is expected of them at this critical 
moment. Upon those who see in this celebration the com- 
memoration of the most beautiful, sentimental and _ historical 
event that the world has ever witnessed up to this time, and 
upon those also who know what it means commercially to this 
state and section, we desire to impress the necessity of meet- 
ing the emergency thrust upon us of making this movement a 
success. 

The people of Tidewater Virginia can and must insure 
the Tercentennial. There is not a fortnight left and what is 
to be done must be done quickly. If every corporation and 
individual who can subscribe or can increase his subscription 
will do so without waiting for a visit from any one urging a 
plain duty, the exposition can be held, but the subscriptions 
must be sent to the company’s office. Commercialism and 
patriotism combine in this enterprise, and no one who cares 
for his financial future or reverences his state can afford to 
ignore this call.” 

(Signed) 

Nathaniel Beaman, 
I03 SP Southgate, 
Barton Myers, 


Alvah H. Martin, 
6 Oe CX) 
C. S. Sherwood, 
C. Brooks Johnston, George F. Adams, 
D. Lowenberg, Ja. es Patton: 

S. Gordon Cumming. 


Just before Christmas it seemed hardly pos- 
sible that within the remaining few days the 
necessary subscriptions could be secured and a 
Bill was introduced in the Legislature extend- 
ing the time within which the million dollars 
would have to be subscribed. Fortunately this 
measure was defeated; for as the event proved, 
only a little more determined and strenuous 
work than had hitherto been given was needed. 
During the last week of December everybody 
who had ever displayed any interest in the Ex- 
position was requisitioned into service in the 


1903 


1903 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


effort to secure necessary subscriptions. Every- 
one who could afford to subscribe even to one 
hundred dollars worth of stock was urged to 
become a sharer in the great undertaking. 
Those subscribers whose standing seemed to 
justify them in taking additional shares were 
importuned so to do. Corporations held direc- 
tors’ meetings and authorized further subscrip- 
tions; men who were interested in the Exposi- 
tion and were also directors in other enterprises 
neglected their business for the general cause. 
Up to the morning of December 31 the sub- 
scription list showed a deficit; before night it 
was reported that more than half a million dol- 
lars worth of preferred stock had been placed, 
but there was still a shortage in the subscriptions 
to the common. Officials of the Exposition 
Company and others interested in the undertak- 
ing assembled in the rooms of the Business 


Men’s Association of Norfolk soon after 
eight o'clock on New Year's eve, holding a 
last rally. From the opening of this session 
reports from solicitors came in steadily; some 
were brought and others telephoned. A com- 
pany was organized for the purpose of 
subscribing to fifty thousand dollars worth of 
common stock. W. L. Payne of Richmond 
telephoned a subscription of twenty thousand 
dollars. From Newport News a telephone 
message announced that five thousand dollars 
had been placed during the evening, and these 
brought the total subscriptions to this class up 
to four hundred and ninety thousand dollars. 
The necessary four thousand was taken by Mr. 
Lowenberg on behalf of the Norfolk and 
Hampton Roads Company, and brought to a 
successful close a finely conceived and well 
conducted campaign. 


Copyright, 


THE CANOE TRAIL ON EXPOSITION GROUNDS 


Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


_ 
Ns 


1908 


DETAIL OF GOVERNMENT PIER 


CHAPTER III 


THE ORGANIZATION 


MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS—THE DIRECTORATE—EXECUTIVE 


COMMITTEE—STANDING COM - 


MITTEES—REQUEST FOR APPROPRIATION FROM CONGRESS—OPPOSITION TO THE APPROPRIA- 

TION—ENDORSEMENTS OF THE EXPOSITION—CONGRESSIONAL PILGRIMAGE TO JAMESTOWN— 

HEARING BEFORE A SPECIAL HOUSE COMMITTEE—INTEREST SHOWN BY CABINET OFFICERS— 
WITHDRAWAL OF BILL 


oN the fifteenth day of Janu- 
ary, 1904, the stockhold- 
ers of the Jamestown Ex- 
position Company met and 
effected a permanent or- 
ganization. George F. 
Adams, who had been second vice-president of 
the provisional company, was chairman of the 
meeting. A set of by-laws for the Company 
was adopted and the following Directors were 
chosen to serve for the first year: 

Directors at Large: Fitzhugh Lee, Rich- 
mond; Joseph Bryan, Richmond; Joseph E. 
Willard, Fairfax; Park Agnew, Alexandria, 
and R. Lancaster Williams, Richmond. 

From Tidewater Counties: S. Wilkins Mat- 
thews of Accomac; E. E. Holland of Nanse- 
mond; George T. Snead of Princess Anne; 
Fenton C. Day of Isle of Wight; George Y. 
Hunley of Matthews and William Shands of 
Southampton. 

From Norfolk County and Berkley: C. H. 
Williams, E. M. Tilley, D. M. Harding, 
Alvah H. Martin, J. A. Codd, and C. L. 
Old. 

From Norfolk: T. S. Southgate, George E. 
Bowden, G. T. Shepperd, W. W. Old, D. 
Lowenberg, Nathaniel Beaman, W. H. 
Wales, Jr., J. D. Burrow, C. Brooks John- 
sone. We Priddy, E. J); Lamb, W.°D. 
Pender, Jacob Hecht, S. S. Nottingham, J. 
W. Perry, Walter Herron Taylor, M. B. 
Crowell, John Willis, Jr., D. J. Callahan, 
H. L. Page, J. E. Cole, Barton Myers, W. 
W. Moss, Colonel Walter H. Taylor, N. M. 
Osborne, M. W. Mason, A. W. Cornick, 
Joseph T. Allyn, A. E. Krise, C. M. Barnett, 


45 


Judge T. S. Garnett, Peter Wright, A. M. 
Higgins, Tazewell Taylor, C. G. Kiser, W. 
T. Brook, Robert F. Baldwin, Robert M. 
Hughes, Hugh C. Davis, John L. Roper, E. 
C. Hathaway, J. Hull Davidson, and John 
G. Tilton. 

From Portsmouth: C. S. Sherwood, A. J. 
Phillips, J. D. Reed, John L. Watson, T. J. 
Wool and Legh R. Watts. 

From Hampton and Old Point: George F. 
Adams, J. W. Rowe, S. Gordon Cumming, 
H. H. Carr, and William Baulch. 

From Newport News: J. L. Patton, O. D. 
Batchelor, W. E. Barrett, J. E. B. Stuart, A. 
L. Powell, Elias Peyser, W. A. Post, W. J. 
Payne, J. A. Willet, George A. Schmelz, W. 
E. Cottrell, L. P. Stearnes, A. A. Moss and 
D. S. Jones. 

The Board of Directors met four days later 
and elected General Fitzhugh Lee, President, 
Alvah H. Martin, First Vice-President; S. 
Gordon Cumming, Second Vice-President; W. 
E. Barrett, Third Vice-President; Joseph 
Bryan, Fourth Vice-President; C. S. Sher- 
wood, Fifth Vice-President; Judge T. S. Gar- 
nett, Sixth Vice-President; D. Lowenberg, 
Director-General; G. T. Shepperd, Secretary; 
Nathaniel Beaman, Treasurer; Barton Myers, 
Auditor, and T. J. Wool and O. D. Batche- 
lor, General-Counsel. Subsequently the office 
of Medical Director was created and Dr. R. 
L. Payne was elected to fill the position. 

Two days later the Directors again met and 
approved the President’s selection of Directors 
to constitute, with the President and Director- 
General, ex-officio members, an Executive 
Committee: T. S. Southgate, Nathaniel Bea- 


1904 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE, SON OF COMMODORE SYDNEY SMITH LEE AND NEPHEW OF GEN- 
ERAL ROBERT E. LEE—GRADUATE OF U. S. MILITARY ACADEMY, 1856—SECOND LIEUTENANT, 
SECOND CAVALRY, U. S. A., 1856—INSTRUCTOR OF CAVALRY AT WEST POINT, 1860-61—ADJU- 
TANT-GENERAL EWELL’S BRIGADE, C. S. A.. UNTIL SEPTEMBER, 1861—LIEUTENANT-COLONEL 
AND LATER COLONEL FIRST VIRGINIA CAVALRY, ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA—BRIGADIER- 
GENERAL, JULY 25, 1862—MAJOR-GENERAL, SEPTEMBER 3, 1863—COMMANDER OF THE ENTIRE 
CAVALRY CORPS, ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA, MARCH, 1865—GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA, 1886- 
1890—U. S. CONSUL-GENERAL TO HAVANA FROM 1893 UNTIL DECLARATION OF WAR WITH 
SPAIN, 18983—MAJOR-GENERAL U. S. VOLUNTEERS, 1898, COMMANDING SEVENTH ARMY CORPS— 
MILITARY GOVERNOR OF HAVANA UNTIL JANUARY 1, 1899—BRIGADIER-GENERAL U. S. A., 
1899—ELECTED PRESIDENT see ea a yurens COMPANY, SEPTEMBER 10, 1902—DIED 


46 


1904 


The Organization. 


man, C. Brooks Johnston, Barton Myers, G. 
T. Shepperd, T. J. Wool, C. S. Sherwood, 
Alvah H. Martin, J. W. McCarrick, Robert 
M. Hughes, S. S. Nottingham, W. H. Taylor, 
Peter Wright, S. Gordon Cumming, George 
F. Adams, J. L. Patton, W. E. Cottrell, A. 
L. Powell and W. J. Payne. 

Article VI of the by-laws authorized the 


Executive Committee to appoint certain com- 
mittees, to designate the chairmen thereof, and 
to define their duties. It authorized any 
standing committee to appoint a chief or chiefs 
and to organize departments and bureaus. 
Twenty-six committees were authorized, but 
only twenty-four were formed; these were con- 
stituted as follows: 


Committee on Finance: C. S. Sherwood, chairman; T. 
S. Southgate, W. J. Payne, W. H. Wales, Jr., E. D. Cole. 

Committee on Ways and Means: T. S. Southgate, chair- 
man; Tazewell Taylor, Barton Myers, W. W. Old, Walter H. 
Taylor, J .W. McCarrick, C. S. Sherwood, W. E. Barrett, and 
J. M. Barr. 

Committee on Concessions: W. H. Taylor, chairman; J. 
Taylor Ellyson, A. L. Powell, W. T. Brooke, and C. Brooks 
Johnston. 

Committee on Transportation: J. L. Patton, chairman; E. 
T. Lamb, J. W. McCarrick, R. B. Holmes, Chas. B. Ryan, 
E. C. Hathaway and D. J. Callahan. 

Committee on Press and Publicity: George F. Adams, 
chairman; S. R. Donohoe, James M. Thomson, C. E. Thacker, 
W. H. Wales, Jr., L. D. Starke, and M. W. Mason. 

Committee on Foreign Relations: Barton Myers, chair- 
man; L. R. Watson, A. C. Humphreys, Colonel Wm. Lamb, 
Colonel W. H. Taylor, and J. Taylor Ellyson. 

Committee on Supplies: C. W. Priddy, chairman; C. L. 
Old, R. S. Brooke, J. A. Willett, Wm. Baulch and Roy B. 
Smith. 

Committee on Sanitation: R. L. Payne, M. D., chairman; 
F. S. Hope, M. D.; B. R. Gary, M. D.; J. J. McCormick, 
M. D.; and F. H. Hancock, M. D. 

Committee on Police: John G. Tilton, chairman; John 
F. Lawler, A. C. Cromwell, Walter B. Richards and A. A. 
Moss. 

Committee on Ceremonies: A. M. Higgins, chairman; G. 
T. Shepperd, W. W. Sale, J. Hull Davidson, Arthur Lee, J. 
W. McCarrick, T. S. Garnett and John L. Watson. 

Committee on Grounds and Buildings: C. Brooks John- 
ston, chairman; Alvah H. Martin, C. S. Sherwood, W. J. 
Payne, H. L. Page, W. H. Aston and Barton Myers. 

Committee on Legislation: S. Gordon Cumming, chair- 
man; T. J. Wool, J. Taylor Ellyson, Jas. V. Trehy, George 
E. Bowden, Fred Read and R. M. Hughes. 

Committee on Fine Arts: S. S. Nottingham, chairman; 
Fergus Reid, Thomas L. Williams, J. Iredell Jenkins, Chas. 
A. Morrisette, Taylor Ham and W. B. Vest. 

Committee on Mines and Metallurgy: A. L. Powell, chair- 
man; W. S. Johnson, C. H. Bull and W. C. Baker. 

Committee on States and Territorial Exhibits: J. L. Pat- 
ton, chairman; W. W. Moss, W. L. Powell, E. Dashiell, S. 
L. Foster and J. H. Spencer. 

Committee on Electricity and Electrical Appliances: Peter 
Wright, chairman; E. H. Hartsell, E. C. Hathaway, W. C. 
Baker, M. D., E. V. White, H. H. Carr and E. I. Ford. 

Committee on Fish and Fisheries: F. W. Darling, chair- 
man; E. M. Tilley, J. B. Capehart, George Y. Hunley, L. 
Fuerstein and S. Wilkins Matthews. 

Committee on Education and Educational Congresses: 
Judge W. N. Portlock, chairman; J. S. Saunders, Stewart 
Bryan, R. C. Marshall, J. E. Warren, Joseph G. Fiveash and 
W. Gordon McCabe. 

Committee on Organization and Rules: Alvah H. Martin, 
chairman; J. E. B. Stuart, S. G. Cumming, Judge T. S. 
Garnett, Thomas L. Willcox and W. B. Richards. 

Committee on History: Robert M. Hughes, chairman; W. 
Gordon McCabe, Joseph Bryan, J. E. Heath, Jr., Percy S. 
Stephenson, Frank L. Crocker and T. J. Stubbs. 

Committee on Naval and Marine Affairs: T. J. Wool, 
chairman; B. P. Loyall, J. Davis Reed, M. B. Crowell, J. W. 
McCarrick, George F. Adams and W. A. Post. 

Committee on Fraternal and Industrial Organizations: John 
Whitehead, chairman; J. W. Barclay, C. G. Kiser, Robert 
Orr, J. B. Clinedinst, J. A. Codd, D. M. Harding, K. Q. 
Backus and L. M. Silvester. 

Committee on Roads and Boulevards: HH. L. Page, chair- 
man; W. W. Starke, A. W. Cornick, M. T. Friary, W. M. 
Whaley, John A. Codd, K. Q. Backus and L. M. Silvester. 

Committee on Manufactures and Liberal Arts: W. E. Cot- 
trell, chairman; O. D. Batchelor, W. B. Baldwin, C. C. 
Benjamin, A. E. Krise, H. D. Eichelberger and E. C. Fos- 
burgh. 


These committees were prohibited from en- 


47 


tering into any contract or incurring any obli- 
gation on behalf of the company without the 
authority of the Board of Directors or Execu- 
tive Committee, and were, therefore, largely 
inoperative. Under normal exposition condi- 
tions, where the main body of the directing 
board lives in one city, such a system would 
invite serious criticism; but infinitely more cum- 
bersome it proved to be in the case of the 
Jamestown Exposition whose directors and 
stockholders lived in separated places. 

Section four of the Company’s charter pro- 
vided that the commission or board appointed 
by the Governor of Virginia should be ex-offi- 
cio members of the Board of Directors of the 
Exposition Company, and that one or more of 
them should be members of each of the stand- 
ing committees of the said Board. This pro- 
vision caused at least one member of each com- 
mittee to be a non-resident of Norfolk, where 
the Company’s headquarters were situated— 
that is, every committee except such as included 
Captain J. W. McCarrick of Norfolk, a state 
commissioner appointed to succeed Foster 
Black of Berkley. Until the election of the 
Board of Governors only one department of 
the Company was created under committee 
rule. On February 11, 1904, the Department 
of Press and Publicity was organized with C. 
R. Keiley, chief. This really was not a new 
department because it had been operated prac- 
tically on a department basis since the preced- 
ing September and under the same direction. 

The cumbrousness of the committee proceed- 
ings and the delays inevitable under the system 
can best be illustrated by an example: After 
great difficulty in securing a meeting of some 
committee, its chairman would report to the 
Executive Committee the recommendations of 
his associates and request an appropriation to 
carry them into effect. The Executive Com- 
mittee could not enter fully into every phase of 
the situation as it had been discussed by the 
subsidiary committee and would in a cursory 
way analyze the plan and either reject the 
whole or refer with their recommendations, all 
of it or certain portions of it, to the Finance 
Committee. The Financial Chairman might not 
be able to secure a quorum of his committee for 
a week or more; and when his committee did 
meet, they would have a great mass of recom- 
mendations to consider and were hampered by 
a lack of time for due investigation. 

The Finance Committee not only had to act 
without full information, but as they did not 
have at their disposal any large sum of money, 
they were inclined to be cautiously economical. 
The result of these tortuous proceedings was 
that some recommendation might be made by 
the Finance Committee and perhaps finally ap- 
proved by the Executive Committee; but the 
report of the standing committee had been so 
amended and curtailed during the process that 
it had lost vraisemblance to the original, and 
the delay frequently was so great that primary 
interest had ceased, or the special opportunity 
had passed. The realization of the inadequacy 
of this system caused, during the same summer, 


1904 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


M. J. FuLton 


State Commissioner 


Dr. W. C. Barker 


State Commissioner 


Wan. H. Aston 


State Commissioner 


a reorganization which resulted in the creation 
of the Board of Governors. 

During the early period of 1904 all the 
active work of the Company might well be 
grouped under the title of Exploitation. The 
principal efforts of the Company were directed 
toward exciting general interest in the celebra- 
tion with a dual view of securing desirable pub- 
licity, and at the same time influencing favor- 
able action on the part of Congress. 

On the 8th of February the Committee on 
Legislation visited Washington City. They 
were accompanied by General Fitzhugh Lee, 
President; G. T. Shepperd, Secretary; and 
Hugh Gordon Miller, later a member of the 
committee. That night they held a conference 
in the Raleigh Hotel, in which participated, 
together with the representatives of the Expo- 
sition Company, Honorable Park Agnew, 
~ Republican State Chairman from Virginia, 
Honorable John H. Small, member of the 
House of Representatives from North Carolina, 
and the entire delegation from Virginia in 
Congress. The advisability of asking for an 
appropriation at the current session of Congress, 
the amount of money to be requested, and 
methods of procedure were fully discussed. 

‘The next morning the committee drafted a 
measure which would appropriate three million 
dollars for the Exposition. Of this sum, one 
million dollars was to be under the control of 
the Secretary of the Treasury, and to be dis- 


J. H. SPENcER 


State Commissioner 


Pan COLE 


State Commissioner 


for the purposes of the Jamestown Exposition, 
were to be spent by the Company’s officers. 
From the very inception of the Congressional 
campaign, the hearty co-operation of the Vir- 
ginia delegation was extended. This was es- 


pecially true in respect of Honorable John W. 
Daniel, Honorable Thomas S. Martin, Vir- 


Grorce F. ApAMs 
Executive Committee 


Peter WRIGHT 
Executive Committee 


Watter H. Taytor 
Executive Committee 


Rosert M. HucuHes 
Executive Committee 


bursed by him; the other two millions, allotted | 


CapTaIn JAMES W. McCarrick 
State Commissioner 


S. R. DonoHoE 


State Commissioner 


A. L. PowELi 


Executive Committee 


E. T. Lams 


Executive Committee 


Ja Ce ReATLON 


Executive Committee 


48 


The Organization. 


S. Wirkxins MatTHews ARTHUR LEE M. W. Mason Wituam BauLcu 
Director Director Director Director 


ginia Senators, and Congressman Harry L. 
Maynard, Representative of the Second Vir- 
ginia District. 

To secure an appropriation from Congress, 
however worthy the object, always presents 
difficulties. In the case of the Jamestown Ex- 
position while the most strenuous opposition was 
unexpected, Mr. Cumming and his associates 
were aware that obstacles had to be surmount- 
ed. The Louisiana Purchase Centennial had 
secured substantial aid and Congress had been 
W. W. OL compelled to supplement its gift with a loan. W. W. Moss 

Director The Lewis and Clark celebration at Portland Directo 
would want assistance and Representatives : 
were not unanimously inclined toward the 
policy of helping commemorations. The ten- 
dency of the 58th Congress was decidedly in 
the direction of economy and appropriations of 
every kind were carefully scrutinized and hotly 
‘contested. 

The Exposition people had also to combat 
agnosticism regarding Jamestown and its effects. 
Spectacular as had been the history of the Vir- 
ginia colony, it was unobtrusive in modern life. 
Congressmen had to be taught. Reasons had 
J. W. Brown, Jr. to be given why the Ter-Centennial merited C. M. Barnett 

Director : Director 
their support. It was shown to them, by pub- 

lications of the press bureau and by personal 
interviews, that Jamestown was not merely 
the first English speaking colony in America 
and entitled by primacy to recognition, but 
that its success had moulded the destiny of the 
country, making it an English rather than a 
Spanish Government. 

Congressmen learned anew if they had for- 
gotten—perhaps, in some instances, learned for 
the first time—that the House of Burgesses 
which met in Jamestown during the year 1619 
ip was the precursor of Colonial assemblies and, op ci 

Director in large degree, the model upon which the Dizesios 


A. E.*Krise Evias PEYSER CuarLes W. Prippy Water A. Post 
Director Director Director iDyecret toys 


49 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


D. M. Harpinc D. J. CALLAHAN WiLuiAM SHANDS Joun A. Copp 
Director Director Director Director 


Congress of the United States had been formed. 
They heard that the most historic section in 
the country was to be the theatre of the cele- 
bration and that it was the part of wisdom to 
make a display on the occasion of the three 
hundredth anniversary of the event from which 
the Union dates its real beginning. 

That Hampton Roads offered an unequalled 
harbor for a naval display and that the con- 
tiguous territory was unsurpassed for military 
encampments was demonstrated; and stress was 
J. Epwarp Cote laid upon the opportunity thus afforded not Coroner C. Fenton Day 

Director merely to the fighting men of the nation to get Director 
' acquainted, one branch with the other, but to 
the Nation to become in closer touch with its 
Army and its Navy. The final argument ad- 
duced was that it would pay the Government 
to aid, because an historic exposition, in which 
the Army, the Navy and other federal de- 
partments participated, would of necessity de- 
velop a deeper patriotism and a profounder in- 
terest in the general Government, an indispen- 
sable asset to a republic. 

The idea of a great naval rendezvous ap- 
pealed strongly to those who were directing 
eager dee Hopces the Nation’s sea force. Honorable W. M. Cuartes E. Finc 

ea Moody, who was Secretary of the Navy when pe 
the Exposition was first projected, wrote: 
“The plan of the great Naval review in 
Hampton Roads appeals to me as having pos- 
sibilities, not only of a magnificent naval spec- 
tacle, but of great usefulness in behalf of the 
Navy.” 

His successor, Honorable Paul Morton, no 
less positively endorsed the naval feature: 
“There would, undoubtedly,” he wrote, “ be 
much of value and of permanent benefit in 
such an exposition and display as proposed, and 
Strap I trust you will be able to work out your plans crag 

Director to successful termination. Any action | can Director 


H. L. Pace C. Bascom SLEMP Joun L. Roper E. C. HatHaway 
Director Director Director Director 


The Organization. 


Oscar F. SMITH Georce A. SCHMELZ L. P. STEARNS E. M. TILtey 
Director Director Director Director 


consistently take in its behalf will be a source 
of pleasure to me.” 

Concerning the gathering of ships in Hamp- 
ton Roads during 1907, George Dewey, Ad- 
miral of the Navy, wrote: “I am sure that 
the people of the country would take very 
great interest in the naval features which such 
an exposition might embody.” 

The naval programme was brought forcibly 
to the attention of Congress; it was also the 
idea of General Fitzhugh Lee that the Exposi- 
TAO Wa LETT tion should include a great national, military Wee een. 

Director encampment, where the volunteer militia forces Director 
of the various States could intermingle with the 
regulars and learn camp life and discipline. 
The War Department was in thorough accord 
with this proposition and the two fighting 
branches of the United States service combined 
to give the Exposition national support. 

While Mr. Cumming was in Washington, 
endeavoring to secure a national appropriation, 
the following letter was received by the Expo- 
sition Company : 

White House, Washington, March 9, 1904. 

‘ “ My Dear Sir: I trust I need hardly say 
J. eaten Husarp to you how important I regard the proposed oan Watson 
pam Ter-Centennial celebration to be held on the beg 
borders of Hampton Roads in 1907. This 
Ter-Centennial will mark an epoch in the his- 
tory of our country. The first permanent set- 
tlement of English-speaking people on Amert- 
can soil, at Jamestown in 1607, marks the be- 
ginning of the history of the United States. 
The three hundredth anniversary of that event 
must be commemorated by the people of our 
union as a whole. Wéaith best wishes, believe 
me, Sincerely yours, 
(Signed) THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 
CoLoneL Water H. Tayior To Mr. G. T. SHEPPERD, Secretary, JoHN WHITEHEAD 
Director Jamestown Exposition Company, Norfolk, Va. Director 


W. T. BROOKE CAPTAIN JoHN T. Botton Rosert F. BaLpwin CuHarces H. WILziams 
Director Director Director Director 


1904 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


HONORABLE ALVAH H. MARTIN 


First Vice-President, 1904 
Goyernor of Transportation, 1907 
Director-General of the Exposition, October 5, 1907 
Chairman of Receivers, Exposition Company, December, 1907 


The support of the President and his cabi- 
net was of incalculable importance to the Ex- 
position, and hardly less valued was the en- 
dorsement of the only living ex-President, who 
had expressed his interest in the undertaking 
while it was yet in a formative state. In a 


letter addressed to Hugh Gordon Miller, Mr. 
Cleveland had said: 


‘ After reading the prospectus of the 
Jamestown Exposition Company and giv- 
ing more thought to the project it has in 
keeping, I am thoroughly convinced that 
the surfeit of expositions which have some- 
what afflicted our country ought not in 
the least to interfere with the success of 
the exposition planned for the celebration 
of the first English settlement upon the do- 
main now embraced within the limit of the 
country we proudly call the United States. 

“We have fittingly celebrated the four 
hundredth anniversary of the discovery of 
America. The three hundredth anniver- 
sary of the settlement of Jamestown is 
hardly less worthy of commemoration. A 
great nation cannot bring to mind its small 
beginning and its stupendous growth, 
through such a celebration as the James- 
town Exposition Company contemplates, 
without stirring in the hearts of its people 
their best patriotism and the sincerest de- 
votion to the principles which have made 
this nation great. And such patriotism 
and such devotion so completely underlies 
American institutions that their soundness 
and strength are absolutely necessary to 
our strength and perpetuity. 

‘* T hope, therefore, that nothing will be 
lacking to make the exposition successful, 
as an agency for the stimulation of our 


national pride and the increase of our 

faith in free institutions.” 

One element in favor of the Exposition’s 
claims before Congress was the absolute ex- 
clusion of politics. From the inception of the 
movement, there had been nothing partisan. 
The Republican President of the United States 
and the only Democrat who had occupied the 
same position since the Civil War stood spon- 
sors. Governors of States irrespective of party 
affiliations were its endorsers. The officers of 
the Company had been chosen from both. par- 
ties and the men who at Washington were advo- 
cating the measure on behalf of the Company 
were equally divided in political sympathies. 

While the Exposition bill was being consid- 
ered by the House Committee on Industrial 
Arts and Expositions, an’ effort was made to 
bring into closer touch with the purposed cele- 
bration as many Congressmen as possible, and 
a general invitation was extended to the mem- 
bers of both Houses to make a pilgrimage to 
Jamestown Island. One of the Norfolk and 
Washington Steamship Company’s steamers 
was secured for the occasion, and, on the 18th 
of March, a very distinguished party left the 
Capital of the United States to visit the first 
capital established in the territory comprised 
within the Nation’s continental limits. 

Among the pilgrims were Senators H. P. 
Money of Mississippi, James M. Millard of 
Nebraska, A. C. Latimer of South Carolina, 
Reed Smoot of Utah, John W. Daniel and 
Thomas S. Martin of Virginia, Levi Ankeny 
of Washington, Clarence D. Clark of Wyo- 
ming. Representatives Sydney J. Bowie of Ala- 
bama, J. F. Wilson, territorial delegate from 
Arizona, John S. Little and R. Minor Wallace 
of Arkansas, James C. Needham of California, 
W. S. Hill of Connecticut, H. A. Houston of 
Delaware, J. W. Maddox of Georgia, Martin 


S. GORDON CUMMING 
Second Vice-President 


Ut 
Lo 


1904 


a alee 


1904 


- The Organization. 


Emerick, Joseph W. Graff and Henry T. 
Rainey of Illinois, J. M. Robinson of Indiana, 
A. L. Martin and Judge J. J. Wade of Iowa, 
W. A. Calderhead and W. A. Reeder of 
Kansas, D. L. Gooch, Swagar Sherley and 
South Trimble of Kentucky, Joseph E. Rans- 
dell of Louisana, F. E. Thayer of Massachu- 
setts, R. P. Bishop, A. B. Darragh, G. A. 
Loud and B. F. Spaulding of Michigan, J. T. 
McCleary and James A. Tawney of Minne- 
sota, E. S. Chandler and Thomas Spight of 
Mississippi, Judge David A. De Armand, 
James T. Lloyd, Robert Lamar and Judge 
William W. Rucker of Missouri, E. H. Hin- 
shaw and J. J. McCarthy of Nebraska, Allen 
Benny and William Hughes of New Jersey, 
William Sulzer and H. M. Goldfogle of New 
York, J. T. Johnson and J. H. Small of North 
Carolina, T. F. Marshall of North Dakota, 
J. W. Cassingham, H. P. Goebel, General 
Charles H. Grosvenor, James M. Jackson, 
James Kennedy and J. S. Snook of Ohio, H. 
B. Cassell and Joseph Howell of Pernsyl- 
vania, G. W. Prince of South Carolina, 
Charles H. Burke of South Dakota, Jack 
Beale, A. W. Gregg, J. L. Slayden, A. Smith, 
W.R. Smith and H. O. Young of Texas, H. 
D. Flood, W. A. Jones, Captain John Lamb 
and H. L. Maynard of Virginia. 


In order to make this pilgrimage possible Mr. 
Maynard accomplished the almost incredible 
feat of securing an adjournment of the House 
of Representatives. [he Jamestown Commit- 
tee who were in charge on that occasion con- 
sisted of C. Brooks Johnston, Chairman; Gen- 
eral Fitzhugh Lee, G. T. Shepperd, Barton 
Myers, J. L. Patton, S. Gordon Cumming, C. 
S. Sherwood, and T. J. Wool. 

At Old Point Comfort and at Newport 
News the steamer stopped for the purpose of 
taking on local delegations. At the former 


W. E. BARRETT 
Third Vice-President 


HONORABLE JOSEPH BRYAN 
Fourth Vice-President 


place the Norfolk and Portsmouth contingent 
went aboard. Returning from Jamestown Is- 
land the party reached Norfolk in the afternoon 
for luncheon at the Monticello Hotel. After 
a sail through the harbor, they proceeded to 
Old Point Comfort where a banquet was 
served in the evening at the Hotel Chamberlain. 
Eloquent after dinner speeches were made by 
Congressmen Tawney, chairman of the House 
Committee on Industrial Arts and Expositions, 
Honorable John Goode, General Fitzhugh 
Lee, John Temple Graves, Congressman Sul- 
zer of New York, General Grosvenor of Ohio, 
Senator Clark of Wyoming, Judge De Ar- 
mand of Missouri, Judge Wade of Iowa and 
Senators Money of Mississippi and Latimer of 
South Carolina. 

The first set hearing of the Exposition Bill 
before the Committee on Industrial Arts and 
Expositions of the House of Representatives 
occurred March 28th, 1904. As a part of the 
records of this meeting a number of letters from 
prominent people endorsing the Exposition were 
introduced. 

The Committee met at 10:30 A. M. with 
Honorable James A. Tawney in the chair. 
He stated: “The purpose of this meeting, 
gentlemen, is to hear certain gentlemen in be- 
half of the Jamestown International Naval and 
Marine Exposition to be held in the vicinity of 
the original Jamestown settlement, Virginia, 
in 1907. This bill is H. R. 12543, introduced 
by Mr. Maynard.” 

After reading the bill and letters mentioned, 
Mr. Cumming said: 


“Mr. Chairman, it is not my purpose to take up the time 
of the committee at any length, but simply to present to the com- 
mittee those who can present our subject in far better manner 
than I can. Suffice it to say that no other nation which has 
attained any degree of civilization in the world’s history, other 
than the American nation, can put its finger upon the spot 
where it was born. It has been determined by certain citizens 
in the Commonwealth of Virginia that it would be wise, patri- 
otic, and proper in the year 1907, to properly celebrate the 


1904 


1904 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Cc. S. SHERWOOD 
Fifth Vice-President 


Governor of Admissions and Concessions 


birth of the American nation at and near the spot of its birth, 
near Jamestown and upon the waters of Hampton Roads. 
With that purpose in view, the General Assembly of Virginia, 
in 1902, created a corporation known as the Jamestown Expo- 
sition Company with authority to conduct an exposition suitable 
for the great event which it will commemorate. 

“In the year 1903 the general assembly of the State of Vir- 
ginia appropriated the sum of two hundred thousand dollars for 
the purpose of aiding this exposition company in properly 
celebrating this great event. A\ll of the people of Virginia feel, 
however, that the occasion which we desire to celebrate is by no 
means a local occasion nor is it a Virginia occasion alone; it is 
far more important. It commemorates a national occasion, if 
not an international one. 

“For that reason, Mr. Chairman, the Exposition Company 
appears before you to-day, this committee, representing the 
Congress of the United States, with the request that you lend 
your moral aid and your material assistance, for the purpose of 
assisting us to celebrate this great event. 

“| desire to present to the committee the Hon. John Goode, 
of Virginia.” 


Mr. Goode, who had been a Congressman 
and had served the Nation as Solicitor General 
of the United States, had also practiced law in 
the city of Washington for a number of years 
and was well known to every committeeman 
present. He said: 


“Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee: As a 
former member of the House of Representatives from the 
Second Congressional District of Virginia, in which James- 
town is situated, and as a native born son of the State, loving 
every inch of her soil, proud of her past history and profoundly 
interested in everything that concerns her prosperity and glory, 
I thank the committee for the courtesy extended in permitting 
me to appear before them and submitting a few observations in 
advocacy of the bill entitled, ** A bill to provide for celebrating 
the first permanent settlement of English-speaking people by 
holding an international exposition of arts, industries, manufac- 
tures, and the products of the soil, mines, forests, and the sea, 
in the vicinity of Jamestown and on and near the waters of 
Hampton Roads, in the state of Virginia, and to authorize an 
appropriation in aid thereof. 

“The preamble of this bill reads as follows: 

““ Whereas, it is desirable to commemorate in a fitting and 
appropriate manner the first permanent settlement of English- 
speaking people on the American continent, made at Jamestown, 
Virginia, on the thirteenth day of May, sixteen hundred and 
seven, in order that the great events of American history which 
have resulted therefrom may be accentuated to the present 
and future generations of American citizens; and 

“* Whereas, that section of the Commonwealth of Virginia 
where the first permanent settlement was made is conspicuous 
in the history of the American nation by reason of the vital 
and critical events which have there taken place in the Colonial, 
Revolutionary, and Civil War eras of the nation, including 
not only the first permanent settlement of English-speaking peo- 
ple, but also the scene of the capitulation of Lord Cornwallis 


at Yorktown, and the scene of the first naval conflict between 
armor-clad vessels, the Monitor and the Merrimac.’ 

“During the time | shall occupy your attention, Mr. Chair- 
man, | shall not undertake to discuss the details of this bill, but 
shall confine myself to the propositions enunciated in the pre- 
amble which I have read. In other words, I shall attempt to 
show that the present grandeur and glory of the Republic are 
directly traceable to the settlement of the colony of Jamestown. 
As my friend, Mr. Cumming, has said to you, the general 
assembly of Virginia, at an extra session held in 1901, adopted 
a joint resolution expressing the opinion that suitable provision 
should be made for holding, on the 13th of May, 1907, a 
celebration worthy of this great nation, which from small begin- 
nings at Jamestown has within the short period of three cen- 
turies attained the position of the foremost government upon 
earth and extended its dominion and its power acvoss the con- 
tinent. It also expressed the opinion that a suitable form of 
holding this celebration would be to hold an exposition in which 
the people of all our sister States of the Union should be invited 
to participate.” 


Mr. Goode recited the chartering of the 
Exposition Company, its organization with 
General Fitzhugh Lee as President, its direc- 
torate consisting of representative citizens. He 
set forth the appropriation made by the State 
of Virginia, and the subscription to the stock 
of the company, and requested the co-operation 
of the government. He continued: 


“Mr. Chairman, in this practical, utilitarian age, when the 
spirit of commercial greed so largely predominates and the great 
object of life with many seems to be to put money in the purse, 
we occasionally meet men who are disposed to ridicule and 
deride what they call mere sentiment; but such men forget that 
it is sentiment that rules the world. Many years ago Andrew 
Fletcher, a Scotchman, wrote the Marquis of Montrose a let- 
ter, in which he said: ‘I know a very wise man who believes 
that if a man were permitted to write all the songs of a people 
he did not care who wrote their laws.’ From time immemorial 
mankind has evinced a disposition to recall the traditions of the 
past, to preserve ancient landmarks, and to cherish sacred 
memories. There can certainly be no higher incentive to honor, 
virtue, and patriotism. 

“Let us consider briefly, as germane to the bill, some of the 
circumstances attending the first settlement of the colony at 
Jamestown and some of the consequences resulting from that set- 
tlement. 

“In the year 1578 Sir Walter Raleigh, a gay and gallant 
courtier, under the charter granted by Queen Elizabeth, sailed 
from England with the purpose of planting an English colony 
in North America. Unfortunately his fleet, consisting of seven 
vessels, met with disaster at sea and the enterprise was aban- 
doned by order of the privy council. In 1584 Raleigh sent 
out two other vessels with a colony on board, which landed at 
Roanoke Island and took possession of the country, naming it 
Virginia, in honor of the Virgin Queen. The colony perished 
for the want of provisions, and Raleigh having incurred the 
displeasure of the Queen, was thrown into prison and upon 


JUDGE THEODORE S. GARNETT 
Sixth Vice President 


1904 


1904 


The Organization. 


the accession of James I to the throne, was convicted of high 
treason and cruelly executed. But, sir, the great idea which 
had originated with Raleigh was not allowed to perish with 
him. In 1606 King James chartered the London Company 
and granted to it all the southern portion of that immense 
domain known as Virginia. 

“This company sent out three vessels, the Susan Constant, 
the God Speed and the Discovery, with 105 colonists on board. 
After a stormy passage in which they encountered all the 
perils of the deep, they entered the Chesapeake Bay on the 
26th of April, 1607, and sailing up the river Powhatan, which 
they called the James, they landed on the 13th of May, 1607, 
upon a peninsula about forty miles above the mouth of the 
river and commenced to build the town to which they gave 
the name of Jamestown. 

“Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, who can 
adequately describe the effect upon the history of mankind of 
the planting of that colony? It was not only the commence- 
ment of the English system of colonization which has made 
Great Britain one of the foremost powers of the globe, but it 
resulted in the almost exclusive possession of North America 
by the Anglo-Saxon race. 

“The charter of the London Company guaranteed to the 
colonists all the rights of Englishmen, and when they landed 
at Jamestown they brought with them those free institutions 
which have been enlarged and improved from generation to 
generation, until now they are zealously guarded and cherished 
as the noblest inheritance that belongs to man. 

“Jamestown should be held in everlasting remembrance for 
many reasons. It was there that the first jury was impaneled 
on American soil. It was there the first legislative assembly 
ever met in North America. It was there that the House of 
Burgesses met, on the 30th of July, 1619, more than a year before 
the Mayflower with the heroic Pilgrims sailed from the harbor 
of Southampton. That House of Burgesses was composed of 
delegates elected by the people, thus promulgating that immortal 
principle of free government that all lawful authority emanates 
from the people and that all governments derive their just 
powers from the consent of the governed. 

“Tt was at Jamestown that the first church spire in America 
was lifted toward the heavens. It was there the sound of the 
first church-going bell was heard to awake the echoes of the 
primeval forests. From that day to this, nearly three hundred 
years, the church, like a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of 
fire by night, has led the people through the wilderness of sin 
and laid broad and deep the foundations of Christian civilization 
and liberty.” 


Mr. Goode named the points of historical 
interest in the immediate vicinity of Jamestown, 
Hampton, Newport News, Williamsburg, 
Yorktown and other places. He called atten- 
tion to the college of William and Mary at 
Williamsburg, founded in 1693, numbering 
among its alumni Thomas Jefferson, the author 
of the Declaration of Independence and found- 


HONORABLE BARTON MYERS 
Former Mayor of Norfolk 
Auditor, Governor of Ways and Means 


Governor of Exploitation 


HONORABLE NATHANIEL BEAMAN 
Former Mayor of Norfolk 


Treasurer 


er of the University of Virginia; Benjamin 
Harrison, Carter Braxton, George Wythe, 
Thomas Nelson and other signers of the 
Declaration of Independence; Payton Ran- 
dolph, the first President of the Continental 
Congress; John Marshall, the most distin- 
guished chief justice of the Supreme Court of 
the United States; James Monroe and John 
Tyler, Chief Magistrates of the Nation; Win- 
field Scott, the hero of the war with Mexico. 
Mr. Goode alluded to the battle of York- 


town where Cornwallis signed the articles of 

capitulation, the concluding act of the Revolu- 

tionary War, and recited the centennial of that 

occasion, quoting the concluding lines of James 

Barron Hope’s magnificent epic: 

* Give us back the ties of Yorktown, perish all 
the modern hates; 

Let us stand together, brothers,. in defiance of 
the fates; 

For the safety of the Union is the safety of the 
States.” 

He continued: 


“Mr. Chairman, it is sometimes said that we Americans are 
not at all oppressed with modesty, and that we are too much 
given to vain-glorious boasting; but I submit, sir, that when 
we review the past history of our country we have abundant 
reason to rejoice and to render devout thanksgiving to the 
omnipotent Ruler of the Universe, who controls the destinies 
of the nations and of men, that, ‘ Thus far He hath led us on 
and thus far His power hath preserved our ways.’ A beneficent 
Providence has lavished upon our country advantages and 
blessings such as have not been bestowed upon any other on 
the habitable globe. It is equalled by none in undeveloped 
treasures of soil and mine and river and forest, which only 
await the touch of skilled industry to start into imperial wealth and 
power. It is equalled by none in the wonderful increase of its 
population, the vast expansion of its territory, the countless pro- 
ductions of its industries, the measureless aggregate of its crops 
and the marvelous prosperity of its people. 

“ We have grown from three million to over eighty million in 
population. We have grown from thirteen weak and dependent 
colonies to forty-five free, powerful and prosperous States, to 
say nothing of the Territories in the Union and our recently 
acquired insular possessions. The American people with 
aspirations unsatisfied by centuries of toil and achievement, are 
still pushing conquests with irresistible energy, still vexing sea 
and land with their busy industry. They are still going for- 
ward felling the forests, tunneling the mountains, bridging the 


1904 


1904 


The Jamestown 


THEODORE J. WOOL 


General Counsel 


rivers, connecting the two oceans by irou bands and the new 
ship canal at Panama. They have subjected all the elements 
of the material universe and rendered them subservient to the 
comfort, convenience and happiness of mankind. They have 
converted steam into a beast of burden and compelled it to 
plow land, saw timber, print books, compress cotton, excavate 
docks, and drive railways. They have harnessed electricity 
with its subtle power and used it as the medium of communica- 
ting intelligence with a rapidity unsurpassed by winds or the 
flight of birds. I undertake to say that no people in any age 
of the world’s history have ever excelled the Americans in the 
fields of invention and discovery, as is shown by the records of 
your Patent Office in the capital city. It is the proud distinc- 
tion of the inventor, the practical discoverer of useful improve- 
ments, that his achievements are permanent and his additions to 
the sum of human knowledge remain. 

“As has been well said, * kingdoms, empires, republics, may 
rise and fall; governments may strew with their wrecks the 
pathway of history; creeds of faith and systems of morality 
may come and go; the idle speculations of a thousand philo- 
sophic sects may perish; the learned wrangles of the schools 
may pass away and be forgotten, but the discoveries of genius 
alone remain.’ They are for all ages and all times; never 
young and never old; they bear the seeds of their life; they 
flow in a perennial and undying stream. ‘They are essentially 
cumulative, and giving birth to the additions which they subse- 
quently receive, they influence the most distant posterity, and 
after the lapse of centuries exert more power than they were 
able to do at the moment of their promulgation. 

“Sir, the humblest millwright has done more for the happiness 
of mankind than all the kings that lie embalmed in the cata- 
combs of Egypt. The inventor of the plow that turns the 
deep soil of the fields, of the drill that plants them with corn 
at seeding time, of the reaper and mower that glean and gather 
their beautiful harvests, the inventor of the printing press, of 
the steam engine, of the telegraph, of the telephone, of the 
phonograph, these are more entitled to wear the crown of 
laurel than the blood-stained warriors of antiquity. The names 
of Morse, Henry, Franklin, Fulton, and others will live and 
shine as bright as the eternal stars in the heavens long after 
the names of Czsar, Alexander and Napoleon have been buried 
in oblivion and forgotten forever; while the name of our great 
Maury, the geographer of the seas, who explored the bottom 
of the great deep, made a map of its channels, and marked a 
safe highway for trade and travel will be held in grateful and 
affectionate remembrance by his admiring countrymen as long 
as the centuries move or the oceans roll.” 


The speaker emphasized the fact that this 
country was a government of laws and not of 
men and and dwelt upon the love of liberty 
which had been characteristic of Americans 
through the Colonial as well as the National 


period. 
“Ever since the settlement of that colony at Jamestown,” 
said Mr. Goode, “ the colonists were distinguished for a strong 


love of liberty and sturdy support of independence. In 1626, 
the House of Burgesses resolved that the governor should not 
lay taxes on imports except by consent of the general assembly 


Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


to be levied and applied as said assembly may appoint. In 
1651, Cromwell sent commissioners, accompanied by a fleet, to 
bring Virginia in subjection to the commonwealth; but she was 
prepared to resist until articles of agreement were entered into 
which provided, among other things, that, * the general assembly 
shall convene as formerly and transact the affairs of Virginia, 
and no taxes shall be levied except by consent of the general 
assembly.” 

“In 1676 Nathaniel Bacon, at the head of the volunteer 
organization, defied the royal authority on account of the man- 
ner in which Governor Berkeley had abused it in his com- 
mercial relations with the Indian tribes. Bacon was proclaimed 
a rebel. He drove Berkeley out of the capital and burned 
Jamestown. Such was his (Berkeley’s) tyrannical disposition 
that he was cordially hated and despised by the colonists. He 
wreaked revenge upon them. One of the old burgesses, in a 
letter written to England, said “ That man will hang the whole 
country if he is let alone,” and Charles II said * That old 
fool has hung more people in that naked country than I have 
done here for the murder of my father.’ An insight into his 
real character may be gathered by an examination of his official 
correspondence. In a letter written in 1671 to the Lord Com- 
missioner of Foreign Plantations he says: 

“*We have forty-eight parishes. Our ministers are well 
paid and by my consent should be better, if they would pray 
oftener and preach less. | thank God we have no free schools 
or printing, and | hope we shall not have these for one hundred 
years, for learning has brought heresy and disobedience into 
the world, and printing has divulged them and libels against 
the best government. God help us from both.’ 

“In striking contrast with the character of Berkeley was that 
of Alexander Spottswood, confessedly the ablest governor of 
Virginia during her colonial period. Such was his administra- 
tive capacity that he at once inaugurated a new era of pros- 
perity. He established schools for the instruction of the Indian 
children in the truths of the Christian religion. He established 
the first iron furnace in America. He improved the cultiva- 
tion of tobacco, the great staple of Virginia. He explored her 
territory to the summit of the Blue Ridge Mountains and opened 
up the beautiful valley afterwards inhabited by that remarkable 
race of Scotch-Irish who so impressed themselves upon Wash- 
ington by their patriotism and valor that in the darkest hours 
of the Revolution, when his army had been almost destroyed 
by privations and hunger, and his great heart was made to bleed 
on account of the sufferings of his men, he exclaimed, * Leave 
me but a banner to plant upon the mountains of West Augusta 
and I will rally around me men who will lift our bleeding 
country from the dust and set her free.” 

“Tt was upon that expedition of Governor Spottswood that 
he instituted the order of the Knights of the Golden Horseshoe, 
an order around which has been thrown such a glamor of 
poetry and romance. 

“Sir, what must have been his feelings when, standing at 
Swift Run Gap, now a historic pass in the Blue Ridge Moun- 
tains, he looked out on the panorama spread before him? And, 
Mr. Chairman, if he could have been permitted to lift the veil 
that concealed the future from his view he would have seen 
that valley inhabited by a strong, hardy, thrifty, independent 
race of men; he would have seen Virginia transformed from a 
weak, dependent colony into a sovereign, coequal member of 
the confederacy of States, extending the aegis of its protection 


O. D. BATCHELOR 


General Counsel 


1904) 


904 


The Organization. 


over more than eighty million people. But, like the patriarch 
Moses on Mount Nebo, he was only permitted to get a glimpse 
of the promised land.” 


Mr. Goode reviewed the resolution intro- 
duced by Patrick Henry in the House of Bur- 
gesses of Virginia in 1765, the first protest 
against the right of England to levy taxes and 
imports. He quoted Bancroft describing the 
resolution of 1769 which induced the other 
colonies to stand by Massachusetts when she 
was singled out for punishment on account of 
her brave assertions of the colonial rights: 
“They were calm in manner, concise, simple, 
effective, so perfect in substance and in form 
that time finds no omission to regret, no im- 
provement to suggest.” 

He recalled the pre-Revolutionary and the 
Revolutionary periods. He named Virginians 
who had been famous in the Navy of the 
country and paid high tribute to the naval his- 
tory of America. He asked the government 
to aid by an appropriation in an adequate cele- 
bration of the Ter-Centennial and concluded: 


“The exhibition will be held, and it will be a great and 
grand and glorious success. ‘The creations of American genius 
will be there; the products of American industry will be there; 
the American Navy will be there; the navies of the world will 
be there; the American Army will be there; our gallant citizen 
soldiery will be there; the Senate and the House of Repre- 
sentatives will be there; the Supreme Court will be there; the 
President and his Cabinet will be there; the foreign Ambas- 
sadors and Ministers will be there; the orator and the poet 
will be there: the Sons and Daughters of the American Revolu- 
tion will be there; the American people will be there, and as 
they gather from the North and from the South, from the East 
and from the West, and look down the far-reaching slope of 
the three centuries that have gone and look forward with exult- 
ing pride in contemplation of the grandeur and glory of the 
Republic, as it shall move forward over the bright track of 
progress and look out upon the flag of our common country, the 
proud ensign of the Republic, as it shall float over a people 
united, prosperous, free, they will exclaim with one heart and 
with one voice: 


“Float out, oh flag, and float on every sea; 


Float out, oh flag, and blaze in every clime; 
Float out, oh flag, and float till time and space themselves shall 
cease to be.’ ” 


The Honorable John Temple Graves of 
Georgia next addressed the Committee. He 
declared at the outset of his speech that he left 


Gal OE PPERD 


Secretary 


or 
be | 


Rt, th, IPAQ ANTE MGIB) 
Medical Director 


for others the making of the material argument 
for the exposition and intended to touch that 
subject lightly. Referring to Hampton Roads 
Mr. Graves said: 


“That imperial port—the finest on the shore of either 
ocean—the majestic commerce which flows inward and sea- 
ward to and from the fields and mines and forests of that 
vast, rich region which finds its harbor in Hampton Roads, the 
vast resources of that old Commonwealth which only await the 
touch of the world’s acquaintance to leap into life and fullness 
and prosperous glory. It is not within my province to detail 
to you here the resources of that great section in soil and 
stream, in forest and mine,’ or to tell you of the splendid 
revenues that it pours into the Treasury of the nation. | am 
here to speak simply the sentiment of loyalty that binds my 
section of the country and eyery section of our common country 
to the prosperity and happiness and glory of Virginia.” 


He continued: 

“T speak with confidence and with something of practical 
knowledge of the value of expositions. The city in which I 
live, that dear and bright Atlanta, the real capital of Dixie— 
dates its latest and largest growth to the Cotton States and 
International Exposition of 1895. It was conceived in match- 
less audacity, and its announcement amazed the Republic. The 
World’s Fair had just closed its doors and the country was 
yet thrilling with the glories of the great Chicago Exposition of 
1893. I do not believe that any other city of its size would 
have projected such an exposition at such a time and on such 
a scale. No other city of the South would have had the 
audacity to plan it or the courage to dare the conditions which 
it confronted. But Atlanta dared and Atlanta won, pluck- 
ing success from rugged chances and winning the admiration 
of the country, and revealing to Nashville and Omaha and 
Charleston and Buffalo and to Norfolk that great expositions 
do not need to be held in cities containing a million people. 

“T speak, I think, the judgment of our common country 
when I say that the Atlanta and other expositions have been 
of benefit and of inspiration to the material and to the senti- 
mental glories of the Republic. For the Atlanta Exposition 
brought the people of this country together as they never had 
been brought before. Wéithin the last sixty days of that expo- 
sition Atlanta banqueted around her public and private boards 
the press associations of twenty-six States; the governors and 
state-house officers of twenty States; the mayors and municipal 
dignitaries of the fifty representative cities of the Union. The 
effect of this hospitality can neither be estimated nor described. 
When men who are gentlemen cross their legs under the same 
hospitable mahogany and pledge good fellowship around a 
common board, the faith that it binds is honorable and per- 
petual, and friends so formed are friends, in spite of politics, 
forever. 

“And with the doors closed upon the great Exposition of 
1895, Atlanta's population has increased thirty-five per cent; 
her banking capital has increased sixty per cent; her personal 
property has been multiplied by many millions, and the city 
has become more than ever before the toast and the emblem of 
southern enterprise and of southern prosperity. And what 
Atlanta has done, Norfolk with multiplied advantages and 
fifty times the environment of history and attraction may also 


1904 


1904 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


DAVID LOWENBERG 
Director General 1902 to 1905 


do. And this princely and prolific region, blossoming in the 
development of the great exposition for which they ask your 
aid, will enrich by its enlarging revenues the Republic which 
has already been gloriously enriched by its splendid history. 

“Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of this committee, if the 
Jamestown Exposition should simply build a fence and erect a 
“merry-go-round” and invite the world, the memories and 
attractions of the superb and historic region of America would 
be sufficient to attract the people of the Republic and to satisfy 
and requite them for their coming. 

“If you will sweep a horseshoe circle from Cape Charles 
to Cape Henry back through this historic section of Virginia 
you will realize the splendors that have fallen in eloquent 
epitome from the lips of this grand old Virginia gentleman 
who has addressed you. 

“There on the outer point is Fort Monroe, now growing 
into one of the noblest and most modern coast defenses of the 
world. The people of the West and South and of the interior 
will see in it what the Government is doing for the defense of 
our country against the possible encroachment of a foreign 
foe. That great fortress, one of the most splendid and majestic 
in the world, rich in history, and almost impregnable in strength, 
with its sand batteries, with its disappearing guns, and with its 
splendid memories, will make an object lesson to stir patriotism 
and increase the confidence of every American in the impreg- 
nability of his country. 

“There is that splendid hotel looking out into the ocean, 
touching elbows with this great fortress of the country’s defense. 
Two miles further up there is the city of Hampton in which 
Booker Washington found the education and the inspiration to 
his high, even if fruitless, endeavor for the development of his 
race. 

“There is that great soldier's home a little further on. At 
Newport News is the greatest shipyard in the world with bat- 
tleships and cruisers on its ample ways, and giant cranes great 
enough to haul a battleship through the wondering air. A 
little further up is Yorktown, immortal in the traditions of this 
Republic, where Lord Cornwallis gave up in failure the last 
endeavor of England to retain the sovereignty of these uncon- 
querable colonies. 

“There is Williamsburg, the old colonial capital, and 
Jamestown, the central image of this picture and the American 
birthplace of the Anglo-Saxon race. Near by is the Lake of 
the Dismal Swamp, famed in song and story. Over the waves 
the stout ships glide across the historic waters of Hampton 
Roads where Abraham Lincoln and the Confederate commis- 
sioners discussed the last diplomatic possibility of the dying 
Confederacy, and where the famous Merrimac and the equally 
famous Monitor fought that magnificent battle that revolution- 
ized the naval history of the world. There is Virginia Beach, 
one of the most delightful summer resorts in all this country, 
with its splendid attractions of beach and bathing for the sea- 
sons of summer or of winter. There is Portsmouth and that 
wonderful navy yard, with its great array of battleships and 
transports and torpedoes—one of the distinct and _ inspiring 
glories of our country’s system. 

“There is Norfolk, that stately and swelling city, grown 
into superb proportions and filled with gallant, gifted and gen- 
erous people—a people whose genius is ever joined to the 
graces of diplomacy, and who, when their fine arts of elo- 
quence and reason are exhausted, can always conquer and 


command under the subtle alchemy of the appetite, making 
their last appeal to statesmen in the gastronomic glories of the 
Lynnhaven oyster and the Smithfield ham. And these not “as 
the great unwashed’; for around their festal boards | have 
seen great men from the prohibition States quaff the world- 
famous ‘ Virginia julep’ with the grace of a cavalier and 
abandon of the boundless West. Last of all, that great and 
unequaled harbor, ample enough to float the navies of all 
lands, and on which the exposition proposes, as its central 
attraction, to assemble from our own and other countries the 
greatest, the most complete, the most instructive, and the most 
inspiring naval display that the world has ever seen. 

“And best of all, Virginia herself, mother of Presidents 
and majestic among Commonwealths, her sons scattered in 
many States westward and southward and eastward will rejoice 
to come trooping homeward to see their old mother clothed in 
the purple of her material and sentimental glory, and her 
admirers living in every section and every State, led by the 
magic of her name and the repute of her hospitality, would 
delight to come, bringing honor in their loyal hearts and tributes 
in their generous hands. 

“Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, speaking 
for Georgia and for the South—never so solid as on this 
question—and speaking, I am sure, with the full concordance 
of her distinguished members on this committee, | say, un- 
hesitatingly that we can begrudge nothing to Virginia—that we 
can refuse nothing to Virginia. The Republic owes her so 
much. Her services have been so great, her memories so 
heroic, her contributions to the common glory so multiplied and 
splendid, that her sister Commonwealths will welcome the 
opportunity to pay in words or in appropriations their obliga- 
tion to Virginia. 

“May I say it here: The Republic owes her much for 
the sorrows she has borne and for the sufferings she has en- 
dured. Her soil is sacred to the Republic because it is rich 
in its reddening with the hero blood of both sections and of 
both the English-speaking races of the world. The hills and 
valleys and waters of Virginia have been the battlefields of 
the Revolution and the war between the States. It was at 
Yorktown that the English Empire confessed its final failure 
to subdue these heroic colonies, and with the surrendered sword 
of Lord Cornwallis launched into the knighthood of the 
nations the most gallant and the most chivalric Republic of the 
world. And it was at Appomattox that the legions of the 
North stood silent with stacked arms and tear-dimmed faces 
while the broken battalions of the dead Confederacy followed 
their stainless leader to lay down their arms in final surrender 
to the great and generous captain of the victorious Union. 

“The Republic owes more than can be paid in money to a 
soil rich in the blood of its bravest sons and in the blood of its 
noblest foes. It owes a debt, that I am sure it will be glad to 
pay, to battlefields that have illustrated in victory or in sur- 
render all that was best and bravest in the blood of the Saxon 
race. 

“And when the Americans of the East and the South and 
the militant West shall come to this Virginia exposition, bring- 
ing their sons and daughters with them, they shall tell these 
young Americans of to-day of the battles of their fathers and 
of the heroism of the race. They shall tell them of the splendid 
sacrifice and point them to the high example of the patriots of 


HONORABLE HARRY LEE MAYNARD 
Member of Congress from Second District of Virginia 


Patron of the Exposition Bills 


58 


1904 


The Organization. 


Jamestown and Plymouth Rock. They shall tell them, too, of 
the courage and fidelity of our English foemen, fighting far 
from their native land; and, pointing to that majestic bay 
where the Stars and Stripes will be floating in fair, full fel- 
lowship with the Union Jack, they shall tell them that the flag 
of England and the flag of America will henceforth keep the 
world in peace. 

“They shall point these young Americans to General Grant, 
who led the armies of the Union to their final and irrevocable 
victory, who put back at Appomattox the side arms of the 
Confederate soldier and bathed the finale of that deathless 
tragedy in the light of splendid magnanimity; who never sold 
the truth to serve the hour or bent the pregnant hinges of the 
knee that thrift might follow fawning, to be passed in simple 
majesty through the highest honors and the greatest scenes that 
ever gilded the pathway of a citizen, and died yonder on 
Mount McGregor amid the universal tears, breathing out his 
hero spirit in one immortal plea for fraternity and peace. 

“And then with generous loyalty they will listen while this 
dear old Commonwealth points them to that great Virginian— 
the noblest flower that ever fruited from the life blood of the 
cavaliers—who held his honor high above the storm and tides 
that raged about him, kept every Christian grace serene, lived 
like a benediction and died like a sunset whose afterglow 
lingers in reflection on the world. 

For ah! if in song or speech, 

In major or in minor key, 

She could to the end of ages reach, 
She would whisper the name of Lee.” 


Mr. Graves referred to the memorable pil- 
grimage which recently had been made at 


Jamestown: 

“Sirs, the time is ripe and the hour is at hand for the final 
act in the magnificent drama of reconciliation and full fra- 
ternity. Ten days ago the American Congress paid to old 
Virginia the superb and merited compliment of going almost 
in unbroken numbers to inspect the foundations of this exposi- 
tion and to banquet with Virginia’s sons. There at Old Point 
Comfort they sat down in fellowship together, the North and 
the South and the East and the militant West, and the master 
of the feast was Fitzhugh Lee, a Confederate Yankee hero, 
soldier of two wars, and diplomat of two Republics. Upon 
his bosom, once clothed in Confederate gray, shone the immortal 
blue of the Union Army. Around and about him were gath- 
ered Senators and Congressmen, statesmen from all sections 
and from every State. Over against him General Grosvenor, 
the grim, gray lion of the tribe of McKinley, stood and urged 
in generous words the eligibility of the South for the great 
offices of the Republic. The voice of every section and of 
every State spoke their loyal liberality to Virginia in her 
present strong appeal. While over them all, festooned in 
arches or swinging wide and free, blazed the flag of the 
Republic, the flag of our fathers, and now, please God, our 
flag forever.” 


He paid an impassioned tribute to our coun- 


try’s banner and concluded: 

“Under the shadow of the flag the Jamestown Exposition 
asks to-day the generous and responsive hearings of the 
American Congress, and when this company shall materialize, 


HONORABLE JOHN WARWICK DANIEL 
Senior U. S. Senator from Virginia 


HONORABLE THOMAS STAPLES MARTIN 


Junior U. S. Senator from Virginia 


as they intend to do, the memories, traditions, and patriotism 
of those noble colonial days, then the Republic shall be once 
more and deeply the debtor of Virginia.” 


The same afternoon the committee recon- 
vened for its business session which was ad- 


dressed first by Mr. Myers of Norfolk. Mr. 


Myers directed attention to the appropriateness 
of the site selected, washed by Hampton Roads 
with its one hundred and sixty square miles of 
water way, and showed how it could be utilized 
by the navy in making a splendid display which 
would bring all people of the country into 
closer teuch with their sea defenders. He 
spoke of the advantages of such a gathering 
from an educational standpoint to ship con- 
structors, and the opportunity a large inter- 
national naval rendezvous would afford naval 
architects and naval authorities of the country 
to compare types of boats at close range. Diver- 
ging from the naval features Mr. Myers said: 


“Necessarily there must be some exposition on the land. It 
need not be such an exposition as Chicago had, or as there is 
at St. Louis. It must be one in keeping with the event which 
we are to celebrate. As the representatives of the American 
people, you gentlemen, of course, are the arbiters of the 
situation. If you were to say to us, ‘ You may celebrate the 
birth of the nation of seventy-five million people in 1907 with a 
side show, for five hundred thousand, or one million,’ we could 
do it. But would it be commensurate with the event? Would 
it be commensurate with the character of the guests we would 
invite on that occasion? We, as I| say, do not claim that we 
should have such an exposition there as they had at Chicago or 
have at St. Louis. We believe not only that it may be smaller, 
but that it could be much more economically handled. We 
have been studying other expositions. Some of us were at 
the Centennial, and the Paris Exposition, and the expositions 
at Chicago and Charleston and Buffalo and St. Louis; so that 
from those points we have gotten personal knowledge of those 
expositions. We have gotten the data, and we have studied 
the data from those expositions, and as far as possible we 
have endeavored to ascertain where the failures were in their 
management, and those thus far held have all made failures, 
and each to some extent has profited by the errors of those 
which have gone before. 

“One of the matters which has presented itself to our minds 
was the destruction of values when the exposition is over, and 
this we have sought to prevent by obtaining the ownership of 
the land whereon those structures erected on this memorial 
occasion may be made in themselves living memorials, to the 
generations that follow, of the event which has transpired. At 
Chicago they destroyed twenty-seven million dollars worth of 
buildings when the fair was over. Our idea is that an expo- 


1904 


~1904 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


sition about the size of the Buffalo, which comes between the 
small expositions and the gigantic ones at Chicago and St. 
Louis, would probably be appropriate to the occasion—an 
exposition that would cost five or six million dollars. 

“The bill therefore which is before you has been framed 
with the idea of an appropriation from the Government of 
three million dollars. It is contemplated by that that our 
buildings will embrace about thirty-five acres of floor space, 
one million, five hundred thousand square feet, which we esti- 
mate will cost two dollars a square foot. That embraces twenty- 
four buildings for various objects. Those figures, of course, 
are made as a guide to what is contemplated, with the idea 
that if it is necessary to cut them or to change them, that may 
be done as the plan is further matured; but that is the general 
idea, and based upon the experience of other expositions, that 
about one million, five hundred thousand square feet, or thirty- 
five acres, or between a fourth and fifth of the area in square 
feet of the Chicago buildings, would suffice for the occasion.” 


Mr. Myers informed the committee concern- 
ing the transportation and hotel facilities of 
Hampton Road section, and showed the possi- 
bility of supplementing with naval floats the 
land accommodations there might be for hous- 
ing guests. He urged the committee to act 
promptly and said: 


“T referred a while ago to our anxiety that you should act 
on this matter promptly, saying that he who gives first gives 
double. There is no case where this is truer than in the present 
instance. If we can be assured now of three million dollars 
from the Government it will be worth more to this Exposition 
than six million dollars will be two years hence. You can 
recognize the correctness of that view of the case. We can 
immediately go to work. We must go to work now on these 
exhibitors to whom you refer. Our idea is to put a small 
building for the Jamestown Exposition Company down near 
the Ferris wheel, where the rush of the crowd is at St. Louis, 
and commence our work not only on the people who are visit- 
ing, but also on the people who are exhibiting there. 

“Now, you must recognize as practical men that our success 
in bringing those people is going to depend on the guaranty we 
can give them of the scope and size of our exposition. If we 
go to them now and say, ‘ We have a million dollars now and 
we have in view another million dollars,’ there is an indefinite- 
ness about it. It puts them in the position of a man who is 
solicited by an advertising agent who cannot tell him what 
the circulation of his paper is, and yet wants him to pay for 
a certain space in his paper. If he says, ‘I have a circulation 
of ten thousand, which I can give you,’ he is immediately able 
to value the advertisement. So that we must be put in a 
position immediately to handle the situation in St. Louis, or we 
paralyze all effort, and every day’s delay is delaying us in 
the matter at St. Louis. That is, we must at once be in position 
to go to the several States in this Union with our plans. If we 
are delayed for the action of another Congress, we lose the 
opportunity to present the matter as it should be presented in 
this country; and the same is equally true abroad. 

“Three million dollars granted by this bill will put us in 
better position than will six million dollars from the next Con- 
gress, and therefore as representatives of the American people 
you gentlemen who are seeking the accomplishing of the best 
results from what you do, conceding in your minds that this 
is an occasion which appeals to the interest and the patriotism 
of the American people, that it is an occasion which will be 
educational to our people, along sentimental, commercial, naval, 
and military lines, first conceding that point, it naturally brings 


you to the point of deciding how we can accomplish the best 


results for the investment which the nation makes. 


We believe 
with this amount in hand, with the information which we have 
already acquired, going at once to St. Louis and presenting our 
plans—this combination of a land and water exhibit and the 
historical event we celebrate—that we can secure the co- 


“operation, of those who are there.” 


Mr. John Swift Holbrook of New York, a 
distinguished ,engineer, explained the tentative 
plan of development, which included landscape 
treatment in addition to buildings. Mr. Hol- 
brook did not make a speech but simply 
answered the questions of the committee. He 
described the contour of the land, estimated 
that one million dollars would place it in a con- 
dition to develop the sewerage and sanitary ar- 
rangements, install water and electric light, lay 
conduits and complete everything which would 
come under the supervision of a department of 
grounds. 


The concluding speech was delivered by Mr. 
Wool. He quoted a section of the Bill that 


was being considered: 


“The Secretary of the Treasury, in conjunction with the 
Secretary of the Navy, out of an appropriation to be subse- 
quently made, shall cause to be erected upon the said three 
acres of land a fit, suitable, and permanent building at a cost 
not exceeding five hundred thousand dollars, to be ‘used for 
the exhibits made by this Government during said exposition, 
and after the said exposition shall have been closed it shall*be 
used as a naval college, or for such other purpose in the 
proper training of reserves for the Army and Navy of the 
United States as Congress may hereafter determine.” 

And said: “ The idea being that from all this great expen- 
diture of Government money which is necessary in the event of 
the exposition being properly carried out, there shall be some- 
thing left to the Government which can be utilized for good. 
We recognize the fact that you have Annapolis, we recognize 
the fact that you have the great war college at West Point, but 
it is almost as easy, when it is thought of in advance, to plan 
such a structure as can be used in housing the Government's 
exhibits during the time of the exposition, and later on may 
be availed of in such manner as Congress may determine. 

“Tt has been suggested that it might not be unwise to use this 
building for the same kind of training school for those who 
may hereafter enter into the merchant marine, and not into the 
Navy, but will be subject to the Government call in time of 
war, and then we would believe that we are doing a great 
benefit to the merchant marine, and at the same time providing 
those trained men who would be needed by the Government in 
time of war. 

“This is only one of the ideas I desire to call to your atten- 
tion, and only one of the ideas that we have had of utilizing 
this exposition in the way of permanent good to the country.” 


Speaking of the scope of the exposition Mr. 
Wool explained: 


“In reference to the matter of exhibits, we recognize the 
fact that we cannot with this appropriation have an exposition 
that will cost, from an exposition point of view, more than 
five million dollars. We believe there will be more than that 
amount expended. There will be forty-five States, and we 
hope that each State will have its own building there; and we 
intended to make arrangements with each State that its build- 
ing shall be permanent and shall remain there in honor of the 
man to whose memory it shall be erected. There will be 
buildings erected by exhibitors, and other money expended, 
also, but when it comes to the money expended by the exposi- 
tion company, and looking into the future with the light we 
have at present, we cannot plan this exposition so that the 
expenditure from the exposition point of view, shall be more 
than five million dollars. We have determined therefore, that 
the amount expended for the land shall not exceed one million 
dollars, and the amount expended on the buildings shall not 
be more than two million to two million, five hundred thousand 
dollars, leaving the rest of the money for the various internal 
purposes of the exposition, such as the publicity department and 
the various other departments and necessary expenses. 

“ Desiring to plan the exposition and to have its scope along 
this line we could not issue to the various governments such an 
invitation as would be unlimited, absolutely, in the amount of 
space they should take, but it seems to our company that an 
arrangement can be made whereby, when the invitation is ex- 
tended or the effort is made to obtain exhibits, it may be under- 
stood and agreed that the space shall be limited. You must 
remember that the mere invitation by Congress to participate in 
this way may not of itself bring the foreign exhibits, if any at 
all, to the exposition; it will have to be followed up very 
largely by the exposition company. And when that is done 
the effort is going to be made not to hold the biggest land 
exposition, so far as the land exhibits are concerned, that has 
ever been held in this country, but it will be with the under- 
standing that the space will be limited, and consequently we 
shall have the best that they desire to show to the American 
people. 

“That is the idea we want to carry out. We know we 
must cut our garment according to our cloth, and we know 
that with five million dollars we cannot do what St. Louis has 
done with thirty million or forty million dollars, or what Chi- 
cago did with twenty-nine million, and what the Centennial 
did with fifteen million dollars.’ But we do know that. there 
have been very creditable expositions held in this country for 
less than five million dollars. We know that the exposition at 
Charleston did not cost more than one million, and we know 
that while there were not any foreign exhibits to any extent 
at that exposition, with an extra expenditure of one million 
dollars, they could have provided very considerable svace for 
foreign exhibits; not such a space as there is at St. Louis, of 
course. 

“Tt is with these ideas that we come to you and ask you not 
to let this great event in history pass without commemorating it 
for the good of the country. And to realize the great labor 
and expense and sacrifice that is necessary to carry through 
such an exposition, if we are willing to undertake that, we ask 
you to help us to hold such an exposition as will be in keeping 
with the honor and dignity of the United States and of the 
event, and at the same time to enable us to get results that will 
be helpful in future years.” 


General Lee spoke briefly as follows: 


“Mr. Chairman, and gentlemen of the committee, I came 
here this afternoon not intending to make a speech. I have 
just returned from the bedside of a very beloved friend, who 


60 


190 


The Organization. 


is dying. But I have been requested to take charge of the 
rear guard this afternoon, and anyone who knows anything 
about soldiering knows that the commander of the rear guard, 
when the troops are in advance, is generally in a very nice and 
safe position. When the troops are retreating the commander 
of the rear guard is in a very perilous position. Now, this 
exposition is advancing, and | feel that | am standing on very 
safe ground when I advocate the passage of the bill which is 
before this committee. I am only going to take up your time 
long enough to emphasize two points connected with our visit 
here. We have heard all the heroic and sentimental side in 
those brilliant rhetorical sentences of the speakers this morning. 
We have heard the business part of this exposition company’s 
affairs set forth by gentlemen who are well posted and well 
qualified to know it. 

*But there are two points, I say, I desire to speak upon 
very, very briefly. One is the fact that this is not a Virginia 
celebration. This is not a celebration confined to the limits of 
our State, however beneficial it will be to us. It is an expo- 
sition in which every American from away up yonder at the 
frozen lakes, to where the Mississippi rolls its waters into the 
Gulf, and from ocean to ocean is interested. This is something 
for the patriotism of the people of the whole country. Those 
magnificent operations that were so well told by Mr. Goode as 
taking place since that time all sprang from the first permanent 
settlement at Jamestown. Had that settlement not been per- 
manent, the Spaniards would have had the whole country. 
They had Florida and the West India Islands, as well as 
other parts of the continent, that big extent of land clear across 
the continent to California, and the whole map of this country 
would have been different. 

“Thomas Jefferson would not have sent out Lewis and Clark 
to get the vast portion of the country, a part of which you, 
Mr. Chairman, represent so well in the House to-day. There 
would have been no George Washington and no Lewis and 
Clark, perhaps. So that the permanent results of the settlement 
at Jamestown cannot be overestimated. The whole country is 
deeply interested in it, and when the President of the United 
States says that its Ter-Centennial—not * should be’ or ‘ ought 
to be’, but ‘must be’ celebrated by our Union as a whole, in 
so far as I am concerned, being a soldier still and he being 
Commander-in-Chief of the Army, I am going to obey his 
order and try to have it commemorated in a manner worthy of 
the matter we are celebrating.” 


The Chairman remarked: “I believe you 
are noted for obeying the orders of your su- 
perior officer.” 


General Lee: “I hope so; I hope so. Our friend here 
who is chairman of the committee was up in the attic in his 
father’s house which was on the battlefield of Gettysburg. He 
saw me there that day when I was charging the Michigan 
Cavalry. He says that the Michigan Cavalry were charging 
me, but he has made a slight mistake about that. He was 
eight years and a half old. I told him that at that time | gave 
orders for the men not to fire at his father’s house. I told 
him he was reserved to be a Congressman from the 
State of Minnesota and I did not want him killed 
then, because I wanted his vote for this James- 
town Exposition. 

“T have this other point I want to make, 
besides that of this being a national cele- 
bration. I was attracted to it by some 
remark made by the chairman of the 
committee. That great St. Louis Expo- 
sition is going to be of great assistance 
to the Jamestown Exposition. I had 
long and frequent talks with Governor 
Francis, whom know very well, 
and he said, ‘If some of you gentle- 
men will come here at the proper 
time you can get all of those foreign 
exhibits you want and take them 
down to Jamestown.’ Why? Because 
when the exposition is over in Septem- 
ber all those buildings have to be re- 
moved, and something has to be done 
with the exhibits, and they have to be 
taken away from there, all these things 
have to be taken out, and all of these 
countries which bring their exhibits so far 
will only be too glad to come to us; and so 
we have the site at Jamestown on our Exposi- 
tion grounds at Hampton Roads, and we can 
say to them ‘if you will take your exhibit and put 
it down there we will store what 


will increase the numbers to such an extent that 1 have never had 
a doubt in my own mind as to the success of this exposition. 

“Old Virginia has done a great deal. You can go and 
search the records of history and you can not find a foot of 
territory that has been added to the United States since the 
original thirteen States were formed, up to the time of the 
Civil War, that was not added by a native Virginian. So she 
is coming back and saying, ‘ We want to have an Exposition; 
we want to celebrate something you are all interested in, and 
we want you all to sustain us in this great exposition we pro- 
pose.” This is an historic event, as has been frequently stated, 
the second most important historic event that has ever happened 
in America—the discovery of America being the first—and 
when I have read these letters from people in the States, and 
when I have talked to people and they have told me that so 
many of their people have never even seen the ocean, | cannot 
doubt that this will be a great success. When Governor 
Francis tells me that the one little warship, the Arkansas, went 
up there and had an average of four thousand people visiting it 
each day, and twenty thousand people on one day, | put two 
and two together, and I know that if you have twenty-five or 
thirty or forty battleships down there, you will have the whole 
of the Western country coming down on these great lines of 
railroad to see that display and the ocean, and to see, as | 
say I hope, the army maneuvers, because we can have large 
tracts of land there where we think we can get the Secretary 
of War to order at that time some of the army maneuvers. 


“| do not propose to take up your time further; I do not 
feel like speaking this evening, anyway; but I want to say 
that I feel confident that you have this matter well in hand 
and you understand it and you will take into consideration the 
fact that you celebrate these other events, and they are nothing 
but results of the Jamestown settlement; and if you can cele- 
brate results you certainly can celebrate the original settlement 
there which led to those results.”” 


This meeting brought the Ter-Centennial 
most favorably before the men whose decision 
should in great measure influence the final ac- 
tion of Congress. Mr. Cumming and his 
associates realized that, within a month after 
hearing, Congress would in all probability ad- 
journ. To get a favorable report from the 
committee over which Mr. Tawney presided 
was necessary if the House of Representatives 
was to take favorable notice. Every effort was 
therefore directed to the committeemen. The 
name which had been chosen as the official title 
for the celebration was ‘‘ Anglo-American 
Settlement Ter-Centennial Exposition.” The 
last word was displeasing to several 
legislators, and quite a remarkable 
title was substituted “* Jamestown 
Ter-Centennial and Naval and 
Marine Exhibition,” and un- 
der this name the first litera- 
ture of the company was 
issued. It remained the 
oficial cognomen of the 
celebration, although the 


substitute which Captain 


James W. McCarrick of 
Norfolk offered, namely the 
“Jamestown ‘Ter-Centen- 
nial Exposition,” was the 
generally used designation. 
There were several hearings 


after the one held March 28th. 
At one of these, Mr. Moody, 
then secretary of the Navy, ap- 
peared and advocated the 


you want, and you can freight 
away what you want, and after the 
three years you can add what you 
want to it, and you will get a 
whack at all this Eastern country as 
well as the whack at the Western 
country.” And there are going to 
be more people, in my humble 
opinion, down at the Jamestown 
Exposition than go to St. Louis, 
because of the naval display, and 
we hope army maneuvers, and the 
facility with which people can get 
there from all parts of the country 


61 


HONORABLE JOHN GOODE, LL.D. 


Member of Virginia House of Delegates, 1852-1853 
and 1866-1877—Member of Virginia Secession Con- 
vention, 186!1—Member of Confederate Congress, 
1862-1865—Member United States Congress, 1875- 
1881—Solicitor General United States, 1885-1886— 
Member of Chilean Claims Commission, 1893-1894— 


Lecturer on Criminal Law, National Law University 


On behalf of the Jamestown Exposition appeared 

before the House Committee on Industrial Arts and 

before the Legislature of Georgia, besides delivering 
other notable addresses at social functions. 


celebration. Mr. Tawney 
outlined a tentative plan to 
make Admiral Dewey and 
Rear Admiral Schley na- 
tional commissioners resi- 
dent at the Exposition, 
and give them as aides a 
number of officers detailed 
by the Secretary of the 


1904 


1904 Navy for such duty. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Mr. Moody had no ob- 
jection to the appointment of any senior officer 
as a commissioner provided that the obligations 
were not too onerous, but he distinctly depre- 
cated the appointment of a staff of younger men 
for shore duty at the Exposition on the ground 
that great pressure was brought to bear on the 
department personally and by the officers’ 
friends in order to secure such details and that 
the public service was apt to be neglected in 
consequence. To the general features of the 
Bill such as the naval participation, the retention 
of an old Monitor for exhibition purposes and 
the conduct of an elaborate naval programme, 
Mr. Moody expressed his cordial assent. 

Other high officials of the Government advo- 
cated the pending measure; it was acceptable 
~ to the War Department and to the Department 
of Commerce and Labor. ‘The President of 
the United States was a staunch friend of the 
undertaking. Historic and patriotic associa- 
tions were a unit in its support. Notwithstand- 
ing these many factors in favor of the Exposi- 
tion it was impossible to secure a report from 
the Committee to the House of Representatives. 
Mr. Tawney, the Chairman of the Committee, 
believed that an appropriation should be made 
and so did a majority of his associates. The 
chief element in National legislation was, how- 
ever, consistently opposed to the idea. Mr. 
Cannon, Speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives, had decided that the country was tired of 
Expositions and he positively refused to recog- 
nize Mr. Tawney should he wish to offer a 
favorable report. 

Undoubtedly politics had something to do 
with the course of the Speaker. The revenues 
of the Government were then running behind 
its expenses and conservative sentiment was ar- 
rayed against appropriations not imperative. 


Superadded to the caution usual in such an 
emergency was a prudence naturally existing on 
the eve of a Presidential election. Congress 
was practising parsimony, and yet so far as 
might be learned from a careful poll of the 
House a majority of its members favored some 
recognition of the Ter-Centennial. To those 
unacquainted with actual conditions in the Na- 
tional legislature it might seem absurd to state 
that the opposition of one man could cause the 
defeat of a measure advocated by a majority of 
Congress. But it is a fact well known to the 
initiated. A very decided handicap for the 
Exposition advocates was their failure to have 
any definite plans for the celebration. They 
could only give outlines where particulars were 
wanted; they knew what they wanted to do but 
did not know how they were to do it. No 
buildings had been planned and the grounds 
had not been touched. The House Committee 
had endorsed the Bill in the form originally 
presented and it was difficult to get a majority 
of the members to agree on amendments. Most 
of the committeemen had other important as- 
signments which precluded their giving much 
time to a discussion of the measure and Con- 
gress was holding a short session. 

These facts determined the withdrawal of 
the Bill. That it was impossible to have 
secured some compromise which would have 
brought the Exposition officially before Con- 
gress may be doubted but the task was one re- 
quiring much tact, strategy and patience. Mr. 
Cumming reported before the adjournment of 
Congress that he had concluded, after a con- 
ference with the Virginia Senators and Con- 
gressmen, to withdraw the Bill temporarily and 
present it for reconsideration at the second 
session of the same Congress which convened on 
the first Monday of the succeeding December. 


190. 


Clinedinst 


Copyright, 1903, 


ApMmIRAL Georce Dewey, U. S. N. 


Copyright, 1908, Harris & Ewing 
HonorasB_e W. H. Moopy 
Secretary of the Navy, 1902-1904 


HonoraB_eE Paut Morton 
Secretary of the Navy, 1904-1905 


62 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


VIEW NEAR BOUSH CREEK 


CHAPTER IV 


PROMOTION 


PILGRIMAGE, DAUGHTERS AMERICAN REVOLUTION—CONSULTATION WITH DIRECTOR-GENERAL 
OF CHARLESTON EXPOSITION—PLANS FOR CONSTRUCTION SUBMITTED—THE BOARD OF DESIGN— 
DISSATISFACTION WITH THE COMPANY'S ORGANIZATION—SCHMELZ RESOLUTION—BOARD OF 
GOVERNORS—SETTLING TRANSPORTATION SUBSCRIPTIONS—PLANS FOR BUILDINGS—IMPROVE- 
MENT OF GROUNDS BEGUN—STATE CAMPAIGNS—BILL BEFORE CONGRESS—THE VOTE IN THE 
HOUSE—EXPLOITING THE EXPOSITION—STATE APPROPRIATIONS—DEATH OF GENERAL LEE — 
VISIT OF RHODE ISLAND COMMISSION—HONORABLE HARRY ST. GEORGE TUCKER ELECTED 
PRESIDENT—MR. TUCKER'S EUROPEAN TRIP—CREATION OF WORKING BUREAUS—ANALYSIS OF 
BOARD'S POLICY—THE VARIOUS GOVERNING BODIES COMPARED—THE UNUSUAL POWERS OF 
THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS 


O widespread was the in- 
terest which had _ been 
aroused by the visit of the 
Congressmen to James- 
town that the Executive 
Committee of the Ex- 
position decided to invite the Daughters of 
the American Revolution, then holding their 
annual congress in Washington City, to make a 
similar pilgrimage, and on the 24th of April the 
Daughters headed by Mrs. Charles W. Fair- 
banks, the President General and the wife of 
the Vice-President of the United States, left 
Washington at nightfall on their way to James- 
town Island. Accompanying her were these 
ladies: Mrs. Morgan Smith, State Regent of 
Alabama; Miss Hillborn, California; Mrs. 
Frederick B. Street, State Director, Children 
of the American Revolution, New Haven, 
Conn.; the Misses Mary Louise and Susan 
Howes, Miss Mary J. Sherwood, Mrs. Elliott 
Curtis, Mrs. Fairchild Wheeler and Mrs. 
James B. Burroughs of Mary Stillman Chap- 
ter, Bridgeport, Conn.; Miss Isabel Lyon 
Wildman, Mary Wooster Chapter, Danbury, 
Conn.; Mrs. J. A. Fessenden, Stamford, 
Conn.; Mrs. M. E. Lincoln and Mrs. H. R. 
Chappell of Annie Wood Elderkin Chapter, 
Willimantic, Conn.; Mrs. Amelia M. Castle, 
Regent, and Mrs. C. G. Camp of Millicent 


63 


Porter Chapter, Waterbury, Conn.; Mrs. H. 
G. Roberts and Mrs. C. J. Camp, of Green- 
woods Chapter, Winsted, Conn.; Mrs. Dela- 
ware Clark, Coach’s Bridge Chapter, Dela- 
ware; Mrs. Katherine Singleton Eagen, State 
Regent of Florida; Mrs. Willoughby Sharp, 
Atlanta Chapter, Georgia; Mrs. Daniel G. 
French, George Rogers Clark Chapter, Oak 
Park, Ill.; Mrs. Henry T. Rainey, wife of 
Congressman Rainey, Carrollton, Ill.; Miss 
Lucy Garrett and Mrs. J. R. Webster of Mil- 
dred Warner Washington Chapter, Mon- 
mouth, IIl.; Mrs. Henry P. Ayres, Peoria, 
Ill.; Mrs. La Verne Noyes, Mrs. Fannie Ames 
Cope, Mrs. Frank D. Callan and Miss Fowler 
of the Chicago Chapter, the largest in the 
order; Mrs. James Hamilton Lewis, Rebecca 
Mott Chapter, Chicago; Mrs. Amah M. 
Tracy, Milledgeville, Ill.; Mrs. Matthew D. 
Scott and Mrs. B. P. Marsh, Letitia Green 
Stevenson Chapter, Bloomington, IIl.; Mrs. 
James R. Kimball, Fort Armstrong Chapter, 
Rock Island, II.; Mrs. Frank Steenburg, Pe- 
oria Chapter, Farmington, I]l.; Miss E. Coven, 
Crawfordsville, Ind.; Mrs. Theresa Vinton 
Pierce, Arthur St. Clair Chapter, Indianapolis, 
Ind.; Mrs. W. H. Coleman, Regent, and Mrs. 
John Newman Carey, of the Caroline Scott 
Chapter (this is the chapter which had the dis- 


tinction of carrying on its roster the President- 


1904 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


1904 General of the order), Mrs. Daphne Peabody 


Edwards, Dubuque, Iowa, Chapter; Mrs. John 
Middleton, regent, Fincastle Chapter, Louis- 
ville, Ky.; Mrs. W. C. Stanley, State Regent 
of Kansas, Wichita, Kansas; Mrs. J. P. De- 
land, Vice Regent Bath Chapter, Bath, Me.; 
Mr. and Mrs. S. P. Thausamser, Baltimore, 
Md.; Mrs. Cornelia Ross Potts, Baltimore 
Chapter, Miss Annie S. Head, Boston Tea 
Party Chapter, Brookline, Mass.; Z. N. Clark, 
editor of the News Letter, Westfield, Mass. ; 
Mrs. Calvin Simonds, Boston Tea Party 
Chapter, Boston, Mass.; Miss N. L. Clark, 
Mercy Warren Chapter, Springfield, Mass. ; 
Mrs. Chas. E. Grinnel, Warren and 
Prescott Chapter, Boston, Mass.; Mrs. W. J. 
Christenden, State Regent, Detroit, Maich.; 
Mrs. Josephine H. Murfin, Ann Arbor 


é \ 
teen 5 
. 
e Pee ix 


ee ene 


Vip’ loam 


New Jersey; Mrs. L. Bradford Price, State 
Regent, New Mexico; Mrs. Horton, Vice Re- 
gent of New York and Commissioner to the 
St. Louis Exposition; Miss Broadhead, Re- 
gent, Jamestown Chapter, Jamestown, N. Y.; 
Mrs. Cyrus Strong Merrill, Regent, Mohawk 
Chapter, Albany, N. Y.; Mrs. William Chap- 
pell, Irondequoit Chapter, Albany, N. Y.; 
Miss Emma Loomis, Hendrick Hudson Chap- 
ter, Hudson, N. Y.; Miss Florence Loomis 
Parsons, Melzinger Chapter, Fishkill-on-the- 
Hudson, N. Y.; Mrs. P. S. McNee, Mary 
Weed Marvin Chapter, Walton, N. Y.; Mrs. 
Edward B. Coe, Phillip Schuyler Chapter, 
Troy, N. Y.; Mrs. Richard Wallace Goode, 
Buffalo, N. Y.; Mrs. Chas. H. Terry, State 
Regent, New York, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Miss 
Emily B. Nichol, New York City; Mrs. O. J. 


DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AT JAMESTOWN 


Chapter, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Mrs. Jennie M. 
Young, Alexandria Macomb Chapter, Mt. 
Clements, Mich.; Mrs. W. P. Jewett, Vice- 
President-General, Minnesota, St. Paul, 
Minn.; Mrs. William Lezzett, State Regent, 
St. Paul, Minn.; Mrs. Charles T. Thompson, 
Regent, Colonial Chapter, Minneapolis, Min- 
nesota; Mrs. W. W. Miller, Nenonah Chap- 
ter, Nenonah, Minn.; Mrs. F. A. Rising, for- 
mer State Regent, Winona, Minn.; Mrs. Wal- 
ter, Vice-President-General Montana Silver 
Bow Chapter, Butte, Mont.; Mrs. Samuel 
Less, Omaha Chapter, Omaha, Nebr.; Mrs. 
E. E. Truesdell, Bunting Chapter, Simcook, 
N. H.; Miss Mary Cecilia Ryan, Bondinet 
Chapter, Elizabeth, N. J.; Mrs. Cornelius H. 
Clark, Bondinet Chapter, N. J.; Mrs. Chas. 
Rabog Erus, Bouding Chapter, Elizabeth, N. 
J.; Miss Ellen Mecum, Vice State Regent, 


Hodge, Ohio State Regent, Mrs. Elroy M. 
Avery, Editor American Monthly Western 
Reserve Chapter, Mrs. Pascal H. Sawyer, Re- 
gent, Western Reserve Chapter, Cleveland, 
Ohio; Mrs. Mary G. McAbee, New Connec- 
ticut Chapter, Painesville, Ohio; Mrs. Henry 
A. Morgan, Columbus Chapter, Columbus, 
Ohio; Mrs. E. J. Campbell, Mahoning Chap- 
ter, Youngstown, Ohio; Eleanor Andress, 
Martha Pitkin Chapter, Sandusky, Ohio; 
Mrs. A. M. Poe, Louisa St. Claire Chapter, 
Detroit, Mich.; Mrs. Chas. Stewart Maurice, 
Regent, Tioga Chapter, Athens, Pa.; Miss 
Elizabeth Gorcharles, Shikelimo Chapter, Mil- 
ton, Pa.; Mrs. William P. McCartney, Re- 
gent, Wyoming Valley Chapter, Wilkesbarre, 
Pa.; Mrs. C. A. Gorcharles, Shikelimo Chap- 
ter, Milton, Pa.; Mrs. Russell Harris, Wyo- 
ming Chapter, Columbia, Pa.; Mrs. De. B. R. 


64 


1904 


204 


Promotion. 


Kiem Chapter, Regent, Barks, Reading, Pa.; 
Miss E. E. Massey, Mrs. David W. Bruce, 
Mrs. F. N. Pancoast, Mrs. E. V. Purvis of 
Quaker City Chapter, Phila., Pa.; Mrs. Alex- 
andria Speer, Colonial Dame, Pittsburg, Pa.; 
Mrs. Robert Iredell, Liberty Bell Chapter, 
Allentown, Pa.; Mrs. J. H. Averell, Saluda, 
N. C.; Mrs. Frank A. Jackson, Regent, 
Woonsocket Chapter, Rhode Island; Mrs. 
Henry Warren Richardson, State Regent, 
North Carolina; Mrs. Paul Trapier Haine, 
Regent of the Owalah Chapter, Greenville, 
S. C.; Mrs. Chas. B. Bryan, State Regent, 
Memphis, Tenn.; Mrs. Thomas Day, Regent 
and Mrs. Hugh L. Bedford, Watanga Chap- 
ter, Tenn.; Miss Mary B. Temple, Regent, 
and Mrs. H. M. Acken, Bonnie Kate Chapter, 
Knoxville, Tenn.; Mrs. Mary G. Roote, Ben- 
nington Chapter, Vermont; Miss Elsie Dan- 
nanhauer, Alexandria Chapter, Miss Laura A. 
Smoot, Mt. Vernon Chapter, Alexandria, Va.; 
Mrs. Thomas B. Lyons, Albemarle Chapter, 
Virginia; Mrs. John A. Parker, State Regent, 
Washington; Mrs. Edmond Bowden, Regent, 
Ranier Chapter, Seattle, Wash.; Mrs. Kate 
Carney Henry, Miss Virginia Miller, Vice- 
Regent, Miss Anne Wilson, Miss Janett E. 
Richards, Historian; Miss Elizabeth Bryant 
Johnston, Miss Cornelia J. Hagen, Miss Louise 
T. Morton of Mary Washington Chapter, 
Washington, D. C.; Mrs. Ella S. Dubois, Mrs. 
Eaton Albert Edwards, Mrs. Mary E. B. 
Wheatman of Army and Navy Chapter, 
Washington Chapter, Washington, D. C.; 
Mrs. Eugene F. Ware, Topeka Chapter, 
Washington, D. C.; Mrs. Edwin Mickley, 
Continental Chapter, Washington, D. C.; 
Miss Bertha F. Wolfe, Columbia Chapter, 
Washington, D. C.; Miss K. L. Karhart, Dol- 
ly Madison Chapter, Washington, D. C.; Miss 
Minnie F. Mickley, Genealogist, honorary 
member, Liberty Bell Chapter; Mrs. M. Mon- 
tero Berry, Delegate at Large; Miss Emma 
C. Cranns, Miss Janette E. Richards, Mrs. 
Henry L. Mann, Corresponding Secretary- 
General; Mrs. C. H. Lymon, Mrs. Willis L. 
Moore, Miss Katherine Bradley, Mrs. F. W. 
Johnston, Miss C. Botter, Mrs. Noble New- 
port Potts of Washington, Mrs. Pauline Steen- 
burg, Member of the Children of the American 
Revolution. 

Tidewater Virginia Chapters were represent- 
ed on this occasion by Mrs. Hugh Nelson 
Page, Regent of Great Bridge Chapter; Mrs. 
James Y. Leigh, Mrs. William Sharp, Mrs. 
Charles Eldredge and Mrs. J. G. Quimby, of 
Great Bridge Chapter; Mrs. Kenneth McAl- 
pine, Mrs. Y. H. Wright, Vice-Regent, Mrs. 
S. Jenkins of Fort Nelson Chapter, Ports- 
mouth; Mrs. S. H. Sayre and Mrs. James 
Thacker Boutelle of Hampton, Va. 

This pilgrimage which had been effected 
largely through the assiduous efforts of C. 
Brooks Johnston, Chairman of the Exposition 
Committee, and Mrs. Hugh Nelson Page, 
Delegate to the Congress, was an imposing suc- 
cess. The feelings of the Daughters when they 
stood on the historic spot where John Smith 


65 


and his fellow adventurers effected the original 
settlement, were well expressed by Mrs. Fair- 
banks in the course of the brief speech which 
she made standing on a mound opposite the old 
Church Tower. 

The President-General had brought with 
her from Washington an osage orange tree, one 
of thirteen, typifying the original states. ‘The 
slips had been potted the previous year in earth 
dug to make place for the corner stone for the 
D. A. R. Memorial Hall in Washington. As 
she placed the plant in the earth Mrs. Fair- 
banks said: 


“This shrub which we planted as a seed in the earth dug 
to make a place for the foundation of the hall where we will 
assemble, and watered with the kindly rain that fell upon it, 
the day we began our work, | now replant here. 

“Tt is transferred from worthy earth to holy ground. May 
it grow, as the great nation has grown from the small shrub 
implanted here nearly three hundred years ago, so that in the 
future years it may afford a pleasing shade to the patriotic 
pilgrim who comes to view the birthplace of Virginia, the 
nursery of the United States.” 


LS eas a < wh 
ie et rs 


." 


MRS. CHARLES W. FAIRBANKS 
President-General D. A. R., Standing Before the Old Tower 


on Jamestown Island 


There were present on this occasion several 
who could claim direct relationship with the 
original settlers; one of them, Noble New- 
port Potts, could trace his ancestry in straight 
line to Captain Newport, while one chapter, 
Mary Washington of Washington, D. C., con- 
tained three representatives who were descend- 
ants from the earliest Virginians, Mrs. Kate 
Kearney Henry, Mrs. Louisa Key Norton and 
Miss Virginia Miller. Among other descend- 
ants present were Mrs. Arthur G. Yates of 
Rochester, and Mrs. Alexander Spier of Pitts- 
burg. There was some talk at the time of es- 
tablishing an Original Settlers Society in honor 
of the Pilgrimage, and the project has since 
been mooted but no definite action has ever been 
taken. 

After viewing the old graveyard and exam- 


1904 


1904 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennal Exposition. 


ining the mounds, relics of Revolutionary for- 
tifications and Confederate breastworks, the 
foundations of the Governor’s mansion, the old 
powder magazine, the sea wall which the Gov- 
erment was constructing, the pilgrims re-em- 
barked and proceeded to the Hotel Chamber- 
lain at Old Point Comfort, where luncheon 
was served and patriotic speeches were deliv- 
ered. At five o'clock the Daughters sailed 
back to Washington. 

There was perhaps no single effort of the 
Exposition which yielded such splendid pub- 
licity as this pilgrimage. For several months 
the mail of the Department of Press and Pub- 
licity contained an average of not less than 
twenty letters a day from Daughters who had 
visited Jamestown or from their friends. 

When the Jamestown Exposition was first 


mentioned to the general public it was found 


that there were very few acquainted with the 
early history of the first settlement; even editors 
of large daily papers seemed to have forgotten 
that there ever was a Jamestown in Virginia. 
But when they were enlightened on the subject 
they freely lent their news columns to a cam- 
paign of education. 

The first settlement, if recalled at all, sug- 
gested little else than the story of John Smith 
and Pocahontas, and this legend was by many 
regarded as a pleasing fable. ‘The struggle 


which the colony waged for its very existence 
was a forgotten tale, and only historians re- 
membered the political evolution of Colonial 
Virginia. ‘The subsequent spectacular Revolu- 
tionary period and the interest which attached to 
the galaxy of great men that Virginia contrib- 
uted to these stirring times, completely over- 
shadowed the early Colonial days and even citi- 
zens of the Old Dominion needed to have 
brought back the story of Jamestown. 

It was very fortunate for the Exposition that 
the event which it celebrated possessed so much 
romantic value, and it was of supreme impor- 
tance in matters affecting legislation that the 
history of Virginia, both as a Colony and a 
State, was so closely interwoven with every sec- 
tion in the Union. Before a commissioner vis- 
ited any State to deliver an invitation on be- 
half of the Ter-Centennial, every member of 
that State’s legislature had received letters and 
printed matter which gave the relation which 
had existed in bygone days between his 
commonwealth and the Old Dominion, and 
also emphasized the reasons why the law- 
maker should be interested in Virginia’s three 
hundredth birthday. 

The great daily papers, magazines of wide 
circulation and historical journals carried num- 
berless articles concerning Jamestown, its his- 
tory and the story of Virginia. ‘These contrib- 


THE BOARD OF DESIGN 
Front: J. H. Pa:ker, Douglas H. Thomas, Jr., J. Knox Taylor, Supervising Architect of the U. S. Treasury 


ack: 


John K. Peebles, Warren H. Manning, Robert S. Peabody 


66 


1904 


104 


Promotion. 


VIEW ON EXPOSITION SITE 


uting factors caused the Ter-Centennial to be 
very widely advertised throughout the country 
and later on proved to be exceedingly valuable 
when the direct participation of the States was 
requested. 


The failure to secure any appropriation 
from the Fifty-eighth Congress, while it did 
not lead anyone to believe that national aid 
would be withheld, placed the government of 
the Jamestown Exposition in an unfortunate 
position in the matter of preparing plans for 
the creation of work. Colonel J. H. Averill, 
former Director-General of the Charleston Ex- 
position visited Norfolk and conferred with the 
managers. He demonstrated that while At- 
lanta, Memphis, Omaha and Charleston had 
each held creditable expositions, none of them 
had a capital of more than six hundred thous- 
and dollars, nor had any received a govern- 
ment appropriation in advance. He also showed 
that these cities had created their respective 
expositions at a cost of probably two million 
dollars in excess of their capital stock, a lia- 
bility which had been largely liquidated by 
the receipts of the exposition. The Jamestown 
Exposition, owning its own property and hav- 
ing one million dollars preferred stock to be 
placed, could, so it appeared from these figures, 
project and carry through an undertaking of 
no small magnitude. ‘There were a number of 
architects and several architectural associations 
in the United States who were eager to under- 
take the task of designing and directing the 
Exposition buildings. 

The plan which had been adopted by 
Chicago, the creation of a Board of Architects, 
had proved completely successful. ‘The dis- 
tinguished artists who designed the White City 
worked harmoniously, unselfishly and without 
a symptom of jealousy, and the Columbian 
celebration was in consequence a marvel of 
picturesque beauty, a perfect blend of artistic 
conceptions. No other exposition had been 
on the whole so pleasing to the eye as was 
Chicago’s World’s Fair, and the managers of 
the Ter-Centennial wisely decided to follow 
the same course in the matter of designing as 


67 


had been pursued by its fourteen years distant 
predecessor. 

During February the Directors of the Com- 
pany had been invited to attend a demonstra- 
tion and lecture, the purpose of which was to 
exhibit and explain the plans of previous expo- 
sitions and to submit a tentative outline for the 
construction of the Ter-Centennial. The hosts 
on this occasion were Messrs. Wright and 
Blair, a firm of architects with whom were as- 
sociated John Smith Holbrook, a distinguished 
engineer of New York, Albert Kelsey, a 
prominent architect of Philadelphia, and W. 
A. Partridge, a well known architect of New 
York who had been formerly a professor in 
the School of Mines of the Columbia Univer- 
sity. Mr. Holbrook, as has been noted, ap- 
peared before the Congressional Committee on 
Industrial Arts and Expositions at the James- 
town Exposition hearing. 

Though this was an extremely strong asso- 
ciation and the offer which they made was, in 
the matter of terms, liberal, the Exposition peo- 
ple delayed making a contract. Later a num- 
ber of other architects presented plans. 
Among them was John Kevan Peebles of Nor- 
folk, who had formed a combination with 
Parker & Thomas of Boston and Baltimore, 
and associated with them W. H. Manning & 
Brother, landscape engineers, of Boston. The 
proposition made by this combination was 
accepted by the Directors of the Exposi- 
tion, subject to the condition that they would 
associate with themselves an architect of 
national reputation whose name should first 
be submitted to the Exposition managers 
and be approved by them. Later Robert S. 
Peabody of Boston, a leader in his profes- 
sion, who had been a member of the Board 
of Architects at the Chicago Exposition, 
was selected as the consulting authority, and 
a contract was finally made between the Expo- 
sition and these associated architects and engi- 
neers on July 5, 1904. They at once began 
outlining a scheme of creation and development 
in order that a plan might be ready in time to 
present to Congress. 


1904 


1904 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Although it had been evident for several 
months that little progress was made, the first 
recorded evidence of unrest or dissatisfaction 
with existing conditions appeared in a resolu- 
tion introduced by T. J. Wool at a meeting of 
the Executive Committee held June 16. He 


proposed: “ That a special committee of seven, 
including the chairman of this meeting (C. S. 
Sherwood) be appointed to consider the ad- 
visability of making recommendations to the 
Executive Committee for the employment in a 
proper capacity of a man fully acquainted with 
ali the details of exposition work.”” Under the 
existing uncertain conditions no great progress 
could have been made but the almost inert 
condition of affairs was distressing to those who 
realized the cost of every day’s delay. That 
the displeasure had extended beyond the Ex- 
ecutive Committee was proven at a meeting of 
the Board of Directors, held June 21, when the 
following resolution was offered by George A. 


Schmelz: 


“ Resolved, That the By-laws governing the Jamestown 

Exposition Company be changed so as to create a ‘ Board of 
anagers for the said Company. The said Board of Man- 

agers shall be composed of five members, who are to be elected 
by the Board of Directors of the Jamestown Exposition Com- 
pany; the said Board of Directors are to fill all vacancies 
occurring in said Board of Managers; the duty of the said 
Board of Managers is to take the place of existing Committees 
of the Jamestown Exposition Company, and it to have complete 
control of all the affairs pertaining to the Jamestown Exposition 
Company; they shall make quarterly reports to the Board of 
Directors of all their acts pertaining to the said Exposition; and 
they shall keep an account of all disbursements of every nature 
(no disbursement is to be made unless by their authority) of 
the Exposition Company’s money, and their report to the 
Board of Directors shali be simultaneous to that of the Treas- 
urer of the Jamestown Exposition Company. 

“The Secretary of the Jamestown Exposition Company shall 
be the Secretary of the Board of Managers, and it shall be his 
duty to keep a complete register of all their acts. 

‘The compensation to be paid to the said Board of Managers 
must be fixed by the Board of Directors.” 


Such a drastic change in the Company’s 
management seemed in the minds of most of 
the Directors present to require more time for 
consideration than was possible at a single meet- 
ing. The subject was therefore tabled until 
the Directors should reassemble July 19) 

At the July meeting a resolution offered by 
General Lee, and amended by A. E. Krise, 
was adopted as a substitute for Mr. Schmelz’ 
proposal : 


“Wuereas, Article IX of the By-laws provides that they 
may be ‘ repealed, added to or amended’ by a two-thirds vote 
of the Board of Directors in regular or special session; there- 
fore Be it Resolved: 

“First, That a Committee to consist of five members of the 
Board of Directors (who are not members of the Executive 
Committee), five members of the Executive Committee, to be 
named by the President and six officers of the Company, viz: 
The President, the Director-General, Secretary, Treasurer, 
Auditor and General Counsel of the Company, be and are 
hereby appointed to recommend a substitute for, or such 
alterations, amendments or additions to, the present By-laws as 
in their judgment will best facilitate and dispatch the business 
of the Company: 

“Second, That said Committee make report to the August 
meeting of the Board of Directors: 

“Third, That all Directors are urged to communicate to this 
committee, in writing, any suggestions for amendments to the 
By-laws which may appear to them as desirable; and that 
the Secretary notify all members of this Directorate of the 
time and place of the meetings of this committee, in order that 
any member who desires may appear in person before them 
and advocate any such changes or suggestions. 


The officers named in this resolution were 
General Fitzhugh Lee, President; David Low- 
enberg, Director-General; N. Beaman, Treas- 
urer; Barton Myers, Auditor; G. T. Shep- 
perd, Secretary, and O. D. Batchelor and T. 


J. Wool of the General Counsel. Five mem- 
bers of the Executive Committee appointed by 
the President to serve on the Committee were 
C. Brooks Johnston, George F. Adams, C. S. 
Sherwood, T. S. Southgate and S. S. Notting- 
ham; and the Dhirectors similarly appointed 
were D. J. Callahan, E. T. Lamb, W. W. 
Moss, A. E. Krise and George A. Schmelz. 

This Committee met on the sixth of August 
and discussed several plans which had been 
submitted. Six days later a second meeting 
was held and the following resolution was 
adopted: 


“ Resolved, That a committee of six, of whom the Chair- 
man of this meeting (C. Brooks Johnston) shall be a member, 
be appointed to consider the various plans submitted and report 
to this committee; said committee to consist of two members 
from each of the divisions comprising this committee, namely: 
Two members of the Board of Directors (who are not members 
of the Executive Committee), two members of the Executive 
Committee and two officers of the Company.” 


On this committee besides Mr. Johnston 
were D. J. Callahan, O. D. Batchelor, Barton 
Myers, W. W. Moss and George F. Adams. 
At Mr. Batchelor’s request Mr. Wool was 
subsequently appointed to take his place. The 
plan of entrusting the reconstruction of the by- 
laws to a sub-committee consisting of a few 
members, was effective in expediting the work, 
and at the regular meeting of the Directors held 
September | 6th, the committee submitted a re- 
port, accompanying which was a new code for 
the Company. 

The amended rules created a Board of Gov- 
ernors consisting of five members. ‘The new 
Board superseded all the committees which had 
theretofore been created. It could organize 
bureaus and departments and appoint managers 
or chiefs for them. It was empowered directly 
to supervise the affairs of the Company and to 
have practically all the functions and powers of 
the Executive Committee. 

The Board had the power to elect its own 
chairman who when elected became the rank- 
ing executive officer of the Company. He was 
to be an ex-officio member of the Executive 
Committee. It was his province to exercise a 
direct supervision over all the affairs of the 
Company and he had the right to remove any 
employee. 

These by-laws accorded measurably with 
the wishes of the Directors. It was the desire 
of every one that power should be concentrated 
and the new plan gave promise of concentra- 
tion. Some of the Directors were convinced 
that responsibility should be fixed even more 
rigidly—that three men would have been better 
than five as Board members and that the Chair- 
man of the Board should be declared, not in 
effect but plainly, the business manager of the 
Exposition. Although the laws as accepted 
were in the nature of a compromise, every one 
regarded the change as a long step in the right 
direction and probably the best that could have 
been done under the circumstances. Where 
many men have had an equal share in the con- 
duct of an enterprise, it is difficult to secure a 
ready withdrawal of all of them, and the dele- 
gation of absolute power to one man would at 
that time not have proved agreeable, either to 


68 


1904 


904 


Promotion. 


HONORABLE C. BROOKS JOHNSTON 
Former Mayor of Norfolk 
Chairman Board of Governors 
Governor of Legislation, Congresses and Special Events 


the Executive Committee or to many members 
of the Board of Directors; but the general be- 
lief was that matters would soon shape them- 
selves, that the Chairman of the Board would 
practically be a director general with his fellow 
members as a legislative cabinet. Mr. Lowen- 
berg who had served as Director-General under 
the first rules found himself practically power- 
less and hampered in every way by the com- 
mittee system and the elimination of the com- 
mittees was undoubtedly the best feature of the 
new code; but it is certain that if the line of 
cleavage between the administrative and the 
executive had been more clearly indicated and 
the business conduct of the Exposition placed 
definitely under the control of the Chairman of 
the Board, many subsequent misunderstandings 
would have been avoided. 

The Executive Committee nominated for po- 
sitions on the Board, C. Brooks Johnston, T. 
S. Southgate, S. C. Sherwood, W. E. Cottrell 
and E. T. Lamb. Mr. Lamb stated that his 
business engagements made it impossible for 
him to serve as a member of the Board. ‘These 
nominations had been made without paying any 
attention to the provision of the Company’s 
charter which stipulated that some member of 
the State Commission should be included in all 
the standing committees created or appointed 
by the Board of Directors. Captain James W. 
McCarrick, a member of the Executive Com- 
mittee, maintained at the meeting when the 
Governors were nominated, that their designa- 
tion as officers did not in any way change their 
real position as committeemen and that unless 
the Board should have at least one State Com- 
missioner as a member the charter would be 
violated. When Mr. Lamb withdrew he again 
urged this point, and on the second occasion his 
personal opinion was supplemented by ofhcial 


69 


advice from the Attorney General of the State 
sustaining his side of the contention. The Ex- 
ecutive Committee named as fifth member of 
the Board a State Commissioner whose services 
had proven to be of great value—Hion. J. Tay- 
lor Ellyson, Lieutenant-Governor of the State 
—and at a meeting of the Directors, held Octo- 
ber 22, Messrs. Johnston, Southgate, Sher- 
wood and Ellyson were elected Governors of 
the Company. 

The Board of Governors held their first 
meeting on the twenty-fifth day of October, 
1904. C. Brooks Johnston was elected chair- 
man and C. S. Sherwood vice-chairman. Con- 
struction, promotion and finance were matters 
which chiefly interested the Board during its 
first months of service. Perhaps the greatest of 
these problems was the last, for without funds 
with which to execute, it were useless to plan. 

The financial condition of the Company was 
unsatisfactory. Subscribers to the Company’s 
stock had not paid their assessments promptly. 
The first call which had been made during the 
preceding January had resulted fairly satisfac- 
torily but the July call had been largely ig- 
nored. ‘Transportation interests had made no 


‘payment, and were at that time in debt to the 


Exposition for more than thirty thousand dol- 
lars. Between these interests and the Exposi- 
tion there were some questions at issue needing 
adjudication. One of the railroads whose as- 
sessment was the highest evidenced an inclina- 
tion to dispute the equity of stock allotment. 
On the part of several companies there was a 
palpable disposition to evade payment. 

The Governors delegated to their chairman 
authority to settle all questions at issue between 
the transportation interests and the Exposition 
Company and requested that he use his best 
endeavor to secure payments from them. En- 
suing negotiations between parties to the agree- 


| 
| 
} 


HONORABLE J. TAYLOR ELLYSON 
Lieutenant Governor of Virginia 
Governor of History, Education and Social Economy 


1904 


1904 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ment continued through several months; finally, 
however, they resulted in the liquidation of the 
claim. The extremely satisfactory conclusion 
could not have been reached by the chairman 
of the Board of Governors, had he not been 
splendidly assisted by L. E. Johnson, President 
of the Norfolk and Western Railway, A. P. 
Thom, General Counsel of the Southern Rail- 
way, and Legh R. Watts, General Counsel of 
the Seaboard Air Line, each of whom had 
been a consistent friend of the Exposition from 
its earliest days and all of whom advocated the 
Exposition cause among their allied interests. 

About the first of November the Associated 
Architects appeared before the Board of Gov- 
ernors and submitted revised plans which had 
been based upon smaller expectations in the 
way of outlay than originally contemplated. 
These designs were accepted with the under- 
standing that they were subject to alterations 
if the Governors deemed changes to be desir- 
able. 

Soon thereafter the engineers were directed 
to prepare suggestions, plans and estimates for 
the improvement of the grounds and W. H. 
Manning of Manning Brothers received specific 
authority to undertake certain work at once. 
Rightly to appreciate in the least a measure of 
the difficulties which beset the Board of Goy- 
ernors from the date of its creation, it is neces- 
sary to consider some of the auditor’s figures, 
and due weight must be given to his first state- 
ment which showed that, when the engineer 
was authorized to begin work, the bank balance 
was twelve thousand, six hundred and seventy- 
two dollars and forty-four cents. 

The engineer’s field of exposition endeavor 
was not confined to the space enclosed within 
its fence or circumscribed by its shore line. 
There were in the vicinity of the site, fresh 
water ponds which had been breeding places 


Tas ySOUTHGADE 
Governor of Exhibits 


W. E. COTTRELL 
Governor of Works 


for mosquitoes since the days of Smith. It was 
necessary to delete these ponds, some of them 
many acres in extent, in order to render the 
situation healthful or even endurable. ‘This 
work had to be done, and it was one of the 
first of the Company’s undertakings. That it 
was well done is proven by the remarkable 
health record of the Exposition and by its al- 
most complete immunity from the mosquito 
pest. 

The Colonial style of architecture early had 
been selected as the pervading motif of the Ex- 
position, and in order to be entirely consistent, 
the landscape engineers purposed using native 
plants exclusively for the decorative features. 
Several hundred thousand of these were col- 
lected and placed in nursery rows for care and 
cultivation before locating them finally in orna- 
mental beds. ‘Thousands of trees, large and 
small had to be moved and work in this direc- 
tion was authorized for immediate commence- 
ment. 

When the development of the grounds began 
a much more hopeful sentiment prevailed. 
Subscribers to the stock paid more rapidly as 
the evidence accumulated to show that real re- 
sults were being accomplished. Although 
quite a large sum of money was spent during 
the month of December, the bank balance at 
the first of January just preceding the third 
assessment showed little diminution. 

During the fall of 1904 General Fitzhugh 
Lee visited Maryland and Georgia, being ac- 
companied to Atlanta by the Honorable John 
Goode; and on each occasion he secured a 
promise of co-operation from the legislature 
which he addressed. “The Governors of both 
states appointed commissions but no appropria- 
tions were made because the Exposition officers 
were not in a position to state confidently that 
the ‘Ter-Centennial would be made a national 
event, and the participation of States would 


70 


1904 


105 


Promotion. 


necessarily depend very largely, so far as char- 
acter and scope were concerned, upon the 
position which the United States Government 
would assume. The Governors of North 
Carolina, of West Virginia, of Illinois, of 
Michigan, of Indiana and of Ohio, had ver- 
bally, or in writing, promised General Lee that 
they would use their best efforts to induce their 
respective commonwealths to co-operate. But 
it was essential that Congress should officially 
authorize the Exposition. 

About the first of December, General Lee 
went to Washington where he established 
official headquarters. His very wide acquaint- 
ance with men in public life, his character and 
attainments, proved invaluable in securing sup- 
port for the undertaking he was leading. As 
soon as the Fifty-eighth Congress reconvened 
Mr. Maynard presented an amended bill 
which was referred, as had been the former, 
to the Select Committee on Industrial Arts and 
Expositions. The purpose of this measure was 
to inaugurate “an exhibit of arts, industries, 
manufactures and the products of the soil, 
mines, forests and sea, and a naval and marine 
exposition,’ commemorating the three hun- 
dredth anniversary of the settlement of James- 
town. ‘The bill stipulated that a non-partisan 
national commission should be created for the 
purpose of conserving the interest which the 
Government might have in the celebration and, 
among other things, provided that five million 
dollars should be appropriated for the use and 
benefit of the Jamestown Exposition Company. 
Amendments were made by the committee and 
when finally the measure was altered to con- 
form with the wishes of the majority it carried 
an appropriation of two million dollars. From 
December 5, 1904, the date of its reference to 
the Select Committee on Industrial Arts and 
Expositions, until February 14, 1905, when 
its form was finally settled, the unrelenting 
efforts of the Exposition advocates were 
directed toward securing a favorable report 
and there is no doubt that an appropriation of 
two million dollars was as much as any one 
ever anticipated would be made. Conse- 
quently the end of the endeavor to interest the 
committeemen was distinctly satisfactory. 

Meanwhile an active propaganda had been 
pursued with the members of the House of 
Representatives who would be the final arbiters. 
The President of the United States in his an- 
nual message to Congress had evidenced the 
sincerity of his belief that the event must be 
celebrated by the country, for in that paper he 
wrote: 

“In 1907. there will be held at Hampton 
Roads the tri-centennial celebration of the set- 
tlement at Jamestown, Virginia, with which 
the history of what has now become the United 
States, really begins. I commend this to your 
favorable consideration. It is an event of prime 
historic significance in which all the people of 
the United States should feel and should show 
great and general interest.” 

It was not extremely difficult to interest mem- 
bers of Congress nor to secure from them prom- 


71 


ise of their support, but owing to the continued 
opposition of the Speaker, it was impossible to 
get the report of the Committee before Con- 
gress, which was at a short session lasting only 
from the first Monday of December until 
March 4, at which time ended the terms of all 
members of the Lower House. During the 
three months delegations from Norfolk con- 
tinuously visited Washington. Though Gen- 
eral Charles H. Grosvenor of Ohio was cor- 
dial in his support of the measure, as was Judge 
David A. DeArmand of Missouri, and to a 
certain more limited extent John Sharp Wil- 
liams of Mississippi, the Speaker dominated 
the Committee on Rules, and, having the sup- 
port of John Dalzell of Pennsylvania, the fifth 
member, was able so to control the situation 
that it was impossible to get the report heard. 
Notwithstanding that every effort was made to 
counteract or render ineffective this opposition, 
it was found to be impossible to present to the 
House a bill which would do more than merely 
authorize the celebration. When the emascu- 
lated bill was presented to Congress no rule 
could be secured and it required a two-thirds 
afhrmative vote of all members present in order 
to insure its passage. Mr. Maynard moved 
that the rules be suspended and that the measure 


be passed. The Clerk of the House read: 


“A bill to provide for celebrating the birth of the American 
Nation, the first permanent settlement of English speaking people 
on the Western Hemisphere, by the holding of an international 
naval, marine and military celebration in the vicinity of James- 
town, on the waters of Hampton Roads, in the State of Vir- 
ginia; to provide for a suitable and permanent commemoration 
of said event, and to authorize an appropriation in aid thereof, 
and for other purposes. 


“WHEREAS, It is desirable to commemorate in a fitting and 
appropriate manner the birth of the American nation, the first 
permanent settlement of English speaking people on the 
American continent, made at Jamestown, Va., on the 13th day 
of May, 1607, in order that the great events of American 
history which have resulted therefrom may be accentuated to 
the present and future generations of American citizens; and 

“WHEREAS, That section of the Commonwealth of Virginia 
where the first permanent settlement was made conspicuous in 
the history of the American nation by reason of the vital and 
momentous events which have there taken place in the Colonial, 
Revolutionary, and Civil War eras of the nation, including not 
only the first permanent settlement of English speaking people, 
but also the scene of the capitulation of Lord Cornwallis at 
Yorktown, and the scene of the first naval conflict between 
armor-clad vessels, the Monitor and Merrimac: Therefore 


“ Be iT ENACTED, etc.: That there shall be inaugurated in 
the year 1907, on and near the waters of Hampton Roads, in 
the State of Virginia, as herein provided, an international naval, 
marine and military celebration, beginning May 13 and ending 
not later than November 1, 1907. 

“Sec. 2. In furtherance of the object set forth in Section | 
of this act there is hereby appropriated, out of any money in 
the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be available until 
expended, the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars 
to be expended under rules and regulations to be prescribed 
by the Secretary of the Treasury and upon vouchers to be 
approved by him and apportioned as follows: Fifty thousand 
dollars for the expenditures which shall be made by the com- 
mission hereinafter created and not herein specifically provided 
for in preparing for and conducting said celebrations, including 
the expenses of said commission; one hundred and twenty-five 
thousand dollars for the official entertainment of foreign military 
and naval representatives, of which amount one hundred thous- 
and dollars shall be expended by the Commander-in-Chief of 
the North Atlantic Fleet, under the supervision of the Secretary 
of the Navy, and twenty-five thousand dollars thereof by the 
Chief of Staff of the Army, under the supervision of the 
Secretary of War; fifty thousand dollars for a permanent 
monument upon the place of the first permanent English settle- 
ment at Jamestown, Va., and in commemoration thereof, the 
site and design to be selected by the commission hereinafter 
named, subject to the approval of the President, provided 
that the site be donated to the United States by proper deed; 
fifteen thousand dollars for permanent moorings for the use of 
vessels participating in said celebration at Hampton Roads, 
subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Navy; ten 
thousand dollars for exhibiting on the scene of the engagement 
between the Monitor and Merrimac one or more of the old 


1905 


1905 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


cin 


SURVEYING FOR AN AVENUE 


monitors of that period in order to illustrate the progress of 
naval construction. 

“Sec. 3. The President of the United States is hereby 
authorized to make proclamation of said celebration, setting 
forth the event to be commemorated, inviting foreign nations 
to participate by the sending of their naval vessels and such 
representation of their military organizations as may be prac- 
ticable, and to have such portions of our Army and Navy 
assembled there during the said celebration as may be compatible 
with the public service. And the President is also authorized 
to invite participation in said celebration by the militia of the 
several States, but at their own expense. 

“Sec. 4. And the President of the United States is hereby 
authorized to constitute a Commission, to consist of the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury, the Secretary of War, and the Secretary 
of the Navy, to be known as the Jamestown Ter-Centennial 
Commission. The said commission shall have full power and 
authority to do any and all things by this act required to be 
done for the carrying on of said celebration, including the 
detail of such persons as may be necessary for clerical and 
other services in connection with the work of said commission 
from the departments of which they are respectively at the 
head, and not in terms expressly intrusted to others, and all 
things necessary to the appropriate inauguration and successful 
holding of said celebration, whether herein expressly enumerated 
or not: Provided, however, that said commission shall do no 
act which will require any expenditure of money in excess of 
the same herein appropriated, and should it transcend this 
limitation the Government of the United States will not be 
bound by its acts.” 


Mr. Maynard, the patron of the bill, yielded 
his time to Mr. Tawney for an explanation 
of the measure and the latter gentleman said 
that the committee on Industrial Arts and Ex- 
positions, of which he was chairman, had during 
that session considered several propositions 
which were intended to carry out the recom- 
mendation made by the President of the 
United States in his annual message to Con- 
gress ihat some worthy celebration of the Ter- 
Centennial be authorized. He said: “ The 
Committee reported favorably a bill which 
created a commission and authorized an inter- 
national naval, marine and military exposition. 
The bill also authorized a Government exhibit 
in connection with the Exposition to be given 
on land adjacent to Hampton Roads in 1907, 
and in addition to that the bill as reported 
authorized an appropriation of two million dol- 
lars, seventeen hundred and fifty thousand of 
which was to be expended for a naval barracks 
and training station at this Exposition, upon 
land to be donated to the Government, the 
buildings to be used temporarily for exhibit 
purposes by the Jamestown Exposition Com- 
pany. 

“Tt was found impracticable to present the 
bill to the House in that form and the friends 
of the measure have finally accepted as a com- 
promise the bill presented by the gentleman 
from Virginia. The bill eliminates entirely 
the creation of a Government commission for 


the purpose of taking charge of and carrying 
on the international naval, marine and military 
exposition provided for in the bill that was 
reported originally from the committee. The 
bill now under consideration simply authorizes 
the celebration of this event by an international 
naval, marine and military celebration and its 
commemoration by the erection of a permanent 
monument on the spot where this settlement 
was made in May, 1607.” Replying to a 
question, Mr. Tawney stated that the bill had 
been drafted “at the request of the Speaker 
and others who were interested.” Later, in 
response to a request for information regarding 
the consideration of the measure then before 
the House, Mr. Tawney said: “In the form 
in which it is now, I will say to the gentleman 
that it has not been considered by the full com- 
mittee. The bill that was considered and re- 
ported favorably carried an appropriation of 
two million, six hundred thousand dollars. 
The consideration of that bill could not be 
obtained and in view of the President’s recom- 
mendation that some action be taken in respect 
to the celebration of this event, this proposition 
was formulated yesterday and proposed as a 
compromise or a substitute for the bill originally 
reported by the committee.” 

Again the Speaker obtruded. The Honor- 
able James A. Tawney of Minnesota, a man 
of such importance that, at the next Congress 
of the United States, he was made Chairman 
of the House Committee on Appropriations, a 
committee which carries more weight than any 
other excepting only those on “ Rules” and 
“Ways and Means,” the Speaker of the 
House presiding over the former and the recog- 
nized majority leader over the latter—this 
prominent representative frankly admitted that 
he and his associates had reported favorably 
for an appropriation of two million, six hun- 
dred thousand dollars, but that he could not 
get the measure even before the House for a 
vote. Whether the measure would have been 
passed by the House of Representatives can- 
not be stated with certainty, and has, as a 
matter of fact, little to do with the case; but 
it does seem somewhat a travesty on repre- 
sentative rule that the men selected to legislate 
for the United States are unable to pass judg- 
ment on a subject unless the man whom they 
have chosen to preside over their sessions 


72 


1905 


905 


Promotion. 


should decide that he will grant them an oppor- 
tunity. 

Mr. Littlefield of Maine, who on behalf of 
“the Speaker and others who were interested ” 
led the fight against the measure, unwittingly 
suggested an opening which would have been 
a boon to the Exposition people. He said: 
““T understand this committee reported a bill 
and that the measure we are now discussing 
is a memorandum introduced here by the com- 
mittee, not acted upon by the committee, but 
I take it an amendment is open to amendment. 
Am I correct about that?” 

The Speaker replied: “* The gentleman is 
not correct. This is a motion to suspend the 
rules and pass the bill, and it is not subject to 
amendment.” ‘There were too many friends 
of the measure present. The Speaker knew 
that the amendment which would be offered 
by Mr. Littlefield would be satisfactory to him. 
On the other hand he knew that the bill as 
presented would be passed. Yet he was not 
willing to risk an amendment for fear that the 
original bill or something equally favorable to 
the Exposition would be substituted for the 
bill being considered. He might have decided 
either way, proving that he not only could keep 
a subject from the House of Representatives 
but could govern the conduct of the case if it 
reached the legislators. 

Mr. Littlefield continued: “* This bill, 
then, is before the House without the right of 
amendment. Now I desire to read a provision 
which would have been satisfactory to me and 
the adoption of which so far as I am concerned 
would have obviated my objections, although 
I would not agree that I should favor the 
proposition even then. I wanted to add this 
proviso: 


“* Provided further, That this appropriation is made upon 
the express understanding that no further claim shall be made 
upon or application be made to Congress for any additional 
appropriations on account of said celebration or exposition.” 


“They say that they have a provision in the 
bill that means that. I say that it does not 
mean it. ‘This bill as it now stands is not open 
to amendment; we have got to take it exactly 
as it is or vote it down. I say that the provis- 
ions of the bill as it now stands practically invite 


4 ee See Sn Aart 


a 


a condition that will enable these people to 
come here later and call for a larger appro- 
priation. And the practical conditions sur- 
rounding this question absolutely demonstrate 
that and justify the suggestion. If it was only 
two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, that 
is one thing, and if they only want two hundred 
and fifty thousand, there would be no objection 
to this provision that I have suggested. But 
none of the gentlemen interested feel at liberty 
to agree that they will not come here later for 
an additional appropriation. 

““ Now what are the facts briefly? Why 
the facts are that they started for an appro- 
priation of two millions and a half of dollars, 
and [| think it very probable that in order to 
get an adequate exposition and the celebration 
auxiliary thereto, two million and a half dol- 
lars may be necessary. And I look upon the 
two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, under 
the circumstances, as simply being the entering 
wedge for appropriations hereafter.” 

All the quotations which have been given or 
will be given that relate to this discussion in 
the House of Representatives are from the 
Congressional Record and no statement which 
appears in the Journal for March 2, 1904, the 
day this bill was discussed and passed, bears 
any analogy to the allegation made by Mr. 
Littlefield that the advocates of the appropria- 
tion meant to infer that the present bill was in- 
tended as a final measure. ‘The real facts in 
the matter are that even Mr. Cannon was will- 
ing to grant some financial aid to the Exposition 
but only with the distinct stipulation that no fur- 
ther aid would be requested. The represen- 
tatives of the Exposition, knowing full well that 
no adequate celebration of the event was pos- 
sible unless Congress came to the support of the 
undertaking, refused to consider the offer of a 
pittance with any such proviso attached or im- 
plied. Mr. Cannon was aware of this fact 
and could have informed Mr. Littlefield if the 
latter were ignorant, but it is difficult to assume 
that the gentleman from Maine was unaware 
of the real facts. 

After replying to some questions, Mr. Lit- 
tlefield continued: “‘Now the gentleman 


ede ote 


ot SO ae 


PREPARING FOR THE WATER SYSTEM 


1905 


Copyright, 1908, Rochlitz Studio. 


PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 


1905 


Promotion. 


from Minnesota (Mr. Tawney) knows and 
every member of this House knows that the 
Exposition is substantially the thing here. The 
celebration is simply incident thereto. The bill 
provides that the President of the United States 
shall issue a proclamation to the people of the 
world to come and join in the celebration.”’ 

A reading of the bill will show that the 
President was authorized to do no such thing. 
He was permitted only to invite naval and mil- 
itary co-operation. Mr. Burkett of Nebraska 
and Mr. Baker of New York showed equal 
lack of information when they spoke against the 
measure; but they gave the House of Repre- 
sentatives warning that this bill was an opening 
wedge. The following colloquy still further 
illustrates the character of the opposition: 

“ Mr. Littlefield: Mr. Speaker, I have only 
a word in conclusion in opposition to the bill. 
I was not aware until stated by the gentleman 
from Nebraska that the Jamestown Exposition 
Company so far as the finances are concerned, 
practically has no existence to-day, and _ that 
this appropriation will be the first substantial 
evidence of the Exposition at Jamestown. 


“Mr. Bartlett: Mr. Speaker, as 1 was on 
the Committee that heard the proposition and 
one of the members that filed the minority re- 
port against granting direct aid by the Gov- 
ernment, | want to say that the statement is a 
mistake.” 

The advocates of the measure had the popu- 
lar side. Applause liberally punctuated the 
patriotic and eloquent speeches of Mr. Sulzer 
of New York and Mr. Gardner of Michigan, 
and when the veteran of Ohio, General Charles 
H. Grosvenor, a hero of the Civil War and 
one of the most trusted lieutenants of the 
martyred McKinley, concluded his appeal to 
Congress that sentiment should be exalted he 
received a distinct ovation. 

There were one hundred and _ ninety-two 
afhrmative votes cast against ninety-one nega- 
tions. ‘The bill went to the Senate where it 
was introduced by the Honorable John W. 
Daniel of Virginia and passed without debate. 
The next day, President Roosevelt approved 
the act, and, within a few weeks, issued the 
following proclamation: 


[JAMESTOWN CELEBRATION. ] 


By the President of the United States of America. 


KL Proclamation. 


HEREAS the Congress of the United States has passed an Act approved March 3, 

1905, and entitled, ““ An Act to provide for celebrating the birth of the American 

nation, the first permanent settlement of English-speaking people on the Western Hemisphere, 

by the holding of an international naval, marine, and military celebration in the vicinity of 

Jamestown, on the waters of Hampton Roads, in the State of Virginia; to provide for a 

suitable and permanent commemoration of said event, and to authorize an appropriation in 
aid thereof, and for other purposes.” ; 


And Whereas Section 3 of the said Act reads as follows: 


“Sec. 3. The President of the United States is hereby authorized to make proclamation of said celebration, setting 
forth the event to be commemorated, inviting foreign nations to participate by the sending of their naval vessels and such 
representation of their military organizations as may be practicable, 


Now, therefore, I, THEODORE ROosEVELT, President of the United States, by virtue 
of the authority vested in me by the said Act, do hereby declare and proclaim that there shall 
be inaugurated, in the year nineteen hundred and seven, on and near the waters of Hampton 
Roads, in the State of Virginia, an international naval, marine and military celebration, be- 
ginning May 13, and ending not later than November |, 1907, for the purpose of commem- 
orating, in a fitting and appropriate manner, the birth of the American nation, the first 
permanent settlement of English-speaking people on the American Continent, made at James- 
town, Virginia, on the thirteenth day of May, sixteen hundred and seven, and in order that 
the great events of American history which have resulted therefrom, may be accentuated to 
the present and future generations of American citizens. And in the name of the Govern- 
ment and of the people of the United States, I do hereby invite all the nations of the earth 
to take part in the commemoration of an event which has had a far reaching effect upon the 
course of human history, by sending their naval vessels to the said celebration and by: making 
such representations of their military organizations as may be practicable. 

In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the 
United States to be affixed. 

Done at the City of Washington, this 29th day of March, one thousand nine 
hundred and five, and of the Independence of the United States, the one 


hundred and twenty-ninth. 


By the President: 


Acting Secretary of State. 


[SEAL. ] 


75 


1905 


1905 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Pending decisive action by the Government 
on the subject of the Jamestown Exposition, its 
managers had issued invitations to various States 
to participate in a celebration to be held under 
the authority of Virginia. It was realized by 
all connected with the undertaking that, how- 
soever the sentiment of Jamestown might appeal 
to American citizens, an adequate memorial 
of the birth of the Republic was impossible un- 
less the Republic, as a whole, sanctioned it. 
The Governors of Maryland and Georgia had 
been authorized by the Legislatures of their re- 
spective States to appoint commissions and North 
Carolina had appropriated the sum of thirty 
thousand dollars for the purpose of providing 
a building and a suitable exhibit, subject to this 
stipulation: ‘“ The money set aside for the 
use of the commission shall not in any event be 
available until, and unless, Congress appropri- 
ates or authorizes expenditures of not less than 
one million dollars to aid in said Exposition or 
celebration.” 

When the Fifty-eighth Congress adjourned, 
the prospect of a celebration, an event national 
in its scope, seemed at least uncertain. The two 
hundred and fifty thousand dollars appropriated 
by the Government not only failed to aid the 
Exposition Company, but in reality imposed 
additional obligations on it. However meagre 
might be the military celebration which the 
President had proclaimed, it was generally 
realized that the world’s navies would assemble 
representatively in Hampton Roads during 
1907, and the splendid spectacle which would 
surely be on the water demanded a dignified 
exhibition on the land. The incertitude re- 
garding the future action of Congress operated 
as a drag upon exposition effort. What North 
Carolina—Virginia’s nearest neighbor—had 
done was an index to what other States might 
likely do. 

The Exposition people believed that the 
Fifty-eighth Congress would have passed a bill 
appropriating a goodly sum to aid the celebra- 
tion had an opportunity been afforded to the 
members to vote directly, and they knew that 
those who had supported the bill which was 
presented were confident that the Exposition 
Company would not willingly accept as final 
the scant recognition which had been accorded. 
In Congress, friends and foes alike realized that 
further co-operation would be vigorously de- 
manded, and that it could not well be withheld. 
To place these facts before the States of the 
Union and fully to explain the situation, that 
legislatures might appreciate conditions as they 
were, was a task which had to be performed; 
and for a period the development of the Com- 
pany’s affairs assumed the nature of a publicity 
campaign. 

Letters, pamphlets, editorials and magazines 
were sent to each member of every legislature 
in the country. This was distinctly a campaign 
of education, and in various forms these facts 
were placed before the men who later would 
decide whether their states would share in the 
Ter-Centennial. 

Starting with the decision of Virginia to cele- 


brate her three hundredth anniversary, the full 
significance of the birthday was explained. 

The authority of the Exposition Company 
to issue on behalf of the Old Dominion an in- 
vitation to Virginia’s daughter and sister Com- 
monwealths, was given. 

The influence of Jamestown upon the insti- 
tutions of the country were set forth. 

The links binding each State to Virginia 
were indicated. 

The States which had been formed from the 
territory of the twelve colonies, who, with Vir- 
ginia formed the confederation that became the 
United States, were reminded that it was a 
Virginian who had led the armies of the Revo- 
lution, that it was a Virginian who had written 
the Declaration of Independence. 

It was recalled to Kentucky that that State 
had been a county of Virginia; and to Ohio, 
Indiana, I]linois, Michigan and Wisconsin that 
the tract from which they had been formed 
was once Virginia’s northwest territory, and 
to Minnesota that part of her territory had once 
been Virginia’s. 

The great Commonwealths comprised within 
the Louisiana Purchase contract were invoked 
in the name of Thomas Jefferson, the Virginian 
who, with vast prevision, acquired that territory 
from France, and the memory of Virginia’s 
sons, Lewis and Clarke, was recalled for the 
purpose of enthusing the States of the North 
Pacific. 

To these sentimental arguments, were added 
logical explanations of what Congress had done 
and what reasonably it might be expected to 
do. Emphasis was placed upon the effect of 
the Appropriation Act and the arguments ad- 
vanced by the congressmen opposed to the 
measure, which even more conclusively than 
those made by its advocates, showed that 
national financial aid withheld for the present, 
must certainly be given in the future, since those 
who had voted for the authorization of the cele- 
bration—a number considerably in excess of the 
two-thirds majority constitutionally necessary— 
were aware that the Exposition’s friends had 
accepted the present act merely as a recogni- 
tion of the claim which they had made for a 
national celebration. 

These communications served as advance- 
messengers for the Exposition’s various com- 
missioners, who subsequently conducted a per- 
sonal campaign. ‘The President of the Com- 
pany, General Fitzhugh Lee, was the principal 
commissioner, and his main assistants were T. 


J. Wool and O. D. Batchelor, the General 
Counsel, and G. T. Shepperd, the Secretary. 
They were, however, frequently and very ably 
aided by other officers of the Company, and 
by non-officials. 

The bill which North Carolina had passed 
was introduced early in February, 1905. The 
three gentlemen first above named, Dr. R. L. 
Payne, the Medical Director of the Company, 
and Hon. John H. Small, member of Congress 
from North Carolina, presented a bill to the 
legislature then sitting at Raleigh, requesting 
an appropriation of fifty thousand dollars. 


76 


1905 


1905 


Promotion. 


= 

= : 
———. 

& 

on 2 

= 

=] 

P| 


OLD FARM HOUSE 
On Site Used as Engineers’ Headquarters 


When it was found that Congress would not 
pass the bill reported by the committee on In- 
dustrial Arts and Expositions, the North Caro- 
lina legislators were averse to making any ap- 
propriation, and the day before adjournment it 
seemed practically sure that no recognition of 
the Ter-Centennial would be given. The 
Chairman of the Board of Governors sent 
Messrs. Batchelor and Wool to Raleigh, and 
just twenty-five minutes before the Legislature 
adjourned sine die, the appropriation of thirty 
thousand dollars was made. 

On the 12th of March, General Lee and 
Mr. Batchelor went to Jefferson City, Missouri. 
The legislature of that state had nearly con- 
cluded its session, and the Commissioners found 
that the time was too short for them to secure 
an appropriation of any adequate amount. 
Notwithstanding this handicap, they were able 
to obtain the passage of an amendment to the 
General Appropriation Act, setting aside ten 
thousand dollars for the purpose of installing 
an exhibit, leaving the subject of a building to 
the next legislature. At the time it was 
thought probable that Missouri: would remove 
to the Exposition the splendid exhibit which 
she had made at the St. Louis World’s Fair; 
but, unfortunately, a part of this was later de- 
stroyed by fire, and a new exhibit had to be 
collected. Governor Folk stated to the Com- 
missioners that Missouri would probably donate 
at least fifty thousand dollars for representative 
purposes, and his prophecy was fulfilled, for 
at the next session of the Legislature forty-five 
thousand dollars were added to the amount 
already appropriated. 

From Missouri, these commissioners went to 
Arkansas. The financial condition of the 
state was excellent, there being a million and a 
half dollars surplus, and no indebtedness. All 
circumstances appeared favorable for a liberal 
appropriation; but, owing to political differ- 
ences, it proved impossible to secure the con- 
stitutional majority necessary for the passage 
oi any appropriation bill, and notwithstanding 
the most strenuous efforts of General Lee and 
Mr. Batchelor, supplemented by the strong 
personal pleas of General Mortimer Hayes, 
Brigadier-General U. S. A.—a great favorite 


On the 15th of March, T. J. Wool and G. 
'T. Shepperd went to Trenton, and secured the 
introduction of a bill calling for the appropria- 
tion of twenty-five thousand dollars for New 
Jersey’s exhibit at the Exposition. Later, Gen- 
eral Lee addressed the Legislature in joint ses- 
sion, and the bill became a law. From Tyren- 
ton, General Lee and Messrs. Wool and Shep- 
perd went to Harrisburg, and again the Presi- 
dent of the Exposition Company had the honor 
of addressing a joint session of a state legis- 
lature. The high officials of the Keystone 
Commonwealth were very enthusiastic over the 
celebration, and, with few dissenting voices, the 
legislature appropriated one hundred thousand 
dollars for a state building and_ exhibit. 
From Harrisburg, these gentlemen went to Al- 
bany, where they were joined by Willard R. 
Cook, of Norfolk, a former citizen of Chau- 
tauqua County, in western New York. They 
were very generously received by the Gover- 
nor and other officials of the Empire State. 
Again the General addressed a joint session of 
a legislature—this compliment being the sec- 
ond of its kind tendered to a private citizen by 
the legislature of New York since the period 
of the Civil War. ‘The reception accorded to 
General Lee was a positive ovation; and, when 
he left Albany, he carried with him the assur- 
ances that the richest Commonwealth of the 
Union would do its full share toward making 
the Ter-Centennial memorable. 

Rhode Island, Connecticut and Massachu- 
setts were next visited. While these States 
were being canvassed, I]linois passed a measure 
appropriating twenty-five thousand dollars, and 
New York appropriated one hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars. In an effort to secure the 
participation of Massachusetts, General Lee 
performed his last public service. On Thurs- 
day, April 27th, 1905, he appeared before 
the Committee on Federal Relations of the 
General Court of Massachusetts, advocating 
the official representation of the Old Bay State 
at the Ter-Centennial celebration. 

The General had already addressed Gover- 
nor Douglas on the subject, and his communi- 
cation had been forwarded to the legislature. 
The session of the committee was held for the 
purpose of hearing General Lee explain the 
plan and scope of the Exposition, and to give 


with the people of Arkansas—the state failed 2&5 


to make an appropriation, and was unrepre- 
sented. 


eo 
(i 


BEGINNING COMMONWEALTH AVENUE 
Utilizing Nature Growth for Vistas 


1905 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


1905 him the opportunity of delivering his invitation. 


The President of the Exposition Company told 
what the states previously invited had decided 
to do; and urged the importance of Massachu- 
setts’ participation; he dwelt upon the ties that 
had bound the Puritan and Cavalier in the stir- 
ring days of the past, and dilated upon the fact 
that the sectional and factional differences, 


Witiarp R. Cook 
To New York 


called into being by the Civil War, were now 
almost entirely obliterated. He referred to 
the effect of the Spanish-American conflict in 
determining that result, for, when the President 
issued his proclamation, calling for volunteers 
at that time, the South, he claimed, had re- 
sponded as quickly and in larger numbers pro- 
portionately than had the North; and he closed 
his address with the statement: “ The waters of 
Hampton Roads are not only broad enough to 
float the navies of the world, but are sufh- 
ciently deep to drown forever all sectional feel- 
ing between the South and the North.”” These 
were the last words he uttered-in a public 
capacity. 

After the committee adjourned, the legisla- 
ture of Massachusetts had recess, in order that 
the members might have a chance of greeting 
their distinguished visitor, and one by one they 
filed past him, shaking hands and exchanging 
confidences and greetings. The next morning 
the world was shocked to hear that this gallant 
warrior and great statesman had been stricken 
by apoplexy while on the car returning South. 
The General was taken from the train when it 
arrived in Washington and placed in the U. 
S. Military Hospital, where he was attended 
by the Surgeon-General. From the first it 
was realized by all that the end was a question 
of hours. The patient, conscious for the 
greater part of the time, recognized the inevi- 
table and met death smiling. 

As every student of recent American history 
well knows no one man contributed more 
largely than Fitzhugh Lee to the eradication 
of ill-feeling between the North and South. 
From the day of the surrender at Appomattox, 
until the hour of his death, by word and action 
General Lee preached reunion and solidarity. 
The great grand-daughter of Rochambeau was 


BriGADIER GENERAL E. M. Hayes, U. S. A. 


To Arkansas 


watching the columns pass in review before the 
grandstand at the celebration of the One Hun- 
dredth Anniversary of Yorktown, and, marvel- 
ing at the applause which greeted the bearded 
man who rode in advance of the Virginia 
troops, standing bareheaded in his stirrups and 
bowing his appreciation of the greeting cheers, 
she turned to the General standing at her side, 


SPECIAL COMMISSIONERS 


RecN REE MIR REN EO 


ck ee 


T. H. Synon 
To Wisconsin 


and asked who was the man. He replied, 
“That’s Fitzhugh Lee; for four years he tried 
to destroy the Union, and for sixteen years since 
then he has been adding to its glory.” The 
little Frenchwoman wiped her eyes and ex- 
claimed, ‘‘ Oh, what a man, and what a coun- 
try!”’ 

On the twenty-ninth of April, General Lee 
died and two days later the officials of the 
Company passed the following resolutions tes- 
tifying to their sense of loss: 

“ General Fitzhugh Lee is dead! An all 
wise Providence has removed him from his 
earthly activities, but the record of his life is a 
lesson for his survivors, and for generations yet 
to come. 

His devotion to duty was ideal; his fidelity 
to trust, unwavering; his vigilance in perform- 
ance, tireless. 

Wrapped in his cloak of Grey, he challenged 
enthusiastic admiration; garbed in his uniform 
of Blue, he was an equal hero. Among the 
first to preach a reunited country, he died 
exemplif ving his words. Among victims or vic- 
tors, he was alike glorious. 

In cwil life, as Governor of Virginia, as 
Consul General of the United States at 
Havana, as Military Governor of Cuba and as 
President of the Jamestown Exposition Com- 
pany, he exhibited in the highest measure those 
qualities which make for leadership and compel 
respectful admiration and heartfelt esteem. 

As aman, moving among his fellowmen, son, 
husband, father, friend, his memory will be en- 
shrined forever in the hearts of those favored 
with his acquaintance. Aristocrat in all that 
made the man of finer impulse live on highest 
plane, he was the soul of democratic simplicity, 
considering neither place nor power in giving 
friendship or according honor. 


78 


1905 


905 


Promotion. 


We, who were last associated with him in a 
common cause, desire to express our full appre- 
ciation of his high character as patriot, states- 
man, diplomat, soldier and citizen. He has 
been dear to men of all parties and every sec- 
tion. His long official life has been peculiarly 
conspicuous because in no position of public 
trust which he had held did envious tongue or 
heat of politics cause the purity of his motives 
to be aspersed or any intimation made that 
official service had been subordinate to private 
interest. Deploring his untimely death, we, the 
officers and Governors of the Jamestown Ex- 
position Company, have Resolved, 

First, That we bear official testimony to his 
deep interest in the approaching celebration in 
1907, of the three hundredth anniversary of the 
Nation’s birth. When invited to become Pres- 
ident of our Company, he accepted, saving, 
‘I hope to be able in the closing years of my 
life to render some service to the Old Com- 
monwealth. We testify to the sincerity of his 
utterance and the fulfilment of his hope. To 
bim has been largely due the interest manifested 
by the National Administration and by Con- 
gress. He has already secured the cordial co- 
operation of several leading States and had 
planned to enlist the active interests of all the 
Commonwealths. 

Second, That the Jamestown Exposition 4 
Company which has been the object of his ¢ 
earnest solicitude and upon which he had ¥ 
concentrated the efforts and labors of his $y 
latest years, recognizes with pride and \@Pr 
gratification the recent evidences of his 
popularity throughout the United States, 
everywhere exhibited, and accepts these 
evidences as testimony to the National , 
appreciation of his purity of character | 
and recognition of his patriotic service y@ 
in every public office he has held. 

Third, That we in union with all the 
people of Tidewater Virginia deeply 
mourn our loss; and we tender our 
sincerest sympathy to his wife and ¢ 
family in their bereavement; that 
by attending his funeral we join in 
paving the last sad tribute of re- 
spect to his memory; that these 
resolutions be spread upon our 
records and that a copy be 
engrossed and sent to _ 
his family.” _ esi 


Sle MR, lien ate 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation, 


ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, RICHMOND, VA. 


General Fitzhugh Lee was buried with ap- 
propriate ceremonies in Hollywood Cemetery 
at Richmond. St. Paul’s Episcopal Church, 
where his revered uncle, General Robert E. 
Lee, had often worshipped in bygone years, 
the scene of the obsequies, was crowded with 
the most distinguished throng that had gath- 
ered within its sacred walls for many dec- 
ades. Representatives of the National Govern- 
ment and the United States Army and Navy, 
the Governors of Maryland and Virginia, ac- 
companied by their staff officers in full dress uni- 
form, committees from all of the historical, 
social, professional and trade organizations of 
Richmond, delegates from state and national 
associations, the militia of the State, representa- 
tives of the Jamestown Exposition Company 
and many others listened while Bishop Ran- 
dolph recited the impressive funeral ceremonial 
of the Episcopal ritual. 

For blocks, Grace street, on which St. 
Paul’s Church is situated, was densely 
thronged, and during the two hours which the 
funeral cortege required to pass any given 
point, a bareheaded, reverent multitude bowed 
in grief, were testifying most eloquently to their 
appreciation of the loss which Virginia and 
the Union had sustained in the passing of this 
hero. Full military honors were paid to him 
as befitted a Brigadier-General of the United 
States. 

The death of General Lee was a ter- 
rible blow to the Exposition; however, 
the work had to be pushed; the time 
was short and brooked no delay. Sev- 

eral Legislatures were sitting, and these 


had to be approached. T. H. Synon 
and W. M. Mason were sent to Wis- 
consin; John Whitehead to Michigan; 
A T. J. Wool and G. T. Shepperd re- 
? turned to the New England States. 
g Temporarily, Mr. Shepperd was 
detached from this work, and 
? sent to Florida. 

Before the adjournment of 
the 1905 sessions of the State 

Legislatures, Florida, Michigan, 
4% =Wisconsin, Massachusetts and 
Rhode Island appointed 
¥<, commissions, indorsed the 
Exposition and in- 
» structed their rep- 
=m» resentatives to 
prepare _ esti- 
mates for their 
several states’ 
participa- 
tion. Con- 
necticut, in ad- 
dition to ap- 
pointing acom- 
mission, appro- 
priated a pre- 
liminary sum 
of twenty-six 
thousand dol- 
lars. “That it 


was not neces- 


1905 


1905 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


sary to have the assurance of a definite sum 
of money in order to create enthusiasm in a 
state board was demonstrated by the Rhode 
Island Commissioners, who were the first state 
representatives officially to visit the Exposition 
grounds, and were also the first to secure for their 
State a building site and a day for celebration. 
The Rhode Island Commission, consisting 
of the Hon. John Taggard Blodgett, a Justice 
of the Supreme Court of his State, Chief Com- 
missioner; Wm. P. Sheffield and Dennis H. 
Sheahan, Commissioners, accompanied by the 
Executive Commissioner Geo. N. Kingsbury, 
met the Board of Governors in Norfolk on the 
2|st of July, 1905. The plans of the Expo- __ 
sition Company on the subject of an en 
industrial display were, up to this _~ 
time, very inchoate. The chief 
determination of the Ex- / 
position managers had / 
been to create an histor- / 
ical exposition, and 
they desired princi- 
pally to secure a 
comprehensive ex- 
hibition of patri- 
otic relics. While 
the necessity for | 
some industrial or | 
commercial show- 
ing was recog- | 
nized, the form | 
or scope of that | 
department was 
defined only tothe 
extent thatall were 
agreed it should not 
dominate the Expo- 
sition, as had else- | 
where been the case. 
Judge Blodgett, who ‘ 
was the spokesman of his © 
fellow Rhode _ Islanders, 
stated that it was the purpose \_ ie 
of his commission to help in de- ~~ 
veloping the historical side of the Ex- ~~ 
position. His investiga- 
tions had led him to be- 
lieve that there would be 
very little attention given by Rhode Island to 
the making of a display of material resources, 
not that interest was lacking, but because such 
exhibits had been made at Chicago, Buffalo and 
St. Louis, and the feeling was general in his 
State that the Ter-Centennial afforded a very 
desirable opportunity for Rhode Island to ex- 
ploit her historical relics, leaving to common- 
wealths of less antiquity, but with larger mate- 
rial resources, the duty or the privilege of 
exhibiting the products of their mines, fields, 
soils or factories. In a cursory way the Chief 
Commissioner reviewed the history of the col- 
ony of Rhode Island and the Providence Plan- 
tations from the third decade of the seventeenth 
century, and surprised his auditors by explain- 
ing how much of historical moment Rhode 
Island could illustrate with visible reminders. 
This Commission did not come to Norfolk 


THE HONORABLE GROVER CLEVELAND W&re€, 
Former President of the United States of America 
1885-1889 and 1893-1897 


unprepared; they had interviewed prominent 
men of their State and secured a consensus of 
opinion as to the form of Rhode Island’s partici- 
pation. ‘The manufacturers of that State were 
not averse to exhibiting, provided that manu- 
facturers generally would exhibit; but, when 
Judge Blodgett said that his Commission was 
inclined to lay more stress upon historic than 
commercial matters, he expressed the ideas of 
the officials and stated the position of his State. 
After selecting their site, the commissioners de- 
parted, and during the months intervening be- 
tween July and the next convention of their 
State Legislature, they prepared tangibly a plan 
_ of participation, the details and cost of which 
ma were satisfactory to the lawmakers 

and the Governor. Subsequent 
to the visit of the Rhode Isl- 
> anders, other commissioners 
came, and in general, the 
later comers pursued the 

same official policy as 
_ the first, all of them 
y requesting enabling 
\ appropriations 
\ from their several 
\ states. Maryland 
later gave sixty- 
five thousand; 

| Massachusetts, 
sixty thousand; 

_ Georgia, _ thirty 

| thousand; South 
| Carolina, twenty 
thousand; Mich- 

' igan, twenty thou- 
sand; and to their 
previous appropria- 
» tions Connecticut 
@ added forty-five thou- 
_- / sand; and New Jersey, 
” fifty thousand respective- 


a od winter and spring, further ap- 
~ propriations were secured. Ohio 
gave seventy-five thousand; Dela- 
fifteen thousand; 
Vermont, fifteen thousand ; 
Missouri, forty-five thou- 
sand in addition to the ten thousand previously 
appropriated; New Hampshire, seventeen thou- 
sand; Indiana, twenty-five thousand; West 
Virginia, fifty-five thousand; and Kentucky, 
raised, by popular subscription, thirty thousand 
dollars. In the General Appropriation Act for 
1906, the Legislature of Virginia set apart 
thirty thousand dollars for the purpose of mili- 
tary display, and for public state entertainment 
at the Jamestown Exposition, and seventy 
thousand dollars for the purpose of erecting a 
building, and for making an industrial and 
commercial exhibit of the resources of the State. 

While the necessity for selecting a suitable 
successor to General Lee had been by no 
means overlooked, matters in relation to legis- 
lation which always had been directed by the 
Chairman of the Board of Governors did not 
suffer, and all the duties which had directly de- 


80 


d ‘ly. During the succeeding ~ 


1905 


305 


Promotion. 


volved upon the President were performed by 
the First Vice-President, Alvah H. Martin; 
therefore, there was no urgent need of haste. The 
high standard of General Lee made it necessary 
that his successor should be a man no less worthy 
to hold the position. Only two candidates—if 
so may be designated men, neither of whom 
strove for the position—were ever seriously con- 
sidered. [he one—former President Grover 
Cleveland—was very positive in his expressions 
of interest in the Exposition, but by reason of 
other engagements found it impossible to con- 
sider seriously the Presidency of the Company. 
The other—Honorable Harry St. George 
Tucker—was Dean of the Law School of the 
George Washington University, and his accept- 
ance of the position meant a severance of ties 
which he had doubtless _.. be 
considered life-long. 
The appeal to Mi. 
Tucker, however, was 
based on the ground of 
loyalty to Virginia, and 
he finally concluded to 
set aside persona! incli- 
nation and accept the 
call of his State. 

The Department of 
State through its dip- 
lomatic representatives 
had sent te each Gov- 
ernment a copy of the 
President’s proclama- 
tion and an official invi- 
tation from the United 
States, but it was 
deemed advisable that 
the President of the 
Exposition should per- 
sonally supplement this 
invitation, and on the 
Atherot November, 
1905, Mr. Tucker, ac- 
companied by Mrs. 
Tucker, took passage 
on the Kaiser W5l- 
helm II for Plymouth, 
England, and arrived 
there on November 
12th. On board was 
the Italian Ambassador 
to the United States, Baron Edmundo Mayor 
des Planches, whom Mr. Tucker had known 
most pleasantly in Washington. ‘The voyage 
was without incident except that a wireless 
message was sent to the Admiral of the Eng- 
lish Navy stationed at Plymouth, who received 
Mr. Tucker upon his arrival. 

His mission abroad for the Exposition was 
solely for the purpose of enlisting the interest 
of European countries in the naval and military 
display to be held during 1907. ‘The ques- 
tion of securing foreign exhibits was not to 
be considered, except incidentally, nor was 
he expected to solicit exhibits either from the 
governments of Europe or from individuals, but 
whenever any one was desirous of exhibiting, 
he explained the scope of the Exposition. 


Bre: 


81 


VICTOR EMANUEL III 
King of Italy 


Before leaving America, Sir Mortimer 
Durand, British Ambassador, a warm personal 
friend of Mr. Tucker, had informed certain of 
his home friends that Mr. Tucker would visit 
England, and among them were the Speaker 
of the House of Commons, and Lord Roberts, 
with whom the Ambassador had served in 
India. The American Ambassador, Hon. 
Whitelaw Reid, was most courteous and atten- 
tive and did all in his power toward expediting 
the objects of the mission, and through his 
courtesy Mr. Tucker attended on Thanksgiv- 
ing Day an American dinner, at which about 
eight hundred citizens of the United States were 
seated at the tables. The guests were in- 
formed by Mr. Reid, in the course of his ad- 
dress, concerning the object of Mr. Tucker’s 
visit to London. ‘The 
Admiralty and the 
War Departments were 
visited by Mr. Tucker, 
as was also the Foreign 
Office, and at each of 
these places the envoy 
of the Exposition was 
received with the great- 
est consideration and 
promises of support in 
his work were pledged. 
It was impossible at 
this time to secure an 
audience with the King; 
but the Departments 
which were visited gave 
assurances that the cor- 
dial and hearty co-op- 
eration of the Mother 
Country would be 
given to the celebration. 

About the first of 
December Mr. Tucker 
went to Berlin, and al- 
though the American 
Ambassador, Mr. 
Tower, was absent at 
the time, the Embassy 
did all that could have 
been expected or desired 
to help the undertak- 
ing. Without final com- 
mitment the War and 
Naval offices gave the same assurances that 
were given in England. The American Consul 
at Berlin, Mr. Thackera, and his wife, a 
daughter of the late General William T. Sher- 
man, were especially cordial and did much to 
make President and Mrs. Tucker’s stay in Ber- 
lin delightful and profitable. 

Proceeding to Vienna after a week in Ber- 
lin, Mr. Tucker felt confident of success when 
he greeted his old Congressional colleague, 
Hon. Bellamy Storer, the American Ambas- 
sador at that place. [he Austrian, being the 
most exclusive court in Europe, it was impossi- 
ble officially to see the Emperor, but the depart- 
ments of the government through the kindly 
influence of Mr. Storer, responded most cor- 
dially to the invitation; and, when Vienna was 


1905 


1905 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


left, assurances were taken that Austria would 
certainly be represented in the naval display at 
Jamestown. 

Next, Rome was visited, Mr. Tucker arriv- 
ing there a day or two before Christmas. It 
seemed quite a difficult task at that season to 
accomplish anything like business results, but 
the wisdom of the government in sending Am- 
bassador White to the Italian Court made the 
visit entirely successful, and in recording the 
events and impressions of his trip abroad, Mr. 
Tucker pays a high tribute to the efficiency of 
the American Ambassador. Mr. White gave 
an official dinner Christmas night which Mr. 
Tucker attended, and at which many other 
notable and prominent persons were present. 
The Ambassador secured an audience with 


the King for 
the next day 
and Mr. Tucker 


went through 
his first experi- 
ence in ap- 
proaching roy- 
alty. TheKing 
of Italy, a cele- 
brated and able 
member of the 
very distinguish- 
ed house of 
Savoy, keenly 
aliverstogeall 
questions of the 
day, and well 
informed about 
American poli- 
cies and_ poli- 
tics, was appar- 
ently interested 
in the Exposi- 
tion and _ his 
actions _subse- 
quently showed 
that the inter- 
est was real. 

In Paris Mr. 
Tucker was re- 
ceived most cor- 
dially by Am- 
bassador Mc- 
Cormick, a fellow native of Rockbridge County 
in Virginia. The Ambassador evidenced deep 
interest in the Exposition and spared no effort 
to secure the active participation of the French 
Republic. President Loubet was just going out 
of office, but he very kindly met Mr. Tucker, 
and expressed his personal good will and belief 
that the incoming government would certainly 
accept the invitation. The War Office and the 
Navy Department expressed the same opinion 
and within a month the official acceptance was 
forwarded. 

Mr. Tucker returned to London and ob- 
tained an audience with his Majesty Edward 
VII. The King expressed his strong desire 
that England should be well represented. 
During the conversation it was suggested that 
Lord Roberts be sent as the military represen- 


\ 


EDWARD VII 
King of England 


tative of Great Britain, and while this proposal 
was not accepted, the King was evidently im- 
pressed with it. Mr. Tucker relates that he 
told King Edward that Virginia would espe- 
cially welcome the Field Marshal because his 
personal resemblance to General Joseph E. 
Johnston was so great. The King asked: 
“Not like General Lee?” To which Mr. 
Tucker replied that Virginians did not consider 
anybody like General Lee. 

In England, the president of the Exposition 
was the recipient of many distinguished cour- 
tesies. He sat on the bench with the Lord 
Chief Justice of England and witnessed the 
trial of a cause at Nisi Prius. He attended, as 
the guest of the Lord Chief Justice, the annual 
dinner of the bar, given at Lincoln’s Inn. He 
visited the 
Archbishop _ of 
Canterbur y 
who, as_ the 
leading Episco- 
pal churchman, 
was deeply in- 
terested in the 
three hundredth 
anniversary of 
the first Episco- 
pal foundation 
inAmerica. He 
met most of the 
members of the 
outgoing and in- 
coming Govern- 
ments. 

On the twen- 
ty-first of Jan- 
uary, 1906, he 
arrived in New 
York after a 
stormy passage 
and immediate- 
ly proceeded to 
Washington to 
help in the 
pending cam- 
paign fora Con- 
gressional Ap- 
propriation. 
Every country 
visited by Mr. Tucker was represented in the 
Naval demonstration at the Ter-Centennial. 

On the 28th of May, 1905, the Board of 
Governors created the first working bureaus. 
Their authority for this action is contained in 
the fifth section, Article VI, of the by-laws 
of the Company which relates to the Board of 
Governors, in many ways the most important 
rule of the Company, as it shows the purpose 
of the Directors so far as relates to their con- 
ception of the duties of the Board and its 
Chairman. ‘This section reads: 


“The Board of Governors may, from time to time, create 
such bureaus and departments, and appoint such managers 
thereof as may be deemed necessary to execute all work for 
the proper creation and operation of the Exposition, and they 
may employ a General Manager who shall be under the direc- 
tion of the Chairman and the Board of Governors and subject 
to the supervision and authority of the President.” 


190¢ 


5 


Promotion. 


In order to arrive at a more complete under- 
standing of the wishes of that portion of the 
Board of Directors who desired a change from 
the earlier methods of the Company and whose 
protests resulted in its reorganization, it is neces- 
sary also to bear in mind the first paragraph of 
the sixth section of the same by-laws which 


deals with the Chairman of the Board: 


“The Chairman of the Board of Governors shall preside at 
all meetings of the Board of Governors at which he is present, 
and call special meetings whenever he deems it necessary. He 
shall be ex-officio a member of the Executive Committee. He 
shall have general supervision over all employees, and shall 
make known to them, through the proper officer, all the rules 
and regulations of the Company or the Board, and shall have 
power to remove any employee.” 


The only ambiguity in the first of these by- 
laws is contained in the final clause which 
subjects the General Manager to the supervision 
and authority of the President. These words 
were placed in the law because General Lee, 
then President of the Company, was, in a 
measure, jealous of his prerogatives and felt 
that without some such phrase being inter- 
polated the position of the President would, 
by implication, be subordinate to that of the 
Chairman of the Board, but he and every one 
of the Directors recognized that all other posi- 
tions were secondary to that of the Chairman 
if not actually subordinate. The right of the 
Board to employ a general manager did not 
affect the primacy of the Chairman, for the 
first quoted paragraph of the by-laws distinctly 
states that he has the power to remove any 
employee, but the right of the Board to employ 
a general manager might reasonably be taken 
to imply that the Governors were not expected 
to be themselves managers, else they would 
be as executives subordinate to an executive 
they had employed; a condition decidedly 
anomalous. The first of these by-laws certainly 
indicated a legislative character for the Board 
and denied an executive, while the second of 
the quoted sections makes a clear distinction 
between the power of the Chairman of the 
Board as the holder of that position and as an 
individual Board member. ‘That the Board 


83 


LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT 


was a legislative committee was the opinion of 
the Attorney-General of Virginia when he de- 
cided that one of its members should be a state 
commissioner. ‘This decision was rendered in 
face of the designation of the Governors as 
officers of the Company. 

The duties of the Chairman were legislative 
so far as he was a member of the Board and 
as an ex-officio member of the Executive Com- 
mittee, but his principal functions were execu- 
tive, and, while there could be no question as 
to his right to vote as an executive com- 
mitteeman, there might have been a legal ques- 
tion as to his suffrage privilege on the Board of 
Governors unless his ballot were necessary to 
break a tie. ‘That all of the positions in the 
Company, with the exception of the Presidency, 
were to be subordinate to that of the Chairman 
was implied if not plainly stated. The em- 
ployment of a general manager could mean 
only that of an assistant chief executive—that 
is, a deputy whose immediate superior was the 
Chairman. Nevertheless the first resolution of 
the Governors creating departments directed the 
managers to confer with the Chairman and re- 
port to the Board, in effect making each man- 
ager a chief executive, subject to the legislation 
of the Board and to its judicial decisions, while 
the Chairman was relegated to the position of 
an advisor whose counsel, inferentially, might 
be taken or disregarded, and he was thence- 
forth considered executive only in so far as he 
directed a bureau placed in his charge by the 
Board or as related to matters referred to him 
by that body. This resolution passed May 
26, 1905, reads as follows: 


“ Resolved: That the following departments or bureaus be 
at once created to facilitate the Exposition work: A Depart- 
ment or Bureau of Concessions, to be in charge of Mr. Sher- 
wood as manager; a Department or Bureau of Grounds and 
Buildings, to be in charge of Mr. Cottrell as manager; a De- 
partment or Bureau of Ways and Means, to be in charge of 
Mr. Myers, as manager, and the managers of these Depart- 
ments will confer regularly with the Chairman of this Board 
and make report of the progress of their work to the Board 
meetings.” 


The language of this resolution clearly indi- 
cates that at an early date the individual mem- 


1905 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Bout ce Se is See fasta 


NATURAL BEAUTY ON GROUNDS 


bers of the Board had conceived ideas at vari- 
ance with the purport of the by-laws and 
these later became so deep-rooted that the first 
intention of the rules was entirely disregarded. 
The resolution recognized one of the principles 
of the by-laws and contravenes another. ‘The 
authority which had been vested in the Board 
to create bureaus and departments and to ap- 
point managers was unlimited. Whatever 
bureaus they deemed necessary to create they 
could create and their field of choice for men 
to manage such bureaus was unrestricted. They 
were not precluded from selecting a member 
of the Board as a manager, yet they were dis- 
tinctly free to go beyond this meagre limitation. 

In the separation of exposition work there 
are only four grand divisions: “ Exploita- 
tion,” which has for its purpose the securing of 
interest of every sort; ““ Exhibits,’’ which super- 
intends the collection and display of all edu- 
cational and commercial objects; “ Works,” 
which has charge of the grounds and buildings, 
and “‘ Admissions and Concessions,” which 
directly supervises the apparent revenue pro- 
ducers, namely: the tolls at the gate and the 
returns from shows or selling privileges. If a 
prominent newspapcr man with general pub- 
licity experience had been a Governor it might 
perhaps have been logical to have made him 
manager of Exploitation, and for similar rea- 
sons, that is, eminent fitness, the Division of 
Exhibits might have been placed in charge of 
a Governor if he had been a museum director 
or a successful organizer of fairs. If one of 
the Governors had been a prominent contractor 
it would have been proper to have made him 
manager of Works, or a successful show man 
on the Board would have made a satisfactory 
manager of Concessions and Admissions. In 
any of these cases, however, certainly the wise, 
and possibly the only proper action to have 
been taken by a Governor if he were appointed 


manager, would have been for him to have 
presented his resignation to the Board immedi- 
ately. In fact the only manager of a depart- 
ment who logically might have been a board 
member was the man in charge of Ways and 
Means, a division of work which entered so 
closely into the affairs of the entire company 
that it was essentially a part of the general man- 
agership, and, therefore, proper to be under 
the immediate direction of the chief executive 
of the company—or at least someone who was 
present at every session of the Board and could 
participate in its deliberations. | Curiously 
enough the only manager of a department 
created by this resolution who was not a gov- 
ernor, was Barton Myers to whom was given 
Ways and Means. 

It must be obvious therefore that at this time 
the Board of Governors did not consider that 
only one of its members was entitled to direct 
a bureau, but from the beginning of specialized 
work this idea obtruded and as a sequence there 
occurred a serious miscomprehension of individ- 
ual duties, responsibilities and opportunities. 
This condition at times caused considerable ill 
feeling, handicapped operations, and to a de- 
gree endangered the success of the Exposition. 

The policy of the Governors to reserve to 
themselves the management of department busi- 
ness was determined at a very early stage. 
About two months after the resolution of May 
26, 1905, Frederick J. V. Skiff, who had been 
director of exhibits at the St. Louis Exposition 
and had previously been connected with the 
World’s Fair at Chicago, a recognized author- 
ity on such enterprises, had a conference with 
the Governors and other officers of the com- 
pany at which time he stated that in view of the 
evident policy of the Board he thought that Mr. 
Myers, then Manager of Ways and Means, 
either should become a Board member, or 
should be succeeded by a Governor. Later, 
Mr. Myers was elected a Governor and subse- 
quently never was there a thought of creating 
an executive division unless some Governor was 
available to manage it. “This was demonstrated 
by all the other appointments of the Board, and 
when it was deemed desirable to increase the 
number of executive divisions to seven, an 
amendment to the by-laws was enacted author- 
izing the election of an additional Governor. 

In adopting this policy the Governors un- 
questionably assumed a power and responsi- 
bility not in consonance with the views of those 
who had effected a change in the first organiza- 
tion of the company. ‘The purpose of the re- 
organizers was to obtain a set of rules which 
would expedite legislation and concentrate ex- 
ecutive authority. “The demand for concentra- 
tion related solely to executive functions and 
could not possibly be construed as evidence that 
the directors wanted to be relieved of any of 
their own legislative privileges. The father of 
the resolution which caused the remodeling of 
the laws, George H. Schmelz, was very pro- 
nounced in his antagonism to the lessening of 
the Directors’ power or to the removal of the 
directorate from its position as a court of highest 


84 


5 


Promotion. 


appeal. The Board of Governors, taking, as 
it did, practically the place of all standing 
committees of the company and largely super- 
seding the Executive Committee, made speedy 
legislation inevitable, or certainly tardy legisla- 
tion inexcusable; and the Directors presumed 
that having made a chief executive they had 
secured rules which would sufficiently concen- 
trate the executive power. But where concen- 
tration was wanted separation came and where 
there was no demand for concentration there 
occurred a rigid congloinerate. 

The hazard of such an arrangement is not 
difficult to understand. It is perhaps natural 
for the manager of a division, who has learned 
to consider his charge as a separate business, to 
strive assiduously for the best results for his 
division, irrespective of the interests of any other 
or without due consideration for the entire un- 
dertaking. But in an exposition, as in every 
large corporation department, interests clash 
and one may easily antagonize another. At 
the Jamestown Exposition conflicting interests 
were inevitable. Without one supreme arbiter 
it is difficult to reconcile the policies of the con- 
cessions division with those of exhibits and to 
this inherent and basic difficulty the Jamestown 
Exposition superadded a division of exhibits 
duties, for practically every other large exposi- 
tion had included in the division of exhibits, 
“ History and Education ”’ and ‘ Social Econ- 
omy ” when that subject was accentuated. In 
the non-revenue producing class there was also 
a division of duties. Exploitation was divided, 
and legislation and promotion were placed 
under one executive, while “‘ Press and Public- 
ity ’’ was placed under another. To add to the 
complexities of the situation almost on the eve 
of the Exposition, Transportation, which had 
been a branch of general administrative effort 
at other expositions, was made an executive 
bureau; and among other peculiarities the 


., we 


ae 


Medical Director of the Company, being an 
officer, reported to the nominal chief executive 
of the Exposition, the Chairman of the Board 
of Governors, while his assistants reported to 
the Governor of Works; and the Department 
of Police was diverted from the care of the 
Chairman of the Board and entrusted to the 
Governor of Works after the Exposition 
opened. 

The Board as a whole never relinquished 
its supervision over each and every department 
but its supervision was legislative, and for all 
practical purposes the head of the division, and 
not the Board, or the Chairman of the Board, 
was executive, for whenever the policy of a 
Governor was questioned he upheld his posi- 
tion or considered himself deeply aggrieved. 
As a result, instead of a single executive there 
were six or later seven co-ordinate executives, 
who were not infrequently antagonistic to each 
other but whose differences were of a nature 
which could only be settled in the Board and 
were unheard beyond its sessions. 

In the balance sheet of an exposition some 
departments show as revenue producers while 
others yield apparently no returns. Frequently, 
and, as a matter of fact, generally, the latter 
departments are the real money makers. A 
well exploited exposition with modest exhibits, 
for example, will have a better chance of success 
than one with fine exhibits and poor exploita- 
tion, yet the advertising of such an undertaking 
is, on its face, a debit. The claims of such de- 
partments as these for financial assistance are 
often antagonistic, but still more adverse are 
the interests of divisions in the same class. It 
is possible that departments which show direct 
money returns might operate harmoniously and 
without friction; possible, but not probable, for 
there is always a likelihood of the policy of one 
department affecting the interest of another and 
sometimes jeopardizing its success. 


NATURAL BEAUTY ON GROUNDS 


1905 


1905 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


If the members of the Board of Governors 
had been debarred from any executive work 
they could have sat as unbiased judges deter- 
mining the merits of causes presented to them; 
they could have declared rules for the govern- 
ment of each bureau and have placed whatever 
restrictions they pleased upon the authority of its 
managers. Should the executive of a bureau 
have deemed it expedient to suggest the altera- 
tion of any plan or if he had considered the ap- 
propriation for his work insufficient he could 
have protested to the Chairman of the Board 
whose business it then would have been to refer 
the subject for adjudication to the Governors. 

With no individual departmental responsi- 
bility, with no executive cares or conflicts to 
consider, but empowered with authority to leg- 
islate without prejudice in all the affairs of the 
company, the Governors would have been able 
to discuss without bitterness and to decide with- 
out bias; and no member could have felt per- 
sonal antagonism because another considered 
himself in duty bound to oppose a suggestion. 
Having created bureaus and having appointed 
managers, the functions of the Board would 
then have consisted of legislation for the de- 
partments and the settlement of disputes be- 
tween them; the Chairman would have been 
the chief executive under whose direct super- 
vision the rulings of the Governors would have 
been carried in effect. 

Opposed to the separation of executive au- 
thority there was the closest concentration of 
legislative power, for there, practically, the 
Board was supreme, and in the hands of its six 
members was centered the privilege of making 
and construing the laws. ‘This was not ob- 
vious, nor was it inevitable, but it is what oc- 
curred. The Board of Directors might con- 
sist of as many as one hundred and five mem- 
bers but seventeen constituted a quorum. The 
executive committee consisted first of twenty- 
one members, later of twenty-two, but seven 
always constituted a quorum. In parallel col- 
lumns below appear the Sections in Articles V 
and VI which relate to the powers of the Exec- 
utive Committee and the Board of Governors: 


ARTICLE V. 

Section 3. The Execu- 
tive Committee shall have 
full power to do all acts 
and adopt all measures 
which it shall deem best 
for the interest of the stock- 
holders, but the Committee 
shall not have the power to 
bind the corporation by any 
contract or obligation in- 
volving an expenditure in 
excess of fifty thousand dol- 
lars ($50,000), or any con- 
sideration moving from the 
Company’ exceeding _ that 
sum, unless specifically au- 
thorized so to do by the 
Board of Directors; pro- 
vided, however, that all 
contracts shall first 
been considered by the 
Board of Governors. 


ARTICLE. VI. 

Section 4. The Board 
of Governors shall directly 
supervise the affairs of the 
Company, and shall have 
all the functions and pow- 
ers of the Executive Com- 
mittee, except as in_ these 
By-Laws otherwise expressly 
provided. They shall have 
authority to enter into con- 
tracts and have the same 
executed in the name and 
on behalf of the Company 
without reference to the 
Executive Committee or 
Board of Directors, pro- 
vided the same shall not 
have been previously dis- 
approved by the Executive 
Committee or the Board of 
Directors, and provided the 
obligation to be incurred, or 
the consideration moving 
from the Company does not 
exceed the sum of twenty- 
five thousand dollars ($25,- 
000), in which case they 
must refer their contem- 
plated action to the Execu- 
tive Committee. 


The only distinctive privileges of the Board 
of Directors were the power to change the by- 
laws of the Company, to accept or reject the 
nominations which the Executive Committee 
might make for positions on the Board of Gov- 
ernors and to vote on contracts where the con- 
sideration exceeded fifty thousand dollars 
($50,000). The Board of Governors had all 
the functions of the Executive Committee ex- 
cept that the latter should vote on contracts 
where the consideration was more than twenty- 


five thousand dollars ($25,000), and did not 
exceed fifty thousand dollars ($50,000), 
should fix the compensation of the officers of the 
company and annually should nominate the 
Governors. The general legislation of the 
Company was entrusted to the Governors. 
Theoretically this was the intent of the rules; 
but its practical working was curious. Origi- 
nally there were five Governors, four of whom 
were Executive Committeemen and the Board 
meetings were generally attended by the Au- 
ditor, an Executive Committeeman, later elected 
a Governor. When the Board membership was 
increased to six and later to seven, every Gover- 
nor was a member of the Executive Committee. 
The Secretary of the Company who kept the 
minutes of all Board meetings was an Executive 
Committeeman as were also both of the Gen- 
eral Counsel. For all practical purposes the 
Governors with their immediate associates con- 
stituted a quorum of the Executive Committee 
and only on rare occasions did this coterie fail 
to form a committee majority. Ten or twelve 
members at the most usually attended the meet- 
ings of the Executive Committee and there were 
thirteen members who were officers of the Com- 
pany. Of the remaining nine, one lived in 
Richmond and rarely attended, three of the 
others lived across Hampton Roads and two 
more resigned before the Exposition opened. 
As a consequence, so far as performing any 
separate function might be concerned, the Ex- 
ecutive Committee might as well have been 
non-existent. Nevertheless this committee met 
once a month while the Directors who really 
retained some semblance of independent power 
held their meetings quarterly unless called to- 
gether in the interim to pass upon some con- 
tract. 

There were occasional protests against these 
conditions. [he Directors did not tamely sub- 
mit; but the concentrated power was too strong 
for the scattered opposition and every effort to 
amend the by-laws in such a manner as would 
reduce the representation of the Governors on 
the Executive Committee, or eliminate that rep- 
resentation, met with defeat. This invariable 
result demonstrated that even in the Director- 
ate, with its large membership, the Governors 
were able to control. 

As a consequence of these conditions, the 
Board was the legislative and the judicial 
branches of the Government and its members 
were the executives. It made most of the laws 
for the company and interpreted its own laws 
or the others which its members helped to 
make; and the individual Governors executed 


86 


190, 


105 


Promotion. 


them. If the Board as a whole even had exe- 
cuted the laws it would have been an unwise 
oligarchy yet preferable to the individual execu- 
tion for under the former plan there would 
necessarily have been one mouthpiece and to 
that extent there would have been concentra- 
tion, but even this simulated unification was 
absent and each department was a separate 
government, the Chairman one among equals 
whose sole differentiating function was the pre- 
siding at meetings. [hese conditions did not 
make for success, and it is certainly creditable 
to the individual members of the Board of 
Governors that they succeeded even partially. 
It is certain that the original idea of the Gov- 
ernors to assign the various departments to their 
own care was based on economical reasons and 
the assumption that the appointment of expert 
managers who were not officers of the Com- 
pany or perhaps without previous interest in it, 
would necessarily compel the payment of large 
salaries, which, by their arrangement, could be 
saved. It is equally certain that they must have 
overlooked the fact that their assumption of 
managerial duties would make it necessary for 


POWHATAN'S OAK 


each of them to abandon, to a great extent, his 
own business and, as a consequence, each 
would expect to receive, and, as a matter of 
fact, later did receive, adequate compensation. 
The salaries paid to the several Governors were 
probably just and not excessive, for all of them 
were successful men and the diversion of their 
time and attention from their own business rea- 
sonably may be deemed a considerable personal 
loss, but, if the duties of the Governors had 
been purely legislative, they could have at- 
tended to their own affairs and their salaries 
might have been nominal, while competent and 
experienced exposition men could have exe- 
cuted their orders without adding materially to 
the cost of operations yet producing better re- 
sults. In many ways the Exposition succeeded 
largely and few utter failures have to be re- 
corded. It is, therefore, not unreasonable to 


assume that under more favorable circumstances 
the results would have been eminently satisfac- 
tory, but, handicapped as the Jamestown Ex- 
position was in so many ways, an inherent 
weakness of government was a deplorable ad- 
dition to the load. 


The Largest Tree on the Grounds 


1905 


ee recee en 


ite 


auvnods HOI 1IVe 


wintioyIpnyy 


uoneonpy 3821/09 pue Ayisia atu) 


‘uorje10di0g ydersojoyg [BIoyUjO UMOJsOWeL ‘yWYsAAdOD 


88 


i 
4 i 


4 
sm 


COLONNADE BETWEEN GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS 


CHAPTER V 


THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS 


WAYS AND MEANS—COLLECTIONS—ORIGINAL ESTIMATE OF COST—ENFORCING COLLECTIONS— 
SECURING THE VIRGINIA APPROPRIATION—PUBLIC UTILITIES TRANSPORTATION ARRANGE- 
MENT—LOCATION OF MAIN GATE—DISADVANTAGES OF LOCATION—THE EFFECT OF TROLLEY 
CONSOLIDATION—-WATER SUPPLY—A RESERVOIR—LIGHT AND POWER—THE DIVISION OF CON- 
CESSIONS—EXPERIENCE OF OTHER EXPOSITIONS—THE POLICIES OF THE CONCESSION DIVISION 
_ PRICES CHARGED—DIVISION OF WORKS—LANDSCAPE FEATURES—COLLECTING PLANTS— 
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITE —THE EXPOSITION FENCE—WATER AND SEWER SYSTEM— 
BUILDING ROADWAYS—THE LABOR PROBLEM—EXPLOITATION AND EXHIBITS—RAMIFICATION 
OF EXHIBIT DIVISION—EXHIBIT COMMISSIONERS—HISTORY, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY. 


T is obviously advantage- 
ous to separate Exposition 
work into departments. 
Under intelligent direc- 
tion, creation and main- 
tenance are robbed of 
much of their difficulties when plans are laid 
in advance of actual requirements and definite 
policies decided before there is a need of ap- 
plication. The creation of the three depart- 
ments authorized by the Board of Governors 
was a distinct step in the right direction, spe- 
cializing as it did certain necessary phases of an 
activity, but it is questionable whether the num- 
ber should have been so limited. ‘The segrega- 
tion of these branches of work left the Chair- 
man of the Board of Governors as direct super- 
visor and executive of all the remainder. A 
part of this unplaced authority might perhaps 
best always be under the direct charge of the 
chief executive. This is especially true of the 
division of promotion logically comprising leg- 
islation, publicity, press work and those en- 
deavors which have for their object the secur- 
ing of organized support such as the attendance 
of conventions and the arrangement for events 
in which numbers participate; and to these sub- 
jects might also be added the preliminary work 
in the department of exhibits, for the creation 
of interest with exhibitors is purely exploitive 


89 


in its nature. Possibly some such thought as 
this last influenced the governors to create 
a single division of exploitation and exhibits, 
combining the two subjects under one manager, 
but it is more probable that this designation 
might fairly be taken as an indication of the 
secondary consideration which attached to ex- 
hibits. 

It is a question whether anything was gained 
by making Ways and Means an executive bu- 
reau. This was a departure from exposition 
precedent and the wisdom of imposing upon 
any one man the vast obligations of this divi- 
sion is doubtful, yet it was a logical result of 
the conception which the Board of Governors 
had of their duties. There are so many decisive 
matters, a large proportion of which involve 
the practical policy of the company, which 
rightly fall under the appellation of ways and 
means that to make any man the manager of 
such a division especially under the individu- 
alistic conditions which obtained at the James- 
town Exposition, conferred on him legislative 
and executive power which, if rightly exer- 
cised, was likely to place him in continuous and 
acrimonious antagonism with some of his fellow 
board members. ‘The fact that the Governor 
of this Division discharged his duties with 
marked ability cannot be urged as a sufficient 
answer to this elemental objection. 


1905 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


The selection of Mr. Myers to manage the 
bureau is easy to explain. While Auditor of 
the Company he had practically fulfilled many 
of the functigns of such an office even before 
the Board of Governors was created. Finan- 
cial difficulties had continuously plagued the 
Company and these, instead of lessening, in- 
creased as time wore on. No one was so 
familiar with the situation as the Auditor to 
whom had been assigned the solution of many 
problems and the charge of many operations 
clearly above and beyond the normal duties of 
such an office; yet the history of the Ways and 
Means bureau is, to a great extent, the story of 
the Exposition because every division of oper- 
ation is compelled at almost all times to come 
into close and intimate touch with that power. 

Prior to the creation of the Board collec- 
tions had been most unsatisfactory. The change 
in the management resulted for awhile in caus- 
ing an improvement but this condition did not 
continue. Without visible results, local en- 
thusiasm naturally waned and the indisposition 
to pay which formerly had prevailed again be- 
came apparent. One reason for apathy on the 
part of many of these subscribers was that the 
transportation companies had refused to pay 
their subscriptions. This difficulty was, how- 
ever, eliminated in August, 1905, when most 
of the transportation companies liquidated 
their deferred payments in full and within a 
few weeks all these claims were paid. 

From the beginning of the organization it had 
been generally assumed that to create an ade- 
quate and satisfactory exposition the expendi- 
ture of approximately two million dollars would 
be necessary. lo secure this sum it was hoped 
that one million dollars worth of preferred 
stock might be sold at par and common stock 
for the face value of five hundred thousand dol- 
lars might be placed. Of this sum only twenty- 
eight per cent. could be demanded prior to 
January |, 1907. Two hundred thousand dol- 
lars had been donated by the State of Virginia 
and it was reasonably expected that five hun- 
dred thousand dollars would be given by Con- 
gress. If, however, all of this stock had been 
placed and Congress had made a half million 
dollar appropriation, there was still a gap to 
fill. It was quite obvious therefore that no sub- 
scriber large or small could be excused from 
his contract. 

With the elimination of the transportation 
problem many of the larger subscribers, who 
had held that if ten per cent. of the entire pos- 
sible working capital to be derived from stock 
sales was withdrawn the Exposition would 
have slight chance of success, now that this 
menace was removed, evidenced a willingness 
to pay; but others had delayed for such a long 
time to respond to the Treasurer’s calls that 
either they had acquired the habit of neglecting 
or now found it difficult to discharge their obli- 
gations. At the suggestion of the Manager of 
Ways and Means, the General Counsel of 
the Company notified all in arrears that they 
would be sued if they did not settle, and a local 
attorney was engaged to enforce collections. 


The result of the first suit made it evident that 
the legality of the stock subscriptions was be- 
yond question and that judgments would hold; 
thus it was only necessary to sue in a very lim- 
ited number of cases in order to secure payment 
from responsible people. 

This action of the company was a distinct 
ways and means move and separable from the 
immediate financial question. [he appropria- 
tion made by the State of Virginia was avail- 
able only after certain sums should have been 
paid into the treasury of the company from col- 
lections on stock subscriptions. Of the two 
hundred thousand dollars appropriated by Vir- 
ginia the company was entitled to draw from 
the treasury of the State fifty thousand at any 
time after the first day of March, 1904, pro- 
vided that before this amount was paid to the 
company two hundred and fifty thousand dol- 
lars should have been collected from stock sub- 
scriptions; and a second installment of one hun- 
dred and fifty thousand dollars was available 
after March 1, 1905, provided that before this 


payment could be made to the exposition a to- 


, Be sou THW STUY 
me JAMESTO 
Be. ¢x0s/TION GROUNDS. 
PENS-19O7 - 


EXPOSITION FENCE, ERECTED 1905 
tal of five hundred thousand dollars should have 


been collected from the same stock source. But 
neither of these payments could be demanded 
unless the amounts above stated had been paid 
into the treasury of the company within two 
years after the close of the 1904 session of the 
General Assembly, or prior to January 12, 
1906. Up to the closing day of October, 
1905, only two hundred and ten thousand, five 
hundred and three dollars and thirty-nine cents 
had been paid on stock subscriptions, but by 
the first week in December owing to the ac- 
tivity of the collections bureau this amount was 
increased sufhiciently to enable the company to 
receive the State’s fifty thousand dollars. Waith- 
in five weeks as much more money would have 
to be collected else the one hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars appropriation would be lost. 
The Manager of Ways and Means strove 
very diligently to increase sufficiently the col- 
lection account and he secured from a number 
of subscribers the full amount of their subscrip- 
tions in advance, but there was still a large lapse 
between the total obtained and the total re- 
quired. Mr. Myers induced the Atlantic Trust 
and Deposit Company, a Norfolk financial in- 
stitution, to prepay the subscriptions on a suf- 


90 


1908 


The Board 


5 ficient amount of stock to comply with the half 


million dollar requirement and accept as security 
partly paid stock with subscribers’ notes for the 
unpaid balance, together with a pledge of one 
hundred thousand dollars executed by the 
Board of Governors to be liquidated by a 
transfer to the Trust Company of the moneys 
received by the Concession Department—the 
pledge constituting a first lien upon this class of 
revenue. Further to guarantee the Trust Com- 
pany the Governors collectively and as indi- 
viduals endorsed notes to the extent of twenty- 
five thousand dollars. The Board realized that 
unless some such endeavor as this were success- 
ful the imperatively necessary help from the 
State could not be obtained, building operations 
would be delayed and the success of the Expo- 
sition rendered most questionable. 

Before construction began the matter of pub- 
lic utilities demanded attention. Within less 
than two years all of the conveniences of a 
city had to be installed in a wilderness. There 
were no methods of communication for men, 
messages or freight; car service, both electric 
and steam, was urgently demanded; telephone 
and telegraph lines had to be inducted; piers 
had to be built; provisions were needed for 
supplying light and power, and the most glaring 
necessity, water, presented a serious problem. 
An electric line was operating between Norfolk 
and Pine Beach, a point closely adjacent to the 
Exposition and from this road a spur track was 
diverted into the grounds. For a considerable 
period this was the only method of transporting 
men and material to the Exposition, and there 
was no other public utility except the limited 
convenience of a post office at Pine Beach and 
a telephone at a hotel approximately a mile 
distant from the first building point of the Ex- 
position. 

During the summer of 1905 the Exposition 
Company prepared an agreement with the Nor- 
folk & Atlantic Terminal Company, the owners 
of the Pine Beach trolley line, by which, under 
certain conditions, each corporation would con- 
tribute jointly to the erection of a passenger 
station fronting on Maryland Avenue within 
the boundaries of the Exposition, this avenue 
marking the western limit of the main site; and 
it was further agreed that each company would 
share in the cost incident to the enlargement and 
betterment of a pier then and still owned by 
the electric company. ‘This contract was never 
executed. The parties appeared to be in 
thorough accord and each was satisfied with 
the proportion of expenditure and _ revenue. 
The papers were with the General Counsel of 
the Exposition for several months, and if the 
contract had ever been prepared and presented 
it probably would have been signed. Mean- 
while, however, the Norfolk and Portsmouth 
Traction Company, a corporation which had 
other electric lighting and trolley interests in 
Norfolk and vicinity, acquired control of the 
Norfolk and Atlantic Terminal Company. 

This consolidation did not adversely affect 
the transportation situation; to the contrary, it 
is very probable that the service would have 


91 


of Governors. 


FENCE IN BLOOM, 1907 


been much less satisfactory had the lines been 
operated independently. The purchasing 
company offered at its own cost to improve the 
Pine Beach Pier to an extent not less than 
that proposed by the contract which has been 
mentioned; and notwithstanding the fact that 
subsequently the Exposition management 
financially aided a company which erected and 
operated a pier adjacent to the Exposition site, 
the Traction Company did what they had 
offered to do: they improved their own pier 
and maintained it during the entire period of 
the Exposition in excellent condition. 

It did not require extraordinary acumen to 
appreciate the fact that trolley service alone 
would not afford an adequate means of ship- 
ping freight during the creative period of the 
Exposition. On the 15th of November, 1905, 
Raymond Dupuy, General Manager of the 
Tidewater Railroad (now the Virginia Rail- 
way), announced that his company would con- 
struct tracks to the Exposition Grounds, enter- 
ing at a point on 99th Street about mid-distant 
between the eastern and western boundaries. 
This decision caused considerable disquietude 
on the part of many who had purchased prop- 
erty on Maryland Avenue, for the reason that 
it had always been anticipated that the main 
entrance would be on that thoroughfare, and 
these property holders feared that where the 
railroad entered the principal gates would be. 

A Maryland Avenue location was the 
logical point for the main entrance. When the 
first ground plan was prepared, it showed the 


FENCE, INTERIOR VIEW, 1907 


1905 


1905 


The Jamestown 


Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


| 
\ 
| 


PIER AT PINE BEACH 


State buildings occupying a semi-circular tract 
in the eastern section of the grounds. The 
Virginia Building was supposed to form the 
apex of this arc and to face a beautiful park, 
adorned with a fountain and flower beds, and 
flanked by the other State headquarters except 
at the western boundary which was to lie open. 
While this formation was being considered the 
Management had planned to build an entrance, 
if not the main entrance, on 99th Street, but 
this plan was abandoned when the State build- 
ings were located on a boulevard overlooking 
Hampton Roads, and it was generally believed 
that a Maryland Avenue location would be 
chosen for the principal gate. That the Board 
of Governors so intended seems obvious, for 
all the plans of ground development appear to 
have been made with this idea in view. 

The fears of the property owners proved 
well founded and the change provoked much 
invidious comment. Apart from any effect 
it might have had upon individuals it certainly 
resulted in a considerable loss of revenue for 
the Exposition. Wherever the majority of ex- 
position visitors enter there should be a pleasing 
picture. If necessary it might be well to use a 
part of the exposition site for a decorative plaza 
leading to the main gate but in any event the 
scene inside the barriers should be attractive. 
At the Jamestown Exposition the entrance was 
placed most unfortunately. Instead of a broad 
tree-lined avenue flanked on either side by club 
houses and the buildings of private exhibitors— 
a vista planned by the Board of Design—the 
visitors to the Exposition entered a barren 
waste, unadorned, low and at most time damp. 
The buildings in the vicinity of the entrance 
were unattractive, cheap board affairs and the 
central group of Exposition palaces was hid- 
den from view by an unsightly grand stand 
which lay across Lee’s Parade. The Admin- 
istration Building and its two wings, used for 
primary and secondary education on the one 
side and university education on the other, had 
each a single face which was turned away from 
the main gate, and those who utilized that 
entrance were required to walk over half the 
breadth of the property across the Parade 
Ground when that was vacant or around it 
when occupied, before reaching any main build- 
ing. 

Instead of the first impression of the Expo- 


sition causing pleasurable surprise it was de- 
cidedly disappointing. Just within the gates 
lay a wide stretch of open space over which had 
been thrown gravel that crunched disagreeably 
under heavy shoes and made uncomfortable 
those who were lightly shod. It is not easy to 
remove initial disfavor and it is undoubtedly 
true that visitors from distant points sometimes 
left the Exposition without losing their uncom- 
fortable advent sensations. “This was true even 
after the buildings and grounds were finished. 
It was more glaringly obvious, however, before 
that time. The loss of revenue from this source 
cannot be estimated but the decrease in local 
attendance can measurably be traced. The 
half mile or more of a dreary walk required to 
reach any desirable point deterred an evening 
visitor from repeating his excursions. If the at- 
tractions had been easily accessible local peo- 
ple might have visited frequently. At this, as 
at most other expositions, the amusement sec- 
tion was the only one open in the evening and 
until late in the summer of 1907 there was no 
car service worth mentioning between Norfolk 
and any point at the Exposition, other than the 
main gate. Had this entrance been located 
where it was originally planned the visitor could 
have entered the grounds at a point not more 
than one hundred yards from the end of the 
War Path, and could have reached this sec- 
tion by travelling a broad, well lighted, well 
paved, dry avenue. 

It has been stated officially that the loca- 
tion of the main entrance was not in conformity 
with the wishes of the Governors or the Board 
of Design. Even if this were true, it is no 
excuse; to the contrary, it renders the situation 
less excusable. It has been stated that the 
Trolley company was anxious to secure a com- 
mon terminus which would require a minimum 
mileage and for this reason it chose the 99th 
Street location. Before the Exposition was 
planned the Norfolk and Portsmouth Traction 
Company had been operating a line from Nor- 
folk to Willoughby Spit, and for a part of the 
distance the tracks were parallel to the eastern 
boundary of the site at a point about two miles 
distant. As the trackage of this line between 
the Exposition and Norfolk was longer than 
over the Pine Beach division, it might have 
been advantageous to reduce the discrepancy 
and this may have been justly considered in- 


92 


05 


The Board of Governors. 


teresting to the traction corporation because 
they charged an extra fare via the Willoughby 
Spit section and naturally wished to make the 
trip as attractive as possible, but there were 
other phases to the situation. The General 
Manager of the Traction Company, E. C. 
Hathaway, and President John Blair Mac- 
Afee, maintain that the location of the prin- 
cipal entrance was decided by the Exposition 
Company and was not their choice. They 
show that it cost their company to build ter- 
minals and to construct an over-head viaduct 
on 99th Street not less than $84,000.00, a 
sum greatly in excess of what would have been 
required for a station on Maryland Avenue 
where car tracks would not have crossed. 
They prove that the nghts of way secured by 
their company, to operate on 99th Street did 
not include the privilege of building an over- 
head structure or a loop at the freight station 
which was to be constructed on Maryland 
Avenue and they show that the exercise of 
these privileges without the consent of the 
Hampton Roads Land Company caused a 
dispute which resulted in the traction company 
being compelled to operate alternately the cars 
running between Norfolk and the Exposition 
over the tracks of the Norfolk and Atlantic 
Terminal division—one to the main gate, and 
the second traversing the Maryland Avenue 
course. 


The contention of Messrs. MacAfee and 
Hathaway is corroborated by W. E. Cottrell, 
Governor of Works of the Exposition, who 
has stated that the location of the main gate 
was decided by him, acting for the Exposition 
Company, at a conference in which the Trac- 
tion representatives and the Exposition repre- 
sentatives participated. There is no doubt that 
the Board of Governors subsequently approved 
the selection for this is a matter which is at- 
tested by the official records of the company. 

Although it has never been publicly ad- 
mitted, it is a fact which no Exposition official 
will deny that a cause chiefly determining the 
diversion of the main entrance from any point 
on Maryland Avenue was the character of the 
buildings occupying the adjacent territory. On 
all progress maps there was shown a gate 


1; 


s 


Copyright, Jamestown ( 


ane ” - &. — 
Corporation. 


ogray 


93 


opposite 104th Street and provisions for land- 
ing passengers at that point were made long 
before the opening of the Exposition, in fact, 
during the very early stages of construction. 
A loop for the station had been provided at 
that point and within the fence, landscape 
work had been executed with the obvious in- 
tention of using 104th Street continued as the 
main thoroughfare of the Exposition. ‘The 
loop for the railroad tracks began at 103rd 
Street and continued to 104th Street and the 
latter avenue was chosen for the point of 
entrance because, there, visitors from the 
adjacent territory could enter the grounds with- 
out having to cross any tracks. As, however, 
many objectionable places had been established 
in the vicinity of 104th Street, the Exposition 
Company decided to install the main gate at 
the juncture of 99th Street and Maryland 
Avenue, and in order to afford adequate ter- 
minal facilities at that point the Board of Gov- 
ernors offered to the Traction Company for its 
free use during the Exposition period, a square 
section equal in size to the average city block. 
The Traction engineers prepared plans for the 
terminal at that point and presented these to the 
Governors, who objected to the proposed 
arrangement because it necessitated passengers 
crossing a bridge in order to reach out-going 
cars; a condition which was argued might cause 
accidents in the event of a crowd rushing to the 
cars. The plans were returned to the Trac- 
tion Company with the request that they be 
changed with this objection obviated. 

While alterations of the design were being 
considered a meeting with the Exposition’s 
and the Traction company’s officials occurred 
and the 99th Street point was chosen. To a 
less degree the corner site was open to the same 
objection as the 104th Street location, namely, 
the presence of undesirable places in the 
vicinity. [here was, moreover, another dif- 
ficulty which was even more serious. None of 
the ground plans had contemplated a corner 
entrance and had that been selected, visitors 
to the Exposition would have had for their 
first view a most unsightly picture—the rear 
aspect of the War Path, full of small shacks 
and ugly hoardings, devoid of any compen- 


FIRST CARLOAD DELIVERIES, SEPTEMBER, 1905 


1905 


1905 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


JoHN J. O'KEEFE 


FrANK HitcH 


Cornetius H. Buti 


COMMITTEE OF THE NORFOLK COUNCILS 


sating decorations. Undoubtedly this corner 
would have been even less attractive than the 
more distant point, which at least provided easy 
access to the Parade Ground and offered a 
view not entirely satisfactory, yet still possess- 
ing some charm. 

As a basic proposition it may be stated that 
the chances for the success of any Exposition 
are slight when the transportation situation is as 
complicated as it was in Norfolk and vicinity. 
Over one line from Norfolk a ten cent fare 
was charged and over the other five cents ad- 
ditional. At least a ferry fare, perhaps an ad- 
ditional car fare, had to be paid by those living 
in Portsmouth or Berkley to reach Norfolk be- 
fore beginning their journey to the Exposition, 
and from the residential part of Newport News 
it cost fifteen cents to reach Sewell’s Point and 
five cents more to get to the Exposition 
Grounds, yet the greater part of Norfolk, 
Portsmouth and Newport News lay within a 
twelve mile radius of the Exposition. It re- 
quired forty-five minutes to travel from Norfolk 
to the Exposition and from that city it could be 
reached only by two trolley lines, or rather two 
branches of the same system. It required more 
minutes for the journey from Portsmouth and 
still more from any point in Newport News 
except one immediately adjacent to the water 
front. If the city near which an exposition is 
located is densely populated and lacks sufficient 
amusement attractions the time of transit or the 
additional car fare might not seriously affect 
attendance. The cities around Hampton 
Roads were not large and under normal con- 
ditions the contiguous territory presented many 
attractions to visitors as well as residents. Nat- 
urally during an exposition period such pleas- 
ure resorts are beautified and rendered more at- 
tractive and as a consequence local people, to 
a certain extent, and visitors, perhaps in equal 
degree, are diverted from the exposition to 
adjacent points of interest. “The Pan-Ameri- 
can suffered from the proximity of Niagara and 
the Jamestown Exposition lost by reason of 
Fortress Monroe, Ocean View, Virginia 
Beach, Cape Henry, Buckroe Beach and 
Jamestown Island. In addition to the disad- 
vantages of time and cost there might be added 


the unfortunate terminal location and a sched- 
ule particularly between the Exposition and 
Norfolk, which, for various reasons—some of 
them quite beyond the control of the traction 
company—was at many times most unsatisfac- 
tory. 

With the exception of the officers of the 
trolley company there were few who at any 
time believed it possible for the electric roads 
to give car service that would be adequate. 
The Virginia Railway offered the use of its 
tracks to all the roads entering Norfolk and 
excursions from distant points could reach the 
grounds with unbroken trains. Over these same 
tracks cars could have been run from Norfolk 
and on several occasions they were run. But 
this method of local transit was unpopular and 
only utilized on a few special occasions. It 
was, however, the general belief that a ride over 
the water would prove attractive and several 
steamboat companies were organized for the 
purpose of transporting visitors to the Exposi- 
tion. Water transit was a necessity from Old 
Point, Hampton, Phoebus and Newport News, 
but Norfolk’s population and sojourners in 
Norfolk seemed to prefer the cars, however 
crowded they might be, and one by one the 
ferry lines ceased to operate. If all of these 
steamship companies had operated from a com- 
mon terminus and maintained a quick and regu- 
lar schedule, it is possible that more people 
would have taken the water route but there 
were disagreeable features also connected with 
the landing which was quite distant from the 
Exposition and necessitated either a walk of 
half a mile to reach the first Exposition building 
or a ride for an equal space over a miniature 
railway which operated from the deep water 
pier to the Inside Inn. The boats charged 
twenty-five cents for a round trip. A car fare 
of five cents to and from the boat in Norfolk 
and again a car fare of five cents either way 
between the pier and the Exposition made a 
total of forty-five cents for transportation 
charges to each visitor and precluded men with 
small incomes and large families from making 
this excursion. 

The problem of a water supply for the Ex- 
position was difficult to solve. There was no 


94 


190€ 


05 


The Board of Governors. 


adequate quantity of pure surface water in the 
vicinity nor was there a pipe line from Norfolk. 
At first, driven wells were utilized and these 
furnished fairly pure water but experts declared 
that the maximum quantity obtainable from 
these wells would be far below the Exposition’s 
demands, and there was no certainty that the 
water would continue free from brackishness. 
Norfolk County, within which political division 
lay the site of the Exposition, had no public 
water works but its needs were supplied by a 
private company. Being precluded by the 
Constitution of Virginia from making a direct 
appropriation to aid the Exposition, the coun- 
cils of Norfolk had considered various ways 
and means of aiding the undertaking. The 
most patently valuable assistance that the city 
could give was free water and this donation was 


suggested by the Exposition management. Dur- 
ing the fall of 1905, the Councils of Norfolk 


questing the bestowal of the right of eminent 
domain upon the city for the purpose of con- 
demning such property as was needed for the 
laying of water mains through the county. In 
order to reach the site the city’s mains would 
have to parallel for quite a distance the main 
of the Norfolk County company. As a conse- 
quence its attorney opposed the City of Norfolk 
in its undertaking to furnish water to the Expo- 
sition; first, as a basic proposition that the city 
had no right to supply the territory beyond its 
limits; and second, on the ground that the fu- 
ture operations of the city’s pipe line might be 
in direct contravention of his company’s rights. 
As a method of solving the problem he offered 
a contract to the City of Norfolk, under which 
agreement the latter might acquire the property 
which he represented and he also offered to 
furnish water to the Exposition at what ap- 
peared to be a fair price. After building op- 


THE JAMESTOWN BOULEVARD COMMISSION 
From left to right—JoHN J. O’KeEre, W. W. Moss, Treasurer, H. B. Goopripce, Chairman, C. H. Butt, 


Standing: 
Joun A. Copp. 

Sitting: 
CaP ew OHAW, We SNe RETIRED: 
appointed a joint committee, John J. O’Keefe 
of the Select branch, and Frank Hitch and C. 
H. Bull, members of the Common Council. 
This committee collected a vast amount of data 
bearing upon the cost incident to such a dona- 
tion, and one of its members, Mr. Bull, secured 
for purposes of comparison figures which 
showed the contributions previously made by 
cities within whose borders or near whose limits 
expositions had been held. ‘The result of these 
investigations he placed before the Council and 
it proved to be a very strong argument in favor 
of granting the request of the Exposition and 
convinced the city government that such a 
course would be in complete accordance with 
general precedents. 

Without the enactment of a special law 
granting the privilege, there seemed to be some 
doubt as to the right of the city to supply a 
territory beyond its boundaries. A petition was 
prepared and forwarded to the legislature re- 


95 


From left to right—Barton Myers, AtvaH H. Martin, Frank Hitcr, E. T. Lamp, Secretary, LIEUTENANT 


erations were begun the Norfolk County Water 
Company laid a six inch pipe to the grounds 
and this source was temporarily utilized. How- 
ever, it soon became manifest that unless their 
plant was largely increased the supply would be 
insufficient for the regular patrons of the cor- 
poration if an adequate volume was given to 
the Exposition. In the early part of 1906 the 
Legislature passed an act enabling Norfolk to 
supply the Exposition with water. The esti- 
mate of the Manager of Ways and Means who 
had taken expert advice as to the possible need 
of the Exposition, was accepted by the city, 
and an agreement made for furnishing a mil- 
lion gallons a day. 

Later when the city system was installed 
the Exposition erected a reservoir with a stor- 
age capacity of about two million gallons and 
whenever there was an excessive demand for 
water either at the exposition or in the city dur- 
ing business hours this large reserve was called 


1905 


1905 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


into requisition, while during the night when 
the demands of both places were small the 
supply was replenished. Adjacent to the res- 
ervoir was a pumping station consisting of 
double-acting triplex piston pumps, driven by 
four gas engines. These pumps delivered two 
thousand five hundred and sixty gallons each 
minute against strong pressure calculated to be 
constant at one hundred pounds at the fire 
mains. The pumping station was installed by 
the Goulds Manufacturing Company of New 
York. Under the circumstances such a plant 
was a necessity because no part of the reservoir 
was much above the surface of the ground, nor 
was there in fact any elevation within miles of 
the Exposition sufficiently important to give 
gravity-force. The station was equipped in 
duplicate as a guard against possible accident 
and while the Exposition fortunately did not 
encounter a fire peril the wisdom of this caution 
cannot be doubted, for the large amusement 
section and many of the separate buildings were 


resolution, requested H. B. Goodridge of Nor- 
folk to organize a Citizens’ Commission for the 
purpose of expediting this very important work. 
A handsome driveway between an Exposition 
and its home city is a luxury which might 
almost be called a necessity. So far as the 
Jamestown Exposition was concerned the need 
was undeniably obvious because the character 
of the celebration indicated that many uni- 
formed bodies might be expected to visit the 
fair and it would be unfortunate if they were 
compelled to march from Norfolk to the Ex- 
position over roads so bad as to leave an in- 
delibly unpleasant memory. 

Mr. Goodridge felt that the success of his 
work depended largely upon his having the co- 
operation of all citizens and he agreed to act 
as chairman of the commission, provided that 
the governing boards of the city and county 
would confirm his selection of the men to serve 


with him. He named W. W. Moss, President 
of the Citizens Bank of Norfolk, and also Pres- 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


CAPE HENRY, WHERE THE JAMESTOWN SETTLERS FIRST DEBARKED 


The old tower bears a memorial tablet recording the event. 


of wood and other light material, highly in- 
flammable. 

When the city of Norfolk was petitioned to 
furnish free water for the Exposition, the Board 
of Governors also requested the Councils to 
adopt a measure that would create a boulevard 
to connect the city with the Exposition site. 
This matter was referred to the same committee 
which was investigating the water problem. 
The question of water supply was undoubtedly 
complicated, but the boulevard proposition pre- 
sented to the Councils committee difficulties 
that were practically insurmountable. For the 
city to have constructed the entire roadway was 
impossible owing to the large cost entailed. 
For the city to have constructed its end of the 
avenue alone would have been valueless unless 
the county authorities enthusiastically co-oper- 
ated and continued the work to its limit. Up 
to January, 1906, nothing had been done to 
effect a solution. 

The Board of Governors then by a formal 


ident of the Chamber of Commerce, E. T. 
Lamb, General Agent of the Southern Rail- 
way and President of the Virginia Club of 
Norfolk, Lieutenant C. P. Shaw, U. S. N. 
(Retired), President of the Norfolk Civic 
League, Alvah H. Martin, Clerk of Norfolk 
County, John A. Codd, Chairman of the 
Board of Supervisors of Norfolk County, Bar- 
ton Myers, a Governor of the Exposition 
and the three councilmen who had previously 
been appointed to investigate the subject 
and whose researches, though indeterminate, 
were valuable—Messrs. Hitch, O’Keefe and 
Bull. 

— The Councils of Norfolk confirmed this 
commission on March 6, 1906, and the Board 
of Supervisors of Norfolk County officially 
concurred. To the commission was delegated 
the duty of obtaining the necessary rights of 
way and contributions for building the boule- 
vard. The commission was authorized to have 
the various proposed routes surveyed and to 


96 


190 


905 


The Board 


obtain estimates on the cost of construction. 
They were directed to report the result of their 
investigations together with such recommenda- 
tions as they might deem proper for final adop- 
tion by the councils of the city and supervisors 
of the county. 

The Board of Supervisors voted to appro- 
priate fifteen thousand dollars to aid the work, 
provided, however, that thirty-five thousand 
dollars should previously have been secured 
from individual subscribers, for the purpose of 
aiding the construction of the county end of 
the boulevard. It was estimated that one hun- 
dred and fifty thousand dollars would be re- 
quired to build the city’s portion and it was the 
general belief that the Norfolk Councils would 
appropriate one hundred thousand dollars for 
this improvement since the water supply would 
not be likely to cost more than that amount and 
two hundred thousand dollars would certainly 
have been given to the Exposition as a direct 
aid if the Constitution of the State had not 
prohibited. Several routes were proposed but 
the one finally selected by the commission 
appeared to possess several distinct advantages 
over all the others. It was more accessible 
from the main avenues of the city, it was with- 
out any trolley within the city limits and it 
offered a practical and direct route to the Ex- 
position Grounds. There were additional 
economic reasons for the selection since the sec- 
tion traversed promised the greatest develop- 
ment in the near future and therefore offered 
a more reasonable promise of tax returns. 
Furthermore, all the rights of way along the 
line were offered free of charge. In Norfolk 
County the owners of property contiguous to 
the Boulevard were assessed in proportion to 
the frontage of their land on the thoroughfare, 
and in this way thirty-five thousand dollars was 
secured. A somewhat similar procedure was 
adopted to obtain the bulk of the subscriptions 
for the city section. 

The constructive work within the city limits 
was superintended by City Engineer, W. T. 
Brooke; but the county delegated to the Com- 
mission the authority not only to finance the 
undertaking but to construct the road. The 
completed boulevard will probably prove the 
greatest permanent asset left by the Exposition 
not only for Norfolk and the immediate vicinity, 
but as an object lesson, it must be an asset to 
Virginia whose roads have always been below 
the average. The Commission worked intel- 
ligently and energetically and they were 
valuably assisted in their enterprise. W. J. 
Payne, President of the Norfolk and Atlantic 
Terminal Company gratuitously transferred to 
the County of Norfolk a drive-way over his 
company’s bridge across Tanners Creek upon 
the sole condition that the authorities would 
agree to keep the bridge in repair and maintain 
it as a free highway. ‘The corporation thereby 
relinquished for nothing a toll franchise which 
was valuable. The Good Roads Department 
at Washington sent to Norfolk one of their 
skilled engineers who surveyed all the routes 
which had been suggested for the boulevard 


97 


of Governors. 


and later sent the same engineer, Mr. Pierce, 
to assist in the construction of the boulevard, 
and he brought with him some excellent road- 
building machinery owned by the government. 
The Virginia State Road Commission detailed 
convicts to help on the county end of the boule- 
vard and convicts were also utilized for opera- 
ting the quarry which supplied the stone to the 
county. The fact that the boulevard was not 
completed when the Exposition opened can not 
be attributed to any tardiness or negligence on 
the part of the Commission whose work was 
admirably and promptly done. Mr. Good- 
ridge, the chairman, officially urged the Coun- 
cils of Norfolk on several occasions to act 
quickly on the appropriation measure and stated 
on August 18, 1906, that each day’s delay 
was dangerous. 

In spite of the insistence of the chairman and 
the hearty co-operation of the councilmen who 
were members of the commission, it took an un- 
reasonably long time to secure the city’s sub- 
scription, and the work suffered in consequence. 
Not only was the appropriation late, but there 
were other difficulties, notably the inability of 
the quarry company to fulfill its agreement to 
furnish stone promptly, after having executed 
a contract so to do, and considerable delay 
was caused by an accident to the bridge over 
Tanner’s Creek which resulted in a temporary 
cessation of the operations. 

Aside from water and means of communica- 
tion the greatest necessities for an exposition in 
the way of utilities are light and power. The 
development of the Jamestown Exposition 
made this a peculiarly difficult problem. Start- 


ing ostensibly as an historical and educational 


Copvright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MOVING A BIG TREE 


1905 


1905 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


2076 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Ph h Corporation 


exhibition it developed very largely along the 
same lines as other great fairs. If the first in- 
tent had prevailed, the demand for the power 
would have been practically negligible and the 
need for light would have been restricted. The 
uncertainty regarding the light and power situ- 
ation led the manager of Ways and Means to 
eliminate this feature from his first budget, con- 
tenting himself with simply stating the neces- 
sity for an electric and a steam plant. Even if 
money had been available for the construction 
of a power house, it is almost certain that the 
initial estimates of the required quantity would 
have fallen far short of the real demands. This 
was not entirely due to the Exposition’s own 
development, but as later will be shown the 
demands of the government would have 
rendered a shortage inevitable. 

Users of little power and those who cook in 
connection with exhibits are apt to prefer gas 
to electricity. Though oil or gasoline might be 
substituted there is presumed to be an element 
of danger connected with the use of these and 
it is, therefore, necessary that a certain amount 
of gas should be furnished for an exposition. 
The first budget suggested the erection of a gas 
plant but as in the case of power did not in- 
corporate any figures. At that time it was 
deemed that a gas plant might be built by some 
concessionaire who could make contracts with 
exhibitors and the company, and negotiations 
were pursued toward this end, but later it was 
found impossible to secure any supply except 
through the Norfolk City Gas Company, 
which, after it began operations served the 
Exposition adequately and with gas of a good 
quality. The system was not installed com- 
pletely until after the Exposition opened but be- 
gan operations within a month from that date. 

Some of these matters are anticipated so far 
as execution is concerned but all of them were 


THE TWO MILLION GALLON RESERVOIR 


problems to be solved by the Manager of Ways 
and Means, and each was investigated by him 
during the first year of his office. Similarly the 
installation of telephones and telegraph stations 
was not effected until much later. The former 
shortly after building operations began and the 
latter a few weeks in advance of the opening 
day, nor was there for a long time any satis- 
factory delivery of mail matter to the ground 
but negotiations in these several lines were pur- 
sued for months in advance. 

At first sight there might appear to be little 
reason for haste in the creation of the bureau of 
Concessions at a time when the plans of the Ex- 
position were inchoate, but to the initiated—to 
those who had been connected in a managerial 
capacity with a big fair—the wisdom of begin- 
ning concession work as soon as possible is 
obvious. Several months before the resolution 
creating departments was passed, applications 
for concessions had been received and the cre- 
ation of the bureau was the result of mature 
deliberation. Sometime before this action was 
taken the Chairman of the Board had expressed 
his conviction that it was necessary at once to 
organize such a department for the reason that 
most concessionaires who follow expositions re- 
quire capital to enable them to carry through 
their projects, and that the money for these 
undertakings was largely subscribed locally. 
As a further and still more important reason 
for speedy organization he related the exper- 
ience of other expositions which had shown that 
reputable concessionaires were invariably will- 
ing to give a reasonable monetary guarantee 
that they would carry out their contract, but 
that the amount of these warrants diminished in 
a ratio based on the diminishing interim between 
the execution of the agreement and the date of 
the opening of the exposition. 


During the summer of 1905, Mr. Sherwood 


98 


The Board of Governors. 


305 pursued a rigorous investigation of the subject 


of concessions and carefully studied the policies 
which had been adopted at previous important 
expositions. In addition to the study of printed 
notes and statistical tables which shed some 
light on the subject he visited St. Louis and 
Buffalo and from other sources received the 
advice of men formerly in charge of concession 
departments or who had been prominently con- 
nected with the general administration of expo- 
sitions. Concession authorities hold extremely 
divergent views and this is quite natural, for 
conditions which obtain at one exposition rarely 
if ever are duplicated at another, and to prog- 
nosticate what an exposition really may bring 
is a task beyond the ability of any one. The 
best guide in the formulation of a policy is ex- 
perience but unfortunately this, while extremely 
valuable if conditions could be repeated, is 
valueless when they are dissimilar. It is difficult 
for a man to gain a comprehensive concession 
experience at one exposition, however large, 
because if he is wise he will not abandon a 
fixed policy unless it is radically wrong but 
will strive to modify it to an effective degree. 
The period of an exposition—and this includes 
both the creative and operative stages—is so 
short that even a half bad policy pursued is 
better than various good policies. 

The manager of Concessions was unable to 
gain any consensus but from the many views 
presented he could make a choice. Many 
recognized authorities have stated their uncom- 
promising opinion that concessions of every na- 
ture should be negotiated on a square foot 
basis; some except amusements from this cate- 
gory. Equally experienced men have advo- 
cated the operation of concessions solely upon 
percentages. [here are some who favor selling 
for a specific amount all of the amusement 
grounds of an exposition to a competent show 
man and there are others who advocate a con- 
tract with a similar individual who would pay 
a percentage. Still another class holds the 
view that amusement concessions should be sold 
outright to individual concessionaires for sums 
prorated to their total investment, the payment 
for these privileges to be either in a lump or 
collectible periodically. In the matter of sell- 
ing concessions, which, at several expositions 
had been covered partly by the exhibit depart- 
ment, though this policy has now generally 
been abandoned, and all selling exhibits are 
controlled by the manager of Concessions after 
space has been assigned, the majority of au- 
thorities are united in the opinion that the space 
should be sold by the square foot and the pay- 
ment for it should be largely, if not entirely, 
made in advance; but even in this division there 
is a lack of unanimity as to whether or not the 
square foot payment should be the only consid- 
eration or that in addition to the space rate a 
proportion-of-sales agreement should be made. 

There is undoubtedly a definiteness and cer- 
tainty of results assured by the square foot 
method. The element of chance which enters 
very largely into all questions of exposition 
reyenue is minimized if not obliterated when 


99 


the returns are based upon the same rule of 
measurement as are the expenditures. Calcu- 
lations for the conduct as well as the creation 
of an exposition are made by square foot rules 
and this refers to everything within the fence— 
grounds as well as buildings. All calculations 
for construction, decoration, maintenance, com- 
fort and protection are area figures and a cor- 
responding basis for sale would limit some un- 
necessary speculation on the part of the man- 
agement. Where this method is adopted not 
only may anticipated revenues be determined 
with greater initial accuracy but concessionaires 
and exhibitors are less likely to contract for 
more space than they can utilize. Almost every 
man with concession experience advocates the 
adoption of a policy irrespective of details 
which insures as large initial payments as pos- 
sible. ‘This is urged not solely because these 
funds may be useful for the liquidation of cur- 
rent obligations but such a plan prevents litig- 
lous concessionaires from involving the company 
in unnecessary legal controversies and debars 
concessionaires of doubtful character from tak- 
ing advantage of any possible difficulties which 
later might beset an exposition and _ thereby 
make compromises disadvantageous to the Ex- 
position company. ‘The only apparent objec- 
tion to this plan is that concessionaires are not 
usually well supplied with currency, but that is 
not determining because the entire sum need 
not necessarily be paid in full and the obliga- 
tion can be liquidated as work progresses until 
the exposition opens. 

From every concession with one or two ex- 
ceptions, which the Board of Governors au- 
thorized against the protest of Mr. Sherwood, 
advance payments were demanded and col- 
lected. In the selling division without or within 
doors direct area taxes were imposed and in 
some cases additional percentages were collect- 
ible. ‘The concessions which dealt with public 
utilities were arranged on various bases, usually 
the percentage, while on the War Path space 
was sold for twenty dollars per front foot pay- 
able in advance of the actual construction work. 
This War Path prepayment was not accepted 
as the liquidation of the exposition’s account 
or even as a part payment, but was demanded 
as a guarantee for the fulfillment of the con- 
cessionaire’s contract and for the payment of 
percentages later to accrue. This payment was 
subsequently returned to the concessionaire or 
rather he was permitted to retain half of his 
percentage payments until a sum equal to the 
original deposit had been kept by him. As an 
example a theatre fronting fifty feet on the War 
Path would be taxed a thousand dollars. If 
it were operated on a twenty-five per cent basis 
and collected at its gates four hundred dollars 
a day, the amount due to the exposition would 
be one hundred dollars but of this sum the con- 
cessionaire was entitled to retain one-half and 
his credit on the books of the company became 
nine hundred and fifty dollars instead of a 
thousand. ‘This retention of one-half was con- 
tinued until the credit balance disappeared. 

A policy which was adopted by the Con- 


1905 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


1905 cession Department against the advice of many 


was the limitation of a number of privileges in 
certain classes. ‘This action later proved to be 
very wise. [he motive for the course was to 
prevent ruinous competition and enable the 
holder of a concession to receive a reasonable 
warranty of satisfactory returns. This plan 
while not unique was certainly applied more 
rigidly at the Jamestown Exposition than at 
any previous fair; it was In no sense utopian but 
was based upon the very sensible assumption 
that if the concessionaire made money he would 
liquidate his indebtedness to the Exposition, if 
he lost money he would not; and it is generally 
true that it costs as much to enforce the col- 
lection of disputed small sums as the effort, 
when successful, yields. This policy of the con- 
cession bureau was fixed and unalterable; and 
while in some cases undoubtedly a departure 
from the principle would have been helpful to 
the company’s interests and would have yielded 
an increased revenue, yet it is safe to say 


= 
7 


| 
i 


3 
ew] 


= 
i! 
wy 


ated the finances of the Company would not 
permit any building operations. The manager, 
W. E. Cottrell, could only pursue the work of 
the Grounds and Buildings Committee, pre- 
viously directed by Mr. Johnston and hasten 
the development of the landscape features. 
The improvement of the Exposition grounds 
was directed by Warren H. Manning, a mem- 
ber of the Board of Design, who spent a con- 
siderable part of his time at the Exposition and 
was always represented by some resident en- 
gineer. Melvin L. Gulptill was sent by Mr. 
Manning to take charge of the surface drainage 
work which was begun in the winter of 1904-5 
and before the Department of Works was cre- 
ated these operations were far advanced. The 
depressions on the Exposition site had been par- 
tially drained and several large fresh water 
lakes and swamps in the vicinage were in pro- 
cess of elimination. Among these contiguous 
depressions was Lake Sanford, a_ shallow, 
swampy sheet of water, about one hundred 


og 


Se Ei ete 
= x 
aa 


ng 


PLACING SILLS FOR LARGE EXHIBIT PALACE 


that on the whole the strict adherence to the 
rule was beneficial. “There were objections to 
this policy and also to the conception of the 
manager of concessions that it was his duty to 
prevent the public from being defrauded. This 
latter view of his duties prevented Mr. Sher- 
wood from placing a number of concessions for 
which applications had been made and for 
which privileges fair amounts had been offered. 

The work of gathering information and de- 
termining policies required many months of as- 
siduous application and far in advance of the 
letting of any contract the rules of the depart- 
ment were fixed and there were few if any vari- 
ations from these regulations in the granting of 
any concession. F. B. Davison was selected 
as Chief of the Department of Concessions in 
February, 1906, and shortly thereafter active 
operations began and a number of concessions 
were placed. 

When the Department of Works was cre- 


acres in extent, which several times previously 
had been ditched and partially pumped, yet 
still remained a menace to health and a breed- 
ing place for mosquitoes of the malarial variety. 
Its elimination and the elimination of all simi- 
lar immediate pest places was regarded as es- 
sential by the Medical Director of the Expo- 
sition. 

Charles H. Pratt succeeded Mr. Gulptill 
after a few months and under his direction the 
surface drainage was completed. He installed 
a system of sub-surface piping which was made 
necessary by the prevalence of small sunken 
areas within the Exposition grounds, all of 
which, during wet periods, were covered with 
water varying in depth from six inches to a 
foot or more. Without such an installation the 
western side of the site would have been useless 
for several days after each heavy rain. 

It was under the immediate direction of 
these engineers that the herbs and plants, the 


100 


1905 


905 


The Board of Governors. 


FORMER GOVERNOR WILLIAM E. CAMERON 


Commissioner General 


shrubs and flowers for the decoration of the 
Exposition were secured and they supervised 
the moving of trees—a service which was per- 
formed by representatives of Isaac Hicks & 
Sons, the largest tree moving firm in the coun- 
try. Several thousand live oaks, hornbeams, 
persimmons, mulberries, maples and cherries of 
several varieties, magnolias, willows, cedars, 
apples, dogwoods, locusts and pines were root 
pruned and transplanted. Nearly all minor 
plants which had been collected on the grounds 
and in the near vicinity were placed in nursery 
rows in three locations, where later the Hos- 
pital Building, the Pennsylvania Building and 
the Inside Inn stood. The collecting of plants 
continued under the supervision of Mr. Cottrell 
and as soon as the roads were graded and plant- 
ing spaces prepared the shrubs were put into 
permanent positions. Altogether about one 
million plants were secured and used for deco- 
rative purposes; and, in addition to the trees 
that were root pruned the first year, there were 
enough later moved to bring the total up to 
three thousand. 

The site of the Exposition was picturesque 
in location but almost flat and, therefore, not 
easy to treat artistically. The landscape de- 
signers found a region which had been culti- 
vated in spots and a part of which was under 
cultivation when they began work. ‘The por- 
tions which had been utilized for farming were, 
as is usual in flat countries, intercepted by 
ditches cut at various distances from one hun- 
dred and fifty to three hundred feet. On ac- 
count of the difficulty of keeping the shore out- 
lets free from sand accumulations all of these 
drainages led into the arms of creeks. Some 
of these were free and others so full of vegeta- 
tion that apparently they formed a part of the 
level. The ditches varied in depth from a few 
inches to several feet. “There was one zigzag 


101 


road leading to a farmhouse on the grounds 
but the only passage from clearing to clearing, 
other than was afforded by this pathway, lay 
along the beach. 

As an offset to the flatness of the territory the 
landscape designer was helped by a vegetation 
unusually varied and attractive. At the. west- 
ern boundary of the Exposition site there stood 
a fine grove of tall, straight, short-leafed pines 
extending nearly a thousand feet along the 
shore and making for five hundred feet away 
from the water. Along the shore line was a 
varied growth, a large part virgin with here and 
there a coppice of five or six years of age 
where pines, oak and hickory had been cut. 
Crowding on the cultivated pasture lands were 
thickets of dwarf oak, holly, hickory, French 
mulberry and wild rose, and there were many 
varieties of smilax and other characteristic herbs 
of the South. The average height of these jun- 
gles was from fifteen to thirty feet with here and 
there a tree exceeding a foot in diameter and at 
least one hundred feet high. There were some 
scattered giant pines and occasional large hol- 
lies. Upon some of these had been carved the 
names of soldiers who had formed a part of 
the defense of Sewell’s Point during the Civil 
War and many of the names were still legible. 
Other sections along the westerly and southerly 
boundaries were covered with seedling pines, 
willows, poplars and other small trees, and 
there were desultory groves of larger pines and 
several apple orchards; while along the high 
shore contiguous to Boush Creek there was a 
fine growth of trees and a steep jungle bank 
next to a marsh at the southeastern boundary. 

As the Exposition Company owned its land, 
all of its avenues and streets, its water and sewer 
systems, were designed with a view toward fu- 


CaRe BILE 
Chief of Exploitation, 1903-1907 


1905 


1905 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ture development as a town site or suburban 
park, and before any preparations for building 
were made a design had been drawn showing 
the future development possibilities of the ter- 
ritory for such purposes; upon this as a basis 
for operations the scheme of the Exposition was 
developed. 

In the winter of 1904-5 a unique fence was 
erected along the land boundaries of the Expo- 
sition. [his barrier consisted of cedar posts, 
rough and projecting seven feet from the 
ground, standing ten feet apart and between 
which wires were strung. [he metal material 
for this was donated by the American Steel 
& Wire Company. The fence later became 
one of the sights of the Exposition. Instead 
of the unseemly boards generally used to con- 
fine a fair and exclude unwelcome visitors, 
there stood a wall of verdure and bloom, an 
impenetrable growth of trumpet vine, Virginia 
creeper, honeysuckle and crimson rambler roses. 

As soon as Mr. Cottrell was appointed 
Manager of Grounds and Buildings he began 
pushing developments. Soon he had large 
gangs of men doing work which had been au- 
thorized several months before but had been 
neglected for lack of necessary energetic super- 
vision. Before the close of 1905 and in ad- 
vance of any building, miles of streets had been 
graded and roads partly finished. Along the 
avenues iron pipes and great tubes of terra cotta 
were soon in evidence and quickly these 
were placed in position and covered. ‘The 
presence of hydrants and water basins indizated 
the installation of the completed water and 
sewer system. The underbrush and broom 
straw which, in many sections had grown rankly 
to a man’s height, had been cleared and a city 
park was succeeding a wilderness. A\n electric 
line was running to the center of the property 
and the location of future buildings was soon 
staked out. On the first of September, 1905, 
W. H. H. Weatherwax was appointed as 
Chief Draughtsman to the Board of Design 
and the sketches which the associated architects 
had prepared for the principal buildings began 


= 
= is 
ey ae oF 
aes 
s 


CHARLES W. KOHLSAAT 


Commissioner General, 1906 


HONORABLE N. VELOZ-GOITICOA 


Commissioner to Latin America 


to assume detailed working shape. ‘These pic- 
tures which were done in water color had been 
presented to the Board of Governors during 
the latter part of July. They were indefinite 
and merely showed in an indeterminate way 
how the buildings would appear when com- 
pleted. But the basic principle of the drawings 
was manifest, namely, a system whereby the 
buildmgs might be extended over any required 
area, without interfering with the general plan, 
merely by adding more units. 

Before the Department of Works was or- 
ganized the Board of Governors had decided 
to finish no roadway that later might be re- 
quired for heavy truck or railway transporta- 
tion. This principle is distinctly wise but it 
was carried to an undue length at the James- 
town Exposition. The idea of leaving streets 
unfinished does not mean that only the top 
dressing should be removed and sand or clay 
left bare. Such a course is especially inadvis- 
able where the soil lies on sand; for heavy 
trucking over such a road bed is attended with 
great difficulties. It is economical under such 
conditions to lay at least some heavy stone two 
and a half inches or over in diameter and allow 
the carts and drays to press this into position. 
Later when the heavy hauling is over and the 
railroad tracks are removed the top dressing can 
be put on a solid bed. The unfinished condi- 
tion of the Exposition’s main avenues, or really 
the unstarted condition, was a source of much 
trouble, and after a severe rain there were few 
railroad ties that were solidly fixed and deep 
furrows showed where each heavy cart had 
passed. 

As soon as it became known that the archi- 
tects of the Company had prepared and pre- 
sented drawings there was pressed for solution 
a problem which had engaged the attention of 
the managers for several months. The ex- 
perience of previous expositions with labor had 
not been satisfactory. Like every other com- 
modity labor regulates its price according to 
the law of supply and demand and, as a labor 


102 


1905 


905 


The Board of Governors. 


exchange is impossible, future contracts deliver- 
able in work cannot be made. An agreement 
with the labor union is not necessarily a solution 
and apparently the only method that would le- 
gally bind a workman is an individual contract. 
Where thousands are employed it can readily 
be seen that individual contracts are impracti- 
cable. 


The central labor unions of Norfolk and 
Portsmouth and Newport News had appointed 
a joint committee to confer with the Jamestown 


k= 3 + < FS $= : 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


best mechanics in the section belonged to the 
unions. Collectively the unions had_ been 
staunch advocates of the Exposition and had 
been fairly liberal subscribers to the stock, while 
individual members of the unions were to a 
large extent stockholders. 

In opposition to the demands of organized 
labor the contractors who maintained an open 
shop naturally stood firm but the committee who 
had been appointed by the Board of Directors 
to adjudicate the question, recommended that 


POCAHONTAS SPRING ON EXPOSITION GROUNDS 


Exposition Company and this committee repre- 
sented all organized labor in Tidewater Vir- 
ginia. There were some members of this body 
who desired to have a wage scale promulgated 
but the majority wished that the exposition 
would simply place itself on record as intending 
to employ union labor exclusively. For several 
reasons this attitude of the organizations was 
reasonable. It would have necessitated leav- 
ing the territory at once for workmen if no un- 
ion men were employed for practically all the 


105 


the policy of the Exposition be stated not only 
as definitely promising the employment of union 
labor for the work of the company but that in 
so far as possible the good offices of the 
company should be used to secure the engage- 
ment of union men for work done by private 
parties at the Exposition. Before this report 
was presented the members of the Committee 
had conferred not only with local labor leaders 
but many of the general officers of the various 
associations who had promised to use every en- 


1905 


1905 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


deavor to the end that there should be no evi- 
table friction. The action of the Jamestown 
Exposition proved that a modus vivendi might 
be reached insuring the elimination of discord 
and preventing acrimonious disputes and strikes. 
The report which was adopted read: 


October 24, 1905. 
To THE Boarp oF Directors, 


Jamestown Exposition Company. 
Gentlemen: 

Your committee appointed to confer with the representatives 
of the various local unions and to consider the question of 
employment of organized labor on the construction work of the 
Exposition Company at the exposition grounds, respectfully 
report that we have had frequent conferences with the repre- 
sentatives of the local unions, located at Norfolk, Portsmouth, 
Berkley, Newport News, and Hampton, and have fully con- 
sidered, after mature investigation and deliberation, all matters 
that could reasonably be anticipated in connection with the 
employment of labor at the exposition grounds, and respectfully 
recommend that it be adopted as the policy of the Exposition 
Company, to allow only members of the various building trades 
organizations to work on such building and construction as shall 
be contracted for by the Exposition Company, and done under 
its direct control. 

That all specifications for work contain a clause to the 
effect that only members of various trade organizations will be 
allowed to work upon the construction called for by said speci- 
fications, and that all contracts entered into between the Exposi- 
tion Company and the contractors whose bids are accepted for 
the performance of work, contain a clause that only members 
of the various trades unions or organizations shall be allowed 
to work on°such constructions as is set forth in the contract, 
and that only members of the trades unions or organizations be 
allowed to work on buildings contracted for by the Exposition 
Company, either on the external or internal work of the Expo- 
sition. 

We recommend further that the good offices of the Exposi- 
tion Company be exerted, through its officers and the Board of 
Governors, that all concessionaires that erect structures or build- 
ings upon the exposition grounds employ only organized union 
labor on the buildings and structures to be erected by said 
concessionaires. 

In making these recommendations, your committee is 
actuated only by what it considers the best interest of the 
Exposition Company, and believes that if the recommendations 
are adopted and carried out in spirit as well as in letter, the 
construction work of the Exposition will progress without inter- 
ruption. 

The representatives of the various local building trades 
and labor organizations assured your committee that the initiation 
fee for non-union men desiring to join the labor organizations 
would not be advanced beyond the sum of twenty-five dollars 
during the creative period of the Exposition, and that there 
would be no undue or unjust discrimination in favor of the 
local organizations of Norfolk over the local organizations of 
Portsmouth, Berkley, Newport News, and Hampton. The 
representatives of the national organizations, several of whom 
were in attendance upon the various conferences, also assured 
us that these provisions with reference to the initiation fees and 
to there being no improper or unjust discrimination in favor of 
the local unions of one place as against the unions of another 
place were proper, and stated that they would use their good 
offices to prevent, as far as possible, any strike or tie-up in the 
construction work of the Exposition. 

Respectfully submitted, 

(Signed) C. Brooxs JoHNsTON, 
Barton Myers, 
S. S. NottTincHaM, 
T. J. Woot. 


Upon the recommendation of Mr. Johnston 
who was directing legislative matters, the Board 
of Governors engaged former Governor Wil- 
liam E. Cameron of Virginia to assist in this 
work. Governor Cameron was the first to have 
the title of Commissioner-General, and the only 
one whose duties ever bore any relation to the 
title. His energies were directed toward fur- 
thering beneficent legislation in the States that 
had already taken some action and inaugura- 
ting favorable legislation in the States which 
had not acted. To help the efforts of the Com- 
missioner General, Governor Andrew Jackson 
Montague of Virginia sent official letters to the 
Governors of all States in the Union requesting 
their sympathetic co-operation in the celebration 


of Virginia’s three hundredth birthday. In 


mapping out the work to be done during the 
winter it was thought best that Theodore J. 
Wool, one of the General Counsel of the Com- 
pany, and G. T. Shepperd, the Secretary, who, 
during the preceding spring had accompanied 
General Lee to various eastern States, should 
again assume care of legislative matters con- 
nected with the commonwealths which they had 
previously visited; Governor Cameron person- 
ally went to Iowa, Indiana and Ohio. Wil- 
liam Henry Mann of Petersburg was sent as 
Commissioner to South Carolina; H. N. Castle 
of Norfolk, as Commissioner to Kentucky, and 
John Whitehead went as Commissioner to a 
number of States including Michigan, Wiscon- 
sin, Ohio, Indiana, and Louisiana. 

On the 28th day of October, 1905, the De- 
partment of Exploitation and Exhibits was 
created and T. S. Southgate was designated as 
manager. He was placed in charge of all do- 
mestic exploitation and the securing of all ex- 
hibits. The foreign exploitation at that time 
was presumed to relate only to such matters as 
would influence governments to send ships and 
soldiery and had been directly entrusted to the 
President of the Company. Under the head- 
ing of domestic exploitation was included gen- 
eral publicity and the arrangement for conces- 
sions and conventions and special events. Mr. 
Southgate separated his work into three depart- 
ments which were designated respectively Press 
and Publicity, Conventions and Attractions, 
and Exhibits, and he continued in charge of 
the first C. R. Keiley who had been at the 
head of the Press Bureau for more than two 
years. He selected G. T. Shepperd as chief 
of the second department and for some time 
made no decision regarding a chief for the 
third. A few months later A. M. Wheeler 
was selected as Chief of Exhibits. 

The line of investigation pursued by Mr. 
Southgate soon convinced him that it would be 
impossible for one man to give anything like 
adequate attention to exhibits and exercise any 
direction over exploitation. Early in 1906 and 
at his own request the division was separated, 
he retaining the Department of Exhibits while 
Exploitation was divided, Mr. Myers directing 
Press and Publicity and Mr. Johnston taking 
charge of Congresses and Special Events. 

It can be seen therefore, that as early as the 
spring of 1906 the exhibit idea had grown and 
the Chief of Exhibits who had at first taken 
charge of all exhibit work was soon thereafter 
made Chief of Manufactures and Liberal Arts 
and J. L. Farmer engaged as Chief of Agricul- 
ture which included Forestry, Fish and Game, 
and Foods. Subsequently other departments 
were added. A department of Machinery, 
Transportation and Marine Appliances was 
created and Captain J. E. Reinberg of the 
United States Revenue Cutter Service was de- 
tailed by the Secretary of the Treasury to take 
charge of the bureau. Another government 
official had charge of the Department of Mines 
and Metallurgy, Dr. David T. Day, Chief of 
the Geological Survey, who, with the consent 
of the Secretary of the Treasury, was made 


104 


1905 


The Board 


105 Honorary Director of Mines and the Chief of 


this Department was Joseph Hyde Pratt, Ge- 
ologist for the State of North Carolina. These 
were the main divisions of the Exhibit Bureau 
with the exception of the Fuel, Cement and Al- 
cohol esting Plant, a late developmeni 
directly supervised by Prof. J. A. Holmes, 
entitled Director of Power. Prof. Holmes 
was detailed for this specific purpose by the 
Director of the Geological Survey, Hon. H. 
L. Walcott, and to these two gentlemen is 
largely due the credit of obtaining the consent 
of President Roosevelt to the removal from St. 
Louis and the re-erection at the Jamestown 
Exposition of the Fuel Testing Plant of the 
United States Government which had _ been 
erected for the World’s Fair of 1904. 

Later the foreign exhibit idea grew and for 
the purpose of securing participation in the 
industrial feature of the Exposition, Charles 
W. Kohlsaat was sent to Europe. While in 
Europe he secured the co-operation of three 
distinguished Americans living abroad, who 
gave without compensation valuable assistance. 
These were the Hon. Thomas W. Cridler, the 
Hon. Charles LeSimple and the Hon. John 
Hammar who acted respectively as Honorary 
Commissioners for France and England, for 
Germany and Holland and for Scandinavia. 
Of immense importance was the work of the 
Hon. N. Veloz-Goiticoa, formerly Minister 
from Venezuela to the United States, and a 
diplomat well known throughout Latin America 
as well as in this country. Mr. Veloz was not 
only eminently successful in his work in the 
exhibit division but valuably aided the Presi- 
dent of the Company in social matters con- 
nected with visiting distinguished Latin Ameri- 
cans. 

As a general rule the classification of the 
Exhibit Department includes everything that 
is displayed except such goods as are to be 
vended. Sometimes even this latter proviso 
is omitted and everything in the nature of an 
exhibit for commercial or educational purposes 


of Governors. 


is placed in one division. At the Jamestown 
Exposition there were twenty-seven standing 
committees, all of which were inoperative, but 
their designations are misleading, if taken as 
an index to the opinion of the Directors of the 
Company who adopted the by-laws creating 
these boards. Among the committees were 
“Transportation,” ‘‘ Sanitation,” ‘ Agricul- 
ture,” “ Fine Arts,”’ ““ Mines and Metallurgy,” 
“State and Territorial Exhibits,” ‘“ Manufac- 
tures and Liberal Arts,” ‘‘ Electricity and 
Electrical Appliances,” “‘ Fish and Fisheries,” 
“Anthropology and Ethnology,” “ Education 
and Educational Congresses,” ‘“* History,” 
** Naval and Marine Affairs,”’ and all of these 
were adjunctive to the division of exhibits. It 
might, therefore, be premised that the James- 
town Exposition purported to care largely for 
exhibits but the system of committees was bor- 
rowed from the rules of the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition without much thought regarding 
their applicability to the different conditions of 
the Ter-Centennial. The St. Louis classifica- 
tion was divided into sixteen departments, one 
hundred and forty-four groups and eight hun- 
dred and seven classes and the Jamestown clas- 
sification contained thirteen groups with one 
hundred and fifty-five classes. In the James- 
town classification was included “ Fine Arts ” 
which were not represented. ‘Therefore, one 
group might be eliminated. 

With the idea of possibly forcing into the 
forefront the historical and educational side of 
the Jamestown Exposition, History, Educa- 
tion and Social Economy were diverted from 
the exhibit division and this separation of the 
technically distinctive educational exhibits from 
those which possessed the commercial elements, 
may have been at all times the design of the 
Board of Governors. It is reasonable to as- 
sume that such was the case since no effort to 
collect exhibits of an historical or educational 
character was made until the new division was 
created with the Honorable J. Taylor Ellyson 
as its Governor. 


EUROPEAN COMMISSIONERS 


JouHN Hammar 
To Scandinavia 


105 


Hon. THomas W. CRIDLER 
To England and France 


CuHartes Le SimpLe 
To Germany and Holland 


1905 


SONIC TING ALV.LS ONIMOHS “LSAM GUYVAAINGd ATHONOTIUA 


od 


‘uo1zeiodiog Yydeasojoyd [Boy UMoJsomel ‘yysr1Adod 


oe NONE 


eoo0esh OG & 
3 ° 
j 7 


en 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


RALEIGH SQUARE AT NIGHT 


CHAPTER VI 


CONSTRUCTION 


HISTORICAL TIDEWATER VIRGINIA—SOUVENIR CERTIFICATES—PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT’S MES- 
SAGE—EFFORTS TO SECURE AN APPROPRIATION FROM CONGRESS—ODD FEATURE OF THE 
BILL—OPPOSITION TO THE SEIGNIORAGE CLAUSE—TESTIMONY OF CABINET OFFICERS—APPRO- 
PRIATION RECOMMENDED BY COMMITTEE—HEARING DENIED BY SPEAKER CANNON—INTRO- 
DUCED THROUGH THE SENATE—A NEW DIVISION CREATED—* EXHIBITS” AND “HISTORY, 
EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY” CONFLICT—CLASSIFICATION OF EXHIBITS—NECESSITY FOR 
A SINGLE HEAD FOR EXHIBIT DIVISION—ISSUE BETWEEN EXHIBITS AND CONCESSIONS—RULES 
GOVERNING SALE OF PRIVILEGES—AMENDMENT TO RULES—DISCRIMINATION AGAINST AMER- 
ICAN VENDERS—CONTRAST BETWEEN THE AMUSEMENT SECTIONS OF AN EXPOSITION AND ITS 
NEIGHBORHOOD—IMMORALITY AT PINE BEACH—THE EXPOSITION’S CASH BALANCE JULY 
FIRST—CONDITIONS OF BUILDINGS AT THAT TIME—BOARD OF DESIGN URGES SPEED—LARGE 
BUILDINGS STARTED—EXCESS OF LIABILITIES—NECESSITY FOR A LOAN—BUDGET OF NOVEM- 
BER FIRST—CONGRESS REQUESTED TO LEND ONE MILLION DOLLARS—EXAGGERATED BUILDING 
CONDITIONS—BUILDING MATERIALS ORDERED AND RETURNED—INCREASED COST OF MATERIALS 
—RISE IN LABOR RATES—BEGINNING STATE BUILDINGS—SUPERVISION OF EXECUTIVE COMMIT- 


TEE—TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. 


EFORE the close of 1905 
the purposes of the Ex- 
position had been widely 
advertised throughout the 
country. The historic and 
sentimental —_ associations 
attaching to Tidewater Virginia had been im- 
pressed upon all Americans. Not only had the 
foundation of the nation been laid in Tide- 
water Virginia but within the limit of that ter- 
ritory were reminders of every war of conse- 
quence more than local which had been fought 
by the colonists with Indians or with the Euro- 
pean foes of England; and relics of the three 
great American struggles, The Revolutionary 
War, the War of 1812 and the Civil War, 
were numerous. Reminders of sanguinary [n- 
dian massacres lingered in name and story. 
Hampton Roads had been the scene of ship 
burning when Holland campaigned against 
England and was the theatre of naval fights in 
both wars against England, while the Federal 
and Confederate fleets alternately controlled 
the harbor during the Civil War until the loss 
of the Merrimac left the former continually 
dominant. 

When Braddock set forth for the Pennsyl- 
vania valley where he was to suffer one of the 
most thorough defeats in recorded history, he 


107 


started from Williamsburg; the Revolutionary 
War, to an extent fought in this territory, was 
concluded at Yorktown—a curious freak in 
the history of the nations, since English rule in 
what is now the United States terminated at a 
point just twenty miles from where it began. 
Several battles were fought in this territory dur- 
ing 1812 and the more recent War between the 
States, fresh in the minds of all Americans, 
would be scarcely half written if the campaigns 
of Tidewater Virginia were eliminated. Al- 
most every American of more than two gener- 
ations had some association, either personal or 
by clan, with Tidewater Virginia, and the ef- 
fort to secure the participation of the States re- 
sulted in a general spread of knowledge con- 
cerning Virginia’s history and a wide awaken- 
ing of interest therein. The chief energies of 
the Publicity Department were used in the ef- 
fort to spread the knowledge which was deemed 
so important in the legislative campaign, and 
incidentally it resulted in another benefit which 
later was to have a considerable effect in the 
production of good feeling on the part of the 
state law makers and in the national Congress. 
This result was the creation of interest on the 
part of national and historic, and trade and 
professional associations, principally the first 
group, and of these the Daughters of the 


1905 


1905 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


American Revolution, the National Society of 
Colonial Dames, the Colonial Dames of Amer- 
ica, United Daughters of the Confederacy, the 
Sons of the American Revolution, the Society 
of the Cincinnati, the Society of Yorktown, the 
Grand Army of the Republic and the Confed- 
erate Veterans were cordially in sympathy with 
the Exposition and promised to its cause their 
support which later they gave. . 

The assumption that the exhibit division of 
the Exposition would not require very elabo- 
rate buildings for its purposes led the Governors 
to consider and practically to adopt plans for 
two main exhibit buildings before any division 
of exhibits was created. The area of these 
structures was settled approximately and the 
first budget prepared by the Governor of Ways 
and Means, predicating the cost for building 
to be proportionately about the same as had 
obtained at other expositions, estimated the re- 
quirements for the division of exhibits carefully 
and economically. This budget allowed for 
exhibit structures three hundred and seventy- 
four thousand dollars. 


poration, 


ARTS AND CRAFTS SECTION 


The most parsimonious calculation showed 
a probable deficit of more than two hundred 
and fifty thousand dollars after realizing all 
of the available assets of the Exposition except 
uncertain advance receipts from the sale of 
privileges. There was no possibility of selling 
any more stock locally or abroad. ‘The state 
of Virginia had made as liberal a donation as 
could be expected and the cities and counties 
of the state were precluded by the Constitution 
from making any direct appropriation for any 
undertaking not exclusively public in its char- 
acter or from buying stocks or bonds of any 
corporation. A souvenir certificate issue had 
been considered and the Board of Directors 
had authorized at one time the sale of half a 
million dollars worth of non-participating stock 
on such terms and in such manner as might ap- 
pear best to the Board of Governors. The 
only action taken under this resolution was an 
authorization to Mr. Shepperd to place one 
hundred thousand dollars worth of stock but 


his efforts were unsuccessful and no money was 
derived from this source. It was obvious, 
therefore, that, to create the Exposition, Con- 
gressional aid was imperative. 

The President of the United States, the 
Honorable Theodore Roosevelt, had always 
been the Exposition’s friend. He had not 
deemed that the Act of the Fifty-eighth Con- 
gress inaugurating a naval and military celebra- 
tion, was sufficient recognition of the transcend- 
ent event which it purported to memorialize, 
and in his annual message to Congress, which 
convened in December, 1905, he wrote: 

“I again heartily commend to your favor- 
able consideration the ter-centennial celebration 
of the settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. Ap- 
preciating the desirability of this commemora- 
tion, the Congress passed an act, March 3rd, 
1905, authorizing in the year 1907, on and 
IAMESTOWN near the waters of Hampton 
TER-CENTENNIAL. Roads, in the State of Vir- 
ginia, an international naval, marine, and mili- 
tary celebration in honor of this event. By the 
authority vested in me by this act, | have made 


proclamation of said celebration, and have is- 
sued, in conformity with tts instructions, invita- 
tions to all the nations of the earth to partict- 
pate, by sending their naval vessels and such 
military organizations as may be practicable. 
This celebration would fail of its full purpose 
unless it were enduring in its results and com- 
mensurate with the importance of the event to 
be celebrated, the event from which our Nation 
dates its birth. I earnestly hope that this cele- 
bration, already indorsed by the Congress of 
the United States, and by the legislatures of 
sixteen States since the action of the Congress, 
will receive such additional aid at your hands 
as will make it worthy of the great event it ts 
intended to celebrate, and thereby enable the 
Government of the United States to make pro- 
vision for the exhibition of tts own resources, 
and likewise enable our people who have under- 
taken the work of such a celebration to provide 
suitable and proper entertainment and instruc- 
tion in the historic events of our country for all 


108 


190; 


Construction. 


D6 who may visit the exposition and to whom we 


have tendered our hospitality.” 

Mr. Johnston who was managing the bureau 
of legislation, went to Washington early in 
December and conferred with Mr. Maynard 
and other friends of the Exposition with the 
view of having a bill prepared at once. Not- 
withstanding that every effort was made to 
expedite the preparation of this bill it was not 
until the 20th of January, 1906, that a meas- 
ure alike acceptable to the friends of the Expo- 
sition and possessing a chance of passing the 
House of Representatives, was prepared and 
referred to the Committee on Industrial Arts 
and Expositions. There it became the subject 
of warm discussion. The odd, yet not unique, 
feature of this bill was contained in the Seventh 
Section which empowered the Secretary of the 
Treasury to purchase the necessary bullion and 
to coin at the mints of the United States one 
million two dollar silver pieces of the same fine- 
ness and of twice the weight as the present one 
dollar silver pieces, on which should appear cer- 
tain words and devices commemorating the 
event which was to be celebrated. ‘These coins 
were to be delivered to the Treasurer of the 
Jamestown Exposition Company in lots of not 
less than fifty thousand upon receipt by the 
Treasurer of the United States in legal tender 
money of a sum equal to the cost of the bullion 
contained in the pieces delivered. In effect 
this would have given to the Exposition about 
eight hundred thousand dollars in seigniorage. 

On the 19th of February the House Com- 
mittee on Industrial Arts and Expositions met 
to hear the arguments in favor of the measure. 
The Chairman of the Committee, Honorable 
Augustus B. Gardner of Massachusetts, was 
decidedly inimical to the Exposition. He had 
been opposed to any appropriation at the pre- 
vious session of Congress and it is very probable 
that he had been selected by the Speaker as 
Chairman of the Committee because he was 
antagonistic. While the chairman of a com- 
mittee does not possess over his associates the 
absolutely autocratic power of the Speaker of 
the House, yet he is an important factor and 
Mr. Cannon undoubtedly considered this po- 
tentiality when selecting him. At the first hear- 
ing Messrs. Tucker, Wool, Batchelor and 
Myers pleaded the Exposition cause. Having 
just returned from a very successful trip through 
Europe, Mr. Tucker was able to predicate a 
goodly attendance from abroad and practically 
to pledge that the fleets of the world would 
come to Hampton Roads. He dwelt upon the 
lack of exactness regarding the demands likely 
to be made upon the Exposition as a logical 
sequence to the passage of the Act authorizing 
the celebration and claimed that instead of 
helping the commemoration financially the for- 
mer Act of Congress had imposed burdens 
without relieving any—or in other words the 
effect would be to compel the Exposition Com- 
pany to make a display which would not be 
entirely dwarfed by the naval celebration and 
would afford to the visiting fleets a land spec- 
tacle attractive and pleasing. 


109 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


POTTERY BUILDING 


He and his associates advocated the passage 
of the bill as it stood, contending that the coin- 
age clause would enable the government to give 
all the aid necessary at no cost to the Treasury, 
on the theory that even if redeemable in gold 
few of the two dollar pieces would ever be re- 
turned since souvenir collectors would remove 
them from circulation. The questions pro- 
pounded to the several speakers by the Chair- 
man of the Committee demonstrated that so 
far as lay in his power he would prevent the 
report of any bill to Congress and he led in a 
spirited discussion as to the propriety of the is- 
suance of the silver coin and parting with the 
seigniorage. 

The curious phase of this debate was that 
no one present seemed to realize that it was 
entirely inconclusive and impossible to lead to 
any conclusion. ‘The plan was not new; it 
was a variant of fiat money. It had been pro- 
posed before, not once but several times; and 
its application was impossible under the rigid 
American currency laws. While it is true 
that the retention of bullion does not satisfac- 
torily guarantee the gold value of a silver piece 
yet it goes far toward assuring that result. If 
the measure that was discussed by the Com- | 
mittee had been by them presented to the clas- 
sic financiers of the United States Senate its 
rejection was absolutely certain, no matter how 
favorable the senators might have been to the 
undertaking which would have been benefited. 
A continuation of the hearing was set for the 
28th of February and on that day the Hon- 
orable Leslie M. Shaw, Secretary of the Treas- 
ury, opened his address without any preamble 
by saying: 

“T do not think that we ought to toy with our currency sys- 


tem for the sake of making one million dollars out of the 
American people. Certainly, we have kinds of money enough 


Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


TEXTILE BUILDING 


Copyright, 


1906 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


without making a new kind. The whole principle is bad, and 
you might as well issue one million dollars worth of paper 
money of a peculiar print containing the portraits of the Com- 
mittee on Industrial Arts and Expositions, or officers of the 
Exposition Company, or the President and his Cabinet. 

“IT am disposed to think that you could issue one million dol- 
lars in greenbacks, if you please, redeemable on demand, con- 
taining the portraits of the President and his Cabinet, if you 
please, making it legal tender, and it would be absorbed and 
you would be one million dollars ahead, but no one but a 
South American Republic would think of that. It is absolutely 
wrong in principle. It is deception. It is sowing the dragon 
teeth. If you can put fifty per cent fiat into silver and send it 
out and call the balance profit, you can put ninety-nine per 
cent of fiat into paper money and call it profit. The principle 
is the same and the teaching is just as vicious and more subtle. 
As between having any exposition and vetoing a proposition 
of that kind, I would by all means say to the President * veto 
it. It is wholly vicious. Unless we can guard our currency, 
then we had better give up and let somebody else run the 
Government.” 


Mr. Shaw was in perfect accord with the 
President’s idea that the Ter-Centennial of 
Jamestown was worthy of national commem- 
oration but the desirability of celebrating the 
event did not in his mind appear as an excuse 
for a violation of the established currency 
scheme of the country. He foresaw a wonder- 
ful opportunity for a great water display and 
expressed his opinion that the average Ameri- 
can, man and woman, would rather examine a 
battleship than any other piece of mechanism 
in the world. He stated to the committee that 
it was not his province to urge an appropriation 
but he further told them that they had an ex- 
position on their hands and that the former Act 
of Congress did not relieve them from their 
obligation in the matter, to the contrary the 
President’s invitation which had been accepted 
by many nations imposed a burden which, in 
his judgment, should not be shouldered by Vir- 
ginia alone, and he showed the inhospitality of 
inviting the navies of the world to rendezvous 
in a harbor contiguous to an exposition without 
affording any facilities for the people to land, 
and without making any provision for the enter- 
tainment of the nation’s guests except on ship- 
board. 

A letter from Hon. Robert Bacon, the As- 
sistant Secretary of State, U. S. A., informed 
the Committee that Argentine, Belgium, Costa 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


WASHINGTON NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS 
In Front of Auditorium, May, 1906 


a 


Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, France, 
Great Britain, Guatemala, Haiti, Mexico and 
Russia had accepted the President’s invitation 
and the only government which had declined 
was Siam, a nation that was unable to accept 
and so stated in the letter of declination. Hon. 
Trueman H. Newberry, Assistant Secretary 
of the Treasury, and James K. Taylor, Super- 
vising Architect of the Treasury Department, 
presented their views, which, in both cases were 
favorable to the Exposition’s cause, while the 
Hon. William H. Taft, Secretary of War, 
was most cordially insistent in his advocacy of 
a favorable report by the Committee and em- 
phasized the importance of a government ex- 
hibit to accord with the provisions of the bill. 


Answering a direct query on the subject Mr. 
Taft said: 


“T hope it will be done because I think that it has a very 
good effect to have the people who visit such an exposition 
know what is being done by the various governmental bureaus. 
Of course the historical interest in this particular exposition is 
very great. The President has expressed very strong interest 
in it to me because of its very great historical interest. The 
War Department can make a very fine exhibit, almost equal 
to that at St. Louis, so Mr. Scofield tells me, at a very reason- 
able cost. We want to spread knowledge of the Army because 
we are in favor of maintaining it at a greater efficiency than now 
and any means of getting the people familiar with its necessities 
we are glad to encourage.” 


The testimony of these high government of- 
ficials was distinctly helpful to the Exposition 
cause and it was obvious that the Chairman of 
the Committee would be unable to prevent a 
report of some appropriation measure to the 
Congress. then sitting. A new bill was pre- 
pared which eliminated the coinage feature but 
included practically every other section of the 
bill. In lieu of the gift of seigniorage the Com- 
mittee decided to recommend the appropria- 
tion of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars 
as a direct aid to the Exposition. 

While the House Committee on Liberal 
Arts and Expositions was considering the May- 
nard Bill, providing for a seigniorage of silver 
bullion—which would amount practically to a 


gift of eight hundred thousand dollars to the 


Exposition—the Exhibit Department had in- 


110 


1906 


06 


Construction. 


A * a 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


AUDITORIUM, AUGUST 1, 1906 
Contract Required Completion One Month Earlier 


augurated a comprehensive plan of display 
which included most lines of industrial en- 
deavor, and on the thirteenth day of February, 
1906, the Committee on Plan and Scope, 
consisting of Mr. Myers, Manager of Ways 
and Means; Mr. Southgate, Manager of Ex- 
ploitation and Exhibits, and Mr. Wool, one of 
the General Counsel of the Company, submit- 
ted a paper setting forth what was in their 
judgment distinctly desirable to accomplish, 
and estimated the expenditures necessary to 
carry out their recommendations. For the cre- 
ation of the Exposition, they calculated that 
two million, four hundred and thirteen thou- 
sand, nine hundred dollars would be required. 
In this summary was included a power plant, 
an intramural railway and a gas plant—three 
items not obviously or necessarily a part of ex- 
position expenditure—the first and last of 
which dealt with necessities that could be sup- 
plied by existing companies and the second not 
a matter of vital consequence. It was also 
deemed possible that these three utilities might 
be established as concessions. However, after 
eliminating these items, there was still left the 
sum of approximately one million, seven hun- 
dred and fifty thousand dollars, which it ap- 
peared would have to be expended to complete 
the Exposition on the scale then contemplated. 

The recommended appropriation of two 
hundred and fifty thousand, which would have 
sufficed if the budget of November, 1905, had 
been final, was now entirely inadequate, and 
it was generally appreciated that the appropri- 
ation of that sum would necessarily leave the 
Exposition to face a deficit long before the 
gates opened. On the seventh day of May, 
1906, the Manager of Ways and Means sub- 
mitted to the Board a condensed budget in 
which, taking the previous report of the Plan 
and Scope Committee as a basis and elimina- 
ting the buildings which the board had con- 
sidered and rejected or considered and modi- 
fied, he showed a possible reduction of fifty- 
five thousand dollars. The managers at that 
time were imbued with an economic spirit. 


They had deleted several buildings, but these 


11] 


were afterward built, under the same or differ- 
ent names, and the actual expenditures for con- 
struction were in excess of the original estimates 
made by the first Plan and Scope Committee. 
If the May budget had proved final and its 
calculations correct, there was an apparent 
deficit of, approximately, four hundred and 
fifty thousand dollars which could not be 
avoided. 

The recommendation of the Committee had 
strenuous opposition from Speaker Cannon, 
and it was impossible even to get the amended 
Bill before Congress) Among the causes 
which contributed to the financial failure of 
the Exposition was its incompleteness during a 
considerable portion of the open period. Mr. 
Cannon must have known that the course which 
later was pursued by the friends of the Exposi- 
tion was not only possible but probable—nay, 
even certain—and, having had some experi- 
ence with other expositions, he must have 
known that the longer the appropriation was 
delayed the less valuable it would be to the 
constructing company. No consideration of 
this kind, however, had any influence with the 
Speaker, nor did personal pleas from political 
associates carry any weight. [he commission- 
ers from a number of States which had decided 
to participate used their best endeavors to se- 
cure a hearing for the measure. The President 
and his Cabinet were as distinctly energetic as 
their high positions would admit. The news- 
papers of the country generally commended 
the undertaking. Historic societies were en- 
thusiastic in its support. Congress itself was, 
by a large majority, favorable to an appropri- 
ation even more liberal than that recommended 
by the Committee; but the Speaker dominated 
the situation. 

The friends of the Exposition knew that the 
Bill must be passed in some form or the under- 
taking would be an utter failure. They were 
exceedingly anxious to hurry Congressional 
action, for, aware of the inevitable deficit, they 
also knew that if the buildings were nearly 
completed a few months in advance of the Ex- 
position, a local loan could be obtained, and 


1906 


1906 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


in any event Congress would hardly refuse to 
lend money at its next session. It was, there- 
fore, most important that whatever money Con- 
gress purposed giving should be appropriated as 
early as possible, and not delayed until the last 
and inevitable moment. Mr. Cannon knew 
these facts, but, as if it were his desire to handi- 
cap the celebration at every stage, he peremp- 
torily refused to entertain, before the Commit- 
tee on Rules, any motion whereby the Bill 
might receive an opportunity for being heard. 


Until June 16th, 1906, with only ten months 


and ten days intervening between the opening, 
nothing was done, nor could anything have 
been done. When the session was nearly 
closing and the appropriations for the succeed- 
ing fiscal year had been decided by the House 
of Representatives and were before the Senate 
for its consideration, the Hon. John W. Dan- 
iel, Senior Senator from Virginia, reported in 
the Upper House of Congress as an amend- 
ment to the Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill a 
section to aid the Exposition. The Senate ac- 
cepted this amendment, which was referred 
back to the House and there adopted, but only 
the certainty of delaying Congressional ad- 
journment enabled the measure to receive con- 
sideration. Congress could not leave Wash- 
ington without making provisions for Govern- 
ment expenses, and the Senate had resolved 
that the Jamestown Exposition was entitled to 
a part of the Government’s expenditures for 


1907. The Amendment read: 


JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. 


“That there shall be exhibited at the Jamestown Exposition 
by the Government of the United States from the Smithsonian 
Institution, the National Museum, the Library of Congress, such 
articles and materials of an historical nature as will serve to 
impart a knowledge of our colonial and national history; and 
such Government exhibit shall also include an exhibit from 
the War and Navy Departments, the Life-Saving Service, 
the Revenue-Cutter Service, the Army, the Navy, the Light- 
House Service, the Bureau of Fisheries, and an exhibit from 
the Island of Porto Rico. And the Bureau of American 
Republics is hereby invited to make an exhibit illustrative of the 
resources and international relations of the American republics, 
and space in any of the United States Government exhibit 
buildings shall be provided for that purpose. The Jamestown 
Tercentennial Commission, created by an act of Congress, 
approved March 3rd, 1905, shall, in addition to the authority 
and duties conferred and imposed by said act, be authorized 
and empowered and it shall be their duty to select, prepare, 
transport, and arrange for the exhibition and return to the 
Government exhibits herein authorized. In addition to the 
articles and materials which the said Jamestown Tercentennial 
Commission may select for exhibition as aforesaid, the President 
of the United States may in his discretion designate other and 
additional articles and materials. 

“The officers and employees of the Government who may 
be appointed by the Jamestown Tercentennial Commission to 
carry out the provisions of this section and any officers and 
employees of the Government who may be. detailed to assist 
them, including the officers of the Army and Navy, shall 
receive no compensation in addition to their regular salaries, 
but they shall be allowed their actual and necessary traveling 
expenses, together with a per diem in lieu of subsistence not to 
exceed four dollars. The officers of the Army and Navy shall 
receive said allowance in lieu of subsistence and mileage now 
allowed by law, and the Secretary of War and the Secretary 
of the Navy may in their discretion detail retired Army and 
Navy officers for such duty. Any provision of law which 
may prohibit the detail of persons in the employ of the United 
States to other service than that which they customarily perform 
shall not apply to persons detailed to duty in connection with 
said Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition. And to carry out 
in full all of the provisions of this section not herein otherwise 
specifically appropriated for, the sum of two hundred thousand 
dollars or so much thereof as may be necessary is hereby appro- 
priated out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appro- 
priated, the same to be expended in accordance with law and 
under such rules and regulations as the said Jamestown Ter- 
centennial Commission may prescribe. 

“That the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause suitable 
buildings to be erected on the site of the said Jamestown Ter- 


centennial Exposition for said Government exhibit, including 
a suitable building for the exhibit of the United States Life- 
Saving Service; a fisheries building, including an aquarium; 
also a building for use as a place of rendezvous for the soldiers 
and sailors of the United States Navy and Army and of the 
foreign navies and armies participating in said celebration, also 
a building for use as a place of rendezvous for the commissioned 
naval and army officers participating in said celebration; also 
the preparation of the grounds for the approaches thereto, and 
the lighting of all of said buildings. Said buildings shall be 
erected, as far as practicable, on the colonial style of architec- 
ture from plans prepared by the Supervising Architect of the 
Treasury to be approved by the Secretary of the Treasury; 
and the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby directed to con- 
tract for said buildings in the same manner and under the same 
regulations as for other public buildings of the United States: 
Provided, That the aggregate cost of all of said buildings, in- 
cluding the preparations of the grounds, approaches, and light- 
ing, shall in no event exceed the sum of three hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars, which sum is hereby appropriated out of any 
moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. At the 
close of the Exposition the Secretary of the Treasury is author- 
ized and directed to dispose of said buildings or the materials 
composing the same and of the piers which are provided for 
in this act or the materials thereof, giving preference to the 
Jamestown Exposition Company to the extent that it shall have 
the option to purchase the same at an appraised value, to be 
ascertained in such manner as the Secretary of the Treasury 
may determine. 

“That to the end that free and ready communication be- 
tween the ships and the shore may be had, and in order to fur- 
nish ample and safe harbor for the small craft necessary to 
convey the soldiers and Exposition visitors from the grounds 
to the fleet, there shall be constructed, from plans to be fur- 
nished by the Jamestown Exposition Company and approved 
by the Secretary of War, two piers extending from the Expo- 
sition grounds into the waters of Hampton Roads, the ends of 
said piers to be surmounted with towers for the exhibit, if 
practicable, of the Light-House Service and wireless telegraph 
service. Said piers shall be connected by an arch sufficiently 
high to permit small craft to enter under it into a basin or 
harbor which shall be dredged to a sufficient depth to accommo- 
date boats drawing not more than ten feet of water at mean low 
tide. And the Secretary of War is directed to contract for 
the construction of said piers and basin in the same manner 
and under the same regulations as for public structures of the 
United States, but the contract price shall not exceed the sum 
of four hundred thousand dollars, or as much thereof as may 
be necessary, which sum is hereby appropriated out of any 
money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated: Provided, 
That before the appropriation made by this section shall be- 
come available the Jamestown Exposition Company shall file 
with the Secretary of the Treasury an agreement that it will, 
at its own expense, operate and manage said piers and basin 
during the period of the Exposition, and that it will, at its 
own expense, illuminate the same: Provided further, That 
all small craft attached to any naval vessel of this or any for- 
eign country, whose fleet is in the waters of Hampton Roads to 
participate in the celebration, shall have access to and use of 
said basin and piers for the purpose of communication with 
the Exposition grounds without any charge therefor and under 
such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the Navy shall 
prescribe: Provided further, That the same right of access 
and use of said basin and piers during the Exposition shall be, 
and is hereby, reserved to the United States, but nothing herein 
contained shall be construed to impose upon the United States 
any obligation to maintain or keep in repair such piers or 
basin or approaches thereto or to reimburse any individual or 
corporation for any damage sustained in consequence of the 
use of said piers and basin. 

“That in aid of the said Jamestown Tercentennial Exposi- 
tion the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars is hereby 
appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise 
appropriated, which sum shall be paid to the Jamestown Exposi- 
tion Company upon satisfactory evidence being furnished the 
Secretary of the Treasury that the said company has expended 
the sum of five hundred thousand dollars on account of said 
Exposition. Said two hundred and fifty thousand dollars shall 
be paid by the Secretary of the Treasury upon vouchers 
and satisfactory evidence that it has been expended for the 
purposes of the Exposition other than salaries: Provided, That 
as a condition precedent to the payment of this appropriation 
in aid of said Exposition the Jamestown Exposition Company 
shall agree to close the grounds of said Exposition to visitors 
on Sunday during the period of said Exposition. 

“That for the erection of a permanent landing pier at 
Jamestown Island on the frontage owned by the Association 
for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, the precise location 
to be agreed upon by the Secretary of War and said association 
and to be donated by said association to the United States, the 
sum of fifteen thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be 
necessary, is hereby appropriated, out of the money in the 
Treasury not otherwise appropriated. The Secretary of War 
is directed to contract for the construction of said pier in the 
same manner and under the same requirements as for other 
public structures of the United States: Provided however, 
That if any pier now constructed and suitable for landing per- 
sons and material for the erection of the monument on said 
Jamestown Island heretofore authorized can be leased or pur- 
chased within the appropriation of fifteen thousand dollars 
hereby made, the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to 


112 


1906 


106 


Construction. 


expend the sum hereby appropriated for the leasing or purchase 
of said pier and of a sufficient and proper amount of land 
adjacent thereto to give free access to the grounds owned by 
such Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities 
and the monument to be erected thereon under the provisions of 
an act approved March third, nineteen hundred and five. 

“For the policing during the Exposition period of the 
grounds owned by the Association for the Preservation of Vir- 
ginia Antiquities, upon Jamestown Island, and for erecting 
thereon suitable retiring rooms and rest stations for the visiting 
public, and for providing drinking water at suitable places 
thereon, and for such benches and other accommodations as 
visitors to such island will need, the sum of ten thousand dol- 
lars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appro- 
priated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appro- 
priated. The moneys appropriated by this paragraph shall be 
expended by and under the direction of the Tercentennial 
Commission, and shall not be expended until such provisions are 
made with such association as will insure the free access, to 
every part of the grounds of said association, of all visitors 
who may come during the period of the said Exposition, and 
will insure free access always to that part of the grounds upon 
which said monument is located. 

“That all articles which shall be imported from foreign 
countries for the sole purpose of exhibition at said Exposition 
upon which there shall be a tariff or customs duty shall be 
admitted free of the payment of such duty, customs, fees, or 
charges, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury 
shall prescribe; but it shall be lawful at any time during the 
Exposition to sell, for delivery at the close thereof, any goods 
or property imported for and actually on exhibition in the 
Exposition buildings or on the grounds, subject to such regula- 
tions for the security of the revenue and for the collection of 
import duties as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe: 
Provided, That all such articles, when sold or withdrawn for 
consumption or use in the United States, shall be subject to the 
duty, if any, imposed upon such articles by the revenue laws in 
force at the date of withdrawal, and on articles which have 
suffered diminution or deterioration from incidental handling 
and necessary exposure, the duty, if paid, shall be assessed 
according to the appraised value at the time of withdrawal for 
consumption or use, and the penalties prescribed by law shall 
be enforced against any person guilty of any illegal sale or 
withdrawal: Provided further, That nothing in this section 
contained shall be construed as an invitation, express or implied, 


iss 


SA : ~. 
= yeux — 


ene 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


AUDITORIUM, NOVEMBER 10, 


from the Government of the United States to any foreign gov- 
ernment, state, municipality, corporation, partnership, or indi- 
vidual to import any such articles for the purpose of exhibition 
at the said Exposition. 

“That medals with appropriate devices, emblems, and in- 
scriptions commemorative of said Jamestown Tercentennial 
Exposition and of the awards to be made to the exhibitors 
thereat and to successful contestants in aquatic and other con- 
tests shall be prepared for the Jamestown Exposition Company 
by the Secretary of the Treasury at some mint of the United 
States, subject to the provisions of the fifty-second section of 
the coinage act of eighteen hundred and ninety-three, upon the 
payment by the Jamestown Exposition Company of a sum 
equal to the cost thereof; and authority may be given by the 
Secretary of the Treasury to the holder for a medal properly 
awarded to him to have duplicates thereof made at any of the 
mints of the United States from gold, silver, or bronze upon 
the payment by him for the same of a sum equal to the cost 
thereof. 

“That in aid of the Negro Development and Exposition 
Company of the United States of America, to enable it to 
make an exhibit of the progress of the negro race in this country 
at the said Exposition, the sum of one hundred thousand dollars 
is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not 
otherwise appropriated. This sum shall be expended by the 
Jamestown Tercentennial Commission under rules and regula- 
tions prescribed by it and for such objects as shall be approved 
by both the said Negro Development and Exposition Company 
of the United States of America and the said Commission: 
Provided however, That a reasonable proportion of said appro- 
priation shall be expended for a building within which to make 
such exhibit. 

“That except to the extent and in the manner by this act 
provided and authorized, the United States Government shall not 
be liable on any account whatever in connection with the said 
Exposition, and nothing in this act shall be construed so as to 
create any liability upon the part of the United States Gov- 
ernment, direct, or indirect, for any debt or obligation incurred, 
or for any claim for aid or pecuniary assistance from Congress 
or the Treasury of the United States in support of or in 
liquidation of any debts or obligations created by said Ter- 
centennial Commission, or any other board, commission, or any 
person or persons whomsoever, acting or claiming to act by 
authority of this act in excess of the appropriations provided 
for by this act. 


~ 
ee ee oe el ee 


1906 


Exterior Practically Complete, Interior Unfinished 


113 


1906 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


eae ee eS ak 
igrtige NE SAR he tam 


Cosytieht Jamestown Official Photog ph CESSES 


mane rac §e amare RE 


STATES EXHIBIT BUILDING, NOVEMBER 10, 1906 


“The United States shall in no event be liable, directly or 
indirectly, upon any ground or for any cause whatsoever in 
connection with or on account of its participation in said James- 
town Tercentennial Exposition beyond the sums expressly appro- 
priated by the act of March third, nineteen hundred and five, 
and by this act. 

“That all moneys appropriated by this act which the 
Jamestown Tercentennial Commission is authorized to expend 
shall be drawn out of the Treasury in such manner and under 
such regulations as such Commission may determine, subject to 
the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury; and at the close 
of the Exposition period, and after the work of such Com- 
mission is completed, such Commission shall make a complete 
report of their actions hereunder and a complete statement of 
all expenditures for each of the purposes herein specified to 
the President of the United States for transmission to Con- 
gress. 


The campaign which had been waged to se- 
cure National aid had made it necessary for 
the President of the Company and the Chair- 
man of the Board of Governors to be in Wash- 
ington almost continuously for six months. On 
many occasions these officers were joined by 
other Exposition managers, and at. times all of 
the high officials of the Company were at the 
Capital. The result of the long struggle was 
exceedingly disappointing financially, and the 
absence of the executives from their posts of 
duty handicapped the progress of the Exposi- 
tion. The Company was now confronted with 
the alternative of minimizing the Exposition or 
of continuing operations that would certainly 
entail a large deficit, however economically ex- 
penditures might be made. A provision con- 
tained in the Bill made it obligatory for the Ex- 
position to maintain lights on the great Govern- 
ment Piers, in such quantities as to make the 
“illumination a feature of special attraction.” 
This requirement made the construction of a 
power plant by the company practically im- 
possible; for, even if funds had been available, 
none of the great electrical equipment compa- 
nies could have completed the necessary instal- 
lation within the brief period then left before 
the opening day, unless the claims of other cus- 
tomers were ruthlessly disregarded. It is possi- 
ble that a plant as oviginally planned might 
have been installed; but the lighting of the piers 
and their approaches demanded as much power 
as at one time it was thought would be required 
for the illumination of the entire Exposition, or 
at least, that part of it controlled by the Com- 
pany. The giving of light to the Government, 
did not cause a construction deficit, but it did 
entail a burden on the treasury of the Exposi- 
tion, and during the three months that the 
piers were lit, the expense was enormous. 


The visible results of exposition functions 
are those obtained by the Divisions of 
“Works” and “ Exhibits,’ and, in creating 
an exposition, the demands of an exhibit de- 
partment measurably decide the creative ex- 
penses. At the Ter-Centennial, this depart- 
ment had, shortly after its creation, inaugurated 
a comprehensive scheme which- included dis- 
plays in most lines of industrial endeavor, and 
contemplated elaborate illustrations in the De- 
partments of History and Education. While 
these latter subjects were not made a part of 
the exhibit propaganda and were, therefore, 
excluded from its campaign of exploitive solici- 
tation, nevertheless, the illustration of the his- 
tory of the country and the exemplification of 
its development and educational opportunities 
were basic features which, however costly, 
could not be ignored, since the motive of the 
Ter-Centennial was patriotic and _ instructive 
and its major support had been given by those 
to whom sentiment ranked above utility. The 
later establishment of a Division of History, 
Education and Social Economy created a cu- 
rious fractional exhibit condition, one which at 
times was difficult to comprehend. The first 
general rules and regulations of the Exhibit 
Department, printed early in the spring of 
1906, contains the following, as a part of rule 
thirty-four: 


The heads of classification are as follows: 
A—Education. H—Agriculture. 
Be=Acr J—Horticulture. 
C—Liberal Arts. K—Forestry. 
D—Manufactures. L—Mines and Metallurgy. 
E—Machinery. M—Fish and Game. 
F—Electricity. O—Social Economy. 
G—Transportation. Q—History. 

R--Isolated and Collective Exhibits. 


The rules governing the exhibits in these va- 
rious classifications were general, affecting one 
class as well as another. They were signed by 
Algar M. Wheeler, the Chief of Exhibit De- 
partment and countersigned by T. S. South- 
gate as “ Governor of Exhibits and Exploita- 
tion,” these two departments still being under 
his control. 

At that time the Exhibit division controlled 
the displays in all these subjects, but in April, 
1906, a division of History, Education and So- 
cial Economy was created and Hon. J. Taylor 
Ellyson was appointed its manager. Soon 


thereafter, he selected J. A. C. Chandler, 
LL.D.. as Director and Miss Minnie Bronson 


114 


1906 


06 


‘ 
ee. ae 


‘ Construction. 


as Assistant. Dr. Chandler’s efforts were di- 
rected chiefly toward the displays in History 
and Education, while Miss Bronson’s principal 
work dealt with Social Economy. In July, 
three months after the appointment of Gover- 
nor Ellyson the Division of Exhibits issued an 
amended set of rules, in which Rule One, en- 
titled “* Classification,” read as follows: 


“For the purpose of installation and review of exhibits, a 
Classification has been adopted. This Classification is divided 
into twelve groups or departments, each of which is subdivided 
into classes. Under this scope and plan the exposition will be 


constructed, the installation perfected, and the systems of 
awards conducted. In conformity therewith, the following 
exhibit groups and departments are created, viz.: 
(ely | OOO se ae ane History. 
Seu LU Were Weer. ots Education. 
108 a Rare stay en cee Social Economy. 
Viera ctor atest 2 Fine Arts. 
Ngee Serene ss Manufactures and Liberal Arts. 
Wal. 5.5 Aches cohen Machinery. 
Ad 0 Bh Aes Aras ns mye ie Transportation. 
iV i Taersee cre atern ess Agriculture. 
IDS con cyclo oes Horticulture. 
Gi Cairne Ain Ae Foods and Accessories. 
D4 eae eae eat raren Forestry—Fish and Game. 
XT errs anienee Mines and Metallurgy. 


“The Jamestown Exposition Company reserves the right to 
amend or correct the Classification at any time before the open- 
ing of the Exposition.” 


The preamble to this set of rules stated: 


“Every person participating in any of the Exhibit Buildings 
must first become an exhibitor and furnish installation plans satis- 
factory to the Governor of Exhibits.” 


Nowhere in these rules is there a sentence 
which would suggest that any of the groups 
are under the direction of some one other than 
the Governor of Exhibits. All of the regula- 
tions are general. Rule Four, which states the 
time limit for filing applications for space, con- 
tains (Paragraph C) this notation: 


“For historical and educational collections, works of art, 
nature, and manufactured products, not herein expressly classi- 


fied, January I, 1907.” 

In this same rule are the application time 
limits for every other conceivable exhibit, in- 
cluding “ exhibit concessions.” These rules 
were signed by T. S. Southgate, Governor of 
Exhibits and approved by C. Brooks Johnston, 
Chairman of the Board of Governors. A sec- 


ond edition, without change, was published in 
January, 1907. 

In the ‘‘ Official Classification of Exhibit 
Departments,” the table of contents shows His- 
tory as Group I; Education, Group II; Social 


Z 


ee as pies 
Copyright, Jamestown Official P’ a 


FIRST 


Corporation. 


WORK ON TRANSPORTATION BUILDING 


Economy, Group III; Fine Arts, Group [V; 
and contains as set forth in the rules of July, 
except that Graphic Arts is made Group XIII. 
This Classification was arranged late in the fall 
of 1906, although the Division of History had 
been in operation for more than a half year, 
had collected some exhibits and arranged for 
many more during that interim. 

All of the subjects in this Classification 
properly belonged in the dominion of the Chief 
of Exhibits, or the Director, Manager or Gov- 
ernor, by whatever title the executive might be 
called; and the creation of a separate division 
for the government of any one, two or three 
departments was illogical. All other exposi- 
tions have grouped exhibits of every nature in a 
single class and under the direction of one chief 
or director. ‘There is a distinct advantage in 
placing all subjects of like character under a 
single executive. At an exposition, every ele- 
ment that enters into the visible creation of the 
exposition should be in the province of the 
Manager of Works; every enterprise conducted 
for the purpose of yielding a direct mone- 
tary profit to its conductors should be governed 
by the Manager of Concessions; every instruct- 
ive display, whether commercial, scientific or 
sentimental, should be directed by the Manager 
of Exhibits. 

Perhaps in no department of exposition work 
is this unification of authority so necessary as 
in the Exhibits Division—for side shows, no 
matter how beautiful, are side shows. People 
visit an exposition to see the exhibits. If they 
lunch or dine on the grounds, it is a detail; if 
they attend performances while there, it is 
merely incidental—the purposeful object of 
each visitor is to examine the exhibits—and the 
better the exhibits, rightly exploited, the higher 
class is the exposition. No one man can secure 
the exhibits necessary to equip a first rate fair; 
but the director can appoint a competent mana- 
ger for each department and direct the policies 
of all of them. Knowing what they are doing, 
what success is attending their efforts and what 
are the chances for success along lines pursued 
but not finished, he can with judgment attend 


1906 


1906 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


to the wants of each department and give such 
support to each interest as its value might war- 
rant. In furthering the construction of build- 
ings this is a serious element. At the Ter- 
Centennial, exhibits for History, Education and 
Social Economy were splendidly collected, and 
far more secured than could be housed; while 
precisely the opposite is true of the Exhibits 
Division, where the floor space demanded and 
provided was greatly in excess of what was 
actually needed for the displays. 

A part of what rightly belonged to the Ex- 
hibits Division was taken away. In one in- 
stance, however, the Exhibits Division seemed 
to have gained at the expense of Concessions. 
Following the advice of Harlow N. Higin- 
botham, the President of the World’s Colum- 
bian Exposition, the Board of Governors ruled 
that: 


“Privileges refer to the sale of such goods as are manufac- 
tured within the grounds of the Exposition in order to illustrate 
a machine. Concessions refer to the sale of goods for revenue.” 


At the outset the policy of the Division of 
Exhibits was to exclude from the exhibit build- 
ings all merchandising except the sale of pro- 
ducts made on the spot. This conclusion was 
not happy. It might be possible to conduct 
successfully an exhibit division under this rul- 
ing, in some favored locality where enormous 
crowds might confidently be expected; but, if 
such great cities as New York or Chicago are 
eliminated, it is doubtful whether an exposition 
held in this country could be an exhibiting suc- 
cess if this rule was rigidly enforced. On the 
other hand, to turn exhibit buildings into ba- 
zars and to fill the halls with exposition camp 
followers who sell cheap goods for high prices, 
lowers the general character of the undertak- 
ing. Between the rigid exclusion of the selling 
exhibits and the unrestricted use of exhibit 
buildings for merchandising purposes, there lies 
a broad field. 

The first set of rules and regulations, which 
has already been mentioned, contains Rule 
Thirty-seven, which reads: 


“An exhibitor, as such, has no privilege of sale from his 
exhibit space; but exhibitors may sell for delivery after the 
close of the Exposition, and may take orders for future delivery. 
Exhibitors desiring to sell for immediate delivery shall, immedi- 
ately after securing space, make application to the Governor of 
Concessions as to terms and approval of the articles to be sold. 
All such applications must be first approved by the Governor of 
Exhibits, and no such sale privileges shall be exercised by an 
exhibitor until a written contract for same has been duly 
executed.” 


The corresponding rule, similarly numbered, 
in the second set of regulations reads as fol- 
lows: 


“An exhibitor, as such, has no privilege of sale from his 
exhibit space; but he may sell objects on exhibition for delivery 
after the close of the Exposition, and may take orders for deliy- 
ery from his regular and permanent place of business. Exxhibit- 
ors desiring to sell for immediate delivery from exhibit space 
shall, immediately after securing space, make application to 
the Governor of Concessions, through the Governor of Exhibits, 
as to terms and approval of the article to be sold. All such 
applications must first be approved by the Governor of Ex- 

ibits, and no such sale privileges shall be exercised by an 
exhibitor until a written contract for same has been duly 
executed. 

“The Exposition Grounds and Buildings have been con- 
stituted a bonded warehouse for articles exhibited from foreign 
countries; but on all goods offered for sale duty must be paid.” 


This second rule confined the exhibitor far 
more closely than the first. Instead of per- 
mitting him “to take orders for future deliv- 


ery, it restricted him to the taking of “ orders 
for delivery from his regular and permanent 
place of business;’’ thus preventing a conflict be- 
tween the departments of Exhibits and Conces- 
sions which might easily have resulted under 
the former conditions if an exhibitor of the 
usual Concession type had opened a branch just 
beyond the gates of the exposition, a contin- 
gency likely to arise if concession and privilege 
rates ditfered radically. 

The statement that the Exposition Grounds 
and Buildings had been constituted a bonded 
warehouse was new, but when the first set of 
rules was published the law which created this 
condition had not been enacted. A few days 
after these rules were printed, a resolution was 
adopted by the Board of Governors, dated 
July 13th, 1907: 


“Resolved, That in addition to the general rules already 
passed upon by the Board in connection with the Exhibit De- 
partment, that in the case of all American bona fide manufac- 
turers who exhibit their machinery or process of manufacture 
at our Exposition, that after contracting to pay for the space 
which they desire to occupy in the Exhibit Building at the rates 
already prescribed by the Board, that in the event they (ex- 
hibitors) wish to sell the products of their own manufacture 
for immediate delivery from their exhibit, the percentage to be 
charged on their gross receipts shall be as follows: In the 
event that the exhibit is a ‘live’ one—goods manufactured on 
the spot—l0%. In the event the exhibit is ‘dead ’"—goods be- 
ing manufactured away—I5 to 20%, as the Exhibit Depart- 
ment may determine. 

“Resolved, second: That in the instance of Foreign Exhib- 
itors, that in order to induce the bona fide actual manufacturers 
of products abroad to exhibit at our Exposition such choice 
exhibits as may be acceptable to the Exhibit Department, that 
such space in the Exhibit Buildings, in which their several 
products would naturally classify, will be allotted them free; 
and if the selling privilege is desired for goods of their own 
individual manufacture, that the rate be for live exhibits 10%; 
for dead exhibits, as explained above, 15%. 

“Resolved, third: That in the instance of foreign manu- 
facturers who wish to exhibit in the Exhibit Buildings of the 
Exposition Company and do not desire the selling privilege, 
that the charge for space be 50% of the uniform rate charged 
American exhibitors.” 


Without any amendment or note indicating 
the altered conditions which obtained after the 
passage of this resolution, Rule Thirty-seven 
was circulated until the need for exhibit rules 
had ceased. The Division of Exhibits at no 
time purported to control merchants who were 
clearly concessionaires, but if the Governor of 
that Division felt inclined to recognize as an 
exhibitor any one who applied for space in a 
building for the purpose of showing and selling 
goods, he undoubtedly could grant a selling 
permit; and, therefore, it was unnecessary for 
the prospective vender to apply either directly 
or through the intermediation of the Governor 
of Exhibits, to the Governor of Concessions for 
terms or for approval of the article to be sold. 
The right of the Exhibit Division to sell space 
and determine percentages, clearly evidenced 
complete control. 

The punctuation and exact verbiage of the 
official record is followed in this quotation, and 
it seems difficult to understand why the third 
resolve was passed. ‘The first clause in the 
second resolution, as it reads, means, if it means 
anything, that space in the exhibit buildings 
would, without any cost, be allotted to foreign 
exhibitors, subject, however, to the restriction 
that the articles should be “ choice exhibits ”’ 
and “ acceptable to the Exhibit Department.”’ 
Under this ruling, it was within the province of 
the Exhibit Department to determine whether 


116 


1906 


Construction. 


an exhibit was choice or not; and nothing could 
be exhibited in any event that was not accept- 
able to that Department. 

The second clause in this resolution states 
the rate to be charged for sales from live or 
dead exhibits, but in no way qualifies that 
which precedes the semi-colon and deals with 
the giving of space. As a consequence, the 
third resolution appears to be unnecessary. If 
it was not unnecessary, it was an evidence of 
bad policy. The additional resolution causes a 
meaning to be given to its predecessor unwar- 
ranted by the construction of the sentence and 
yet possibly the intent of the framers, namely, 
that free space was only to be given to those 
who desired the selling privilege. 

The price charged for space in the exhibit 
buildings was one dollar and a half per square 
foot for aisle space without a corner, two dol- 
lars per square foot for corner space, two dol- 
lars and fifty cents per square foot for space 
with two corners. These rates were exclusive 
of any selling charges. 


Copy t, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


TRANSPORTATION BUILDING LEFT, MINERAL AND TIMBER BUILDING RIGHT, NOVEMBER 10 


Most of the foreign manufacturers have 
American agents; and while at international 
expositions splendid foreign exhibits are usually 
made, at an exposition not international in its 
scope and unauthorized by Congress such as 
was the Ter-Centennial, great foreign exhibits 
are unusual; and the principal, if not the only 
displays, are conducted by venders—the chief 
classes being sellers of cheap jewelry, metal 
ware, and marbles. 

The general effect of these resolutions was 
to discriminate against a class of American ven- 
ders in favor of a similar foreign class: the 
specific effect was to give an insuperable ad- 
vantage to a man, shrewd enough to obtain an 
agency or sufficiently well informed to appreci- 
ate the benefits immediately derivable from it. 
This advantage, glaring in all classes, was most 
insistent in marble work. A manufacture of 
marble not sufficiently excellent to warrant its 
designation as a work of art is subject to a 


117 


customs duty of fifty per cent. of its value, art 
pieces are taxed fifteen per cent. An agent 
who can produce some evidence to convince an 
inspector that his wares warrant an artistic clas- 
sification stands a fair chance of success, while 
a concessionaire would invariably fail unless 
the evidence were extremely weighty. If the 
duties were alike in both cases, the agent would 
have a ten per cent. advantage, for no conces- 
slonaire paid less than twenty-five per cent. to 
the Exposition; if the agent could get the bene- 
fit of the official classification, his advantage 
would mount from ten per cent. to forty-five. 
While the Appropriation Bill was pending 
in Congress the Board of Governors had re- 
ceived a number of communications from min- 
isters and associations, requesting that the Com- 
pany would place itself officially on record 
against the opening of the Exposition on Sun- 
days. The Governors were unanimously of 
the opinion that all show places and conces- 
sions, other than restaurants, should not be 
operated on Sundays; but there was some dif- 


UME WHT) ai I] UTA 


, 1906 


ference of view regarding the closing of the 
gates and the darkening of the exhibit palaces. 

At every exposition there occurs a nuisance 
which in the very nature of things is inevitable. 
The land circumjacent to a world’s fair site is 
made additionally valuable mainly by reason 
of its hotel and amusement potentialities. The 
temporary or permanent hotels erected in close 
proximity to an exposition belong to several 
classes. Some of these hostelries are eminently 
respectable and some entirely disreputable. 
Between these two extremes there are almost as 
many grades as there are buildings devoted to 
hotel use. Concerning the amusements, how- 
ever, little may be said in their favor. During 
the day the outside places are generally dark. 
At night they blaze with lights and present 
scenes both unesthetic and immoral. The 
great majority of exposition visitors purpose to 
combine pleasure and profit. The profit is 
mental and the expected pleasure generally 


1906 


1906 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


oh Corporation. 


FOOD PRODUCTS BUILDING, 


clean and wholesome; but there is a minority 
which looks for dissipation of all sorts; and, 
since the policy of Fair managers is to keep the 
amusement sections of their enterprises perfectly 
clean, this latter class of pleasure seekers 
must go beyond the boundaries for the kinds of 
dissipation they desire. “To cater to such, 
there is generally an outside “ Midway ”’ or 
“Pike”? or “ Warpath,” entirely dissimilar 
from the reputable area of a similar designation 
within the walls of the exposition. 

The territory adjoining the Exposition site 
toward the West, a section known as Pine 
Beach, was filled with hotels, bars, dance halls, 
gambling houses and other dives. Early in 
1906 the future of Pine Beach was forecasted, 
not merely by the help of experience but by 
the visible operations which were then making. 
This obvious development inclined some of the 
Governors to believe that it would be much 
better to keep the Exposition as a park open 
on Sundays, excising all of the commercial or 
Sabbath breaking features. This action was 
regarded as especially desirable in connection 
with the Jamestown Exposition, by reason of 
the large number of sailors and soldiers who 
would constantly be in attendance, and it was 
thought wise to give to these young men some 
clean attractions which would divert their at- 
tention from the outside section. Unable, or 
unwilling, to arrive at a conclusion in this mat- 
ter, the subject was referred to the Executive 
Committee, and to the Board of Directors who 
decided that the gates be closed. The volun- 
tary action of the Company, not the Act of 
Congress, settled this policy, for though the 
Appropriation Bill carried a proviso that the 
gates should be closed on Sundays, the Com- 
pany’s decision had already been recorded 
and this section might not have been in- 
serted had the Company made a determined 
fight against it. 

On the first day of July, 1906, the available 
cash balance of the Exposition was two hun- 
dred and eighteen thousand, eight hundred and 
thirty-seven dollars and sixty-eight cents. A 
call for fourteen per cent. on the subscriptions 
to the preferred stock was made that day, but 
the responses to this demand would not help 
the Exposition, since the money when paid must 
be given to the Atlantic Trust & Deposit Com- 
pany, to whom the proceeds of Exposition stock 
subscriptions had been pledged. 

At this date there was not a single finished 
Exposition building. Contracts had been let 


DECEMBER 1, 1906 


for the Auditorium, the small houses in the 
Arts and Crafts section, the big palaces of 
Manufactures and Liberal Arts and Machinery 
and Transportation, and the States Exhibit 
Building. Under the terms of the several con- 
tracts, the Arts and Crafts section should have 
been finished by July first—and so should the 
Administration Building. The former was 
nearly completed, but scarcely fifty per cent. of 
the work on the latter had been executed and 
the States Exhibit Building was not ten per 
cent. advanced. The two hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars appropriated by the Govern- 
ment might become available when the Com- 
pany satisfied the Secretary of the Treasury 
that it had expended five hundred thousand 
dollars on account of the Exposition, a condi- 
tion which would be demonstrable before the 
bank balance of July Ist had been expended. 
For creative purposes, therefore, four hundred 
and sixty-eight thousand, eight hundred and 
thirty-seven dollars and sixty-eight cents might 
be considered as a current asset. 

The Mothers and Children’s Building and 
the Arts and Crafts structures would cost, un- 
der their contracts, fifteen thousand, seven hun- 
dred and eighty-three dollars and forty cents; 
and the contract price for the Auditorium was 
sixty-three thousand, three hundred and thirty- 
nine dollars and eighty-five cents, for the Pal- 
ace of Manufactures and Liberal Arts, one 
hundred and sixteen thousand, four hundred 
and seventy-five dollars; the same for the Pal- 
ace of Machinery and Transportation; and for 
the States Exhibit Building, ninety-seven thou- 
sand, nine hundred and ninety-three dollars— 
or a total of four hundred and ten thousand 
dollars in round figures. Perhaps forty or fifty 
thousand dollars had already been paid on the 
construction of these buildings—but to com- 
plete these alone would require within one 
hundred thousand dollars of all the available 
assets of the Company. 

On the tenth of July the Board of Design 
officially warned the Governors of the Exposi- 
tion that the time was very brief during which 
work could be completed, and strongly urged 
that the Board take such measures as would be 
necessary to expedite progress. This warning 
was heeded and attempts were made to ad- 
vance construction. [he small, semi-perma- 
nent buildings were hurried through, and there 
was a general access of energy. ‘The policy 
was not followed very strenuously or long, for 
the Administration Building was not completed 


118 


1906 


1906 


Construction. 


until the thirtieth day of March, 1907, and 
the two large exhibit buildings were unfinished 
when the Exposition opened. Plans for other 
exhibit buildings had been prepared; among 
these were the halls of Mines and Metallurgy 
and Food Products; and for several months 
the Governor of Works had, possessed drawings 
for the History and Historic Arts Buildings. 
In regard to these latter, it seems to have been 
during July the idea of the Governor of His- 
tory and Education that it was not necessary to 
make the History Building fire-proof, and that, 
consequently, a saving might be effected. It 
is a matter of record that the plans for the 
History and Historic Arts Buildings—or, in 
other words, the two wings of the Auditorium 
—which were used for housing displays in Su- 
perior Education and in Primary and Second- 
ary Education, were in the hands of the Gov- 
ernor of Works in December, 1905. It is also 
a matter of record that the designs were altered 
on an average of about once a month, and that 
finally neither of these buildings was completed, 
nor was either used wholly or even in part 
for the purpose for which it was originally de- 
signed—chiefly, if not solely, for the reason 
that the first plans were abandoned. At an 
additional cost of fifteen thousand dollars to 
the contract price for the Historic Arts Build- 
ing—or, in other words, at a total cost of less 
than sixty thousand dollars—a permanent fire- 
proof structure could have been erected that 
would have housed the History exhibit in a 
palace instead of a barn; and if the historic 
collection were too large for one building and 
needed to be divided, as was the first intent, 
into a congeries of relics as contra-distinguished 
from art subjects, the other wing could have 
been made fire-proof, and at a total extra ex- 
penditure of thirty thousand dollars, the Expo- 
sition would have had two beautiful fire-proof 
buildings, while the unattractive, damp, low, 
concrete barn which cost one hundred and 
twenty-seven thousand, four hundred dollars 


PALACE OF COMMERCE, DECEMBER 10, 


could have been omitted. It was utterly use- 
less for any future purpose and could not, 
therefore, be considered as a permanent asset; 
and there was ample space unoccupied in the 
exhibit buildings to have subserved the purpose 
of an area for educational display. 

On the seventeenth of August the Mines and 
Metallurgy building was begun. Work in 
the Auditorium wings commenced September 
11th; the Food Products building was started 
on the eighteenth of September, and the Pal- 
aces of Commerce, on October 30th. The con- 
tract prices for these buildings totalled a sum 
slightly exceeding two hundred and_ thirty 
thousand dollars. In addition to these build- 
ings a commercial pier was being constructed, 
but the proceeds of the sale of part of the 
Mines and Metallurgy to the Virginia Mineral 
and Timber exhibit practically offset the cost 
of the pier. With available assets of four 
hundred and sixty-eight thousand dollars the 
Company was bound by contract for its build- 
ing operations only to the extent of six hundred 
and forty thousand dollars, less the amount 
liquidated prior to July Ist. 

This excess of obligations was very reason- 
able and indicated the exercise of great caution 
by the management. If the operations had been 
hurried, the deficit would have caused no 
alarm. Expenses, however, were, in other lines, 
very heavy. General expenses were large and 
the ground work was costing much money. As 
a result, during the fall of 1906, the finances 
of the Company became perilously involved. 
Every attempt to sell additional stock had 
failed, and a loan was inevitable. “The Gov- 
ernors of the Exposition felt reasonably safe in 
assuming that Congress would grant a loan to 
the Ter-Centennial, as it had to other exposi- 
tions. When funds for current expenses were 
low, the creditors of the Exposition seemed will- 
ing to adopt the same conclusion. ‘The incom- 
pleteness of the Exposition and the apparent im- 
possibility of completion on time militated 
against the floating of any bonds locally, and 
the only hope of the Company was that Con- 
gress would advance the money required. 
There was naturally a limit to the amount of 
this possible accommodation; and there was 
also a well defined limit to the capacity of the 
contractors for giving credit, however sure they 
might be of payment later. 

Before the application for a loan was pre- 
sented to Congress the Governors, realizing the 


1906 


1906 


1906 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


large deficit they were facing, rigidly scruti- 
nized all estimates and no matter how impera- 
tively expenditures were demanded each item 
was carefully examined. At no time had it 
been deemed possible to create the Exposition 
for a sum less than two million dollars, but 
when the Governor of Ways and Means ob- 
tained estimates from the heads of each division 
for the expenses necessary before opening day 
he found that it would require one million, six 
hundred and seventy-five thousand, three hun- 
dred and seventy-nine dollars and fifty-six cents 
to pay the bills accumulated between Novem- 
ber 1, 1906, and April 26, 1907. To offset 
this possible liability there were estimated re- 
sources of more than a quarter of a million from 
preferred stock, a balance of sixty-five thou- 
sand dollars due on the twenty-eight per cent. 
call of common stock, sixty-three thousand dol- 
lars cash in bank, eighty-seven thousand, five 
hundred dollars estimated as pre-exposition 
concession receipts, fifteen thousand dollars 
from pre-exposition admissions and two hun- 


tects 


ar 
Neat ; el 
att eet ed mS 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


tween the Department of Works and the Board 
of Governors which caused much anxiety to 
those in charge of the finances of the Company, 
and the members of the Board were quite free 
in expressing their opposition to the policy of 
that Department which was buying supplies 
without reporting to the Auditor and ordering 
work without consultation with the Board. 
On the eleventh of December, Mr. May- 
nard introduced a Bill authorizing an appro- 
priation of one million dollars as a loan to the 
Jamestown Exposition Company, for the pur- 
pose of aiding in the construction, completion 
and opening of the Exposition. The Bill pur- 
ported to protect the Government for the liqui- 
dation of its claim by making it a preferred 
creditor with a lien upon the gross receipts of 
the Exposition from all paid admissions to the 
Grounds and from all money received from 
concessions after the opening day. The Bill 
provided that the Exposition should execute in 
writing an instrument satisfactory to the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury, securing to the Govern- 


BREAKING GROUND FOR RHODE ISLAND BUILDING, JULY 14, 1906 


dred and seventy-five thousand dollars estima- 
ted advance sales of exhibit space. ‘The total 
estimated resources deducted from the budget 
left a deficit of nine hundred and forty-five 
thousand, four hundred and twenty-seven dol- 
lars and fifty-six cents, and it was confidently 
expected that should the Government grant the 
loan of one million dollars the Company would 
be able to open the gates with cash in hand. 
This budget approximating one and three- 
quarter million dollars was in addition to the 
amount spent prior to November |, 1906, and 
showed that the Exposition had grown from a 
two million dollar undertaking to one requiring 
two and a half million dollars for completion. 
Several of the Governors of the Company and 
a large number of the Executive Committeemen 
still clung tenaciously to the original estimate 
and were averse to requesting a loan in excess 
of seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars as 
an absolute maximum. While this matter was 
being debated and even during several weeks 
preceding that time there was a conflict be- 


ment its first lien upon receipts, and that at the 
same time the Company should guarantee to the 
Government that such receipts were entirely free 
from any prior liens, mortgages or other en- 
cumbrances; and, further, that the Company 
should agree that it would not subsequently in 
any way encumber the receipts so as to en- 
danger or affect the right of the Government to 
receive as first creditor the amount to be re- 
turned from such sources to the United States 
Treasury. 

In order to make this agreement possible, the 
Atlantic Trust & Deposit Company—holding 
a lien upon the concessions of the Exposition— 
released its claim and accepted in lieu thereof 
a lien on the moneys to be derived from the 
sale of exhibit spaces. ‘The Bill provided that 
repayment should be made in the following 
manner: On the thirty-first day of May, 1907, 
it would be the duty of the Company to report 
to the Secretary of the Treasury in detail the 
total amount of all the Company’s receipts from 
April twenty-sixth to May thirty-first, both in- 


120 


1906 


906 


Construction. 


Cte eee, 


35 4 
1otograph Corporation. 


Copyright, Taauestouin ‘Official 
GOVERNOR WARFIELD LAYING CORNER STONE 
OF MARYLAND BUILDING 


clusive; and that forty per cent. of such re- 
ceipts should at that time be paid to the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury; and that, subsequently, 
on the fifteenth and last days of each month, 
respectively, a similar detailed report of gross 
receipts should be made and a similar forty per 
cent. paid into the Treasury of the United 
States; and it was further provided that from 
and after the fifteenth day of July, 1907, and 
until the entire sum should have been paid, 
each of the semi-monthly payments should not 
be less than one hundred thousand dollars. In 
default of any payment, the Secretary of the 
Treasury was authorized, personally or by 
agents and representatives selected and ap- 
pointed by him, to collect and control any re- 
ceipts of the Exposition, until the full sum of 
one million dollars had been collected; and 
he was further permitted to have access to all 
the books, accounts and contracts of the Com- 
pany. This Bill for the first time definitely 
dated the Government participation to corre- 
spond to the programme of the Exposition Com- 
pany, naming April twenty-sixth as the day for 
the opening of the Celebration and November 
thirteenth as the date of closing. Though 
strenuously opposed by Congressmen who had 
been generally inimical to the Exposition this 
measure did not seem to arouse as violent an- 
tagonism on the part of Mr. Cannon as had 
the previous efforts of the Exposition Company to 
obtain recognition andaid. The Bill was passed 
early in February and Honorable Frederick Paul 
Grosscup of Charleston, West Virginia, was ap- 
pointed Disbursing Agent for the United States. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation, 


GOVERNORS SWANSON AND WARFIELD 


; asa fe , ; r 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MRS. SWANSON LAYING CORNER STONE OF 
VIRGINIA BUILDING 


For several months the Governor of Works 
had been confronted with the exasperating 
conditions inevitably accompanying a depleted 
treasury and on the twenty-eighth of Decem- 
ber he suggested that the Board of Governors 
confer with representative bankers and finan- 
ciers of Norfolk with a view of obtaining a 
loan of five hundred thousand dollars to be 
repaid when the government loan should be 
available. Mr. Cottrell stated the self-evident 
fact that unless funds were provided for meet- 


ing current obligations it would be difficult for 


him to hurry the contractors and impossible for 
him successfully to induce them to increase their 
corps of workers. So far as his own work was 
concemed he claimed that, even with the most 
favorable weather, the grounds could not be 
put into good condition and the electric and 
other work completed by opening day unless 
the entire force under his direction was 
doubled. 

A loan of such a character, however de- 
sirable on the part of the Exposition Company, 
would hardly have proven attractive to an in- 
vestor or financier. Government appropriations 
to aid an exposition or loans made to such an 
undertaking usually carry provisions which pre- 
vent a diversion of any sum for the purpose of 
repaying a previous loan, though the Govern- 
ment funds may be used for discharging pre- 
viously incurred obligations for material and 
wages under which term salaries are not in- 
cluded. ‘There is no record of any effort having 


been made to secure this accommodation; but it 
could hardly have been successful, if made. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MISS JENNIE SHERWOOD BREAKING GROUND 
FOR MISSOURI BUILDING 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Copyright, Jameste own "Oficial Photogray 


MARY LAND BUILDING AND PART OF VIRGINIA 


BUILDING, NOVEMBER 8, 1906 

It would certainly have been a very fortu- 
nate thing if five hundred thousand dollars 
could have been placed to the credit of the 
Company just before the beginning of the year. 
Early in the fall of 1906, large amounts of 
gravel, crushed stone and lumber were ordered 
for immediate delivery—but on account of 
the Exposition’s financial condition it was 1m- 
possible even to pay the freight on these ship- 
ments, and the railroads confiscated practically 
all of the lumber and a large proportion of the 
gravel and stone. Most of the material was 
not confiscated until late in the winter; and 
then what the railroads did not take they, in 
many cases, returned to the original shippers. 
Practically all of the material remained at the 
Exposition until the first of the year, very little 
having been taken or returned before that time. 
The materials which had been ordered were 
needed, and later had to be replaced at much 
higher prices. Gravel or crushed stone for 
roads and concrete was from twenty-five to 
fifty per cent. higher late in the winter and dur- 
ing the early spring than it had been during 
September or October of the preceding year— 
when the contracts were placed—and lumber, 
the price of which had steadily been rising for 
several years, was higher just before the Ex- 
position opened than at any previous time. Dur- 
ing the fall of 1906, eighteen cents were paid 
for a pound of copper, while in April, this 
commodity brought twenty-seven and _three- 
quarter cents per pound. An available bank 


Photograph Corporation. 


NORTH DAKOTA BUILDING, NOVEMBER 10, 1906 


Copyright, Jamestown O 


balance during December, 1906, would un- 
doubtedly have helped the Exposition very ma- 
terially. Not only in the matter of purchasing 
material would funds have been eminently de- 
sirable, but almost equally advantageous in de- 
fraying wages. All work in the Landscape 
Department—the road work, the laying of 
sidewalks, preparation of lawns, digging of 
trenches, planting of grass, care of trees and 
preparation of flower beds—was done by day’s 
work under the direction of the Division of 
Works. During 1906 until December, most 
of the day laborers worked nine or nine and a 
half hours and received a daily pay ranging 
from one dollar and twenty-five cents to one 
dollar and a half, in some rare instances excep- 
tional workmen receiving one dollar and seven- 
ty-five cents per day. For this same class of un- 
trained men the wage rates from December 
until April and later ranged from two dollars 
to two dollars and a half. No one worked 
more than eight hours a day during this latter 
period, and no laborer on the Grounds drew 
less than a two dollar wage. Not only were 


wages higher, but as the Exposition approached 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MISSOURI BUILDING, NOVEMBER 8, 1906 


it was quite evident that the results being 
secured were even less in proportion than might 
naturally be expected from the shorter hours. 
Unskilled laborers were as independent as the 
skilled mechanics. “They knew that a certain 
amount of work had to be done and they re- 
alized that it would be impossible to fill their 
places. A contributing factor to the rise in this 
scale was the competition of the Scofield Com- 
pany, who as soon as they began work on the 
Government Piers openly bid for men, offering 
more money than had been given and they took 
from the Division of Works as many laborers 
as they could get, especially those of the better 
class. As a natural result, to keep their men 
the Exposition was compelled to meet the ad- 
vanced scale; and the increase in pay affected 
the Exposition Company not only directly but 
indirectly, all contracts awarded late in the 
winter being necessarily figured after a due 
consideration on the part of the contractor for 
the wage scale to which he would be compelled 
to adhere. 

The Exposition was an undertaking incom- 
mensurately large considering the population 


122 


1906 


106 


Construction. 


of its adjacent municipalities and the number of 
resident working men. ‘That which had al- 
ways previously occurred in exposition terri- 
tories repeated in Norfolk—a greatly accentu- 
ated impulse to build. At no time superabund- 
antly supplied, the cities of Norfolk, Ports- 
mouth and Newport News suffered during the 
construction period of the Exposition from an 
acute scarcity of mechanics. In addition to the 
local demand and the requirements for the Gov- 
ernment and the Company’s work on the Expo- 
sition grounds, the States and several private ex- 
hibitors were erecting buildings, and these com- 
bined demands naturally increased the market 
value of labor. 

Some of the States had begun their buildings 
ceremoniously. On the fourteenth of July the 
Honorable John Taggard Blodgett, Chairman 
of the Rhode Island Commission turned the sod 
for the foundation of his State’s building, the 
first to be begun at the Exposition. On that 
occasion a welcoming speech was delivered 
by Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson of Virginia 
and Judge Blodgett delivered a masterly ora- 
tion outlining the history of Rhode Island and 
giving cumulative reasons why his State should 
prominently participate in such a celebration as 
the Ter-Centennial. The laying of Virginia’s 
corner stone was also a function, and to Mrs. 
Swanson who performed that ceremony Colo- 
nel W. W. Sale presented a silver trowel on 
which was this inscription: “* This trowel was 
used by Mrs. C. A. Swanson, wife of the Gov- 
emor of Virginia, for the laying of the corner 
stone of the Virginia Building at the James- 
town Exposition and was presented to her by the 
Virginia Commission, September 19, 1906.” 
Maryland’s exercises which occurred the same 
day as those of Virginia were more elaborate, 
Governor Warfield being the principal speaker 
and Governor Swanson also taking a prominent 
part. The buildings for Missouri, Pennsylva- 
nia and Ohio were begun unostentatiously. 

The Executive Committee of the Exposition 
decided at their July meeting to visit the site 
after each monthly session beginning with 
August 24th. This resolution possessed the 
merit of exceeding wisdom. In no other way 
could the Committeemen so well familiarize 
themselves with the actual conditions obtaining 
and by no other method could they gain equal 
intelligence to guide them in voting on contracts 
presented for their approval. Unfortunately, 
however, there is a record of only one visit and 
that was made at a time when appearances 


| - ‘Grestamas tis 
* on 


whee wEE 


ee Canam neat intemal 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


hl ee ts 
coms 
— - 


favored a timely completion. By the end of 
September very rapid progress had been made 
both on buildings and grounds. ‘The Audi- 
torlum and States Exhibit Building were far 
advanced toward completion and the great pal- 
aces which edged Raleigh Square appeared to 
be well under way. Foundation work had 
been begun on the wings of the Auditorium 
and superficially the grounds and roads looked 
well. A month later, however, the prospect 
would not have been so satisfying and each 
succeeding month would have added to the dis- 
appointment had the Committee viewed the 
scene. 

Numerous and apparently evitable changes 
in the plans and buildings grievously delayed 
construction, and adequate transportation facil- 
ities were at no time procurable. This was 
equally true of the freight and passenger ser- 
vice. During the construction period the freight 
problem was the more important. Impressed 
with the necessity of helping the management, 
and realizing the disastrous results of delay the 
officials of the railroads terminating at Norfolk, 
had, during the summer, held a meeting and 
decided to expedite matters so far as lay in 
their power. Cards were issued by their order 
bearing this legend: “* This car for the James- 
town Exposition, Norfolk, Virginia. Must 
have right of way,’ and emphasizing the 
printed command the freight agents of each line 
were instructed that Exposition freight should 
have precedence over al! shipments except those 
which were distinctly perishable. 

At a meeting of the transportation represent- 
atives held on November 26th, it was decided 
to accept freight prepaid from point of ship- 
ment to be delivered at the Exposition. Prior 
to that time it had been the custom of the rail- 
road lines to hold shipments in their city yards 
until the consignees paid the freight bills and 
secured a release. ‘The issuance of the notifi- 
cations and the liquidation of indebtedness al- 
ways caused delays. ‘The suggested arrange- 
ment made for progress, as under its pro- 
visions cars might be tagged through to reach 
the Exposition unstopped. Most of the con- 
tractors took advantage of this plan but the 
credit, or rather, the lack of credit, of the Ex- 
position Company prevented the management 
from deriving any considerable aid from the 
measure. Shippers did not care to prepay 
freight to the Company subject to unconditional 
release and the Company could not prepay its 
own freight. 


Kno Ta ae 


a diplernal ae 
PKs iY 


Sicimamet teat 


VIEW OF GROUNDS FROM TOP OF MASSACHUSETTS BUILDING, DECEMBER 24, 1906 


1906 


—, 


Sagas Sk cee ee SSE ae or aC) 


NMOUd-HSnd “MN “H Ad “LNOH OTVSAANG AHL 


“uoryeiodiod ydeisojoyg JeOYyWO uMosoWwEf Qyus1AdoD 


=— 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


THE AUDITORIUM ILLUMINATED 


CHAPTER VII 


COMPLETION 


AN EMPTY TREASURY—MOTIVES OF MANAGERS—SUPPLY SYSTEM—AUDITING DIFFICULTIES— 
INCREASED COSTS OF MATERIAL AND LABOR—LATE BUILDING—CONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS— 
CONTRACTORS DELAYS—HISTORY BUILDING—INDEFINITE EXHIBIT SPACE—ELECTRIC FOUNTAIN 
—RUMORS OF POSTPONEMENT—PUBLIC SERVICE FEATURES—EXPOSITION POST OFFICE—PRE- 
EXPOSITION HURRY—NEED OF PRACTICAL WORKS DIRECTOR—ARRIVAL OF SOLDIERY—EXPOSI- 
TION DEBTS FIRST BOND ISSUE—ADVISORY COMMITTEE—SECOND DEED OF TRUST—ENFORCED 
PAYMENTS ON COMMON STOCK—ALTERATION OF BY-LAWS—JAMES M. BARR ELECTED DIRECTOR- 
GENERAL—CONDITION OF EXHIBIT PALACES—EFFORTS OF GOVERNMENT—INJUDICIOUS EX- 
PLOITATION—ATTENDANCE FIGURES—TUCKER-BARR CONTROVERSY—RESIGNATION OF MR. 
BARR—ALVAH H. MARTIN ELECTED DIRECTOR-GENERAL—COMPLETED EXPOSITION—RE-OPEN- 
ING DISCUSSED—RECEIVERS FOR THE COMPANY APPOINTED. 


dawned upon a very dis- 
couraged management. 
Their determination to 
conquer the difficulties 
had not lessened, but the 
obstacles to success were 
too apparent to be disregarded. Just be- 
fore Christmas there was not one dollar in 
the treasury to meet the labor pay-roll. 
Though the business success or failure of the 
Exposition was a matter wholly beyond his 
control, for he possessed no power over the 
management of the Company, Mr. Tucker, the 
Exposition’s President, generously advanced, 
without security and without interest, the sum 
required to pay the wages of the workingmen. 
Payments had been delayed before, the salary 
list had been more than once compelled to wait, 
but this was the first time that an actual cessation 
of operations threatened, and only individual 
generosity intervened to prevent the misfortune. 
It was a serious matter—the prospective re- 
sources of the Company had been pledged to 
their limit, prepayments on concession contracts 
had been used before they were made, and a 
large part of the exhibit space had been hypoth- 
ecated. Without the million dollar loan, to 
open the Exposition were impossible. It is a 


125 


matter of record that two weeks later the same 
condition occurred and again it was the gen- 
erous public spirit of Mr. Tucker and his desire 
to act fairly with labor that saved the situation. 

No critic of the Exposition can analyze justly 
the methods of the management unless the mo- 
tives are fairly considered. ‘The grand domi- 
nating idea of the Board of Governors, and in 
fact all who held high place in the Company’s 
affairs, was that the Ter-Centennial should be 
celebrated worthily, that the Exposition should 
be dignified, impressive and, so far as the means 
would permit, adequately commensurate with 
the importance of the transcendent event that 
was celebrated. It was their hope to have an 
attractive, homogeneous, artistic picture, which 
would satisfy the eye; to make a notable dis- 
play of inventions and devices illustrating prog- 
ress and ingenuity; to exhibit educational details 
of highest merit, and of all most certainly to 
give to the world an exemplification of history 
so perfect in conception and so thorough in ar- 
rangement that no visitor could escape its in- 
fluence. 

The efforts of the management were un- 
doubtedly open to serious criticism. Their de- 
lays in ordering and forwarding absolutely 
essential work grievously handicapped depart- 


1907 


1907 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ment progress, but the matter which proved to 
be their most serious indictment in the local 
mind and with observers generally throughout 
the country was due far more to ignorance than 
intent. If building had been curtailed after 
the loan was granted—curtailed to a minimum 
—the Exposition in all probability would not 
have been a serious financial failure; but it is a 
fact that the million dollars had practically been 
spent before the loan was secured and it is 
incontestably true that the Board of Governors 
did not know this. In the stress and hurry of 
the pre-Exposition period the careful scrutiny 
imposed by the by-laws seemed to be too rigid 
to suit some of the Governors, and notably in 
one case a separate bookkeeping department 
was maintained for a division and supplies were 
ordered without the knowledge of the Board. 
Surprising as it may seem to the general public, 
nevertheless it was true that the enormous deficit 
which threatened the Exposition shortly before 


HONORABLE FREDERICK P. GROSSCUP 
U. S. Disbursing Agent 


the opening most of all astounded the Board of 
Governors. 

The duplicate requisition system long in 
vogue necessitated an endorsement by the 
Chairman of the Board of Governors on all 
supply orders or other expenditures not directly 
authorized by the Board. While this plan 
was operating, the Company’s expenses and 
condition could at any time have been ascer- 
tained, but during the fall of 1906 the Division 
of Works organized its own bookkeeping de- 
partment and established a Bureau of Supplies, 
each of which reported intermittently to the 
general Auditing department. These opera- 
tions caused irremediable confusion in the 
accounts of the Exposition, a confusion not 
allayed up to the time that the final balance 
was taken, in March, 1908. 

It is possible that greater latitude should be 
given to exposition officials than usually is 


granted to the officers of a corporation. Celer- 
ity is an exposition pre-essential ; matters have to 
be decided quickly ; purchases of supplies which 
one day may be negotiated favorably might be 
unfavorably negotiated the next. The value of 
a purchasing agent depends upon his ability to 
keep in touch with market conditions; and, to 
take advantage of possible fluctuations, he must 
have a measure of latitude in ordering; but 
whenever supplies are bought on the company 
account, a duplicate slip should be sent to the 
auditor, for only by this method can the general 
ledger be kept correct and current. When 
liens against the Exposition were filed, a num- 
ber were for materials of which no record could 
be found and in some instances, although deliv- 
ery had been clearly proven, it was never pos- 
sible to say where the materials had been used. 

The by-laws, very carefully drawn with a 
view of concentrating financial responsibility, 
made the Auditor’s office the receptacle for all 
accounts and the general clearing house for the 
Exposition. ‘The system of bookkeeping in 
force at the Exposition was evolved by H. M. 
Bain, a well known Norfolk accountant, who 
shortly after the organization of the Company, 
was selected as Assistant to the Auditor. All 
forms were arranged in consonance with the 
Company’s laws; and, if reports had been made 
promptly, confusion was impossible. ‘The sys- 
tem of accounting was formed primarily with 
a view to clarity, and the accounts were kept 
in such a manner that detailed or totaled ele- 
ments could be ascertained without delay. 
What had been sent to the Auditor for entry 
was recorded and needed no tracing, but vouch- 
ers and order slips duly executed were found 
in the desks of Exposition officials after the 
close of the Exposition, when the furniture was 
placed at auction. 

Superadded to these difficulties, the Gover- 
nors were rendered still more powerless to act 
judiciously in the matter of authorizing work, 
because early in February, 1907, the Exposi- 
tion books were placed in the hands of The 
Audit Company of New York for expert exam- 
ination and report. This proceeding was un- 
timely, to say the least, since the Auditor's 
Department was seriously embarrassed at the 
very period when it was most important for 
the Governors to have immediate information. 
During the six weeks the visiting accountants 
spent in this examination, the Auditing Depart- 
ment was almost at a standstill, and during this 
time the liabilities startlingly increased. 

The Board of Governors seemed to be in a 
way bewildered by the enormous increase in 
the cost of building material and labor, and yet 
they appear to have authorized some construc- 
tion without a due sense of the peril they were 
courting. In the case of late building at all 
expositions, not only must the actual cost of 
construction be considered but to what extent 
may labor be diverted from other and necessary 
work. At all periods a management must con- 
sider how to secure the best revenue from each 
investment. In the first creative months of an 
exposition the actual cost of a building is paral- 


126 


190) 


907 


Completion. 


leled with its earning power, as a space yielder, 
or its drawing power at the gates. If either of 
the latter items counterbalances the cost, the 
investment is a good one; but later the first 
consideration is whether or not the building is 
absolutely necessary. If it is not, there is little 
excuse for its construction, for it is very difficult 
to make late buildings pay, and every late build- 
ing means a disproportionate increase in the 
Company’s pay-roll. 

All work is not done under contract. An 
exposition employs an army of day laborers 
and many skilled mechanics.. Where the sup- 
ply of labor is not abundant, or, as it was 
around Norfolk, extremely scarce, every added 
demand gives an opportunity for a request for 
increased pay—a request tantamount to a de- 
mand and undeniable. It is a very human de- 
sire to sell one’s goods for the best price obtain- 
able, and where labor must be bought it makes 
its scale. Appeals to the sentiment of the 
workingman are usually and very naturally re- 
ceived with greater or less contempt, for he 
knows that the highest wages which he can get 
are incomparably small compared with the pay 
of the exposition officials, and he is fully aware 
that the success of the enterprise means ulti- 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MINES AND METALLURGY 


mately far more to them than it does to him. 
His profit, smaller than theirs, is present only; 
theirs, the larger, is both present and prospec- 
tive. 

As an index to the increased cost of later 
building as compared with the earlier, some 
figures may prove interesting: The Mines and 
Metallurgy Building cost at the rate of one dol- 
lar and five-sixths of a cent per square foot to 
erect and less than two cents per cubic foot, the 
contract price being sixty-two thousand four 
hundred and thirty-five dollars, its area sixty- 
one thousand nine hundred and twenty-eight 
square feet and its contents three million, one 
hundred and seventy-six thousand, eight hun- 
dred cubic feet. The Marine Appliances 
Building, not nearly as well built or finished, 
cost slightly more per square foot, but fifty per 
cent. additional by cubic measurement. The 
test as applied to these buildings is perfectly 
fair, because the former building was really 
composed of two structures, quite separate, 
merely connected by an “L.”’, and each of 
these was practically the same size as the Ma- 
rine Appliances Building. The contract for 
the first of these halls was awarded in the sum- 
mer of 1906 and work was started on August 
17, whereas work on the latter was not begun 
until the nineteenth of January, 1907. The 


127 


square foot basis is generally used at expositions 
because the cornice line of the main buildings 
is usually even and the third factor is negligible 
in the calculation of costs; but, where heights 
vary, cubical capacity must be considered. It 
is safe to say that every one of the earlier build- 
ings of the Exposition would have cost prac- 
tically fifty per cent. more than it did if the 
same rates for material and wages had been 
paid in 1906 as were paid during the early part 
of 1907. 

The buildings started after the first of 
January, 1907, and their authorized cost were: 
The Marine Appliances Building, begun Janu- 
ary 19, twenty-seven thousand, three hundred 
and thirty-five dollars; the History Building, 
January 29, one hundred and _ twenty-seven 
thousand, four hundred and ninety-two dollars 
and fifty-nine cents; the Service Building, 
January 31, twenty-two thousand, five hun- 
dred and sixty-nine dollars and _ thirty-seven 
cents; the Graphic Arts Building, February 19, 
twenty-three thousand, three hundred and nine- 
ty-one dollars; the Power-Fuel-Alcohol Build- 
ing, February 23, twenty-four thousand, five 
hundred and thirty-three dollars; Convention 
Hall, March 26, twenty-seven thousand, eight 


BUILDING, JANUARY 1, 1907 


hundred dollars, and the Aeronautic Building, 
May 8, ten thousand, five hundred dollars. 

The Exposition buildings did not cover as 
great an area as had been estimated in the 
budget of the thirteenth day of February, 
1906; nevertheless, the expenditures for con- 
struction were considerably in excess of the 
original estimates made in that plan and scope 
report. [he reason for the additional cost 
was that construction was so much more expen- 
sive than had been calculated. This difference 
was not due to any mistake in the judgment of 
the committee but was caused by the greatly 
increased cost of material and labor, the latter 
factor having been interjected by delays which 
were difficult to have foreseen when the original 
calculations were made. 

It is not safe to cheapen exposition buildings 
beyond a certain point, for the architectural 
engineer who designs these structures must pro- 
vide a large margin of safety in the essential 
building elements. While decorations may be 
flimsy, the walls must be strong enough to with- 
stand the elements, and the floor braces, girders, 
supports to the roof and the roof itself must be 
of high grade material, rigid, durable, carefully 
installed and adapted to stand not only ordinary 
but extraordinary strains. Impermanency has 
no bearing upon this requisite; during storms 


1907 


1907 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION BUILDING, JANUARY 1, 1907 


there must be no vibration, for leaky roofs and 
fractured walls cause endless complaint from 
exhibitors, invite suits against an exposition 
company and greatly discommode visitors. 
The fire-proof Palace of History was trussed 
with steel, but with this exception only timber 
frames were used at the Exposition and the 
wood worked well. The selection of this 
material was not due to the wishes of the Gov- 
ernors nor to economic reasons, but rather to 
the conditions in the steel trade, for the large 
structural steel companies were overcrowded 
with orders and as contracts were awarded late 
it was impossible to obtain the metal skeletons 
on time. 

Peculiarly local engineering difficulties at- 
tended the construction of the heavier buildings. 
Only a few feet of sandy loam lies between 
the surface of the ground and gravel beds full 
of water. This configuration made it neces- 
sary to use exceptional care in protecting the 
heavy walls and posts from sinking, and for the 
weightier structures solid concrete foundations 
had to be laid. The first of these was pre- 
pared for the Auditorium Building, and the 
same course was followed with every other 
building of consequence on the grounds. 

After construction had been started the ex- 
asperating shortage of funds caused the Gov- 
ernors to delay awarding contracts and at times 
to postpone work on buildings which were under 
way. Inno other class of building is the bind- 
ing of a contractor for the timely completion of 
his work so pre-essential as at an exposition. 
It is not unusual for an exposition company to 
be in such a financial condition that the pay- 
ments of current estimates is impossible, but 
these lapses are inevitable and all others should 
be avoided. A resolution which was adopted 
by the Board of Governors on March 6, 1906, 
authorized the Governor of Works to make 
such changes in the plans of buildings as in his 
judgment might seem “ desirable or necessary,” 
provided that the amount required to complete 
these alterations should not exceed the sum of 
one thousand dollars. To order such changes, 
it was not demanded that he submit his pur- 
poses to the Board or that he consult any other 
officer of the Company. This power vested in 
the Governor of Works was certainly a cause 


contributing to the delay, and, as a necessary 
consequence, toward an increase in the deficit, 
for its exercise postponed operations in a number 
of instances and long before the Exposition was 
completed the limitation as to cost became a 
dead letter. Nevertheless, it was only one of 
many reasons, for the Board, acting as a whole, 
frequently delayed construction and often 
ordered work to be resumed on exactly the 
original lines. Alterations of plans and inter- 
ference with building operations should not be 
tolerated except under advice of counsel and 
after a legal agreement has been reached which 
will prevent a contractor wasting time and de- 
laying completion beyond a reasonably ex- 
tended period. 

It is not as a general thing advantageous to 
a contractor to delay, for the longer he post- 
pones his work the more expensive it becomes, 
but there is a limit to the period of advance, 
then the expense lessens. Extensions beyond 
the opening of an exposition not infrequently 
help the builder, since the labor market is then 
glutted. Of the principal buildings of the Ex- 
position, the Auditorium, the States Exhibit 
Palace, the Mines and Metallurgy Building 
and the Palaces of Commerce were the only 
ones finished before the Exposition opened. 
Though all of the buildings which were begun 
in 1907 served more or less useful purposes, 
very few of them were absolutely necessary. 
At first the Governor of History, Education 
and Social Economy was not positive in urging 
that the wings of the Auditorium be made fire- 
proof. Later he strongly advised this course 
and had his advice been taken the History 
Building could have been omitted without any 
loss of prestige and greatly to the advantage of 
the Exposition picture. It was the intention of 
Governor Ellyson to display the historic exhibits 
in the Auditorium annexes and he wished to 
place the showings of the Department of Edu- 
cation and Social Economy in some unutilized 
section of the principal exhibit palaces. This 
solution of space difficulty did not appeal to 
the Governor of Exhibits, who felt that he could 
fill all of the area under his control; and after 
rejecting this suggestion he secured the consent 
of the Board to erect several additional build- 
ings. 


190 


907 


Completion. 


The award of a contract for an additional 
fireproof building solved the problem of hous- 
ing the historical display and the Auditorium 
wings were set aside, one for Primary and Sec- 
ondary Education, and the other for Collegiate 
Education, but up to the end of February, 
1907, no provision had been made for the hous- 
ing of Social Economy exhibits. The largest 
single exhibit which had been secured by this 
Department was the excellent display of the 
American Federation of Labor. Mr. Gom- 
pers, the President of the Federation, who 
had been induced to arrange a representative 
collection of union labor handiwork, then de- 
clared that he would not have the Federation 
put in some out of the way corner and unless 
adequate provision were made for the display 
it would not be sent to the Exposition. Lieu- 
tenant C. P. Shaw, U. S. N. (Retired), a 
citizen of Norfolk, who was much interested in 
sociological questions, inaugurated a movement 
to induce the Board of Governors to supply 
space for this and kindred displays. Shortly 
afterwards the Graphic Arts Building was 
transferred to Governor Ellyson and later was 
known as the Social Economy Building. 

There had been absolutely no necessity for 
a separate building for an exhibit of Graphic 
Arts, which rightly belonged in the Division 
of Manufactures and Liberal Arts, and there 
was little excuse—especially at such a late 
date—to construct a building for Marine Ap- 
pliances which could have been included with 
Transportation. If the marine displays had 
been put in the larger palace they would have 
added materially to the showing made therein 
and the spectacle of one building more than 
half empty and another less than two-thirds 
full would not have jarred upon the visitor. 
The exhibits in the Power-Fuel-Alcohol Build- 
ing were undoubtedly extremely interesting to 
the few who visited the demonstration but pos- 
sessed little general attraction and in all prob- 
ability did not add an average of twenty-five a 
day to the Exposition attendance. The Serv- 
ice Building subserved a certain useful pur- 
pose, for the Auditorium could not have housed 
all of the employees of the Company, but the 
principal offices could have been maintained in 
the large building and the departments fur- 
nished with quarters in the galleries of the sev- 
eral exhibit palaces. During the Exposition 
the Press Bureau was diverted from the Service 
Building and placed in a hall leased for the 
purpose, and long before the Exposition closed 


a 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. : 


AUDITORIUM AND WINGS, FEBRUARY 20, 


129 


the Service Building was practically vacant 
except for the offices of the Concessions and 
Admissions Department and the rooms of the 
Auditor and Secretary. “The Convention Hall 
was rarely used, and a tent would have served 
full well as a substitute for the Aeronautic 
Building. 

The comparative uncertainty regarding the 
space to be available for commercial exhibits 
militated against the success of at least one 
department. That a _ better collection of 
marine appliances might have been secured 
had there been sooner a definite location for 
the display, admits of no question, and it 
is possible that in some other fields of industrial 
endeavor the Division of Exhibits could have 
made a better showing had it been able earlier 
to offer positive space at a definite time to pro- 
spective exhibitors, but the Division of History, 
Education and Social Economy was the prin- 
cipal sufferer from delay, and it can be proven 
that each of these subjects would have been 
far more profusely and attractively illustrated, 
even than they were, had the housing facilities 
been sure and timely. 

By the first of the year the water front pre- 
sented a very active spectacle. A number of 
the State houses were nearly completed. Dur- 
ing December the treatment of the central 
square of the Exposition—the park which ex- 
tended from the Administration Building to 
the Government Piers, flanked on either side 
by the Palaces of Machinery- Transportation 
and Manufactures-Liberal Arts—began to re- 
ceive the consideration which long before it 
should have had, and for the first time definite 
plans of decoration for this place were dis- 
cussed. [he purpose of the Department of 
Electricity was to make a unique electric foun- 
tain, blazing at night with vari-colored lights, 
the central feature and the cynosure. ‘The 
Board of Governors did not arrive at a con- 
clusion on this subject until February, and then 
it was found that a fountain could not be cast 
in time for the opening of the Exposition, prob- 
ably could not be delivered until July. Rather 
than to exclude the feature, it was decided to 
buy in the open market some fountain adapted 
to the design or capable of adaptation. 

On March 9 the electric spray which had 
been so much admired at the Tyrolean Alps 
at St. Louis was purchased and immediately 
shipped to the Exposition, where it was over- 
hauled, improved and placed in position. The 
delay in getting glass for the spillways and the 


1907 


1907 


1907 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


scarcity of labor prevented the expeditious 
completion of this work. The excavations for 
the fountain and the two large pools which 
flanked it were not started until the twenty- 
fifth of March. The unfinished and extremely 
ugly picture presented by Raleigh Court was 
a source of the most distressing and invidious 
comment on opening day, and it is difficult to 
determine just to what extent this unsightly 
scene affected the visitors on that occasion and 
biased them against what was really beautiful 
at the Exposition, nor can it be determined 
how far this blot inspired the reproaches which 
during the early months of the Exposition filled 
the press of the country. 

It was not entirely illogical to have delayed 
work on Raleigh Square, since the Government 
Piers were notably backward and unfinished, 
but it was impossible to give this reason to every 
visitor. ‘The managers of the Exposition per- 


haps deemed it unwise to divert their attention 
from other parts of the grounds in order to 


‘a 2 


oes | Se od 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


probably have been ready for opening day. In 
this respect either the Governors or the Board 
of Design were derelict; and as a partial justi- 
fication of the Government Engineers, it may 
be urged that while the piers did not subserve 
their purpose as a decorative feature unti! late 
in the season, they discharged their utilitarian 
obligation as a landing place and a harbor for 
small boats on the opening day and continuously 
thereafter. 

Notwithstanding these favorable items in the 
Government account, it must not be overlooked 
that the contract awarded to Schofield & Com- 
pany of Philadelphia, the firm which under- 
took to build the pier, expressly stipulated that 
the work should be absolutely complete on 
opening day, instead of which the piers were 
finished on the fourteenth of September. All 
during May, June and part of July the lower 
part of Raleigh Court was impassable. Instead 
of being a beauty spot as it was destined to be, 
the Court was the most unattractive section of 


LOOKING EAST FROM AUDITORIUM ROOF, FEBRUARY 20, 1907 


complete a section whose approach was un- 
ready; yet to the casual visitor, and no visitor 
is so casual as the press representative who 
attends the opening exercises, the central fea- 
ture of an Exposition is the whole Exposition, 
and his idea of merit is based upon what he can 
see without effort. It is, therefore, especially 
necessary that the feature of a fair be finished 
when the gates are formally opened, for no 
president or king counts so much in the attend- 
ance column as does the representative of a 
large newspaper. 

Much fault has been found with the Govern- 
ment because the great piers were incomplete 
until late in the summer, and undoubtedly some 
of this blame was well deserved. There is 
little doubt that had the plans for the piers 
been given to the United States Engineers 
immediately after the passage of the Appro- 
priation Act—in June, 1906, instead of late 
in September, a loss of three months—the work 
could have been started during the summer in- 
stead of winter’s eve, and the piers would 


the grounds. One of two conclusions 1s inevit- 
able: The contract was a very bad one, in- 
capable of strict enforcement, or else no deter- 
mined effort was made to enforce it. In the 
summary of causes which contributed to dis- 
suade visits to the Exposition, it may truthfully 
be said that the unfinished piers constituted the 
most important single item. 

Construction work was still hampered by 
lack of adequate transportation facilities, and 
this difficulty assumed so grave an aspect after 
the first of January, 1907, that a Division of 
Transportation was established with Alvah H. 
Martin as Governor. Until late in the fall of 
1906 the spur track of the Norfolk and Atlan- 
tic Terminal Company afforded the only regu- 
lar rail delivery to the grounds, and late in 
January, 1907, this trolley road had, owing to 
the destruction of its bridge across Tannezx’s 
Creek, been compelled to cease operating. The 
Virginian Railway shortly thereafter began a 
delivery service, but it hauled very little material 
for the Company, its small equipment being 


130 


190% 


1907 


Completion. 


~ ake Le 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


FOOD PRODUCTS BUILDING, FEBRUARY 25, 1907 


utilized almost entirely for the forwarding of 
exhibits. 

A large part of the freight came by water; 
and, before the Company’s pier was finished, 
material thus delivered was landed at Pine 
Beach, a distance of more than one mile from 
the principal buildings of the Exposition. The 
roads over which the heavy material had to be 
hauled were not adapted for the purpose, and 
during wet spells the passage between Pine 
Beach and the Exposition was slow. Once 
inside the gate the hauling was even more difh- 
cult, for the Exposition roads were abominable. 
The Company’s pier, which was finished late 
in December, was at best a makeshift. 
Though it extended twenty-two hundred and 
fifty feet out into Willoughby Bay, there was 
so little water at its farther end that a loaded 
lumber barge could only make an approach 
at high tide; and, unless its cargo had been 
materially lightened, the boat was always 
stranded at ebb. However, meager as was 
this facility, it proved a determining factor in 
the building of the Exposition, for much of the 
most necessary work of the Company would 
have been delayed indefinitely had the pier not 
been available. 

Early in 1907 it became evident that the 
Exposition would be woefully incomplete on 
opening day. Rumors of postponement 


spread, and these were credited not only in 


mm 
tp oe. ae 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION 


131 


Norfolk but found eager acquiescent accept- 
ance in the departments of the Exposition, no- 
tably in the Division of Works. The men 
who were superintending construction and 
equipment realized the physical impossibility 
of performing their duties on time. The 
weather conditions during the first of the year 
had made timely progress on outside work 
impossible and later when work could be done 
matters were hurried without regard to cost. 
Speed was the great thing desired, and mechan- 
ics were kept working overtime on all of the 
Company’s operations, especially on _ those 
buildings which had been begun late. These 
tactics were very expensive, and as an evidence 
it may be cited that the April pay roll of the 
Department of Electricity showed a larger sum 
than had been required to meet its total wage 
account for the nine preceding months. 

To controvert the postponement impression 
the Directors, who met in their room in the 
Auditorium Building on the sixteenth day of 
April, passed these resolutions: 

“WHEREAS, it has come to the knowledge of the Directors 
of the Jamestown Exposition that rumors have been circulated 
to the effect that the Exposition management proposed to close 
the Exposition to visitors after April 26th for a certain period. 

“ WHEREAS, the Exposition in almost all of its leading fea- 
tures will be complete and will afford to the public much of 
great interest and entertainment, the items of incompleteness 
being of minor importance, which can be completed in a short 
time after the opening day and while the Exposition is in 


operation, therefore, be it 
“ Resolved: That the Exposition shall be opened on the 


BUILDING, FEBRUARY 25, 1907 


1907 


1907 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


26th day of April and shall remain open, Sundays excepted, 
until November 30th, 1907. 

* Resolved: further, that the Exploitation Department be 
requested to give the widest publicity to these resolutions.” 


If the Directors had looked out of the win- 
dow of the room within which they were sitting 
when they passed these resolutions, they would 
have seen Raleigh Square—intended as the 
Exposition piece de resistance—an unsightly 
stretch of mud holes; had they walked through 
the grounds, they would have seen few com- 
pleted buildings and no finished roads; had 
they examined the interiors of the exhibit pal- 
aces, they would have found nothing but empty 
spaces, and it is certain that the wide publicity 
given to these resolutions by the Exploitation 
Department was extremely hurtful. To have 
kept the Exposition open may have been neces- 


sary, but at least the general public should not 
have been deluded into visiting an utterly in- 


complete fair under the belief that only minor 
details or items were lacking for its completion. 
This mistake cannot be charged to the Depart- 
ment of Exploitation, which was acting under 
positive instructions; but it undoubtedly was 
bad advertising. 

The public service features of the Exposition 
were unusually well handled during the con- 
structive period and in fact throughout the entire 
life of the undertaking. The first installment 
of apparatus for the Fire Department was re- 
ceived in October, 1906—an extra large Nott 
engine, a combination hose and chemical wagon 
and a Hayes aerial truck formed the original 
equipment. This was increased later. The 
Board of Governors realized that a conflagra- 
tion would be disastrous, and as the buildings 
of the Exposition progressed the force and 
material of the fire fighters grew proportion- 
ately. Thomas Reynolds was the first Chief 
and the firemen who served under him were 
veterans in the departments of Washington, 
Baltimore, New York and other cities. Before 
the Exposition started a large steamer and a 


whe ay. = eee 88, 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


second double tank chemical combination en- 
gine were added to the first apparatus, and 
forty firemen with fourteen horses were em- 
ployed. 

No less careful were the managers in the 
matter of providing adequate police protection. 
The Powhatan Guards went on regular duty 
January 9, 1907. Before that time a con- 
stabulary system was sufficient for all demands. 
Captain Henry W. Carpenter of the United 
States Marine Corps, had been detailed by 
the Government to command the Powhatan 
Guards, and he selected as his adjutant Cap- 
tain Curry, formerly an officer of the Marine 
Corps. The first section of the patrol occupied 
one building in the Arts and Crafts section, 
while the commandant and the adjutant were 
housed in an adjacent structure. About two 
weeks before the Exposition opened the per- 
manent tent headquarters of the Powhatan 
Guards was established and a section resem- 
bling a well kept camp of regulars was one of 
the first sights that greeted the visitor entering 
the west gate of the Exposition. 

The Post Office Department issued orders 
dated March 16, establishing an independent 
postal station for the Jamestown Exposition 
grounds. ‘These orders became effective April 
1. Though designated ‘ independent,” the 
postal operations at the Exposition were under 
the control of the Norfolk postmaster, the Hon- 
orable S. B. Carney, and the headquarters were 
known as the Exposition Station of the Nor- 
folk Post Office. The service was from the 
beginning exceptionally good. The ground 
was laid off into routes which were regularly 
served by carriers making at first three and later 
four deliveries a day, except Sunday, when a 
carrier's window at the station was open from 
11:00 to 12:00 A. M. for the accommodation 
of those living or working on the grounds. To 
all intents and purposes, the station was a fully 


equipped post office and there was every facility 


MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING, FEBRUARY 27, 1907 


132 


1907 


Completion. 


TESERESESESESES 


eis CEG AENGBI, n= 


aa 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


ENTRANCE TO PURE FOOD BUILDING, FEBRUARY 27, 1907 


for the handling of domestic and foreign mail, 
money orders, registered letters, packages and 
such matter as would come within the provis- 
ions of the various parcels posts conventions. 
Mail was sent at short intervals from Norfolk 
to the Exposition, and the deliveries on the 
grounds were as regular and more frequent 
than they were in the residential sections of the 
city. 


HONORABLE S. B. CARNEY 


Postmaster at Norfolk 


Beginning January 13, an admission fee of 
ten cents was charged. It was not supposed 
that the gate receipts would add materially to 
the revenue, but work was progressing during 
seven days in each week and visitors were not 


133 


greatly to be desired. The demand for an 
admission fee undoubtedly deterred many from 
going to the grounds and the receipts more than 
paid the expenses of collecting. Until April | 
the charge at the gates was ten cents, both for 
adults and children, and fifty-seven thousand and 
nine tickets were sold. From April | to April 
25 adults were charged twenty-five cents and 
children ten. During this period there were 
twenty-two thousand, seven hundred and nine 
paid admissions. The revenue between Jan- 
uary 13 and April | was five thousand, seven 
hundred dollars and ninety cents, and during 
the April period, five thousand, six hundred 
and twenty-two dollars and ninety-five cents, 
or a total of eleven thousand, three hundred and 
twenty-three dollars and eighty-five cents. 
Added to these items of income were sales of 
vehicle admission tickets, photo passes and 
admission badges, which yielded slightly more 
than five thousand dollars, and brought the 
grand total up to sixteen thousand, three hun- 
dred and thirty-one dollars and sixty-five cents 
for the pre-Exposition period. 

A month before the Exposition opened the 
construction work appeared to be less advanced 
than at the first of the year. This seeming re- 
trogression was caused by the great accession 
of energy which succeeded the granting of the 
Government loan. Prior to that time the 
ground had appeared rather orderly. Work 
was being pushed to a certain extent, but the 
progress was leisurely and the number of men 
employed comparatively small. Ass soon as the 
million dollars became available, the working 
force was greatly increased, new contracts were 
awarded and all of the operations were pushed 
vigorously. 

During April the site looked chaotic. The 
early rains had softened all the roads and heavy 
cartage was attended with great difficulty. 


1907 


1907 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Owing to insecure foundations and the lack of 
ballast, railroad ties were continually slipping 
and derailments were frequent; the ground was 
littered with building materials and debris; 
scaffolding surrounded a number of the struc- 
tures—several of which were not roofed in, all 
of which were empty and few windowed; yet 
no fault could have been found with the efforts 
that were making. On the other hand, there 
was just cause for criticizing the conduct of 
the workmen employed by the Company, for 
they were openly shirking their duties and per- 
forming their tasks apparently with a view of 
continuing their jobs rather than finishing their 
work, 

At all times evident, never before was mani- 
fested so glaringly the need of a trained, prac- 
tical contractor as head of the Works Division. 
It is possible that no man could have prevented 
some soldiering, but a contractor conversant 
with all the details of building could have 
dominated the situation sufficiently to prevent 
such insistent evidences of purposeful tardiness. 


4 ¥ 
Ne 

? ae 

Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


strenuous campaign they were sent back to the 
United States. Arriving in this country, the 
battalions were separated and except for the 
annual military maneuvers they had been to- 
gether seldom since. While at the Exposition, 
the Twenty-third was under the command of 
Colonel Philip Reade, one of the best known 
and most popular officers in the Army. This 
commander had seen service in the West and 
in the Philippines and his name was well known 
to fighters throughout the world. There were 
about thirty-five officers and five hundred and 
seventy men under his command. 

The troops of the Twelfth Cavalry arrived 
in time for opening day. They were also 
Philippine veterans. Three years ago the 
Twelfth came back from the archipelago, 
where it had been doing garrison duty and had 
helped to suppress a number of small revolu- 
tions and riots. Major H. P. Sickle was in 
command of the two hundred and fifty men, 
twenty officers and fifteen civilians who came 
from Chickamauga Park, Georgia, where they 


RALEIGH SQUARE, MARCH 1, 1907 


And it is certain that the contractors were get- 
ting better service than the Company received. 

The value of practical superintendence was 
illustrated by the success of the Electricity De- 
partment. The installation of lighting material 
was executed at a rush and under great difficul- 
ties, and even the management would have been 
surprised had ten per cent. of the lights on the 
Exposition buildings been ready by opening 
night. Nevertheless, eight of the largest build- 
ings on the grounds were brilliant with myriads 
of glowing bulbs on the evening of April 26; 
and, in addition to these glowing spots, hun- 
dreds of lights along the avenues were burn- 
ing. 

Several days prior to April 26, detachments 
of the regulars arrived. Not since the Twenty- 
third United States Infantry piled bag and 
baggage into the overland train and started for 
the Philippines, early in 1898, had the com- 
ponent companies been together for any appre- 
ciable time. During the two years following 
that trip the men fought in the far off islands, 
but the regiment was divided there. After that 


had been encamped at Fort Oglethorpe for the 
previous three years. 

The United States Artillery was represented 
by the Third under command of Captain T. N. 
Horn. 

For several days an advance guard had been 
busy erecting frame skeletons for the Army 
stables and commodious shacks for camp kitch- 
ens. Carpenters had been constructing plat- 
forms, and the soldiers, when they arrived, 
completed the tented city with almost incredible 
swiftness. Since the Civil War times, so many 
tents had not been seen in the vicinity of Nor- 
folk, and the workmen who had departed late 
one afternoon were astounded to find the camp 
completed when they returned to work in the 
morning. 

It became obvious shortly after the opening 
day that the Exposition was deeply in debt and 
that funds were imperatively demanded for 
current expenses. It cost about three thousand, 
five hundred dollars each day to operate the 
Fair. While the gate receipts for April 26 


were nearly sixteen thousand dollars, the total 


134 


1907 


1907 


Completion. 


revenue for the three remaining days of April 
was less than one-third that sum. The first 
three days of May yielded a still smaller 
revenue—a little over two thousand dollars; 
and on May 4 the Board of Directors discussed 
the issuance and sale of four hundred thousand 
dollars worth of bonds. The Auditor’s report 
then presented to the Directors showed that the 
budget estimate of November |, 1906, had 
fallen far short of the actual expenditures. 
Some divisions, notably History, Education 
and Social Economy, had used less money than 
had been estimated for their requirements, but 
in the Division of Works alone the reported 
increase of expenditures amounted to three hun- 
dred and thirty-seven thousand, seven hundred 
and ninety-four dollars and ninety-one cents, 
and this reported difference was considerably 
less than the real. Not only had the expenses 
been far greater than was expected, but the 
receipts were much less than had been estimated 
on the first of the preceding November. Only 
one of the three sources of revenue came meas- 
urably up to expectations. The Division of 
Admissions and Concessions practically col- 
lected all the money that was anticipated, but 
the payments on stock were extremely disap- 
pointing and the estimates made by the Division 
of Exhibits bore little relation to the revenue 
collected. 

The Exposition had now gone up another 
notch. When Congress had been asked to 
lend a million dollars to the Exposition Com- 
pany the undertaking had ceased to be a two 
million dollar affair, but it was then deemed 
practically certain that two and a half million 
dollars would amply cover all requirements. It 
was presumed that the departments had esti- 
mated liberally the expenditures that would 
be necessary and instead of the meager sum 
of scarcely fifty thousand dollars as was shown 
by the November budget to be the probable 
cash balance at the opening of the Exposition, 
it was generally assumed that an economical 
administration of affairs would insure several 
times this sum as an available asset for the cur- 
rent demands when the Exposition was under 
way. The Governors of the Company had 
long before May abandoned the theory that 
there would be any appreciable surplus, since 
the innumerable bills presented for payment 
when the Government funds became available 
had soon demonstrated that the entire loan had 
practically been used before it was secured; but 
owing to the delays in bookkeeping incident 
to the diversion of the Company’s books for 
expert audit and also the grievously inadequate 
system of division reports regarding expendi- 
tures for work and supplies, the Auditor’s re- 
ports were far from accurate, and no one was 
positive just to what an extent the debts of the 
Company were in excess of its resources. 

The Auditor’s figures, incomplete as they 
were, however, proved to the Directors that a 
bond issue was imperatively demanded, and in 
the effort to place these bonds, negotiations were 
at once begun with the transportation companies 
maintaining terminals in Norfolk, and President 


135 


Tucker, Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson, Chair- 
man Johnston and the Honorable Joseph Bryan 
of Richmond, as a Committee, conferred with 
a convention of transportation representatives 
in Washington. The arguments advanced by 
these gentlemen were decidedly influencing, 
Mr. Bryan’s statement being especially strong; 
and on that occasion the transportation officials 
appeared willing to buy half of the bond issue; 
but for some reason, which, even in view of the 
subsequent receivership, seems inconceivable, 
for the bonds were amply secured, the bankers 
of Norfolk appeared to be panic stricken, and 
as some of the prominent local transportation 
men were also high in banking affairs, the panic 
was transmitted. If energetic efforts had fol- 
lowed the first attempt to influence the railroad 
subscription, it is highly probable that the bonds 
would have been placed notwithstanding the 
bankers’ fear—a timidity not entirely inexcus- 
able since, with a single exception, the local 
financial institutions were without any prominent 
representative in the affairs of the Jamestown 
Exposition Company, and the one Exposition 
official directly connected with a Norfolk finan- 
cial institution seemed unable to give any infor- 
mation which would allay the fear. When the 
bond issue was discussed it was hoped that half 
of the amount would be taken by the transpor- 
tation companies, one hundred thousand by 
private subscribers and one hundred thousand 
by the associated banks of Norfolk. 

On May 8, the Directors again met and 
passed the following resolution: “* Resolved: 
That it is the sense of the Board of Directors 
of the Jamestown Exposition Company that 
the Board of Governors do not under any cir- 
cumstances contract any obligation in the name 
of the Company in excess amount realized for 
the bond issue of four hundred thousand dollars 
and the sum of other assets enumerated.” This 
resolution is quoted literally from the Minute 
Book, which does not record the names of those 
voting, but states that the resolution was 
adopted with nineteen ayes and four nays. 
There were thirty-five Directors present at this 
meeting; only twenty-three voted on this im- 
portant resolution. 

The verbiage of the resolve is ambiguous, no 
assets apparently having been enumerated, and 
the five words preceding the words ‘‘ bond 
issue” being certainly involyed—though the 
meaning doubtless was that the Governors were 
debarred from contracting any obligations for 
the Company, which in the aggregate would 
involve the expenditure of a sum greater than 
that to be secured from the sale of bonds. The 
real importance of this action lies in the fact 
that for the first time the Directors by a resolu- 
tion formally limited the contractual powers 
of the Governors and thereby indicated a lack 
of confidence. 

On June | the stockholders of the Exposition 
met and authorized the issuance of the bonds 
and later, the same day, the Directors executed 
a deed of trust designating Walter H. Taylor 
and Hugh M. Kerr of Norfolk, as trustees of 
the deed, pledging as security for the payment 


1907 


1907 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Copyright, Js »graph Corporation. 


Tae ot 


dee esate 


OVERLOOKING MANUFACTURES BUILDING, MARCH. 10, 1907 


of the principal and interest of the bonds all of 
the real estate of the Company and all of its 
buildings and improvements—these subject 
only to the several option contracts which had 
been made with the States. 

At this meeting of the Directors an agree- 
ment prepared by the representatives of the 
Norfolk banks was presented and accepted. 
The agreement read: 


“Upon the acceptance of the Jamestown Exposition Com- 
pany of the following conditions, the undersigned, hereinafter 
referred to as ‘ The Banks,’ agree to subscribe, at par, to the 
amounts set opposite to their respective names, aggregating 
One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00) of the six 
per cent. (6%) first mortgage (except for the purchase money 
mortgage hereinafter mentioned) bonds of the Jamestown Ex- 
position’ Company.) payablean tinea ee , the 
said bonds to be a part of a total issue of Four Hundred 
Thousand Dollars ($400,000.00). 

“The conditions upon which this subscription is made are 
as follows, to-wit: 

“1. A committee, consisting of Messrs. Caldwell Hardy 
and W. W. Moss and Col. W. H. Taylor, or such other per- 
sons as may be designated by The Banks to take the places of 
such of them as may not be able to act, hereinafter referred 
to as ‘Executive Committee,’ is hereby constituted; and such 
committee shall satisfy itself, by legal advice, as to the form 
and validity of the said bonds, and of the fact that the mort- 
gages or deed of trust securing the same is a first lien upon the 
property of the said Jamestown Exposition Company conveyed 
thereby, save and except for liens which may be filed and 
which are provided for as hereinafter mentioned, and an in- 
cumbrance now existing for the unpaid purchase money of the 
said property, aggregating approximately Fifty-four Thousand 
Dollars ($54,000.00) which is to be paid off as hereinafter 
mentioned. There shall be two trustees in the mortgage or 
deed of trust securing the said bonds, one of whom shall be 
named by the said Executive Committee, and the said Trustees, 
in accepting the said trust, shall agree that in the event of a sale 
of the property either by them or under an order of Court, they 
will subordinate their claim to commissions to the payment of 
both principal and interest of the bonds secured by such mort- 
gage or deed of trust. 

“2. The said Executive Committee is to have from time 
to time, and at all times, full power and authority to inspect 
the books and papers of the said Jamestown Exposition Com- 


pany. 

“3. Two Hundred Thousand Dollars ($200,000.00), par 
value of bonds out of the said total issue of Four Hundred 
Thousand Dollars ($400,000.00) is to be deposited by the James- 
town Exposition Company with the Executive Committee under 
the agreement that the said bonds may be sold by the said 
Jamestown Exposition Company from time to time (and the 
said Company shall use its best efforts to sell the same with all 
reasonable dispatch), at not less than par, provided that the 
proceeds thereof shall be retained by the Executive Committee 
up to an amount sufficient to pay all indebtedness of the said 
Company for which liens exist or may be filed, including the 
amount due for purchase money as aforesaid, and the said 
Executive Committee shall have the power to pay off and 
satisfy the said liens, or claims for which liens may be filed; 
it being the intent of this agreement that the lien of the mort- 
gage securing the bonds hereby subscribed to shall be made a 
valid and effectual lien upon the property of the said Com- 

any. 
sie 4. The proceeds of the One Hundred Thousand Dollars 


($100,000.00) hereby subscribed for shall be expended only 
under the approval of the Executive Committee, for the pur- 
pose of completing, as far as possible, the Jamestown Exposi- 
tion, and paying off such liens, or claims for which liens may 
be filed, as, in the opinion of the said Executive Committee, it 
shall be necessary or proper to pay. No part of the said One 
Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00) shall be used for the 
payment of any part of the salaries of the Board of Governors 
of the said Jamestown Exposition Company, or of any now 
existing indebtedness of the said Company for which liens 
have not been or may not be filed. 

“5. A Committee to be styled the * Advisory Committee ” 
may be created by the Executive Committee, which said Adyis- 
ory Committee shall have at all times free access to the books 
and papers of the said Jamestown Exposition Company, and 
which may confer, whenever in its judgment it may be proper 
to do so, with the officers of the said Company with a view 
to the reduction of its expenses, both in construction and 
operation, and in general to the more economical administration 
of its affairs. And the said Jamestown Exposition Company 
shall accept and be guided by the advice of the said Advisory 
Committee, unless the unanimous action of the Board of Goy- 
ernors is to the contrary. 

“6. The same Jamestown Exposition Company is to pay 
all expenses of the Executive Committee or Advisory Committee 
created hereunder, including counsel or auditing fees and ex- 
penses. 

“7. The Executive Committee is hereby vested with the 
power of modifying, in any way it may see fit, the terms of 
the foregoing agreement, including the re-adjustment of the 
subscriptions hereto, provided that the said subscriptions shall 
not be thereby increased. 

“8. In consideration of the subscription of the parties 
signing the foregoing subscription agreement, the undersigned 


Jamestown Exposition Company, hereby accepts and agrees to 


be bound by all and singular the agreements, terms, provisions 
and conditions in the said subscription agreement set forth and 
mentioned.” 

CaLDWELL Harpy, 

W. W. Moss, 

W. H. Taytor, 


Executive Committee. 


Section 5 of this agreement made the Advis- 
ory Committee practically paramount. The 
bankers by their action evidenced their complete 
disapproval of the methods of the management 
and their lack of confidence in the business 
methods prevailing. Whether this feeling was 
justified or not is difficult to answer by “ yes” 
or “no.” That some changes were expedient 
or even necessary can hardly be denied, but 
that the wholesale repudiation was proper does 
not seem apparent, and certainly the issue thus 
suddenly obtruded was harmful to the Exposi- 
tion. It was the purpose of the bankers to have 
as their representatives an exceptionally strong 
committee. The men chosen were Honorable 


Joseph Bryan of Richmond, L. E. Johnson of 
Roanoke, President of the Norfolk and West- 
ern Railway, and James M. Barr of Norfolk, 
former President of the Seaboard Air Line. 


907 


Completion. 


Before June | and prior to the consideration 
of this agreement by the Directors, the follow- 
ing note had been sent by the Bankers’ Com- 


mittee: 

“Some days ago a number of the banks of Norfolk and 
vicinity signed a subscription agreement to certain bonds pro- 
posed to be issued by your Company, to take effect upon the 
acceptance of certain terms and conditions named in that sub- 
scription agreement. 

“ By that agreement the undersigned, constituting the Execu- 
tive Committee of the Banks, were vested with the power of 
modifying in any way the terms thereof. The agreement has 
not yet been accepted. 

“We have concluded that it is essential to the best interests 
of all parties that paragraph 5 of the agreement should be 
modified so as to read as follows: 

“5. A Committee to be styled the “ Advisory Committee’ 
may be created by the Executive Committee, which said Advisory 
Committee shall have at all times free access to the books and 
papers of the said Jamestown Exposition Company, and which 
may confer, whenever in its judgment it may be proper to 
do so, with the officers of the said Company with the view to 
the reduction of its expenses, both in construction and operation, 
and in general to the more economical administration of its 
affairs, and the said Jamestown Exposition Company _ shall 
accept and be guided in all respects by the advice, recommenda- 
tions or directions of the said Advisory Committee, provided, 
however, that in the event of disagreement between the said 
Jamestown Exposition Company and the said Advisory Com- 
mittee, the matter in dispute shall be submitted to the Executive 
Committee hereby created, whose conclusions, recommendations 
and directions in the premises shall be final and binding upon 
the said Jamestown Exposition Company. 

“We would like to have added to the said agreement the 
following: 

“8. Neither the Executive Committee nor any member of 
either of them, shall be liable to any person whatsoever by 
reason of anything done, or left undone, by them, or either of 
them, in the premises. 

“These amendments when accepted by your Company are 
to be attached to and form a part of the original subscription 
agreement heretofore executed by the Banks, and pending an 
acceptance by your Company of the amendments above men- 
tioned, the aforesaid subscription paper is hereby withdrawn.” 

CaLpweLt Harpy, 
W. H. Moss, 
W. H. Tay or. 


This letter was incorporated with the agree- 
ment and duly accepted. 

The alteration in Section 5 made the Advis- 
ory Committee the absolute governing board, 
subject only to the Bankers’ Committee, who 
were a self-constituted Court of Last Resort. 
Mr. Bryan and Mr. Johnson found it impossi- 
ble to reconcile their business interests with 
service on the Advisory Committee and, there- 
fore, declined to accept the proffer of office. 
Mr. Barr was, however, able to give to the 
affairs of the Exposition practically all of his 
time and he was made sole adviser. When he 
accepted the position his conception of his duties 
as he expressed in a letter* to C. Brooks 


* This letter appears in the report of the Governor of Ways 


and Means.—Eb. 


« 
* 


es Ris , 


23 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Johnston, was to control the expenditure of the 
money advanced by the bankers and to disturb 
as little as possible any of the existing manage- 
rial conditions, yet to all intents and purposes 
he was the Director-General of the Company 
from the time he entered office. 

On June 13 the Directors passed the follow- 


ing resolution: 
“ Resolved, That Mr. J. M. Barr, who has already agreed 


to act as an advisory committee, be hereby further vested with 
such general executive power and supervision over all the 
Company's affairs, as are usually understood to have been vested 
in the director generals of other expositions, and that a com- 
mittee of five (5) be appointed to report to the meeting of the 
Directors one week hence such amendments to the By-laws as 
will provide for the same.” 


At the same meeting, a second deed of trust 
was executed, with T. J. Wool and O. D. 
Batchelor trustees. This instrument conveyed 
to the trustees all the real estate and improve- 
ments previously conveyed to Walter H. Tay- 
lor and Hugh M. Kerr, trustees,—subject, 
however, to their prior rights in the premises; 
and, in addition, conveyed all of the personal 
property and estate of the Exposition Company 
for the equal, pro-rata benefit and security of 
all the creditors of the Exposition Company 
other than the United States Government and 
the holders of the four hundred thousand dol- 
lar issue of bonds. The Government’s claim 
was specifically secured by a lien on the gate 
and concession receipts and the previously 
executed deed of trust guaranteed the bonds. 
At this meeting a committee of five was ap- 
pointed to suggest possible retrenchments in ex- 
penditures. 


On June 19, Mr. Barr addressed a letter to 
Mr. Tucker, the President of the Company, 
and Mr. Johnston, Chairman of the Board of 
Governors, in which he stated that from avail- 
able information he estimated that one hundred 
thousand dollars would be required in addition 
to the one hundred thousand dollars provided 
by the Norfolk bankers, for the purpose of 
completing in a creditable manner the Exposi- 
tion buildings and grounds. In this letter he 
stated that, while it was not yet known what the 
monthly cost of operation and maintenance 
would be, if the May pay-rolls were used as a 
basis for an estimate it would approximate one 
hundred and sixteen thousand, nine hundred 
and seventy-eight dollars and fifteen cents. In 


TO THE LEFT, WORK ON SOCIAL ECONOMY BUILDING, MARCH 10, 1907 


1907 


1907 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


this total, Mr. Barr itemized music and special 
events at twenty thousand dollars for the month, 
advertising and exploitation, fifteen thousand, 
and miscellaneous supplies, seventeen thousand 
dollars. Mr. Barr concluded his letter by say- 
ing: “I am asking for action in this matter at 
this time, without waiting for official figures, 
because of the immediate need for money, 
which if not provided will imperil the success 
of your enterprise. To-day but twenty-four 
thousand dollars are available to complete the 
Exposition, and no money whatever is available 
to meet its imperative operating needs, and 
work, in consequence, is largely at a standstill.” 

The condition confronting the Exposition 
undoubtedly was perilous. The total revenue 
collected by the Department of Admissions 
from April 26 to May 31 inclusive was thirty- 


seven thousand, two hundred and seventy-seven 


dollars and forty cents; the pay-roll of the 
Company alone for the month of May was 
over sixty thousand dollars. 

On the twenty-fifth of June, Mr. Ellyson 
addressed a letter to President Tucker in which 
he stated that the Exposition, when completed, 
would be remembered as one of the most pleas- 
ing and attractive ever held in America, but 
that funds with which to pay the outstanding 
indebtedness were lacking, and he wrote: “I 
beg leave to suggest that a committee be ap- 
pointed to call together some of the leading citi- 
zens of Tidewater Virginia, with a view of 
securing at once the sum of one hundred thou- 
sand dollars, which together with the proceeds 
of the sale of bonds already authorized, will 
put us in a comfortable position to proceed 
with our work. I am willing to be one of 
twenty to contribute five thousand dollars each 
toward such a fund, or, if one hundred thousand 
dollars be insufficient, I am willing to be one 
of twenty-five to put up whatever amount is 
necessary to complete the Exposition.” 

This letter was read by Mr. Tucker to the 
Board of Directors at their regular June meet- 
ing, and while it appears in full in the Minute 
Book, there is no record of any action having 
been taken officially by the Directors on the 
offer of Governor Ellyson. 

As the Advisory Committee, Mr. Barr held 
that he was responsible only for the proper 
expenditure of the one hundred thousand dol- 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


VIEW OF POCAHONTAS STREET, MARCH 


lars which the bankers of Norfolk had placed 
in his hands in return for the Company’s bonds, 
but the Directors were anxious, as they had 
shown by their resolution that he should take a 
general charge of the work. Mr. Barr, how- 
ever, would not consider this proposal unless an 
additional one hundred thousand dollars was 
secured for the purposes set forth in his letter 
of June 19. A determined effort was, there- 
fore, made to raise the money. 

On July 1, the Directors resolved that the 
balance due on common stock should be col- 
lected in full. The terms of subscription for 
this class of stock were that only twenty-eight 
per cent. should be assessed prior to the opening 
of the Exposition, but that later it was subject 
to call for the remaining seventy-two per cent., 
or any part thereof. The Directors also re- 
solved that all amounts unpaid and due to the 
Company on both preferred and common stock 
should be pledged to the Atlantic Trust & 
Deposit Company of Norfolk, as security for 
a loan of not more than one hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars, for the purpose of supplying 
urgently needed funds. The Trust Company 
did not feel willing to advance the money, but 
a committee was organized to solicit subscrip- 
tions to an Exposition fund, and a sum was 
secured from public spirited citizens who took 
as their security the pledged stock subscrip- 
tions. 

As the principal factor contributing to the 
acquisition of the funds for the Exposition 
Treasury under the agreement of pledge, H. 
C. Davis, a prominent attorney of Norfolk, 
received the unanimous thanks of the Board of 
Directors. “The exact amount subscribed was 
eighty-one thousand, five hundred dollars. 
There were fifty-six subscribers, few of whom 
had been prominently connected with the Ex- 
position. The largest amount advanced by 
any Exposition official was twenty-five hundred 
dollars, the subscription of Mr. Ellyson. R. 
Lancaster Williams subscribed ten thousand 
dollars, the Honorable Joseph Bryan of Rich- 
mond, five thousand dollars, and, subject to 
certain conditions, Fergus Reid of Norfolk, 
also subscribed five thousand dollars. On the 
fifth of July, the fund by this time having been 
secured, the Directors met, amended the by- 
laws of the Company, provided for a Director- 


10, 1907 


190" 


1907 


concerted action looking toward relief. 


Completion. 


SF nH, 
ar - 
otograph Corporation. 


RALEIGH SQUARE, 


2 : x ; ( 
Sopyright, Jamestown Official Ph 


General, elected Mr. Barr to the position and 
he accepted. 

Before any change in the management was 
made—by the end of May—practically every 
building on the ground, with the exception of 
the Negro Building, Convention Hall and the 
fire-proof Art Palace, had been finished. The 
interior decorations of several were yet incom- 
plete and there was a sad dearth of exhibits. 
The freight congestion in Norfolk had been 
responsible for some of the delay in the installa- 
tion of displays. Shortly after the Exposition 
opened this matter became so serious that Mr. 
Southgate, unable to remedy the situation, re- 
quested the Board of Governors to take some 
Ac- 
cording to the Governor of Exhibits there were 
at that time packages on the Old Dominion 
dock which had been there since April 2, and 
there was no definite assurance that they would 
be delivered within a reasonable period. Dur- 
ing May, freight moved freely, and the diff- 
culty was to a large extent obviated. Never- 
theless deliveries were not prompt and many 
cases billed for the Exposition were held more 
than a fortnight in Norfolk. 

By the middle of June, the Palace of Manu- 
factures and Liberal Arts was fairly well filled, 
and with the exception of selling exhibits few 
displays were later added. The Palace of 
Machinery and Transportation was also about 
as full as it ever became, and the exhibits in 
the Division of Social Economy and Educa- 
tion, the installation of which had been fear- 
fully handicapped by lack of housing facilities, 
were then well advanced and the buildings pre- 
sented attractive appearances. Visitors who 
had been at the opening of the Exposition and 
returned at that time noticed evidences of great 
improvement. By Georgia Day there had 
been a marked advance toward completion and 
there appeared to be the dawning of a bright 
promise for this undertaking, which possessed 
such a high order of merit. The first Exposi- 
tion reports told a story that was doleful, a tale 
of incompleteness—of chaos; but after the 
first few days things went better, and later avail- 


139 


MARCH. 10, 


1907 


able funds were certainly applied to the best 
uses. [he Exposition had rapidly assumed a 
better shape and it looked as if in a short time 
everything would be ready. 

There was much adverse criticism regarding 
the unfilled spaces in the exhibit halls. Expo- 
sition exhibits are never secured until they are 
installed. “The manager of an exhibit depart- 
ment or division encounters difficulties which 
the most astute prevision could scarcely indicate. 
Reputable firms of the highest standing apply 
for room, receive allotments and then fail to 
utilize their locations. A man with exposition 
experience hesitates to stop selling exhibit space, 
even though his building is apparently filled to 
repletion. Until some payment is made no 
space can be regarded as sold, and even after 
the first payment is made an exhibitor may find 
it more profitable to cancel his arrangement and 
forfeit the advance money. The Jamestown 
Exposition was no exception to the general rule, 
but the Governor of Exhibits apparently felt 
confident that certain of his buildings would be 
overcrowded, and during the winter preceding 
the Exposition stopped for a time all efforts to 
secure additional exhibits in several lines. This 
temporary lack of effort may have accounted 
in part for vacancies, but Mr. Southgate, on 
June 17, called attention to other reasons, 
notably that the difficulties which had attended 
the first weeks of the Exposition had resulted 
in a large number of those who had arranged 
to display their products declining to do so; 
and he mentioned the extraordinary paucity of 
local displays. It is true that up to the first of 
June only seven local firms had entered appli- 
cations. After that time, however, two others 
secured spaces and made notably fine exhibits. 

The best results at the Exposition and the 
worst were attained by the Nation. The 
United States Government Board, with rare 
discrimination, had selected exceptionally com- 
petent men to collect, install and display the 
National exhibits. The showing made by 
them was dignified, impressive and in highest 
degree instructive; but the Government Piers 
were sadly incomplete, and in contrast with the 


1907 


1907 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


energetic efforts put forth by the Exposition 
Company to complete its work, the slow prog- 
ress of the piers was conspicuous. At no 
period of their construction did work on the 
piers progress rapidly. This was a great pity, 
for if the Government had fulfilled its obliga- 
tion and compelled a timely completion of the 
work, that great feature would have been a 
delight to thousands who visited the Exposition, 
vet missed its chief feature, and the Naval 


trance, and while nothing less than an entire 
reconstruction could obliterate the actual ugli- 
ness of the scene this landscape decoration 
certainly afforded relief. “The road work was 
actively pushed and streets were finished. Sev- 
eral glaringly ugly sections of “The War- 
path”? were improved and a large bare spot 
in the center was converted into the semblance 
of a park. Better stories went abroad concern- 
ing the Exposition, and if the Publicity Depart- 


‘ 
bY 
¥ 
a 
we 
a \ 
‘\ 
+ 


, Jamestown Official Photograph Co 


LIBERAL AQTs 


1232 


COLONNADE OF LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING, APRIL 1, 1907 


concourse would have had far greater signifi- 
cance and effectiveness. 

One of the first results of the management 
of J. M. Barr was activity on the landscape 
work. The order went out June 15 for the 
completion of that important end of the Expo- 
sition. All day Sunday squads of workmen 
were busily engaged all over the grounds and 
the results were noticeable as early as Monday 
morning. ‘The first parking was done around 
the Service Building, just inside the main en- 


ment had taken full advantage of the afforded 
opportunities a brighter era might have dawned. 

The arrangements for special events under 
Mr. Barr’s management did not show a notice- 
able improvement over the preceding period, 
and the exploitation of the Exposition, always 
inadequate, was, during his incumbency, not 
only inadequate but injudicious. In justification 
of Mr. Barr it may be said that he realized his 
utter lack of experience in exposition advertis- 
ing and merely continued as the responsible 


140 


1907) 


Completion. 


1907 head of the Publicity Department a man who 


had been employed by the previous manage- 
ment to serve under Mr. Myers, the Governor 
of Exploitation. ‘There was, however, this 
difference in conditions: Under the rule of the 
Governors no one beyond the Board had any 
real power and no matter how high the rank of 
an employee, how dignified his title, or impor- 
tant his position, he was really little, if any more 
than a chief clerk. While no one policy of the 
Governors could have done so much to destroy 
department esprit du corps and enthusiastic indi- 
vidual effort on the part of the various chiefs 
as did this determination to be in themselves 
everything, yet at the same time it prevented in 
some measure departmental extravagance and 
certainly kept within the control of the men 
most largely interested financially in the Expo- 
sition Company, the expenditure of the Com- 
pany’s money. 

If exceptionally well qualified men had con- 
trolled the departments as chiefs and directors, 
Mr. Barr’s policy of giving to the individual 
full authority would have been a vast improve- 
ment over the old system. But Mr. Barr did 
not have exceptional technical assistants; nor 
was he, owing to his utter lack of exposition 
experience, able to select such men. He, there- 
fore, kept the chiefs whom he found, but elim- 
inating the Governors, he placed in the hands 
of each chief really more power than. formerly 
had been exercised by any Governor. 

A great deal of money was spent during the 
summer and early fall advertising the Exposi- 
tion. [here are few newspapers in America 
whose editorial opinions are controlled abso- 
lutely by the business offices, but editors are 
not entirely unlike other human beings and 
they do not like to be told that they are consid- 
ered negligible. During the early weeks of the 
Exposition special correspondents gave ex- 
tremely unsavory accounts of the Ter-Centen- 
nial, and the papers published them. Most of 
these papers had published previously the 
stories sent by wire and by letter announcing 
prior to opening day that the Exposition would 
be ready, and naturally visiting journalists felt 
aggrieved when they witnessed the scene of 
desolation. Subsequently when the principal 
news writers accompanied President Roosevelt 
on his second visit, June 10, they saw Raleigh 
Court and the Government Piers still unfinished 
and apparently unadvanced, and in the absence 
of instructions to note carefully all that there 
was to be seen, they sent to their several papers 
more or less unenthusiastic accounts of progress. 
It is true that the tone of the second letters 
was much kindlier than the first; yet, and telling 
the truth, the later articles stated that the Expo- 
sition was not finished. 

Apparently taking cue from this correspond- 
ence, the Publicity Bureau began disseminating 
information concerning the work that was each 
day doing, and these letters unintentionally but 
certainly over-emphasized that the Exposition 
was still incomplete. Later communications 
were manifolded and sent to the newspapers of 
the country, stating that the Exposition would 


141 


INTERIOR TRANSPORTATION BUILDING, 
APRIL 10, 1907 


be finished by a certain time, inde ‘nite at first, 
later a definite date. 

This might have been considered a news note 
on which to hang a story, but it was an inju- 
dicious note, for undoubtedly it deterred from 
visiting the Exposition thousands of people who 
were undecided whether or not they would 
make the trip. This was especially true with 
regard to the farmers and planters of the south, 
numbers of whom had made partial arrange- 
ments to visit the Exposition and later cancelled 
them. 

In addition to this error in the conduct of 
the news bureau, there was a still more unfor- 
tunate mismanagement of the advertising divis- 
ion. Circus exploitation has its merits and 
within a limited radius it is questionable if any 
publicity is better for an exposition than glaring 
posters or similar spectacular advertising, but 
to draw people from a distance—and by this 
is meant to induce them to spend any appre- 
ciable amount of money—the valuable adver- 
tising Is newspaper or magazine advertising; 
and these media were almost entirely if not 
utterly ignored in the summer campaign of ex- 
ploitation, when for the first time the Publicity 
Department actually had some money to spend. 
Newspapers have made or marred every Expo- 
sition held in this country—and they marred 
the Ter-Centennial. There was no incentive 
for them to help it, and while with one or 
two exceptions there was no dishonest or virulent 
opposition, few journals beyond the Exposition 
reading territory aggressively supported it. 
When the Exposition was completed, so much 


INTERIOR FOOD PRODUCTS BUILDING, 
APRIL 10, 1907 


1907 


1907 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


time had been lost that a real success was im- 
possible, but a partial success even then might 
have been secured had better means been em- 
ployed. 

Many thousands of dollars spent in adver- 
tising are bound to bring some results, and the 
attendance at the Exposition improved as the 
months went on. ‘The total paid admissions 
for the four days of April were thirty-six 
thousand, eight hundred and thirty-nine, show- 
ing an average of over nine thousand each day; 
but thirty-two thousand people passed the gates 
on the opening date; seventy thousand, six hun- 
dred and thirty-seven paid admissions was the 
record for May; one hundred and sixty-eight 
thousand, nine hundred and eighty-six for 
June; one hundred and eighty-two thousand, 
four hundred and sixty-nine for July; two hun- 
dred and seventy-seven thousand, one hundred 
and fifty-three for August, and three hundred 
and two thousand, five hundred and twelve for 
September—the banner month. The October 
paid admissions were two hundred and fifty- 
five thousand, three hundred and ninety-two, 
and in November, one hundred and six thous- 
and, five hundred and twenty-nine. 

Contrary to expectations and in defiance of 
conditions as well as precedent, October showed 
a notable decrease over September. By Sep- 
tember the Exposition was complete, and a 
more attractive, delightful fair had never in- 
vited the American people; but internal dissen- 
sions widely exploited irreparably hurt what- 
ever prospects of success that remained. 

When Mr. Barr became Director-General, 
to all intents and purposes he superseded the 
Board of Governors and undoubtedly the 
Directors of the Company then were willing to 
give him absolute, autocratic power. Feeling 
that he would be sustained in any action that 
he took, Mr. Barr unquestionably used his 
power autocratically. In no community is it 
possible to demote men of consequence sufh- 
cient to be chosen for such positions as Gover- 
nors of an exposition without causing consider- 
able ill-feeling and arousing bitter partisanship. 
From the date of the Board’s creation until 
there occurred the troubles which resulted in 
the election of Mr. Barr, the Governors had 
been practically paramount and the Directors 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


had occupied a more or less minor position. 
Mr. Barr knew it to be true that the methods 
of the old management were entirely discredited 
by a majority of the Directors. Without 
analyzing the reasons for many delays the 
Directors appeared to consider that the prime 
element in the Governors’ policy had been pro- 
crastination, and what they wanted was action, 
immediate and forceful. ‘This Mr. Barr un- 
doubtedly gave, but it was given in an impolitic 
manner and there was a certain obviously sym- 
pathetic reaction in favor of the deposed Board. 

This undercurrent of feeling was brought to 
the surface by a most regrettable incident which 
occurred the latter part of August and resulted 
in a disagreement between Mr. Tucker and 
Mr. Barr regarding the scope of their several 
powers. Article IV, Section 3, of the by-laws 
relates that “the President shall exercise a 
general supervision over all the affairs of the 
Company. He shall be ex-officio a member 
and chairman of the Executive Committee. He 
shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders 
other than the annual meeting and at all meet- 
ings of the Board of Directors.’ The Section 
continues to the usual effect as to papers that 
shall be signed, ““ deeds, mortgages, bonds and 
contracts duly authorized,” and in closing states 
“He shall perform such other duties as may 
from time to time be assigned to him by the 
Board of Directors or Executive Committee.” 

With the exception of signing contracts 
authorized by the Board of Governors, the 
President was in no sense a creature of the 
Board of which he was not a member—he was 
the presiding officer of the Executive Commit- 
tee and subject to that Committee’s rules. He 
was the chief presiding officer of the Company, 
and, therefore, subject to the directors and the 
stockholders. But he was not a member of the 
Board of Governors nor could that Board con- 
trol his conduct. 

While there had been nothing explicitly set 
forth in a by-law of the Company nor had 
there been a ruling of the Directorate on the 
subject, it was the general understanding that 
the conduct of social functions was the province 
of the President. On behalf of the Exposition, 
Mr. Tucker had always received distinguished 
visitors. It had been his invariable custom to 


RALEIGH COURT, APRIL 20, 1907 


142 


1907 


1907 


Lhe Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


* 


Be Corericht, IE Official PRoropeanh Garperition: 
LOOKING EAST FROM PENNSYLVANIA BUILDING, APRIL 20, 1907 


extend the courtesies of the Exposition to its 
guests. Not all the entertaimments given by 
Mr. Tucker, and in fact comparatively few of 
them, were strictly exposition entertainments, 
it having been his custom, since the finances of 
the Company were involved, frequently to en- 
tertain personally, and one of the entertainments 
individually given by him caused the disagree- 
ment. The Director-General apparently ag- 
grieved at an act which he construed to be a 
slight, appointed C. W. Kohlsaat to represent 
him as the Social Secretary of the Exposition. 
Various plans were suggested by the friends 
of the Director-General and the President, 
with a view to adjusting the difficulty and ar- 
ranging an amicable modus vivendi. The con- 
tinuation of Mr. Kohlsaat in a capacity which 
would practically have placed him on the same 
plane as the President of the Company, was 
naturally impossible, and a Committee on 
Ceremonies was created, with Colonel Barton 
H. Grundy, of Richmond, as its Secretary, 
Mr. Kohlsaat resigning. This makeshift was 
not satisfactory and, while no doubt a number 
of other causes were contributory, the dispute 
nominally led to the resignation of the Director- 
General. 

Mr. Barr’s position in the matter, while un- 
diplomatic, was not wholly without excuse. 
His advent had occurred very late in the season 
and he was not familiar with the customs of the 
Company. He had formed his impression of 
the conduct of ceremonies from a set of rules 
which, promulgated by the Governors, had 
purported to define and segregate duties. The 
Board of Governors was a business body and 
the Governors individually had assumed cer- 
tain duties involving executive functions. 
Whether or not this condition was proper does 
not enter; it has been discussed elsewhere and 
is now stated merely as a fact. Disagreements 
concerning the scope of their several powers 
occurred not infrequently between the Gover- 


143 


nors and other officers, and at one time it ap- 
peared likely that these misunderstandings 
might be serious. “Therefore, the Board formu- 
lated a schedule in which was defined with 
more or less distinctness the departments in each 
division. 

The construction of this schedule was in 
itself interesting. “The opinion of every promi- 
nent official in the Company was solicited with 
the view of obtaining a correct arrangement 
of details, and the paper as originally prepared 
for submission to the Board of Governors evi- 
denced on the part of at least one department 
chief not only a willingness to perform prac- 
tically any Exposition function, but a convic- 
tion that his department was more than a 
moiety of the undertaking. In this first paper 
““ Ceremonies ’’ were placed under Mr. John- 
ston, not as Chairman of the Board of Gov- 
ernors, but in his capacity as Director of Con- 
gresses and Special Events, and the immediate 
supervisor of ceremonies would, under that ar- 
rangement, have been Mr. Sexton, Chief of the 
Department. It was not difficult to discern 
faults in this arrangement. ‘The principal ad- 
ministrative correspondence of the Exposition 
was conducted by the President of the Com- 
pany and the Secretary, just as executive corre- 
spondence was conducted by the Chairman of 
the Board and his fellow Governors, while de- 
partment matters were noted by the chiefs. 
Every detail connected with Congresses and 
Special Events appeared to be under the juris- 
diction broadly of Mr. Johnston and specifically 
of Mr. Sexton, but Special Events did not in 
Jamestown Exposition cataloguing include the 
functions incident to State days or the ceremo- 
nies attending the visits of distinguished foreign- 
ers and representatives of the National Govern- 
ment. Therefore, there was a definite cleavage 
between two classes of ceremonies and the 
Board of Governors recognizing the demarca- 
tion scheduled “ Ceremonies’’ under the 


1907 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


‘Duties of the Secretary,” adding as a foot 
note “ the care of distinguished guests.” 

Mr. Barr claimed that he was only taking 
away from Mr. Tucker the ceremonial duties 
which he had conferred, since the Board of 
Governors represented by the Secretary had 
managed entertainments before the Dhirector- 
General had been elected. ‘This was true, 
however, only to a very limited extent. The 
Secretary attended to ceremonial correspond- 
ence, to the issuance of invitations and to the 
details of entertainment, but his province was 
socially clerical. The Board of Governors 
had never delegated to him the power of 
broadly supervising social matters because at 
no time had they claimed such power to dele- 
gate. The President stood between the Ex- 
position and the outside world. On behalf 
of the Exposition he welcomed the guests and 
whenever he was present he presided at impor- 


= 


JAMES M. BARR 
Advisory Committee, June | to July 5, 1907 
Director-General, July 5 to October 5, 1907 


tant functions. He was the host; and the Sec- 
retary, like any other officer of the Company, 
was merely a guest. It is a fact that until the 
dispute the Secretary of the Company had not 
presided at a single really important ceremony ; 
and, though later he did preside on two or more 
occasions, his chairmanship was due to some 
specific personal reason not connected with his 
official duties. In the matter of general 
ceremonies certainly the Chief of Congresses 
and Special Events did not regard himself as 
even temporarily the social head of the Expo- 
sition nor could the Secretary of the Company 
have conceived that in State affairs such a posi- 
tion was his. By general consent and custom 
which was as binding as law, the President was 
superior in the social domain. 

The amendments of the Company’s by-laws 
by which provision had been made for a 
Director-General certainly gave to that officer 
extraordinary power, but the alteration in the 


Company’s rules did not in any way affect the 
rights of the President nor amend his privilege 
to ‘ exercise a general supervision over all the 
affairs of the Company.” It is true that this 
supervision had never been evidenced because 
it was generally understood that the presiding 
officer was not expected to direct the affairs of 
the Company, and so far as Mr. Tucker was 
concerned he had not, unless asked, ever inter- 
fered with the transactions of the Board of Gov- 
ernors nor attempted to influence their decisions, 
realizing that it was the Board and not himself 
who would be held responsible for the business 
conduct of the undertaking. It would have 
been equally as unfortunate had Mr. Tucker, 
holding strictly to the letter of the law, inter- 
fered with Mr. Barr in the prosecution of his 
work as Director-General, as it was when Mr. 
Barr, misconstruing the purport of the Gover- 
nors’ schedule interfered with Mr. Tucker in 
his social capacity. Upon final analysis the 
fault might perhaps be traced to the indefinite- 
ness of the law dealing with the powers of the 
President—a law written practically at the dic- 
tation of General Lee and one which really 
never meant what it stated. It certainly would 
have been much better if the point had been 
made clear in the beginning, and certainly the 
ruling of the Governors, as to the duties of 
themselves and other officers, was far from be- 
ing lucid; yet any one long connected with the 
Company could have given such advice to the 
Director-General as would have precluded any 
chance of misunderstanding. 

Mr. Barr must have resigned prior to Sep- 
tember 4, although there is no record on the 
Minute Book of the Board of Directors that 
his resignation was ever tendered, but on that 
date it is recorded that J. L. Hubard pre- 
sented “three petitions—one signed by the 
various business organizations of Norfolk, an- 
other signed by the concessionaires of the Ex- 
position, and the third from the banking inter- 
ests of Norfolk, urging the Board to decline 
to accept the resignation of Mr. Barr as Direc- 
tor-General, etc.” and in consequence a Reso- 
lution was passed, which after preambles recit- 
ing the indebtedness of the Company to Mr. 
Barr, continued: ‘“‘ Now, therefore, we the 
Directors,. wish to express our sincere regret 
that anything should have occurred to induce 
Mr. Barr to tender his resignation at this most 
critical juncture of the affairs of the Company. 
We, therefore, earnestly request him to with- 
draw his resignation.” On the fifth day of 
October, the Directors again convened and the 
Secretary read a communication from the 
Director-General in which he stated that he 
declined to serve further and asked that his 
resignation be accepted, and this brief note 
appears in the Minute Book: “ Resolved, 
that the resignation of Mr. J. M. Bar as 
Director-General, be and it is hereby accepted 
with regret.’ Alvah H. Martin was then 
elected his successor. 

During Mr. Barr’s incumbency few new 
men were employed. A number of places 
were vacated, and in several instances other 


144 


1907 


1907 


Completion. 


Copy Jamestown. O Photograph Cor 


ongy pe ETT aay 


MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION BUILDING, APRIL 22, 1907 


economic reductions were made. Only one 
member of the Board of Governors drew any 
salary after August. Mr. Cottrell, the Gov- 
ernor of Works, resigned as soon as Mr. Barr 
was appointed Advisory Committee, and was 
succeeded for a brief period by Mr. Sedden, 
who in turn was succeeded by Mr. Dixon, for- 
merly Chief of Electricity, and afterwards 
assistant to the Director-General. When the 
by-laws of the Company were amended at the 
meeting of July 5, 1907, Section | of Article 
4 was made to read “ The officers of the Com- 
pany shall consist of a President, ten Vice- 
Presidents, a Director-General, seven Gover- 
nors—one of whom shall be chairman of the 
Board, and one a State Commissioner—a Treas- 
urer, a Secretary, and Auditor, one or more 
General Counsel—as the Board of Directors 
may determine—and a Medical Director, all of 
whom shall be members of the Board of Direc- 
tors. But no two of the offices herein enumer- 
ated shall be held by the same person except 
that a Vice-President may hold another office.” 
In consequence of this last provision, Mr. 
Myers, who was Auditor of the Company, as 
well as a Governor, resigned the former position 
to take effect the first of August. At the same 
time, Mr. Bain, the Assistant Auditor, re- 
signed. Mr. Myers was succeeded by Albert 
E. Little, of New York, a well known account- 
ant and a member of the distinguished firm of 
Stephen Little & Son. Mr. Bain was suc- 
ceeded by W. H. Hilton, who had been his 
assistant. Later, Mr. Little resigned and Mr. 
Hilton became the Auditor of the Company. 
During the summer, Mr. Southgate engaged 
John A. Wakefield to assist him in the Exhibit 
Division. Mr. Wakefield was an accom- 
plished exposition man, but his experience had 
been principally confined—certainly during 
recent years—to concession work. As Chief 
of Concessions at St. Louis he had achieved 
a distinct success, which he repeated at Port- 
land. To obtain real exhibitors when the 
Exposition was half over could scarcely be 
accounted a probable accomplishment, and 
Mr. Wakefield, who was thoroughly practical, 
had no vague illusions. He directed his efforts 
toward filling with vending exhibits the vacant 
spaces in the large buildings, and succeeded 
remarkably well in so doing. Under Mr. 


145 


Barr's régime the Governors, with the excep- 
tion of the Governor of Exhibits and the Goy- 
ernor of History, Education and Social Econ- 
omy, had ceased to be active officers, and one 
of the Director-General’s first official acts was 
to instruct the various department chiefs to 
report directly to him. This order in effect 
eliminated Mr. Myers as Chief of Exploitation 
and substituted Mr. Bolles as head of the 
Division; eliminated Mr. Johnston and made 
Mr. Sexton controller of Congresses and 
Special Events; eliminated Mr. Sherwood and 
promoted F. H. Davison to the management 
of Concessions and Admissions. Subsequently 
Mr. Bolles was entitled Director of Publicity, 
and Mr. Sexton Director of Congresses and 
Special Events, while Mr. Wakefield became 
Director of Concessions and Admissions. Mr. 
Davison resigned as Chief of this last named 
Division, and H. E. Sherwood, who had for- 
merly been Chief Clerk in the Department of 
Admissions, became Chief of Admissions. 

When Mr. Martin began to exercise the 
functions of the Director-General, he found 
that the administration would have to be ex- 
ceedingly economical or the Exposition would 
have to close. “There was practically no money 
in the Treasury, there were a number of over- 
due bills and the entire receipts from the gates 
and concessions were insufficient to pay the 
current operating expenses. The concession- 
aires had acquired the habit of disregarding 
their obligations, and with few exceptions all 
were in arrears. ‘Io remedy this difficulty Mr. 
Martin at once established an arbitration com- 
mittee consisting of Assistant Treasurer C. L. 
Old, the assistant to the General Counsel 
Smith P. Brittngham and John A. Wakefield, 
Director of Concessions. ‘This committee met 
daily and adjusted disputes between the Ex- 
position and its concessionaire debtors and they 
obtained a considerable part of the contested 
accounts. Every dispensable office at the Ex- 
position was vacated. In the departments only 
those were retained on the pay-rolls whose 
services seemed absolutely requisite. The only 
important change made was in the Division of 
Publicity. Mr. Bolles resigned and Silas E. 
Snyder, who had been Chief of Exploitation, 
succeeded him. 

Besides reducing expenses and energetically 


1907 


The Jamestown 


Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ARCH OF GOVERNMENT PIERS 


pushing collections, the new Director-General 
strove earnestly to create an interest in the 
Special Events scheduled for the remainder of 
the Exposition, and he used the forces at his 
command to create enthusiasm in the cities and 
towns in Tidewater Virginia, and North Caro- 
lina, to the end that other special days might 
be added to the list already formed. There 
were, however, few who thought that the Ex- 
position could be continued until November 30, 
and there was practically no one who believed 
that this result would be attained without add- 
ing further to the Company’s obligations. Yet 
Mr. Martin succeeded in the accomplishment. 
The Exposition kept open and instead of in- 
creasing the indebtedness of the Company he 
decreased it. Ever since the middle of Sep- 
tember the Exposition had deserved to be a 
success. When the Government Piers were 
completed there was little left to be desired. 

Never had an exposition a site so charming 
nor was there in all history a world’s fair which 
presented a picture so intensely sense satisfying, 
artistic, simple, effective and imposing. The 
great Greek temples and Roman piles that 
hitherto had served as exposition palaces were 
conspicuously missing. ‘The indescribable feel- 
ing of sadness that has affected visitors to all 
other expositions, caused by an appreciation of 
the impermanence of the seemingly imperish- 
able structures, here was absent, for the build- 
ings were durable and likely to subserve the 
purposes of a lasting memorial rather than an 
evanescent celebration. 

The great architectural and _ engineering 
triumph of the Exposition was the Govern- 
ment’s twin piers, whose ends were linked by a 


HOTEL CHAMBERLAIN, OLD POINT COMFORT 


magnificent archway. On this great work were 
ornaments of wood and staff, but the structure 
was made of solid concrete—the material 
which has best withstood the ravages of time, 
for the foundations of Athens’ monuments and 
the marvels of Naples still remain, though the 
stones which rested on them long since have 
rotted away and fallen to the ground. 

One-fourth of a mile or more from the Ex- 
position’s shore stood the largest concrete arch 
ever built; and, from the vantage point of its 
apex, the Exposition visitor had spread before 
him a land and marine panorama ineffably 
beautiful. Over the waters was Fort Wool, a 
tiny built-up island surmounted by grim, gray 
stone battlements; still further off was Fortress 
Monroe, looking green and peaceful from the 
distance; the great red hotel at Old Point Com- 
fort showed clearly, and the shore line north- 
ward from the Roads, lined with cottages, was 
just discernible. Newport News appeared in 
the distance, and immediately to the right or 
the left of the Exposition were cottages, club 
houses and several large hotels. The great 
harbor itself was always an attractive picture, 
restless sometimes, often at rest, the pure, clear, 
green-blue waters of Hampton Roads bore 
vessels of every sort—the warships and mer- 
chantmen, schooners of trade and pleasure 
yachts, tiny launches and numerous cutters or 
gigs. 

About face, and the visitor could see a vision 
typical of an era and a veritable apotheosis of 
sentiment. With the re-birth of architecture 
under Louis XV., a style was evolved in which 
there was blended homogeneously the graces 
of the purest Greek with the utilities of modern 


—* 
= 


SS 


146 


1907 


1907 


Completion. 


civilization. Crossing the channel and modi- 
fied, the Renaissance became the Georgian, in 
honor of the King; and over sea other altera- 
tions were ingrafted and the Colonial was 
evolved—an architecture as distinctly Ameri- 
can as is the “‘sky scraper’’ type of recent years. 

In the south this theme attained perfection. 
Desultory examples linger in the shape of 
buildings generally throughout the eastern por- 
tions of the United States; but in Virginia, in 
Maryland, in the Carolinas and in Georgia 
houses still stand that were erected in the Colo- 
nial days, and “ restorations’’ have not been 
permitted to destroy the grand simplicity of 
the original pattern. The very genius of the 
section stood forth in the buildings and the 
whole formed a Colonial acropolis restful to 
the eye and satisfying to sentiment. 

Between the pier and the handsome Admin- 
istration Building—the chief and most charm- 
ing structure on the grounds—Raleigh Square 
lay, parked with green and in the center a 


handsome fountain. To break the stretch of 
sward, two pools intervened, and these limpid 
waters made a mirror that doubled the attract- 
iveness of the vision. To the nght or left the 
great Government buildings reared skyward, 
and the imposing twin palaces of Manufactur- 
ers-Liberal Arts to the right and Machinery- 
Transportation to the left completed the cen- 
tral picture. 

Along the shore stood the buildings of the 
States, each one tasteful and dignified, and 
each a type of the period that preceded 
National existence. The Old State House of 
Boston could be seen, and Philadelphia’s his- 
toric Independence Hall, each reproduced with 
exact fidelity. The Bulloch House, and 
Adena, the first stone mansion erected west- 
ward from the Appalachian Mountains, re- 
spectively represented Georgia, who, desiring 
to honor her illustrious grandson, President 
Roosevelt, chose for her headquarters the man- 
sion occupied by his maternal ancestors, and 
Ohio, who thus paid tribute to the memory of 


147 


her first Governor and first Senator. White 
alone or white or red were most of these State 
buildings, but the red did not glare, it was the 
restful shade of dark, unpressed brick; and 
green was everywhere. Toward the north the 
Exposition looked, and the sun shone over it 
and not toward it. From the shore, the faces 
of the buildings lay in shade, and paths were 
dotted with small trees, and the avenues with 
denser, larger growth. 

Pleasing as was the picture from a distance, 
no less attractive did closer inspection prove. 
The main buildings of the Exposition were 
models of simple taste—classical in outline, 
adorned but not ornate. The landscape bore 
an equal charm. Broad sidewalks, separated 
from the road by lines of trees and demarked 
from the buildings by grassy stretches, were 
orderly and well kept. Ever and anon a bed 
of flowers sprang up to greet the eye, and in 
these clusters of blooms few were found that 
were not native. 


Superb Willoughby Avenue stretched a mile 
along the shore, from the Pine Grove at the 
farthest West to Boush Creek at the eastern 
boundary, and from “ Fort Boonesborough,”’ 
within the pines, to the tiny building of Dela- 
ware with its gigantic chimneys, a string of 


Colonial triumphs stood in order. ‘The stately 
splendid palaces of Virginia, Maryland and 
New York ranked high in this charming 
coterie, and scarcely less admirable were the 
graceful houses of Missouri, New Jersey, IIhi- 
nois and Rhode Island. Most dignified were 
North Carolina’s building and the buildings of 
West Virginia, Louisiana, New Hampshire, 
Michigan, Connecticut, and North Dakota, 
while the little Vermont Building was, of its 
kind, a rare gem. 

The scene of the most distinctively spectacu- 
lar features of the Exposition was Lee’s Parade 
—an immense thirty-five acre tract devoted to 
the military. In the spring this ground was 
beautiful, green-carpeted and fringed with 
blooming apple trees. ‘Twice or thrice daily 


1907 


1907 


The Jamestown 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


DISCOVERY LANDING, SHOWING SMITH'S BASIN 


the Parade was the theatre of great evolutions. 
The Regulars, whose every movement of horse 
or man was performed with machine-like pre- 
cision, marched and countermarched before de- 
lighted thousands. Regiments and companies 
from many states camped with the soldiers of 
the United States, often paraded with them 
and more frequently paraded alone, while 
cadets from military and semi-military colleges 
and from naval schools lent a color and keen 
interest to the Army spectacle. 

The ships of the world had left Hampton 
Roads long before the Exposition was com- 
pleted, but the Naval rendezvous will remain 
forever a bright memory with those fortunate 
enough to have seen it. Our graceful “ White 
Squadron,” which proved its deadly effective- 
ness in its only time of test, looked from a dis- 
tance like a flotilla of pleasure craft in contrast 
with the sombre, dismal, dark sea fighters sent 
by foreign powers to honor the occasion. 
Gracefully the cruisers rode the waves, and, 
seemingly immovable, the battleships rested like 
huge forts, each one impregnable; and the blue- 
jackets from the ships and the marines when 
they marched, as frequently they did, gave 
some idea of the immense army carried by the 
peaceful looking monsters lying within the 
range of vision. 

Within the buildings the scene, no less pleas- 
ing to the eye, possessed the added attraction 
of intense educational value. ‘Taking in order 
of geographical location the Exposition build- 
ings from the east and making a circuit, no 


poke, i 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


one could fail to be impressed with the wonders 
of America. 

Through the States Exhibit Palace a visitor 
could stroll, lingering for hours at a single booth 
and every moment marvelling at some new 
treasure. Rarely, if ever, have the resources 
of exhibiting commonwealths been so compre- 
hensively shown as at this Exposition. The 
museum plan of classified exhibits was abro- 
gated at this Exposition, in so far as States 
might wish to congregate their displays, and 
this privilege was eagerly seized by most of the 
Commonwealths. Some few separated their 
exhibits, placing minerals in the halls of Mines- 
Metallurgy and collective manufactures in the 
palace of Manufactures-Liberal Arts, but in 
the main a State showed its treasures in a single 
collection. 

The great railway systems of the South also 
were represented in the States Exhibit Build- 
ing, and what they showed would compare 
most favorably with the potential displays of 
roads anywhere in America. The range of 
fruits and vegetables and of cereals was 
astounding, the exhibits of marbles, granites 
and other minerals comprehensively magnifi- 
cent, and taken as a whole this building served 
to awaken a materialistic pride in the resources 
of the Nation. 

A vastly different feeling was evoked by the 
displays made in the next structure. The 


Social Economy Building contained exhibits 
which idealized altruism and illustrated a wide 
variety of efforts which are making for the bet- 


EAST SECTION OF LEE’S PARADE 


148 


1907 


Completion. 


terment of human conditions and the creation 
of a truer human brotherhood. Excepting one 
or two corrective or preventive exhibits all were 
dominated by a tone of unselfish philanthropy. 
The protection of the child, the care of the 
weak, the education of the defective—subjects 
that are seriously engaging the attention of 
modern humanitarians, were exemplified in va- 
rious ways and the organized fighting against 
the great white plague was exceptionally well 
illustrated. 

Across Commonwealth Avenue stood the 
Mines-Metallurgy Building, filled to repletion 
with evidences of the wealth which lies beneath 
the soil of America. Here were displays made 
by States and others made by individuals or 
firms; building stones, clays, gems—in fact an 
exhibition which ran the gamut of America’s 
commercial mineral possibilities. In a wing of 
this structure was the wonderful display of the 
Virginia Mineral and Timber Association, 


we 
~~ % 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


building of Machinery-Transportation. In the 
large hall were thousands of examples of 
American industry and ingenuity and some few 
fine specimens of imported wares. The genius 
of American invention showed in this building, 
not in the machines but in the products of the 
machines, and to illustrate the wide divergence 
between the old and the new some exhibitors 
showed how their goods were made fifty years 
ago and how now they were making them. 

On the south side of Pocahontas Avenue 
stood the Food Products Building, wherein 
were the things we eat and drink. Delicacies 
for the table were shown by many exhibitors, 
condiments, spices, coffees and teas by many 
others. Meats and meat accessories were dis- 


played, and a number of firms exhibited their 
whiskeys and beers, while many cf the prom- 
inent mineral springs in America were excel- 
lently represented. 

The History Building which stood between 


POCAHONTAS STREET, THE PRINCIPAL EXPOSITION THOROUGHFARE 


perhaps the best collection of its kind ever 
grouped by a State of the American Union. 

Adjacent and somewhat nearer the Audito- 
rium stood the Building of Marine Appliances 
where vessels and the accoutrements of vessels, 
sections of ships and their plans, tiny motor 
boats and models of yachts, life-saving devices 
for marine travelers and the various signals 
for use under the International code, were in- 
cluded in a fairly representative showing of 
those things which interest the men that follow 
the sea for profit or for pleasure. 

Over in the Machinery- Transportation Pal- 
ace stood great locomotives and models of great 
engineering. Boilers of huge capacity and tiny 
engines were in juxtaposition. A railroad train 
complete illustrated the highest type of modern 
land travel, and numerous automobiles were 
on exhibition; engines of every sort, and devices 
for utilizing electricity might be seen. 

Beyond Raleigh Square the Palace of 
Manufactures-Liberal Arts balanced the great 


149 


the Food Products Building and the Audito- 
rium was the treasure trove of the Exposition. 
The structure was unsightly but within, senti- 
ment reigned supremely. At all expositions his- 
tory generally, or the history of some specific 
epoch has been exploited in a manner more or 
less valuable, but at the Jamestown Exposition 
there was nothing disjointed or disconnected. 
Some archeological displays adumbrated 
America before the English came, but the great 
effort was to illustrate the colonial and national 
history of the land now known as the United 
States of America. Happily, great patriotic 
societies have collected material to show our 
country’s periods, and fortunately the greatest 
of these were largely interested in the Ter- 
Centennial. In no less measure it is a source 
of congratulation to all the lovers of their coun- 
try’s story that State museums and State libra- 
ries in our land do not unnecessarily exalt com- 
meicialism and are able to give object studies 
of the development of the various Common- 


1907 


1907 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ame 


wealths. The historical exhibits of many States 
were displayed and they added an item of sen- 
timental interest to the collection which as a 
whole created or reawakened a broad and 
comprehensive love of country to a degree un- 
paralleled in the history of similar events. 

On either side of the Administration Hall 
or Auditorium education was exploited. In 
the east wing collegiate and university courses, 
in the west wing the instruction of the child 
from the kindergarten to the college stage was 
shown. ‘These most important subjects were 
finely exemplified. The great universities set 
forth their own evolutions and their methods 
for evolving graduates. The primary and 
secondary schools by records of the actual work 
showed how children progressed under their 
tutelage. 

The Auditorium or Administration Building 
was the architectural triumph of the Exposi- 
tion. It was the center of a great land picture 
and its large hall was the scene of oratorical 
triumphs, innumerable and invaluable. To 
have sat before the rostrum in the great theatre 
and listened to the words of patriotic fervor 
issuing from the lips of the nation’s chief orators, 
was a course in patriotism unequalled in the 
past and likely again never to be equalled. 
Day after day in this hall great men told how 
great our country was and how it had grown 
great. And great men told the dangers that 
stood menacing the onward progress of the 
nation and they described the still more in- 
sidious enemies to the upward growth of Amer- 
ican greatness which unseen were lurking be- 
neath the surface burrowing at the foundations 
of the country’s superstructure. 


FORT WOOL (THE RIP-RAPS)—PROTECTING THE ENTRANCE TO HAMPTON ROADS 


The beauty of the Exposition was so obvious 
that it was seriously proposed by many that 
the gates should be re-opened during the spring 
of 1908, and a committee was appointed to in- 
vestigate and sound public sentiment. At a 
Directors’ meeting held November 14, George 
F. Adams, the Chairman of this special com- 
mittee, reported that he and his associates had 
studied the question of re-opening, considering 
first the desirability of that proceeding and 
second its practicability. They arrived at the 
conclusion that it was desirable because all the 
parties interested in the Exposition Company, 
the National Government, the States, the ex- 
hibitors and concessionaires had all gone to 
enormous expense in connection with the Expo- 
sition and had only enjoyed a completed show 
for about six weeks. ‘They expressed their con- 
viction that the unanimous approval of the Ex- 
position during its later days would result in a 
largely increased attendance in 1908. They 
decided that it would be practicable because 
the concessionaires were unanimously in favor 
of re-opening, and assurances had been given 
that additional attractions could be secured, 
and that according to the Director of Exhibits 
about half of the present exhibitors would re- 


main, while it was thought probable that a num- 


ber of others could be induced to come. They 
also reported that some of the transportation 


6 
r 


ey OS 


A CLOSE VIEW OF THE GREAT ARCH, GOVERNMENT PIER 


150 


1907 


907 


Completion. 


companies favored the proposition, although 
others were strongly opposed. It was, however, 
the belief of the committee that there would be 
little difficulty in arranging reasonable sched- 
ules and rates if the gates were opened in 1908. 

There was little doubt that the Government 
exhibit would remain and no doubt whatever 
that an adequate history exhibit would be in 
evidence. [he Committee estimated that two 
hundred thousand dollars would be sufficient 
capital to assure the re-opening and that if six 
thousand people paid admissions each day the 
fair would be self sustaining. The report of the 
committee was adopted by the Board of Direc- 
tors who declared themselves in favor of re- 
opening the Exposition during the succeeding 
year. Long after the Exposition closed efforts 


were put forth to secure the capital for 1908. 


a 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


The Government exhibits were retained at the 
Exposition intact until the first of February, 
and many of them were there until after the 
first of March; but it seemed impossible to 
arouse sufficient local enthusiasm and the pro- 
ject was abandoned. 

Shortly after the first of December the 
Jamestown Exposition Company was declared 
insolvent and its affairs placed in the hands of 
receivers. Alvah H. Martin, William M. 
Geddes, representing the United States Gov- 
ernment, and E. T. Lamb, representing the 
transportation interests, were placed in charge 
of the property. Messrs. Martin and Geddes 
qualified at once, but Mr. Lamb delayed his 
acceptance until about the first of February fol- 
lowing. Mr. Martin was elected Chairman of 
the Receivers. 


RUSTIC BRIDGE BY “LOVER'S LANE” 


1907 


ial Photograph Corporation, 


Jamesto 


ght, 


PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT SPEAKING FROM THE GRAND STAND, OPENING DAY 


15 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photog 


U. S. MARINES PARADING—OPENING DAY 


Dh OE THE EXPOSITION 


APRIL 26, TO NOVEMBER 30, 1907 


April 26.—Opening Day. Never did Na- 
ture’s elements conspire better to favor a great 
outdoor celebration. “The day was mild; the 
sun shone brightly, and there was just enough 
breeze to carry away the powder smoke of 
numberless salutes. 

At sunrise the Norfolk Light Artillery Blues, 
with one hundred guns greeted the event; and 
the echoes of this mighty reverberation scarcely 
had departed ere the booming of the great rifles 
aboard ship sounded in honor of the President 
of the United States. 

The “ Mayflower,” bearing the nation’s 
Chief Executive, the Commander-in-Chief of 
its Army and Navy, rounded Old Point Com- 
fort early in the morning. As soon as the 
President’s yacht neared the men-of-war the 
guns of the fleet began saluting. From each 
ship there boomed twenty-one guns. Anchored 
in three lines were: 

The Brazilian cruisers “ Tamoyo’’ and 
“ Barroso,” and the battleship ‘‘ Riachuelo;” 
the British armored cruisers “‘ Roxburgh,” 
“Hampshire,” “Argyle” and ‘‘ Good 
Hope;” the German armored cruisers ‘‘ Roon ”’ 
and “ Bremen;” the Austria-Hungarian arm- 


eos 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


ored cruiser “Sankt Georg” and the cruiser 
““ Aspern;” the Chilean cruiser ‘‘ Zenteno;” 
the Argentine cruiser “ Sarmiento;”’ the sixteen 
battleships of the United States Navy, ““ Kear- 
sarge,’ “ Missouri,” “ Georgia,” “ New Jer- 
sey, Rhode Island,” “* Virginia,” “ Maine,” 
“Tllinois,” “‘ Louisiana,’ “* Connecticut,” 
“ Alabama,” “ Kentucky,” “‘ Ohio,” “ Min- 
nesota,” “‘ Iowa,” “ Indiana;”’ the cruisers “ St. 
Louis,’ ‘‘ Washington,”’ “ Tennessee,” “ Den- 
ver’ and “Cleveland;” the torpedo boats, 
“Stringham,” “DeLong,” “ Blakely,” 
** Stockton ’’ and “ Wilkes;’’ the destroyers, 
= Hopkins,” ** Hull,” “ Stewart,” “ Truxtun,” 
“Whipple ’’ and “ Worden;” the auxiliary 
cruisers “ Arethusa’’ and “ Glacier,” and as 
permanent “‘station’’ ships, the cruiser 
“ Brooklyn,” the battleship “* Texas,’ the 
monitor ““ Miantonomah”’ and the old monitor 
“Canonicus,” a relic of the Civil War. 

The President arrived at Discovery Landing 
promptly at 11:30. A committee consisting 
of President Tucker, Rear-Admiral Harring- 
ton, Major-General Grant and all the Expo- 
sition officials met him. Escorted by a squad- 


ron of the 12th U. S. Cavalry, he was driven 


PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AT DISCOVERY LANDING 


153 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


at once to the Reviewing Stand on Lee’s 
Parade. The entire dictance from the Govern- 
ment Pier to the scene of the day’s ceremonies 
was walled by companies of the Coast Artil- 
lery from Fortress Monroe, and detachments 
of the 23rd U. S. Infantry. Immediately upon 
the arrival of Mr. Roosevelt the exercises 


began. The Right Reverend Alfred Magill 
Randolph, Bishop of the Diocese of Southern 


Virginia, delivered the following impressive 
invocation: 


O God, whose days are without end and whose mercies 
cannot be numbered, we worship Thee, the Father of all the 
families of the Earth. We would remember this day all the 
way Thou hast led us from the birthday of our country. Thou 
didst guide our forefathers from their old homes through the 
perils of the unknown seas, and didst give them a home in this 
new land to dwell in. When they were brought low, Thou 
didst raise them up again. When they were few and strangers 
in the land, Thou didst give them courage in the days of their 
adversity and hope to inspire them in their poverty and their 
‘hardships; healing their dissensions within and defending them 
from foes without, by sea and by land. And now that they 
have grown to be a great people that cannot be numbered for 
multitude, we beseech Thee O Lord, leave them not to them- 


RIGHT REVEREND ALFRED MAGILL RANDOLPH 


selves, for without Thee the frailty of man cannot but fall. 
Thou only, O Christ, the Lord, canst order the unruly wills and 
affections of sinful men. Save us, O Lord, from the tempta- 
tions of prosperity, from the idolatry of covetousness, from 
pride, vain glory and hypocrisy; from the delusions of religious 
bigotry; from the weakness and follies of sectional hatreds 
and from the blindness of party passions. Make us to 
love the things which Thou dost command and desiie those 
things which Thou dost promise. Bind the States of our Union 
together in the bonds of peace and love by the memories of 
common tribulations and mercies from Thy hand, and by our 
common hopes for the future. Bless, O Lord, Thy servant, 
the President of these United States. Give to him that wisdom 
which cometh down from above, which is first pure, and then 
peaceable; so that in his great office he may have a right judg- 
men! in all things and amid the noise of the people and the 
strife of tongues, he may discern the truth and love mercy 
and walk humbly before his God. Bless all in authority over 
us with the spirit of reverence for, and fidelity to righteousness 
and strengthen their hands for the punishment of wickedness 
and vice and the maintenance of Thy true religion and virtue. 
Guide our Legislators and our judges to the paths of justice and 
save them from the temptations to receive bribes to blind their 
eyes therewith. 

e pray for our Senate and Representatives who shall 
assemble in our National Congresses. Direct and prosper all 
their consultations, that peace and happiness, truth and justice, 
religion and piety may be established among us for all genera- 
tions. We pray for the blessings of peace and righteousness 
upon the nations whose representatives are here from over 
the ocean to bring their greetings and benedictions to our country 


GOVERNOR AND MRS. SWANSON 


on this commemoration of her birthday. May God Almighty 
bless Old England, Our Mother, and keep green her memory 
and her love for her children. 

We ask, O Lord, for the protection of thy good Providence 
for all of our people who shall gather together at this place 
and for those who have conceived and carried out this under- 
taking. May it be a means of grace to our people in widening 
their minds to receive the lessons Thou hast taught them in the 
history of the past and to bind them together in the spirit of 
unity and peace through all the borders of our land. 

We thank Thee, O Lord, for the memory of the great 
and good men who laid the foundation of our country, and 
who wrought out the fabric of our religious and civil liberties; 
for the soldiers and the sailors who have offered themselves a 
sacrifice in many a struggle for truth and duty and sacred 
rights. In one fellowship and one communion, they with us 
are bound together in the mystical body of Thy Son, Jesus 
Christ our Lord, who offered Himself a sacrifice for the sins 
of the world. Grant that we may so follow Thy blessed saints 
in all virtuous and godly living, that we may come to those 
unspeakable joys which Thou hast prepared for those who 
love Thee—through Jesus Christ our Lord—Amen. * Our 
Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be Thy name; Thy 
kingdom come; Thy will be done on earth, as it is in 
Heaven. Give us this day, our daily bread; and forgive us 
our trespasses, even as we forgive those who trespass against 
us. Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil; and 
Thine be the Kingdom and the power and the glory forever— 
Amen.” 

The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all— 
Amen. 


President Tucker then delivered the opening 
address: 
Mr. President, Our Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Genile- 


men: 

Standing upon an eminence of three centuries of achieve- 
ments, the American Republic pauses today to celebrate, in 
fitting manner, the Ter-Centennial of its birth on the banks of 
the tawny James. The steadiest head grows dizzy, the strongest 
nerve agitated, while the pulse of the lion-hearted assumes the 
motion of the trip-hammer in the retrospect of the marvelous 
progress of three hundred years. The origin of ancient Rome, 
of Greece and of other countries that in their day have con- 
trolled the destinies of the world, are shrouded in mystery, or 
preserved in fable, by poetic fancy; and even more modern 
nations find it difficult to point with historic accuracy to the 
date of their birth, Even our own Mother Land, endeared to 
us by so many ties, finds it difficult, in the incursions of the 
Norsemen, the piratical invasions of the Angles and Saxons, and 
the misty origin of the ancient Briton, to determine either its 
paternity or the birthday of the kingdom. More fortunate than 
these, or any of them, is this American Republic, not only in 
its knowledge of the date of its birth, but in the possession of 
the names and characters of those who first faced the dangers 
of the sea, and then the dangers of the savage and forest, in 
the founding of the greatest Republic of modern times. And 


so we gather today in the presence of this distinguished 
company, representing not only our own country, but the 
Mother Country, and, with few exceptions, every civilized na- 
tion of the world, to celebrate the Ter-Centennial of the birth 
of America. 

This day brings with it a two-fold joy, in that it marks the 


Ewe ea 


HONORABLE JOSEPH G. CANNON 


Diary—A pril. 


Ter-Centennial of the birth, not only of the American Republic, 
but also the birth of Virginia, the oldest American colony, both 
co-incident and simultaneous. By Divine prescience, the infant 
Republic was first hidden in the bulrushes of our Virginia 
Nile, and nurtured by its Mother, Virginia, the daughter of the 
King, whom Providence had placed in waiting on the banks 
of the river, that she might be the first to give to her offspring 
those impressions of infancy so necessary to high and noble 
character in maturity. 

We greet you therefore this day, Mr. President, and hon- 
ored representatives of the great powers of the earth, at the 
birthday party not only of the American Republic, but of 
Virginia also—the first, the oldest of the American Colonies. 

When the Federal Convention was once on the eve of 
dissolution, it was the venerable Benjamin Franklin who gave 
utterance to those remarkable words: “God governs in the 
affairs of men, and if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground 
without His notice, is it probable that an empire can rise with- 
out His aid?” Those of us who agree with Franklin do not 
believe that the birth of the nation on the soil of Virginia was 
accidental. For, from the inspired Book, are we not taught 
that he who would attain the bliss of eternal life must be born 
again; and in our subsequent history, may we not see the 
analogy between man and a nation? For, if the first birth 
of our Republic was at Jamestown on the 13th of May, 1607, 
will it be denied that the second birth, necessary to its immor- 
tality, took place at Yorktown, on the soil of old Virginia, 
on the 19th of October, 1781 > 

At the table that is this day spread for you, the thirteen 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


privilege of seeing with us the work of his hand finally and 
successfully completed. 

And this day, which to many of us is the realization of the 
hopes of years, is thus saddened by the fact that our first, our 
great President, is not allowed to share our joy with us. In 
this presence we lay the tribute of our obligation to him on his 
tomb this day, for his invaluable work for this cause, and with 
it the tribute of the sincere affection of all who shared his 
companionship or claimed his friendship. 

His great zeal, his cheery nature, his greatness of soul and 
his charming personality contributed as much as any other 
cause to enlist the interest of the country in this great project. 
He possessed a zeal that accomplished something; a heart that 
loved something; a faith that believed something; and a patriot- 
ism that was ready to die for something. Whether following 
the plow or the bugle or the serious work of this enterprise, he 

“Ever with a frolic welcome took 
The thunder and the sunshine.” 

Honor beat with his blood, and all things high came easy 
to him; he fetched his life from men of royal liege! The 
very government under which he lived was fashioned into 
shape and usefulness by his maternal ancestor, George Mason, 
whose brazen image in yonder city keeps watch over Virginia’s 
great son. Upon the sire’s side what a pedigree! From the 
hour when our race first planted foot upon Virginia's soil, 
some Lee has made her annals illustrious, and one has made 
her name to flame over the earth with such fierce light as to 
blind the stars in their courses. 

And, among the innumerable, the constant, the never-ending 


| 


MR. TUCKER SPEAKING 


original colonies occupy the seats of honor, while their daugh- 
ters and grand-daughters, in the constellation of States, vie 
with each other in the brilliancy of their garments and the 
patriotism of their sentiments; and the nations of the world, 
honoring America by the presence of their distinguished sons, 
lend an interest to the occasion as they contemplate with eager 
eye this happy reunion of all the peoples of America on the 
hearthstone of the mother of them all. 

The men behind the guns, who have wrought this great 
work, have had the liberal patronage of the Federal Govern- 
ment, and the governments of the several States. All that 
education, science and skill could produce, with the limited 
means at their command, has been invoked for the completed 
work. The Federal Government stands facile princeps in its 
liberal benefactions, and each State present has freely given 
of its substance in proportion to its means for its proper repre- 
sentation here today. In its formation and building, the points 
of the compass have been disregarded or lost, for here there 
is no North, no South, no East, no West; but we are each 
“as distinct as the billows, but one as the sea.” 

As we rejoice in the work before us, and congratulate each 
other that the long-looked for day has come and our hopes are 
at last realized, we cannot forget that there is one vacant chair 
in our midst. Despite his years of leadership, Moses, who led 
his people successfully through the Wilde-ness, was never per- 
mitted to see the Promised Land; so, Fitzhugh Lee, under 
whose stimulating leadership the foundations of this work were 
laid, and who for two arduous years of his life, led his people 
through the Wilderness of Doubt and Distrust into the smiling 


valleys of Hope and Confidence, is denied by Providence the 


155 


acts of kindness, always so cheerfully bestowed upon this enter- 
prise by President Roosevelt, and by his great and noble Sec- 
retary of War, who honor us with their presence this day, we 
cherish none more cordially than those delicate acts of sympathy 
extended to us, and the honor so graciously accorded the 
remains of our great Chieftain in the hour of our bereave- 
ment. Such acts will live forever in the hearts of all Vir- 
ginians. 

The significance of this gathering would be greatly min- 
imized did we fail to contemplate the historic causes which led 
to the founding of the American colony at Jamestown; the 
principles for which they came, for which they lived, and for 
which they were willing to die. For, it will not be denied that 
a people that fail to study their past history will as surely 
possess no future history worth preserving; for it is only by 
the study of the past that we will be enabled to avoid errors 
in the future; and by the study of those principles which have 
made us great in the past, will our moral sinews be strengthened 
for future effort. 

In some quarters it is the popular delusion that the first 
colonists who settled this country were a band of adventurers, 
seeking private gain, and bent upon personal aggrandizement 
alone; that unworthy men and reckless buccaneers found their 
way into the colonies is not to be denied; but, that the master 
minds that organized them, or the men who led them across 
the seas, were of such character, is emphatically denied. 

To the proper understanding of the real sentiments which 
brought the colonists here, and of the real principles for the 
development of which they came, we must look for a moment 
to the political history of the Mother Country. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


The Conquest of England by William, the Conqueror, re- 
sulted in the inevitable conflict between the native Saxon and 
the Norman carpet-bagger. Three points of antagonism will 
suffice to show the sharpness of this contest. 

1. Local Saxon institutions were supplanted by Norman 
customs and institutions. 

2. The Pope, who had excommunicated Harold, the Saxon 
‘King, had authorized William to bring back England to obedi- 
ence to the Holy See, and William brought with him a foreign 
priesthood, to supplant the local native priest. This resulted in 
the attempt to uproot the native religion by a foreign pziest- 
hood, backed by a foreign conqueror. 

The Saxon clung to the common law. The Noman 
brought with him the foreign civil law. 

These three elements, distinct in themselves, and independent 
of each other, all intensified the Saxon feeling against the 
Norman. Nor can it be doubted that the antagonism of the 
Saxon to the Norman priesthood lent additional power to the 
Reformation; the teachings of Wycliffe, Tyndale and others, 
found fertile soil in the Saxon heart, and made them ready for 
the outbreak that came with the opening of the 16th century, 
when Luther burned the Papal Bull at Wittenberg in 1520, 
and lighted the fires of the Reformation. 

Henry’s (the Eighth) championship of the Pope, in his 
contest with Luther, increased the feeling against the Crown. 
It was the same ecclesiastical power that had come with William 
the Conqueror in 1066. This antagonism made them the more 
ready to accept the doctrines of Luther. Henry, by com- 
bining the civil as well as ecclesiastical supremacy in himself, 
aroused the double opposition of the civil and religious elements 
in the English people. This act united them against the 
King. 

The Reformation was a revolt of the individual soul against 
ecclesiastical hierarchies, and the Reformers felt that the re- 
sponsibility of each individual to God alone, could no longer 
be restrained by the Theological dogmas of the Church, but 
was referred to the awakened conscience of each individual. 
Religion, the intangible nexus between man and his maker, 
under this inspiration, could no longer recognize the authority 
of the Church or the State to determine this relation. Re- 
ligion was not the gift of the State or Church, and therefore 
could be controlled by neither. The church was but the out- 
ward sign of an inward force; the visible organization of an 
invisible element. In the human soul was to be found its origin 
—not in the church. The church was but the convenient, visible 
organism for the proper development of this invisible relation- 
ship between man and his Maker. The church did not make 
this relationship; but, out of it emerged the church; the one 
was original, the other secondary; the one fundamental, the 
other structural; the one organic, the other functional; and 
the Reformation may be said to have culminated in the 
rebellion of the human soul against any power, religious or 
civil, that sought to supplant the responsibility of the indi- 
vidual to his Maker by the dogmas of ecclesiastics or the 
fiats of human rulers. Rebellion against these was obedience 
to God. 

“Power may touch the man’s life, prop- 
erty and family; his respect for the gov- 
ernment de facio and social order may lead 
him to submit; but touch his awakened con- 
science, invade his soul, put manacles on his 
conscience—cut off the avenue of union be- 
tween him and his Maker—make him re- 
nounce the faith which binds him to the 
Cross of the Divine Author of his origin, 
and you arouse a power which the ancient 
world never knew—which Christianity has 
alone created, and compelled the popular re- 
, sistance to the orders of government which 
are in conflict with the conscientious con- 
victions of the man.” 


4 een weil 
Ki She. a Relig are vay etiam 


U. S. S. “ TEXAS,” PERMANENT STATION SHIP 


After the death of Mary, Elizabeth was hailed with 
enthusiasm as the representative of the Protestant faith. Under 
her reign Spenser dedicated his Faerie Queen “ To Elizabeth, 
by the Grace of God, Queene of England, France, Ireland and 
Virginia.” 

The English people believed the Pope had selected Philip 
II of Spain, as his instrument for reducing England to his 
power. The Spanish Armada was organized for this purpose; 
but before the blasts of Heaven and the valor of Drake, the 
power of Spain was dissolved upon the English shores. The 
English believed that the object of Philip was to re-establish 
the power of the Pope in England in spite of the rising spirit 
of Protestantism. England was now Protestant to the core, 
and the destruction of the Armada, which to the English Re- 
former meant the overthrow of the Papal power, strengthened 
the hands of the Protestants in England, and encouraged them 
to lend their aid to the Dutch in the Netherlands, and the 
French Huguenots wherever occasion permitted. Spain had 
been extending her colonies in the west, and already was 
laying claim to all of the American country. 

It cannot be doubted, I think, that the religious antagonism 
of England and Spain at that time was the most potent influence 
which culminated in the settlement of an English colony in 
America. In support of this view, consider for a moment the 
character of those to whom letters patent were first granted; 
for among them were many of those who had been engaged 
in the Spanish wars and who naturally imbibed the spirit of 
those struggles: Sir Thomas Gates; Captain George Yeardley; 
Lord De La Warr, first Captain General of Virginia, and 
Sir Thomas Dale, who succeeded him; Newport, _ the 
Captain of the first fleet; Wingfield, Sir Thomas Smith, Treas- 
urer of the colony, and others, all soldiers in the Spanish 
wars, and deeply imbued with the religious spirit aroused by 
those wars. 

The instructions given to the colonists are interesting, as 
showing the object for which they were sent. Among them, it 
was provided that the President, Council and Ministers shall, 
“with all diligence, care and respect, provide that the true 
word and service of God and Christian Faith be preached, 
planted and used, not only with every one of the said 
colonies and plantations, but also as much as they may 
amongst the savage people who do or shall adjoin unto 
them or border upon them according to the doctrine, rights and 
religion now professed and established iwthin our realm of 
England.” 

The King’s Council for Virginia, in giving their last advice 
to the colonists, said: “ Lastly, and chiefly, the way to prosper 
and achieve good success, is to make yourselves all of one 
mind for the good of your country and your own, and to serve 
and fear God, the Giver of all goodness; for every plantation 
which our Heavenly Father hath not planted shall be rooted 
out. 

These extracts, which could be multiplied, show that the 
sending of the colony was for the purpose of preserving 
and spreading the religion as then established in Eng- 
land. The preparations for this colonization did not escape 

: — the attention of Philip 

3 II, or his representative 

| at the London Court; and 
the Spanish Board of War, 
in response to the news 
as to the preparation for 
such colonization, reported 
to them from England, 
declared in protest, that 
“this country which they 
call Virginia, is con- 
tained within the limits of 
the Crown of Castile,” and 
that “ according to this and 
other considerations which 


& 
. Rea EE 


156 


Diary—A pril. 


igo Swe Wil Pee) ORPEDO BOATEDESTROMER 


were of special importance, it was thought proper that with 
all necessary forces this plan of the English should be pre- 
vented, and that it should not be permitted in any way 
that foreign nations should occupy this country, because it 
is, as has been said, a discovery and part of the territory of 
the Crown of Castile; and because its contiguity increases the 
vigilance which it is necessary to bestow upon all of the Indies 
and their commerce, and this all the more so, if they should es- 
tablish there the religion and the liberty of conscience which 
they profess, which of itself already is what most obliges us to 
defend it even beyond the reputation which is so grievously 
jeopardized,” etc. 

September 22nd, 1607, Zuniga, the Spanish Ambassador 
at London, referring to the English colonization, wrote the 
King of Spain that such a bad project should be “ uprooted 
now while it can be done easily.” 

In the month of April, 1609, Zuniga writes His Majesty, 
the King of Spain, as follows: “Much as I have written to 
your Majesty of the determination they have formed here to go 
to Virginia, it seems to me that I still fall short of the reality, 
since the preparations that are made here are the most energetic 
that can be made here, for they have actually made the min- 
isters in their sermons dwell upon the importance of filling the 
world with their religion, and demand that all make an effort 
to give what they have to such a grand enterprise. Thus they 
get together a good sum of money and make a great effort to 
carry masters and workmen there to build ships. Your Majesty 
will see the great importance of this matter for your royal 
service, and thus will give order, I hope, to have these insolent 
people quickly annihilated.” 

The feeling in England on the change of the charter, in 
1609, has been well described. “ Not a yeare of a romain- 
jubile, noe nor the Ethnick-Queene of Ephesus, can be said to 
have bene followed with more heate and zeale; the discourse 
and visitation of it took up all meetings, times, termes, all 
degrees, all purses, and such throngs and concourse of personal 
undertakers, as the aire seemed not to have more Lights than 
that holie cause inflamed Spirits to partake with it. Almost 
every religious Subject that stood sound indeed at the Coare 
within the Loialtie and to the profession of the present Faith 
brought his Free-will-offering, and professed then to throw his 
bread upon the waters.” 

We therefore conclude that one of the primal objects of 
English colonization in America was the establishment of relig- 
ious freedom as claimed by the Reformers in England at that 
day, and which was largely the outgrowth of the Reformation. 
How well this principle has been preserved by their descend- 
ants in America, we need not long dwell upon; for, with all 
our boasted American progress, surely we have received no 
principle from the Mother Country which has been more 
generously fostered or more broadly developed than that of 
religious freedom. 

It cannot be denied, as is so often the case in the history 
of such movements, that the pendulum at times has swung far 
in the opposite direction, or that startling inconsistencies may 
not be found in the pathway of its development; but, still the 
struggle went on. For example, without dwelling on others, 
we find that in some of the colonies laws were passed compelling 
the citizen to attend the services of the church, and to support 
the pastor under penalty of fine and imprisonment. The dog- 
matism and intolerance which drove them to America was 
sometimes written into law by themselves as objectionable as 
that from which they had fled, and for the overthrow of 
which they had willingly spilled their blood. The final 
triumph of this great princi ple, in America as in 
England, had not been reached without a 
gigantic struggle. In England, for two 
centuries or more, with domestic and 
foreign foes, at times doubtedly, at 
others, tri umphantly, but at 


all times, with persistent doggedness the battle waxed warm. And, 
if the victo ies of this period could not be considered as final, they 
were at least the proud monuments which marked the way to that 
ultimate triumph which came a century later. A broader policy 
was to triumph, and statutes for religious liberty became general 
throughout the colonies. It is an interesting fact to recall that 
the Colony of Maryland, settled largely by Roman Catholics, 
was the first of the American colonies to declare for religious 
freedom. The representatives of this historic church, when 
transplanted into the free air of America, burst the bands of 
ecclesiasticism, and proclaimed themselves the pioneers of this 
great principle. The Maryland Act was soon followed by all 
the colonies; by Virginia, December 16th, 1785, in an act 
drawn by the hand of Mr. Jefferson. 

The preamble of this act is well worthy of reproduction: 
“That to suffer the civil magistrate to intrude his powers into 
the field of opinion, and to restrain the profession or propaga- 
tion of principles on the supposition of their real tendency, is a 
dangerous policy which at once destroys all religious liberty. 
It is time enough for the rightful purposes of civil government 
for its officers to interfere when principles break out into overt 
acts against peace and good order.” 

The same view has been well stated by another author: 
“As long as religion is a matter of the conscience, the civil 
power must not invade it; but when religious conscience violates 
the rights of others and disturbs social peace and order, it 
must be restrained within its own domain, and excluded from 
the civil realm which it may not control.” 

Indeed, the citizen of America may hold to the most 
absurd religious views; may believe anything, or nothing, and 
will be upheld in so doing by the laws of the States and of the 
United States. His conscience is his castle; that, no power 
can invade and no enemy attack; but, if that silent monitor, 
secure in its proper abiding place, thrusts itself into the open and 
by overt act interferes with the civil rights of others, civil 
power may interfere. 

In days now happily gone by, it is said that the Mormon, 
under his creed, conscientiously believed that the taking of 
more than one wife was right and proper. The right to such 
belief could not be questioned by the civil power; but, when 
such belief is put into living action, the civil right of others to 
go where they please and live where they please is curtailed 
by the presence of this objectionable custom. The Friend or 
Quaker, who believes that war is not justifiable under any cir- 
cumstances, who believes in his conscience that war is wrong, 
may not be compelled to go to war, because for the civil power 
to compel it would be an invasion of the human conscience; 
and so, while the civil power may not compel the doing of that 
which is against conscience, it may compel the not-doing of 
that which might conscientiously be done, if, in the doing it 
invades or curtails the civil or religious liberty of another. 

And so, the first amendment to the Constitution of the 
United States, which has been regarded with the other nine 
amendments as parts of the original instrument, declares that 
Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of 
religion, or prohibit the free exercise thereof. Under this 
amendment and the laws of the several colonies and States, 
guaranteeing freedom of religion, we can look back over three 
hundred years of our life and thank God for that freedom of 
conscience which has created in this country a broad and 
catholic spirit in religion; that has developed many sects and 
many creeds, each clinging to its own with fidelity, but with 
charity to all others; and /|, that has caused our country to 
be recognized, without ' an established church or eccle- 
siastical domination in any direction, as the home 
of religious free dom. 

If the desire _ |. for religious freedom was one 
of the impell {| ing motives which brought our 
fathers here, it is no less true that civil 
liberty came as its handmaid. 
Indeed, the two prin- 
ciples are so 

an 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


THE OLD CIVIL WAR MONITOR, 


inter-dependent that they may be assigned to the same origin. 
For, if religious freedom brooks no barrier between the con- 
science and its Maker, so, civil liberty would remove all 
barriers to self-use, between the individual and government, 
which may be necessary for the proper development of self, 
as a member of society. 

Civil liberty is the liberty which one possesses as a member 
of society, as distinguished from the liberty of isolation; the 
one is limited, the other unlimited. Man surrenders his isolate 
liberty when he comes into society, but he acquires social 
liberty by so doing; and in society, “if each cannot have all 
the rights he might have as a solitary being, he must have all 
which are consistent with the equal rights of others. Neither 
party must seek for himself a greater elevation by the depression 
of the other, but each must so adjust themselves to a social equi- 
librium that the maximum elevation of each shall be attained, 
and the minimum depression of each be avoided.” 

Liberty is the exclusive right of each man to self-use; 
social or civil liberty, the exclusive right of man to the self- 
use of all his powers, consistent with the same right in others. 
Nor must the distinction be lost sight of in considering the 
rights of man, between his jural and legal rights, for this dis- 
tinction was recognized by the men who made this Republic. 
Jural, from its Latin derivative, “ Jus,” and legal, from its 
Latin derivative, “Lex,” indicate the distinction. “ Jus,” the 
abstract right, the absolute and unconditioned right, corresponds 
with the Greek “ Dike "—righteousness—that absolute right which 
resides in the bosom of God himself. “Lex,” is the human 
reflex of the “ Jus;” it is the Divine “ Jus,” filtered through the 
conduit of humanity. As the light of the moon is but the re- 
flection from that of the sun, so the human “ Lex” is but the 
reflection of the Divine “ Jus.’ “‘ Lex” is the human expression 

f “ Jus;"" it can rarely attain to it, but must ever tend toward 
it. Jural liberty or right is, therefore, God-given, absolute, 
unconditioned; legal liberty or right is the gift of society or 
government. 

It is interesting to note the fact, without enlarging this dis- 
cussion, that our fathers recognized these distinctions, wrote them 
in the organic constitutions of the country, lived in accordance 
with them, were ready to fight for them, and die for their 
maintenance. 

The Declaration of Independence, which was the united 
expression of all the colonies, contains these significant words: 
that men “ are endowed by the Creator with certain inalienable 
rights; that, among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of 
happiness, etc.” Mark the words “ inalienable rights;” that is, 
rights that cannot be given up by the possessor of them by 
voluntary gift or surrender, by purchase or conveyance, or by 
force without resistance. 

The constitutions of many of the original States contain 
the same ideas, and the Bill of Rights, of Virginia, adopted on 
June 12th, 1776, twenty-two days before the Declaration of 
Independence, contains the same idea in these words: “ That 
all men have certain inherent rights, of which, 
when they enter into a state of society, they cannot by any 
compact deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoy- 
ment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and 
possessing property, etc.” 

The original constitution of Massachusetts, in its first article, 
contains these words: “ All men oP have certain 
natural, inherent and inalienable rights, among which may be 
reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and 
liberty ; that of acquiring, possessing and protecting property, 
etc.” 

The first article of the original constitution of Pennsylvania 
follows the same line: “ That all men have certain natural, 
inherent and inalienable rights, amongst which are the enjoying 
and defending life and property, acquiring, possessing and pro- 
tecting property, etc.’ 

In the united voice of them all, and in the separate action 
of each, we find not only the same idea, but almost the same 
language. These rights are said to be inherent—not derivative, 


not social, not the gift of government—and, if not the gift of 


Why, it 


government, exempt from invasion by government. 


“ CANONICUS ” 


will be asked, are these rights considered inalienable? Is not 
the “jus disponedi’’ one of the indicia of property? If a man 
owns his life, may he not give it up to whom he pleases? If 
he owns his liberty, may he not surrender it? If he owns his 
property, may he not suffer it to be taken from him without 
defending it? Can any power take from him the right to 
dispose of either, if they belong to him? If inalienable, then, 
I repeat, why so? It is clearly because the men who framed 
these great charters of human liberty did not regard these 
rights, to which I have referred, as belonging to them. They 
did not own them in “ fee simple.” They believed that life 
and liberty had been given by the Divine Ruler of the world 
in trust for the development of the mind, of the heart, and of 
the body; so that the possessor of these, in due time, might 
return them to his Lord with other talents besides. 

These words in these great instruments, | think, can only 
be reconciled on this theory; for, if man was regarded as a 
trustee of these gifts, they could be alienated to no one without 
a breach of trust. 

It was recognized that every man was endowed with cer- 
tain qualities, physical, mental, and moral, each differing from 
the other in their number, quality and strength, and that these 
faculties could not be alienated or surrendered, because they 
were held in trust, and to do so meant a breach of trust. They 
believed that they were given to man for a purpose, for use, 
for enjoyment and development—not as his own, but held by 
him as trustee for the grantor who’ was the “ cestuique trust,” 
and the man could no more part with them, surrender them, con- 
vey or give them away, than could a trustee make title to trust 
property for which he was trustee. He must defend them, or 
be guilty of a breach of trust. 

Human life, it is said, under human law, may be defended; 
it is called the Law of Self-Defence. This is a mistaken idea; 
man may not defend his life; he must defend it. It is not a 
right which he may use or not, in his discretion; it is a duty 
he must fulfill, and the failure to do so constitutes a breach of 
trust to God, the Giver. 

Life must be defended in order to self-development; liberty 
must be defended to preserve self-use; but, why, it may be 
asked, should the right of defending property be put in the 
same class, as stated in the constitutions above quoted? The 
answer is found in the germinal idea of property, from the 
Latin “ proprius,” one’s own, one’s self. 

In a state of nature, all things belong to man for his use, 
not more to one than to another; but let us imagine Captain 
John Smith, in company with Wingfield, roaming the un- 
tracked forests of Virginia, discovering a tree, laden with 
fruit. The right of discovery of the fruit cannot ripen into a 
perfect title by possession, since the tree is high, and the fruit 
out of reach; but after hours of arduous labor with his ax, 
Captain Smith fells the tree, and is about to become the happy 
possessor of the fruit, when Wingfield seeks to divide it with 
him. This, Smith resents, and says to him, “ My dear Wing- 
field, to acquire this fruit, which originally in the top of that 
tree was as much yours as mine, | have had to put a part of 
my own muscle, a part of my own brain, a part of myself into 
it, and it is } now no longer simply fruit, but it is composed 
of fruit and John Smith; and, as its component parts are 
indivisible and inseparable, an undivided whole, and 


the hu man mind or the human eye cannot detect 
which part is Smith and which fruit, I have 
the f right to defend it all against your claim; 
be cause I am, to the extent that a part 
of 4 myself has gone into it, simply ex- 
er cising the duty of self-defense.” 

' Our fathers well knew their 


duty to government as well as the 

duty of government to man. 

The tide of the Revolution was 
| rising; Henry's call to arms 
had aroused a continent 

and the Americans were 

panting for liberty, civil 

liberty—that liberty which 


MODERN HARBOR DEFENSE MONITOR, 


“ MIANTONOMAH ” 


Diary—A pril. 


government, the trustee of society, could give; which it ought 
to give, and which they had finally determined under God it 
must give. This declaration of all, and each of the colonies, in 
the basic organism of the new government, affirmed that certain 
rights, given of God, could not be denied by the government of 
man; and that the government that attempted it was equally 
tyrannical, whether foreign or domestic, and must be resisted. 

And, it is a source of infinite pride, as we look back over 
the pathway of three centuries, to find that at each successive 
stage and each recurring decade, civil liberty was building new 
monuments and erecting new altars at every step of its progress. 
And thus, “like those sustaining powers in Mechanics, which 
retain whatever they once have gained, it advances with a step 
that never retrogrades.” 

It may fairly be claimed that in the several States of the 
Union and in the Federal Government, there has been attained 
not only the most advanced development of civil liberty; but, 
its security is more perfect than that of any country on the 
globe. 

Our fathers did not wait for the adoption of the Federal 
Constitution before demanding their rights. The histories of 
the several original colonies, from their organization to the adop- 
tion of the Federal Constitution, are rich in their struggles for 
civil liberty. With filial pride I may be pardoned for men- 
tioning one example in the Virginia colony. We are accus- 
tomed, as descendants of the English, to boast of the great 
charters of civil liberty which come to us, as the children of 
the Mother Country. 

Magna Charta, first wrung from a tyrannical King by the 
Barons at Runnymede, is an inexhaustible spring from which 
we draw our inspiration for civil liberty. The Petition of 
Right, extorted from Charles I in 1628, constitutes an addi- 
tional monument to the spirit of liberty, erected along the high- 
way of progress. 


ii " 


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The rights of life, liberty and property of the individual 
man seem to have been the chief concern of the framers of the 
Federal Constitution. All legislative powers are vested in a 
congress of the United States; neither the President nor the 
Judiciary may legislate. All bills for raising revenue shall 
originate in the House of Representatives, the direct representa- 
tives of the people; the Congress alone, except in cases of 
rebellion or invasion, may suspend the privilege of the writ of 
Habeas Corpus; nor shall the citizen be punished with any 
severer penalty by the passage of Ex Post Facto laws, than 
those which obtain at the time of the commission of the act; 
nor shall the blood of the innocent be attainted by the corruption 
of that of the ancestor; nor shall the money of the people— 
wrung from them by taxation—a compulsory gift, be paid 
from the Treasury except by law; nor shall the President, 
Vice-President, or any civil officers of the United States be 
removed from office except on impeachment for and conviction 
of treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors; nor 
shall a citizen, except in cases of impeachment, be tried for 
any crime except by a jury of his peers; nor shall such trial 
be removed for the purpose of conviction or otherwise, into any 
other State than that wherein said crime shall have been com- 
mitted; while the charge of treason against the United States 
cannot be proven, nor conviction had except on the testimony 
of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open 
court. 

The freedom of speech and of the press, the right of the 
people to peaceably assemble, are recognized as essentials to a 
free people; nor shall the right to keep and bear arms be 
infringed; nor shall the domestic peace of the citizen be 
invaded by the soldier in time of peace, quartered in his house 
without the consent of the owner. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons and 
houses against unreasonable seizures and searches shail not be 


REAR-ADMIRAL ROBLEY D. EVANS AND MAJOR-GENERAL FREDERICK DENT GRANT 


Among the provisions of the Petition of Right, is the fol- 
lowing: “ The Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons 
in Parliament assembled, . . . . do therefore humbly 
pray Your Most Excellent Majesty that no man hereafter be 
compelled to make or yield any gift, loan, benevolence, tax or 
such like charge without common consent by Act of Parlia- 
ment.” In effect it is “ No Taxation without Representation ” 
—a principle, which today is so trite and common in America 
in its acceptance by the people, that we wonder that there 
could ever have been a time when it was not admitted; a prin- 
ciple which, under the fiery eloquence of Patrick Henry, 
aroused the people to arms and for which George Washington 
drew his sword, and sheathed it only when the independence 
of his people was won. 

Standing this day on this shore, washed by the waters which 
have but recently washed the shores of the Jamestown Island, 
thirty miles distant, I affirm that that principle had not its 
origin in the Petition of Right, so cherished by freemen of all 
lands; but it had its origin on Jamestown Island, and its 
paternity is traced to the House of Burgesses of Virginia, when 
in 1624, four years before the granting of the Petition of 
Right by Charles, it was written in the statute law of the 
Virginia colony by an Assembly but five years of age, scarcely 
able to stand alone, in the swaddling clothes of infancy; we 
may well believe that the bold action of the Virginia House of 
Burgesses so impressed the hearts and minds of our fathers in 
the Mother Country as to produce four years later the Petition 
of Right, as one of the greatest charts of civil liberty recorded 
in the organic law of any people. Truly, “ out of the mouths 
of babes and sucklings hast Thou ordained knowledge.” 

And while we are ready at all times to make our humble 
acknowledgments to the Mother Country for all that she has 
done for the cause of civil liberty, we feel that she is not 
without obligation to her children for leading the way at least 
to the adoption of this, one of the greatest principles of all free 
governments throughout the world. 


159 


violated; nor shall a person be held to answer for a capital, 
or otherwise infamous crime, except on the presentment of an 
indictment of a grand jury; nor shall such person be twice put 
in jeopardy of life or limb for the same offense; nor be com- 
pelled to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, 
liberty or property without due process of law; nor shall an 
accused person be confined in jail and denied the right of a 
speedy and public trial; and the witnesses who accuse him 
must confront him, and all the powers of the court shall be 
his to produce his own witnesses; nor shall the citizen be 
deprived of liberty by the exaction of excessive bail and exces- 
sive fines, nor shall cruel and unusual punishment be allowed. 

In the enumeration of these great rights of civil liberty, | 
dare venture to assert that they have not been excelled in any 
civilized country. Not only do these provisions cover all the 
reasonable claims of the citizen to civil liberty, but the security 
of them we can confidently claim is greater than in any country 
in the world. 

In magnifying our own achievements, we mean no dis- 
paragement of those of other countries. The history of our 
Mother Country abounds in splendid memorials to civil liberty, 
in Magna Charta, the Petition of Right, the Declaration and 
Bills of Right, Reform Bills, and the like, erected by our 
English fathers. 

No step attained by them was ever retraced. What of 
liberty they secured, they retained and added to, and at last 
they stand upon an elevation “ with personal rights as secure, 
with unwritten muniments of liberty as impregnable as have 
ever been the possessions of any people, save the inheriiors of 
their free institutions who have founded the written constitutions 
of these American States.” And Lord Chatham’s statement 
is as true today as when it was uttered, that “the poorest man 
in his cottage bids defiance to all forces of the Crown. It may 
be frail; its roof may shake, the wind may blow through it; 
the storms may enter, but the King of England cannot enter; all 
his forces dare not cross the threshold of the ruined tenement.” 


ee 


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PRESIDENT AND MRS. ROOSEVELT DRIVING TO REVIEWING STAND 


In Japan, in Germany and in France, by enactments, there 
has been secured to the citizen ample protection to his life, to 
his liberty, to his property, but these enactments are liable to 
be changed by the legislative departments of those countries; 
the power that gives can take them away. Baron Kaneko, an 
eminent Japanese publicist, was recently twitted by an English 
lawyer because the Japanese constitution contained no provision 
for the writ of habeas corpus. He quickly replied, “ The 
reason is palpable; we never had a King John.” 

The omissions in the constitutions of Germany, Japan and 
France of these securities for civil liberty do not obtain as to 
England; for, while her constitution is unwritten on paper, it is 
written in her institutions and in the hearts of her people; but 
still, these constitutional guarantees for civil liberty may be 
uprooted in England by an act of Parliament; while in 
America, being engrafted in the Constitution of the country, 
no legislative act can repeal them, and no executive order can 
uproot them. They can only be changed by that difficult and 
cumbrous method of amendment laid down in the Constitution, 
and which has not been accomplished in the history of our 
government for over one hundred years, except in the dis- 
tracted period following the Civil War. 

In addition to this security, we can claim another for these 
rights, unknown to other countries. For, if they be invaded by 
the legislative or executive power, the judiciary may declare the 
act null and void. The right of the judiciary to declare an act 
of the legislature null and void, because in conflict with the 
Constitution of the country, has well been termed the “ American 
Discovery " in constitution-making. No English court can de- 
clare a law unconstitutional as against the Constitution of 
England; and in all of the countries named, these great rights 
of civil liberty, secured not in their constitutions, but by statu- 
tory law, may be taken away by the same power, with no 
power in the courts to restrain them. It is thus seen that by 
law the constitutions of England, Japan and other countries, 
may be changed, which in England practically means the 
Heuse of Commons, for the veto power of the Crown has not 
‘been used, except perhaps in one instance, in two hundred years; 
and the House of Lords cannot resist when the House of Com- 
mons insists upon a measure; while in Japan, under Article 


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OFFICERS OF U.S. NAVY, DISCOVERY LANDING 


V, Chapter |, of their constitution, “ the Emperor exercises the 
legislative power, with the consent of the Imperial Diet;” and 
Anticle XXXVII, Chapter 2, prescribed: “Every law re- 
quires the consent of the Imperial Diet.” It is thus seen that 
the Emperor is the real source of legislative power, only to be 
restrained by the refusal of the Imperial Diet to give its consent; 
and this consent is rarely withheld against the insistence of the 
Emperor. And so it must be admitted that when the Emperor 
desires a change, it will be had. 

In France, the vote of the two chambers is sufficient to 
change the constitution (Article III] of the Constitution of 
France) without the sanction of the President; so in Germany, 
without the consent of the Emperor (Article V, Constitution of 
Germany). 

The change of our Constitution is far more difficult; by one 
of the methods two-thirds of each house of Congress must pro- 
pose the amendment, and not until it is ratified by the legisla- 
tures of three-fourths of the States will it be effective. 

I have attempted thus imperfectly to sketch the causes that 
led to the settlement at Jamestown, to enumerate the principles 
by which those who first sought this goodly country were 
moved; and to show how well their descendants have devel- 
oped them in the broad fields of American life. My solemn 
conviction is that by just so much as we cling to those prin- 
ciples, and never relax our faith in them, by just that much 
will the future glory of our country be determined. 

Our foreign and internal commerce, the number of bushels 
of wheat and of barrels of corn we produce, the output of our 
mines, and the product of our factories, as collated in the 
census returns at successive eras, inflame the imagination, lend a 
pleasing charm to our vanity, and tell the valued story of our 
material advancement. 

But, Mr. President, these are but as “a sounding brass and 
tinkling cymbal ”’ unless the spiritual, the idealistic, the patriotic 
sentiments of our people are stimulated and cherished. It has 
been your proud privilege to do much to turn the public mind 
toward high ideals, and we humbly trust that it may yet be your 
privilege to do much more for the cause of civil liberty. You 
have boldly challenged to battle those who in ycur judgment, 
would curtail this ancient principle; the final outcome cannot 


160 


Diary—A pril. 


be in doubt; an iron nerve, a dauntless courage—with which 
you are happily possessed—will be your support throughout the 
conflict. It was in the darkest days of our Revolutionary 
period, when the cause of liberty seemed doomed, that Wash- 
ington, Virginia's great son, declared: “Leave me but a 
banner to plant upon the mountains of West Augusta, and | 
will rally around me the men who will raise our bleeding coun- 
try from the dust and set her free.” The descendants of these 
men still abide on Virginia soil; you know the mettle of their 
pastures. As the successor of Washington, in your great 
office, if you feel that the cause of civil liberty today is en- 
dangered by domestic instead of foreign foes, let me invite 
you, standing on the sacred soil of Virginia, to which liberty 
is an indigenous plant and patriotism an evergreen, to plant 
the banner of liberty once again in the mountains of Wi 
Augusta, a country enriched with the best blood of Americans, 
North and South, and there rally around you her sons, whose 
men of might today are worthy of their sires, and with them 
raise your — bleeding country once again from the dust and set 
her free.” 

America can have no higher mission among the nations of 
the world than in the simple working o:. in their perfection of 
the great principles for which I plead this day; principles 
which received their first baptism in the waters of the James, 
and their last in the blood of patriots from every State in the 
Union. 

The lessons that this day teaches, and that it is intended to 
enforce, is that of honest introspection, that we may inquire 
how far our lives and our conduct have been controlled by 
these principles for which our fathers fought and died. Pre- 
serve them we must. To relax our devotion to them is fatal, 
and if, with firm resolve and reliance upon Almighty God for 
their maintenance, we set 


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TROOPS ON THEIR WAY TO PARADE 


** Our face to the field, swearing never to yield, 
Or return like the Spartan in death on his shield, 


Then the folds of Old Glory shall triumphantly wave, 
To light us to freedom and glory again.” 


My heart’s desire and prayer to God is that when these 
gates, which we this day open, shall be closed in November 
next, and the fleets of the world which gracefully ride these 
waters, shall have turned their prows homeward, that all the 
nations of the earth here represented, with mutual respect and 
admiration increased and strengthened by their friendly inter- 
course, may be cemented by the ties of an everlasting friendship 
that shall encircle the earth in one continuous band of amity 
and peace; and that those of our own people who have gathered 
here from every part of these United States, for the purpose 
of kindling anew the fires of liberty in their hearts from these 
ancient altars, or with open hearts to renew the friendship of 
olden days, may with one heart and one voice joyfully unite 
in the aspiration of Massachusetts’ great orator: 


“LIBERTY AND UNION, ONE AND INSEPARABLE, 
NOW AND FOREVER.” 

When Mr. Tucker ceased speaking, Presi- 
dent Roosevelt advanced to the front of the 
Grand Stand. Happily, a President of the 
United States is always certain that he will be 
well received by an American crowd; Mr. 
Roosevelt’s individuality would secure for him 
a cordial reception were he not the President, 
and among the vast throng who faced him on 
this occasion there were thousands who knew 
that his splendid assistance and generous advo- 


161 


cacy had made the Exposition possible. “There- 
fore the cheers which fifty thousand throats 
sent forth, were for the President, the man, and, 
exultingly personal, they were for the friend. 
Accustomed as he long has been to enthusiastic 
greetings, the spontaneous, intimate friendliness 
of the salute seemed to surprise the President. 
Mr. Roosevelt spoke as follows: 


At the outset I wish to say a word of special greeting to 
the representatives of the foreign governments here present. 
They have come to assist us in celebrating what was in very 
truth the birthday of this nation, for it was here that the colo- 
nists first settled, whose incoming, whose growth from their own 
loins and by the addition of newcomers from abroad, was to 
make the people which one hundred and sixty-nine years later 
assumed the solemn responsibilities and weighty duties of com- 
plete independence. 

In welcoming all of you I must say a special word, first to 
the representative of the people of Great Britain and Ireland. 
The fact that so many of our people, of whom as it happens 
I myself am one, have but a very small portion of English 
blood in our veins, in no way alters the other fact that this 
nation was founded by Englishmen, by the Cavalier and the 
Puritan. Their tongue, law, literature, the fund of their com- 
mon thought, made an inheritance which all of us share, and 


marked deep the lines along which we have developed. It was 
the men of English stock who did most in casting the mold into 
which our national character was run. 

Let me furthermore greet all of you, the representatives 
of the people of continental Europe. From almost every 
nation of Europe we have drawn some part of our blood, some 
part of our traits. This mixture of blood has gone on from 
the beginning, and with it has gone on a kind of development 
unexampled among peoples of the stocks from which we spring; 
and hence to-day we differ sharply from, and yet in some 
ways are fundamentally akin to, all of the nations of Europe. 

Again, let me bid you welcome, representatives of our 
sister Republics of this continent. In the larger aspect, your 
interests and ours are identical. Your problems and ours are 
in large part the same; and as we strive to settle them, I pledge 
you herewith on the part of this nation the heartiest friendship 
and good will. 

Finally, let me say a special word of greeting to those 
representatives of the Asiatic nations who make up that newest 
East which is yet the most ancient East, the East of time 
immemorial. In particular, let me express a word of hearty 
welcome to the representative of the mighty island empire of 
Japan; that empire, which, ir learning from the West, has 
shown that it had so much, so very much, to teach the West in 
return. 

To all of you here gathered I express my thanks for your 
coming, and | extend to you my earnest wishes for the welfare 
The world has moved so far that it 


is no longer necessary to believe that one nation can rise only 


of your several nations. 


by thrusting another down. A\ll far-sighted statesmen, all true 


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3 spi 


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THIRD U. S. ARTILLERY, LEE’S PARADE 


patriots, now earnestly wish that the leading nations of man- 
kind, as in their several ways they struggle constantly toward 
a higher civilization, a higher humanity, may advance hand in 
hand, united only in a generous rivalry to see which can best 
do its allotted work in the world. 
ing tide in human thought which tends for righteous international 


I believe that there is a ris- 


peace; a tide which it behooves us to guide through rational 
channels to sane conclusions; and all of us here present can 
jel feiteibe 
possible, as much as lieth in you, live peaceably with all 


men. 


well afford to take to heart St. Paul’s counsel: 


We have met today to celebrate the opening of the Exposi- 
tion which itself commemorates the first permanent settlement 
of men of our stock in Virginia, the first 
beginning of what has since become this 
Three hundred years 


ago a handful of English adventurers, 


mighty Republic. 


who had crossed the ocean in what we 
should now call cockle-boats as clumsy 
as they were frail, landed in the great 
the Indian-haunted 
waste, which then stretched down to the 


wooded wilderness, 


waters edge along the entire Atlantic 
coast. They were not the first men of 
European race to settle in what is now 
the United States, for there were already 
Spanish settlements in Florida and on the 
headwaters of the Rio Grande; and the 
French, who at almost the same time 
were struggling up the St. Lawrence,, 
were likewise destined to form permanent 
settlements on the Great Lakes and in the 
valley of the mighty Mississippi before 
the people of English stock went west- 
ward of the Alleghanies. 
both the Dutch and the 


shortly to found colonies between the two 


Moreover, 
Swedes were 


sets of English colonies, those that grew 
up around the Potomac and those that 
land coast. Nevertheless, this landing 

at Jamestown possesses for us of the United States an altogether 
peculiar significance, and this without regard to our several 
The men who landed at Jamestown and those who, 
thirteen years later, landed at Plymouth, all of English stock, 
and their fellow-settlers who during the next few decades 


origins. 


streamed in after them, were those who took the lead in shaping 
the life history of this people in the colonial and revolutionary 
days. It was they who bent into definite shape our nation while 
it was still young enough most easily, most readily, to take on 
the characteristics which were to become part of its permanent 
life habit. 

Yet let us remember that while this early English colonial 


stock has left deeper than all others uvon our national life the 


a a aa ts ss 
ph Corporation. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photos 


Copyright, Jamestown Off. Photo. Corp. 
grew up on what is now the New Eng- PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT SPEAKING work. People who dwell in old civili- 


mark of its strong twin individualities, the mark of the Cavalier 
and of the Puritan—nevertheless, this stock, not only from its 
environment but also from the presence with it of other stocks, 
almost from the beginning began to be differentiated strongly 
from any European people. As I have already said, about 
the time the first English settles landed here, the Frenchman 
and the Spaniard, the Swede and the Dutchman, also came 
hither as permanent dwellers, who left their seed behind them 
to help shape and partially to inherit our national life. The 
German, the Irishman, and the Scotchman came later, but still 
Before the outbreak of the Revolution the 
American people, not only because of their surroundings, phys- 


in colonial times. 


ical and spiritual, but because of the mixture of blood that had 
already begun to take place, represented 
a new and distinct ethnic type. This 
type has never been fixed in blood. All 
through the colonial days, new waves of 
immigration from time to time swept 
hither across the ocean, now from one 


The same 


thing has gone on ever since our birth as 


country, now from another. 


a nation; and for the last sixty years the 
tide of immigration has been at the fuil. 
The newcomers are soon absorbed into 
our eager national life, and are radically 
and profoundly changed thereby, the 
rapidity of their assimilation being mar- 
yelous. But each group of newcomers, 
as it adds its blood to the life, also 
changes it somewhat, and this change and 
growth and development have gone 
on steadily, generation by generation, 
throughout three centuries. 

The pioneers of our people who first 
landed on these shores on that eventful 
day three centuries ago, had before them 
a task which during the early years was 
. of heartbreaking danger and difficulty. 


The conquest of a new continent is iron 


zations and find that therein so much 
of humanity's lot is hard, are apt to complain against the condi- 
tions as being solely due to man and to speak as if life could 
be made easy and simple if there were but a virgin con- 
It is true that the pioneer life was 
As a matter of fact, 


tinent in which to work. 
simpler, but it was certainly not easier. 
the first work of the pioneers in taking possession of a lonely 
wilderness is so rough, so hard, so dangerous that all but the 
strongest spirits fail. The early iron days of such a conquest 
search out alike the weak in body and the weak in soul. In 
the warfare against the rugged sternness of primeval Nature, 
only those can conquer who are themselves unconquerable. It 
is not until the first bitter years have passed that the life be- 
comes easy enough to invite a mass of newcomers, and so great 


oe 
res 


OW A aes OS 
psy See i < Any 


“ 


U. S. MARINES ON POWHATAN STREET 


Diary—A pril. 


are the risk, hardship, and toil of the early years that there 
always exists a threat of lapsing back from civilization. 

The history of the pioneers of Jamestown, of the founders 
of Virginia, illustrates the truth of all this. Famine and pesti- 
lence and war menaced the little band of daring men who had 
planted themselves alone on the edge of a frowning continent. 
Moreover, as men ever find, whether in the tiniest frontier com- 
munity or in the vastest and most highly organized and complex 
civilized society, their worst foes were in their own bosoms. 
Dissension, distrust, the inability of some to work and the un- 
willingness of others, jealousy, arrogance and envy, folly and 
jaziness—in short all the shortcomings with which we have to 
grapple now, were faced by those pioneers, and at moments 
threatened their whole enterprise with absolute ruin. It was 
some time before the ground on which they had landed sup- 
ported them, in spite of its potential fertility, and they looked 
At one moment so hopeless did 
they become that the whole colony embarked, and was only 


across the sea for supplies. 


saved from abandoning the country by the opportune arrival of 
help from abroad. 

At last they took root in the land, and were already pros- 
pering when the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. In a few years 
a great inflow of settlers began. Four of the present States of 
New England were founded. Virginia waxed apace. The 
Carolinas grew up to the south of it, and Maryland to the 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Phorsecant Cooperation: 
REAR-ADMIRAL ROBLEY D. EVANS AND STAFF 


Lt. TRAIN 
Flag Lieut. 


Fleet Ord. Off. Chief of Staff 
north of it. The Dutch colonies between, which had already 
absorbed the Swedish, were in their turn absorbed by the 
English. Pennsylvania was founded and, later still, Georgia. 
There were many wars with the Indians and with the dauntless 
captains whose banners bore the lilies of France. At last the 
British flag flew without a rival in all eastern North 
America. Then came the successful struggle for national inde- 
pendence. 

For half a century after we became a separate nation there 
was comparatively little immigration to this country. Then the 
tide once again set thither, and has flowed in ever-increasing 
size until in each of the last three years a greater number of 
people came to these shores than had landed on them during 
the entire colonial period. Generation by generation these 
people have been absorbed into the national life. 
their sons, almost always their grandsons, are indistinguishable 
from one another and from their fellow-Americans descended 
from the colomial stock. For all alike the problems of our 
existence are fundamentally the same, and for all alike these 
problems change from generation to generation. 


Generally 


In the colonial period, and for at least a century after its 
close, the conquest of the continent, the expansion of our people 
westward, to the Alleghanies, then to the Mississippi, then to 
the Pacific, was always one of the most important tasks, and 
sometimes the most important, in our national life. Behind 


163 : 


Lt.-Com. McLean Capt. INGERsoL REAR-ApMIRAL EVANS 
Com. Atlantic Fleet 


the first settlers the conditions giew easier, and in the older- 
settled regions of all the colonies life speedily assumed much of 
comfort and something of luxury; and though generally it was 
on a much more democratic basis than life in the Old World, 
it was no means democratic when judged by our modern stand- 
ards; and here and there, as in the tide-water regions of Vir- 
ginia, a genuine aristocracy grew and flourished. But the men 
who first broke ground in the virgin wilderness, whether on the 
Atlantic coast, or in the interior, fought kard for mere life. 
In the early stages the frontiersman had to do battle with the 
savage, and when the savage was vanquished there remained the 
harder strain of war with the hostile forces of soil and climate, 
with flood, fever, and famine. There was sickness, and bitter 
weather; there were no roads; there was a complete lack of all 
Under 


such circumstances the men and women who made ready the 


but the very roughest and most absolute necessaries. 


continent for civilization were able themselves to spend but 
little time in doing aught but the rough wok which was to make 
smooth the ways of their successors. In consequence observers 
whose insight was spoiled by lack of sympathy always found 
both the settlers and their lives unattractive and repellent. In 
Martin Chuzzlewit the description of America, culminating in 
the description of the frontier town of Eden, was true and 
lifelike from the standpoint of one content to look merely at 


the outer shell; and yet it was a community like Eden that gave 


Lr. CraFTs 
Fleet Signal Off. 


Lt.-Com. CHANDLER 
Flag Sec’y 


birth to Abraham Lincoln; it was men such as were therein 
described from whose loins Andrew Jackson sprang. 

Hitherto each generation among us has had its allotted task, 
now heavier, now lighter. In the Revolutionary War the busi- 
ness was to achieve independence. Immediately afterwards 
there was an even more momentous task; that to achieve the 
national unity and the capacity for orderly development, with- 
out which our liberty, our independence, would have been a 
curse and not a blessing. In each of these two contests, while 
there were many great leaders from many different States, it is 
but fair to say that the foremost place was taken by the soldiers 
and the statesmen of Virginia; and to Virginia was reserved 
the honor of producing the hero of both movements, the hero 
of the war, and of the peace that made good the results of the 
war—George Washington; while the two great political ten- 
dencies of the time can be symbolized by the names of two 
other great Virginians—Jefferson and Marshall—from one of 
whom we inherit the abiding trust in the people which is the 
foundation stone of democracy, and from the other the power 
to develop on behalf of the people a coherent and powerful 
government, a genuine and representative nationality. 

Two generations passed before the second great crisis of 
our history had to be faced. Then came the Civil War, terrible 
and bitter in itself and in its aftermath, but a struggle from 
which the Nation finally emerged united in fact as well as in 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


united  for- 
Oh, my 


hearers, my fellow 


name, 


ever. 


countrymen, 
indeed _ has 


our good fortune; 


great 
been 
for as time clears 
away the mists that 
once shrouded 
brother from broth- 
er and made each 
look through 
a glass darkly” at 


as 


the other, we can 


all feel the same 
pride in the valor, 
the devotion and 
the fealty toward 
the right as it was 
given to each to 
see the right, shown 
alike by the men 
who wore the blue 
and by the men 


who wore the gray. 
Rich and _ prosper- 
ous though we are 


the 
heritage 


as a people, 


proudest 


REAR-ADMIRAL SIR GEORGE 


that each of us has, 
no matter where we 
may dwell, North 
or South, East or West, is the immaterial heritage of feeling, the 
right to claim as his own all the valor and all the steadfast de- 
votion to duty shown by the men of both the great armies, of the 
soldiers whose leader was Grant and the soldiers whose leader 
The men and the women of the Civil War did their 
duty bravely and well in the days that were dark and terrible 
and splendid. We, their descendants, who pay proud homage to 


was Lee. 


their memories, and glory in the feats of might of one side no 
less than of the other, need to keep steadily in mind that the 
homage which counts is the homage of heart and of hand, and 


not of the lips, the homage of deeds and not of words only. 


We, too, in our turn, must prove our truth by our endeavor. We 
must show ourselves worthy sons of the men of the mighty days 
by the way in which we meet the problems of our own time. We 


carry our heads high because our fathers did well in the years 
that tried men’s souls; and we must in our turn so bear our- 
selves that the children who come after us may feel that we 
too have done our duty. 

We can not afford to forget the maxim upon which Wash- 
ington insisted, that the surest way to avert war is to be pre- 
pared to meet it. Nevertheless the duties that most concern us 
of this generation are not military, but social and industrial. 
Each community must always dread the evils which spring up 
attendant upon the . very qualities which give it suc- 

We of this mighty eee \ 
grapple with the dan ) 


as 


cess. western Republic have to 


gers that spring from popu- 


lar self-government tried on a scale incompar- 


ably vaster than ever before in the history of 


mankind, and from an abounding material 


prosperity greater 
the world has hith 
As regards the | 


it behooves us 


also than anything which 
erto seen. 

first set of dangers, 
to remember that men 
can never escape 


Either they 


must 


being governed. 


govern 
themselves or f 
the y must 
submit to be- 
ing governed 


If from 


lawlessness or fickle- 


by others. 


ness, from folly or 
self-indulgence, they 
refuse to govern 
themselves, then most 
assuredly in the end 
they will have to be 
governed from the 
outside. They can 
prevent the need of 
from 

by 
they 
power 


government 
only 
that 

the 

of government from 


A 


eign can not make 


without 
showing 
possess 
within. sover- 
excuses for his fail- 
ures; a sovereign 
must accept the re- 
sponsibility for the 
exercise of the pow- 
that 
him; and where, as 


er inheres in 
is true in our Re- 
public, the people 
are sovereign, then 


the 


show a_ sober 


people must 


- ———— un- 
NEVILLE, R. N., AND STAFF derstanding and a 
sane and_ steadfast 
purpose if they are to preserve that orderly liberty upon which 
as a foundation every republic must rest 

In industrial matters our enormous prosperity has brought 
with it certain grave evils. It is our duty to try to cut out these 
evils without at the same time destroying our well-being itself. 
This is an era of combination alike in the world of capital and 
in the world of labor. Each kind of combination can do good, 
and yet each, however powerful, must be opposed when it does 
ill. 


exercise such control over the business use of vast wealth, indi- 


At the moment the greatest problem before us is how to 


vidual, but especially corporate, as will insure its not being 
used against the interest of the public, while yet permitting such 
ample legitimate profits as will encourage individual initiative. 
It is our business to put a stop to abuses and to prevent their 
recurrence, without showing a spirit of mere vindictiveness for 


In John Morley’s bril- 


of Burke he lays especial stress upon 


what has been 
liant sketch 


done in the past. 


the fact that BAR ™ Burke more than almost any other 
thinker or politician of his time realized the pro- 
found les son that in politics we are concerned 
not with barren rights but with duties; not 
with ab ie os stract truth, but with practical moral- 
ity. He 1 1 ! especially eulogizes the way in 
which in his efforts for economic re- 
form, ’ da\ Burke combined unshakable 
reso \ lution in pressing the reform 
with rar a profound temperateness of 
spir ef mt which made him, while 


bent on the extirpation of 


_ the evil system, refuse to 
\ cherish an unreasoning 
and vindictive i111 
the 
men who had 
-\ benefited by it, 


, will toward 


H. M. S. GOOD HOPE, FLAGSHIP OF ADMIRAL NEVILLE 


164 


Diary—A pril. 


— 


I. & R. AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN ARMORED CRUISER, “ SANKT GEORG” 


PIAS cea 


COMMANDER, CAPTAIN RITTER VON HOEHNEL 


Said Burke, “If I can not reform with equity, I will not reform 
at all. (There is) a state to preserve as well as a 
state to reform.” 

This is the exact spirit in which this country should move 
to the reform of abuses of corporate wealth. The wrongdoer, 
the man who swindles and cheats, whether on a big scale or a 
little one, shall receive at our hands mercy as scant as if he 
committed crimes of violence or brutality. We are unalterably 
determined to prevent wrongdoing in the future; we have no 
intention of trying to wreak such an indiscriminate vengeance 
for wrongs done in the past as would confound the innocent 
with the guilty. Our purpose is to build up rather than to tear 
down. We show ourselves the truest friends of property when 
we make it evident that we will not tolerate the abuses of prop- 
erty. We are steadily bent on preserving the institution of pri- 
vate property; we combat every tendency toward reducing the 
people to economic servitude; and we care not whether the 
tendency is due to a sinister agitation directed against all prop- 
erty, or whether it is due to the actions of those members of 
the predatory classes whose anti-social power is immeasurably 
increased because of the very fact that they possess wealth. 

Above all, we insist that while facing changed conditions 
and new problems, we must face them in the spirit which our 
forefathers showed when they founded and preserved this Re- 
public. The cornerstone of the Republic lies in our treating 
each man on his worth as a man, paying no heed to his creed, 
his birthplace, or his occupation, asking not whether he is rich 
or poor, whether he labors with head or hand; asking only 
whether he acts decently and honorably in the various relations 
of his life, whether he behaves well to his family, to his neigh- 
bors, to the State. 
essentials and not the accidents. 


We base our regard for each man on the 
We judge him not by his 
profession, but by his deeds; by his conduct, not by what he has 
Other republics have fallen, 
because the citizens gradually grew to consider the interests of 


acquired of this world’s goods. 


a class before the interests of the whole; for when such was the 
case it mattered little whether it was the poor who plundered 
the rich or the rich who exploited the poor; in either eyent 
the end of the republic was at hand. We are resolute in our 
purpose not to fall into such a pit. This great Republic of ours 
shall never become the government of a plutocracy, and it shall 
never become the government of a mob. God willing, it shall 
remain what our fathers who founded it meant it to be—a 
government in which each man stands on his worth as a man, 


~ ee 


oer | : : 4 


I. & R. AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN THIRD CLASS CRUISER “ ASPERN” 


where each is given the largest personal liberty consistent with 
securing the well-being of the whole, and where, so far as in 
us lies, we strive continually to secure for each man such 
equality of opportunity that in the strife of life he may have a 
fair chance to show the stuff that is in him. We are proud of 
our schools and of the trained intelligence they give our chil- 


dren the opportunity to acquire. But what we care for most 


is the character of the average man; for we believe that if the 
average of character in the individual citizen is sufficiently high, 
if he posseses those qualities which make him worthy of respect 
in his family life and in his work outside, as well as the qualities 
which fit him for success in the hard struggle of actual exist- 
ence—that if such is the character of our individual citizenship, 
there is literally no height of triumph unattainable in this vast 
experiment of government by, of, and for a free people. 


Although the Exposition was not formally 
opened until President Roosevelt touched the 
button which started the machinery of the Fair, 
the people were admitted after eight o’clock in 
the morning, and at 9:30 the first Exposition 
feature occurred, Lynn’s Brass Band giving a 
concert in front of the Auditorium. It had been 
purposed to have a choir of four hundred voices 
sing at the ceremonies on the grand stand, but 
unfortunately the singers did not arrive at the 
appointed hour, and the ceremonies were about 
concluded before they came. Many, however, 
waited for the singing. First, “ America ’’ was 
rendered, then, ““ The Heavens Are Telling,” 
from the Oratorio, ““ The Creation,” and finally 
the Official Hymn of the Exposition, an ode 
written by William M. Pegram, of Baltimore, 
and set to music by Wilberfoss G. Owst, of 
the same city. 


THE OFFICIAL HYMN. 


O God of Nations, by Thy guiding hand 
Were our forefathers led to this blest shore, 
W hen they were seeking for some friendly land 


a tea a patos 


COMMANDER, CAPTAIN OF FRIGATE VON PAJER 


165 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Where they Thy praise, from fervent hearts 
might pour 
In deep libations. They had nought to fear 
From persecution’s rack, or bitter strife. 
Or gross exacitons, of t- 
en hard to bear, 
Which compassed 
all their dailv 
round of life. 
Their first famed act 
on bleak Cape 
Henry's shore 
Was planting of 
the Cross, with 
grateful mien, 
Then with loud voice, 
above the ocean’s 
roar 
Proclaimed their 
faith in what was yet unseen, 
Yet well they knew had surely been decreed, 
And in His own good time would be de- 
clared 
By Him who helped them in their hour of need, 
Who neither fost’ring care, nor guidance 
spared. 
Cheered by blest Hope, sheet-anchor of the 
soul, 
They struggled on, impelled by conscious 
right, 
Strong in that Faith, which did their acts con- 
trol, 
And gave them power, when it was lost in 
sight. 
On Jamestown Isle they did new altars raise, 
Crude at the first but with high purpose bent, 
And there again with heartsome hymns of 
praise 
They worshipped Thee, © God, with one 
consent. 
So thus ‘tis seen, it needs nat to be proved, 
That in this glorious land, where they were 
free, 
Their first thought was of Him, whom well they 
loved, 
Their glory was “ religious liberty.” 
So now, Great God, on this our nation’s dav, 
We give Thee homage, by our sires begun; 


WILLIAM M. PEGRAM 
Author of the Official Hymn 


ee ee “Re 
Ee See ae anti 
Copyright, Jamestown QOthcial bhotograph 


Corporation. 


We still would learn of Thee to watch and 
pray, 

Lest, losing Thy loved care, we be undone. 
We praise Thee for the gifts Thy love bestows 
On this our country, with unsparing hand, 

Though undeserved ; it thus most truly shows 
Thy watchful care o'er this God-favored 
land 
On which blest liberty first saw the light, 

Where it was cradled, as the world records; 
Where our forefathers’ faith is ‘‘ lost in sight,” 

Where Thou art “ King of Kings and Lord 

of Lords!” 

On few occasions in the history of this coun- 
try have so many distinguished men been gath- 
ered together. 

Foreign Embassies and Legations were 
splendidly in evidence. Few prominent diplo- 
matic representatives remained in Washington. 
The following distinguished foreigners were 
in the President’s official party at the opening 
exercises : 

From Argentine Republic, Minister Don 
Epifanio Portela and Senora Portela; Secre- 
tary Zavalia and Commander Vera, Naval 
Attaché. 

From Austria-Hungary, Ambassador Baron 
Hengelmiller von Hengervar and Baron Louis 
Ambiozy, Counselor of Legation. 

From Belgium, Minister Baron Moncheur. 

From Bolivia, Minister Don Ignacio Cal- 
deron and Senorita Calderon. 

From Brazil, Ambassador and Mrs. Joa- 
quim Nabuco, Counselor Sylvino Gurgel do 
Amaral and Madame Gurgel do Amaral; 
Lieutenant-Colonel A. V. de Pederneiras, 
Military Attaché, and Madame de Pedernei- 
ras; Lieutenant-Commander Radler de Aqui- 
no, Naval Attaché, and Madame Radler de 
Aquino. 

From Chile, Senor Alberto Yoacham, 
Chargé d’Affaires, and Senor Manuel Salinas 
F., Second Secretary. 

From China, Minister Sir Chentung Liang- 
Cheng and Mr. Chow Tszchi, First Secretary, 
with a special military and naval commission 
representing the war forces of the Empire— 
Lieutenant Lin Sun-chwang, I. C. N., Colonel 


PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT PASSING LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING 


166 


Diary—A pril. 


Li Ting-hsin, I. C. A., Major Wang Yu-chin, 
J. C. A., and Captain Wang Yen-pin, I. C. A. 

From Columbia, Minister Don Enrique 
Cortes and Senora de Cortes, First Secretary 
Don Pomponio Guzman and Senora de 
Guzman. 

From Costa Rica, Minister Don Joaquin 
Bernardo Calvo and Senorita Calvo. 

From Cuba, Minister and Senora de Que- 
sada, First Secretary and Senora de Padro. 

From the Dominican Republic, Senor 
Arturo L. Fiallo, Secretary of Legation. 

From Ecuador, Senora Dona Matilde 
Noboa de Carbo, wife of the Minister, and 
Senor Don Esteban Felipe Carbo, Attaché 
and at the time Chargé d’A ffaires. 

From France, Ambassador and Madame 
J. J. Jusserand, Captain Fournier, Mailitary At- 
taché, Lieutenant-Commander de _ Blanpré, 
Naval Attaché, Madame de Blanpré, and Vis- 
count Charles de Chambrun, Secretary. 

From Germany, Count Hermann von 
Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg, Counselor of Em- 
bassy, Captain Hebbinghaus, Naval Attaché, 
and Mrs. Hebbinghaus; Major Korner, Muili- 
tary Attaché, and Mrs. Korner, and C. von 
Schubert, Attaché. 

From Great Britain, Ambassador James 
Bryce, O. M., and Mrs. Bryce, Counselor 
Esme Howard, and Lieutenant-Colonel B. R. 
James, Military Attaché. 

From Guatemala, Minister Doctor Don 
Luis Toledo Herrarte, Dona Herrarte and 
Senor Doctor Ramon Bengoechea, Secretary 
of Legation. 

From Haiti, Minister and Mrs. Léger. 

From Holland, Minister and Mrs. van 
Swinderen and Secretary of Legation Roy- 
aards. 

From Italy, Ambassador Baron Mayor des 
Planches, Signor Giulio Cesare Montagna, 
Counselor of Embassy, Lieutenant Carlo Pfis- 
ter, Naval Attaché, and Mrs Pfister. 

From Japan, Ambassador Viscount Siuzo 
Aoki and Viscountess Aoki, Mrs. Miyaoka, 
wife of Counselor Miyaoka of the Embassy, 


Ambassador from China 


BARON HENGELMULLER VON HENGERVAR 
Ambassador from Austro-Hungary 


Lieutenant-Commander Taniguchi, Naval At- 
taché, and Major Tanaka, Military Attaché. 

From Mexico, Ambassador Don Enrique 
C. Creel and Dona Enrique C. Creel, Senor 
Don José F. Godoy, First Secretary, Senora 
and Senorita Godoy, and Major Davila, Mili- 
tary Attaché. 

From Norway, Minister C. Hauge and 
Madame Hauge. 

From Nicaragua, Minister Don Luis F. 
Corea and Senor Corea. 

From Panama, Minister Don J. Domingo 
de Obaldia and Dona de Obaldia, also Sec- 
retary Arosemena. 

From Persia, Minister General Morteza, 
Kahn. 

From Peru, Minister and Madame Felipe 
Pardo and Secretary Manuel de Freyre y 
Santander. 

From Russia, Ambassador Baron Rosen 
and Baroness Rosen, Counselor Kroupensky, 
Colonel Raspopoff, Military Attaché, Com- 
mander Nébolsine, Naval Attaché, and 
Madame Nébolsine. 

From Salvador, 
Mejia. 

From Spain, Minister Don Ramén Pita, 
Don Manuel Walls y Merino, Secretary, and 
Lieutenant-Colonel de Monteverde, Mulitary 
Attaché. 

From Siam, Phya Ratanayapti, Chargé 
d’Affaires, and First Secretary Edward H. 
Loftus. 

From Sweden, Minister Herman de Lager- 
crantz and Secretary A. Ekengren. 

From Switzerland, Minister Leo Vogel. 

From Turkey, Minister Chekib Bey. 

From Uruguay, Minister Doctor Luis Me- 
lian Lafinur, Secretary Bermudez and Lieuten- 
ant Saez, Naval Attaché. 

From Venezuela, Senor Doctor R. Garbiras 
Guzman, Chargé d’Affaires, and Senor Au- 
gusto F. Pulido, Secretary. 

With the Diplomatic Corps were the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury and Mrs. Cortelyou, the 


Minister Don Federico 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Secretary of the Interior and Mrs. Garfield, the 
Secretary of Commerce and Labor and Mrs. 
Straus. The President’s party consisted of 
Mrs. Roosevelt with Masters Archie and Quen- 
tin Roosevelt, Justice Moody of the Supreme 
Court, Private Secretary Loeb, Assistant Sec- 
retary of State Bacon, Assistant Secretary of 
War Latta, Mrs. Randolph Cross Johnson, 
Captain Key, Lieutenant-Commander Long, 
Dr. Ohensorg, U. S. N., and Captain Fitzhugh 
Lee, one of the President’s Military Aids and 
a son of the former President of the Exposi- 
tion. 

Each House of the Nation’s Congress was 
represented by a committee: Senators John 
W. Daniel, Julius Casar Burrows, Thomas 
Staples Martin, Joel Benson Foraker, John 
Kean, Nathan B. Scott, William Warner, 
Frank B. Brandegee, James H. Berry and 
Edward W. Carmack; Representatives James 
S. Sherman, Joseph Howell, H. C. Wood- 
yard, E. M. Pollard, James McKinney, 
James A. Tawney, James E. Watson, Edward 
L. Taylor, George S. Legare, Henry M. 
Goldfogle, Marcus C. L. Kline, James T. 
Lloyd and Thomas W. Hardwick. 

The following high state officials were pres- 
ent: From Virginia, Governor Claude A. 
Swanson, Lieutenant-Governor J. Taylor Elly- 
son, Secretary of State D. O. Eggleston, State 
Auditor Morton Mayre, Adjutant-General 
William A. Anderson, Superintendent of Pub- 
lic Instruction J. D. Eggleston, Commissioner 


of Labor James B. Doherty, Governor Rob- 


Copyright, chnedinse Sere 
BARON SPECK VON STERNBERG 


Ambassador from Germany 


BARON MAYOR DES PLANCHES 
Ambassador from Italy 


ert B. Glenn of North Carolina, and Lieuten- 
ant-Governor Francis D. Winston; Gov- 
ernor Joseph W. Toole of Montana; Governor 
James H. Higgins of Rhode Island; Gov- 
ernor Fletcher D. Proctor of Vermont; 
Governor Rollin S. Woodruff of Connecticut; 
Governor Curtis Guild of Massachusetts; Gov- 
ernor Wm. M. O. Dawson of West Virginia; 
Governor M. F. Ansel of South Carolina; Gov- 
emor Preston Lea of Delaware, and Lieuten- 
ant-Governor Chanler of New York. With 
few exceptions the Covernors were accompa- 
nied by their staffs. Among the other distin- 
guished guests were Samuel Clemens (“* Mark 
Twain’), Senator Charles Dick of Ohio, 
Senator Morgan G. Buckley of Connecticut, 
Senator Thomas H. Carter of Montana, Sen- 
ator Asbury C. Latimer of South Carolina, 
Senator John A. Gearing of Oregon, Senator 
Fred T. Dubois of Idaho, and Senator J. 
Frank Allee of Delaware, David R. Francis, 
former Governor of Missouri and President of 
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition; Theodore 
Shonts, former head of the Panama Canal 
Commission; Congressmen Ebenezer J. Hill 
of Connecticut, Hiram R. Burton of Delaware, 
Frank Clark of Florida, Leonidas F. Livings- 
ton of Georgia, James R. Mann, W. W. Wil- 
son, George Edwin Foss, James McKinney, 
Martin D. Foster and George W. Smith of 
Illinois; Harvey Helm of Kentucky, E. E. 
Jackson and Harry B. Wolf of Maryland, 
John F. O’Connell of Massachusetts, Edward 
L. Hamilton of Michigan, Richard Barthold 
of Missouri, Eugene W. Leake of New Jersey, 
William W. Cocks, George W. Waldo, 
Henry W. Goldfogle, William Sulzer, Will- 
iam S. Bennett, John E. Andrus, Lucius Lit- 
taur, William H. Ryan and Jacob Ruppert, 
Jr., of New York; Robert N. Page of North 
Carolina, Henry T. Bannon and James H. 


168 


Diary—A pril. 


Southard of Ohio, Irving W. Wan- 
ger and John M. Reynolds of 
Pennsylvania, John Lamb 
and Francis R. Lassiter of 
Virginia, and the Honor- 
able Joseph G. Cannon, 
Speaker of the House of 
Representatives. The 
mayors of a number of 
municipalities were 
present: E. Clay 
Timanus of Balti- 
more, Waldo Besker 
of Davenport, Iowa; 
George H. Steele of 
Hoboken, N. J.; Paul 
C. Barth of Louisville, 
Ky.; Sherburn M. Beck- 
er of Milwaukee; Jacob 
Hussling of Newark, N.J.; 
Martin Behrman of New 
Orleans, John Johnson of 
Paterson, N. J.; Edward R. 
Gerber of Reading, Pa.; and 
Carlton McCarthy of Richmond, 
Va. 

Representing the United States 
Government Board were Charles Denby, W. W. 
Ludlow, John C. Scofield, Cecil Clay, Merritt 
O. Chance, C. R. Burch, Frank H. Bowen, 
Wade C. Ravanel and F. J. Yanes. Repre- 
senting the Army and the Navy were Major- 
General J. Franklin Bell, Major-General 
Frederick C. Ainsworth, Brigadier-General 
Charles F. Humphrey, Brigadier-General 
Henry G. Sharpe, Brigadier-General Robert 
N. O’Reilly, Brigadier-General George F. 
Elliott, Rear-Admiral W. S. Cowles, Rear- 
Admiral W. L. Capps, Rear-Admiral C. W. 
Rae, Rear-Admiral Royal B. Bradford, and 
Rear-Admiral Robert M. Berry. 

At the conclusion of President Roosevelt’s 
address he pressed a button which started the 
machinery of the Exposition and thus formally 
inaugurated the Fair. The party then ad- 
journed to one of the wings of the Audito- 
rium and partook of a light 
luncheon. 

The following order issued 


Copyright, Clinedinst 
TSUNEJIRO MIYAOKA 
Chancellor Japanese Embassy 


169 


Copyright, Clinedinst 
VISCOUNT SIUZO AOKI 


Ambassador from Japan 


LIEUT. CARLO PFISTER 
Naval Attaché, Italian Embassy 


by General Grant, the Grand Mar- 

shal of the Opening Day Parade, 

announced the appointment of 
his Aides: 


Adjutant and Chief of Staff, 
Major John S. Mallory, 12th U.S. 
Infantry. 
Aide-de-Camp, Captain A. J. 
Bowley, Artillery Corps. Ad- 

ditional aides—Major C. E. 

Woodruff, Medical Depart- 

ment, Chief Surgeon; Cap- 

tain John L. Hines, 23rd 

U. S. Infantry, Chief Quar- 

termaster; Captain J. N. 

Killian, Subsistence Depart- 

ment, Chief Commissary; Cap- 

tain Percy L. Jones, Medical 

Department, U. S. A.; Lieu- 

tenant H. L. Jordan, 2lst 

U. S. Infantry. 

Honorary Aides—Hon. Cor- 
nelius A. Pugsley, President- 
General S. A. R.; Hon. Floyd 
Hughes, representing S. A. R.; 
Hon. John Lamb, _ representing 
United Confederate Veterans; Hon. 
Julian S. Carr, representing United 
Confederate Veterans; Hon. Heth Bo- 
ling, representing United Confederate Vet- 
erans; Brigadier C. C. Vaughan, represent- 
ing Virginia Volunteers; Colonel William 
P. Sheffield, National Guard, representing 
militia; Captain H. B. Nichol, representing 
Grand Army of the Republic; Hon. John D 
Crimmins, representing Irish-American His- 
toric Society; Hon. Edward H. Hall, repre- 
senting Order of Founders and Patriots of 
America; Hon. Howland Pell, representing Society of War 
1812; Colonel Francis Ward, representing Spanish War Vet- 
erans; Hon. Amory Sibley Carhart, representing Society of 
Colonial Wars; Colonel Oswald Tilghman, representing Society 
of the Cincinnati; Hon. Clarence E. Leonard, representing So- 
ciety of Mayflower Descendants; Hon. Edward L. Perkins. 

Mounts and horse equipments will be furnished to honorary 
aides by G. T. Shepperd, Secretary of the Jamestown Exposi- 
tion Company. The horses for all members of the staff will 
be found in the rear of the East wing of the Auditorium build- 
ing, and should be called for between 12 M., and I P. M., on 
the 26th inst. 

All military aides will appear in full dress, mounted; hon- 
orary aides who do not appear in uniform are requested to 
wear silk hats, frock coats, riding breeches or leggings. 

All members of the staff should report, mounted, to the 
chief of staff, at 1:15 p. M., on the 26th inst., at the intersection 
of Gilbert Street with Commonwealth Avenue, East (near 
Northwest corner of Lee’s Parade). 


(Signed) 
F. D. Grant, 
Major-General U. S. A., Grand Marshal. 
After luncheon the President and the other 
distinguished visitors returned to the Grand 
Stand to review the soldiery. The great column 
entered Lee’s Parade at the northwest corner, 
marched in front of the Re- 
viewing Stand and presented 
arms before the President. 


CHOW TSZCHI 
First Secretary Chinese Embassy 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Copyri: 


PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT 


First in line was the 23rd Regiment U. S. In- 
fantry, Colonel Philip Reade commanding. 
The three battalions were commanded respect- 
ively by Captains R. B. Stevens, K. C. Cruston 
and Thomas F. Schley. A battalion of Coast 
Artillery, U.S.A., commanded by Major F. S. 
Strong followed, then came a brigade from the 
U. S. Atlantic Fleet; six battalions, with Cap- 


—————_ 


HOUSE OF BARTON MYERS, 


NORFOLK, VA. 


tain Seaton Schroeder, U. S. N. in command. 
The battalions of this brigade were led respect- 
ively by Major W. C. Neville, U. S. M. C., 
Captain R. H. Davis, U. S. M. C., and Lieu- 


SALUTING THE FLAG 


tenant-Commanders F. L. Chapin, U. S. N., 
P. W. Hourigan, U. S. N., W. B. Fletcher, 
U.S. N., H. B: Price, USS! N: gEollowme 
the Naval Brigade came the Third Battery U. 
S. Artillery, Captain T. N. Horn commanding, 
and the Second Squadron, 12th U. S. Cay- 
alry, Major H. G. Sickle, U. S. A., com- 
manding. Closing the parade marched the 
Seventy-first Infantry Regiment of Virginia 
Volunteers, Colonel Thomas J. Nottingham 
commanding. 

During the evening the President was the 
guest of President Tucker at a dinner given in 
Norfolk at the home of Barton Myers, a Goy- 
ernor of the Exposition. 

Although the Exposition formally opened 
on the 26th of April, the night of Apmril 25 
witnessed a brilliant social function, the in- 
augurator of a splendid series. The Virginia 
Building was filled with distinguished guests, 
prominent officials from a number of States, dis- 
tinguished officers of the Army and Navy and 
splendidly gowned women. The receiving line 
was headed by Governor and Mrs. Claude A. 
Swanson of Virginia, and with them were 
Governor and Mrs. Ansel of South Carolina, 
Lieutenant-Governor Chanler, of New York, 


| wae 


yi; 


pinnatsiacnogesne RRS anne 


oo ai 


ae 


eee 


SENOR DON EPIFANIO PORTELO, MINISTER FROM THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC 
Photo taken on board the Cruiser “ Sarmiento,” April 26, 1907 


170 


Diary—A pril-M av. 


Governor Proctor and _ Luieutenant-Governor 
Prouty of Vermont, Governor Glenn of North 
Carolina, Lieutenant-Governor and Mrs. Elly- 
son of Virginia, Governor Woodruff of Con- 
necticut, Governor Harris of Ohio, Governor 
Higgins of Rhode Island, President and Mrs. 
Tucker and Mrs. Beale, the Associate Hostess 
of the Virginia Building. Among the noted 
guests besides those receiving were Major-Gen- 
eral Frederick D. Grant, U. S. A., Adjutant- 
General Sackett of Rhode Island, Adjutant- 
General William H. Gilmore of Vermont, 
Brigadier-General C. C. Vaughan of Virginia 
and his staff, Col. Thomas J. Nottingham, 71st 
Virginia and staff, Brigadier-General T. R. 
Robertson, Colonel Charles E. Johnson, Col- 
onel A. H. Arrington, Colonel D. L. Ward, 
Colonel Fred J. Cox, Major Charles H. Cat- 
tis, Mayor James G. Riddick of Norfolk and 
the three members of the Norfolk Board of 
Control, Harry Hodges, Robert Johnson and 
R. H. Jones. 

April 27.—Three state buildings were 
opened ceremoniously. ~The Maryland Build- 
ing, the first to open its doors, was the scene of 
several orations. A feature of Governor War- 
field’s address was a tribute which he paid to 
General Fitzhugh Lee. 

With impressive ceremonies the Governor of 
Connecticut and the State Commissioners 
opened their building. A fine oration was de- 
livered by Congressman T. T. Hill of Con- 
necticut, and a branch of the old Charter Oak 
at Hartford was planted in front of the house. 

Mr. Justice Blodgett of the Rhode Island 
Supreme Court, and President of the Rhode 
Island Commission, gave the keys of his build- 
ing to Governor Higgins. The visiting Gov- 
ernor and Judge Blodgett both delivered ad- 
dresses. 

April 29.—The first of a long series of in- 
ternational courtesies on the part of the United 
States Sailors was an entertainment given by 
the petty officers of the battleship ‘‘ Virginia ” 
to the petty officers of the British cruiser 
“ Argyle.” The party toured the grounds and 
made a sight-seeing trip to Norfolk and vicin- 
ity, closing the day with a dinner at which the 
Britons were the guests of the Americans. 

May 2.—The crews of eight warships of 
the United States fleet entertained the crews of 
the foreign vessels lying in Hampton Roads. 
This was the first general entertaining that 
was done by the American sailors since the 
visiting squadrons arrived. Many entertain- 
ments succeeded. 

May 3.—Adnmiral Sir George Neville of 
the British Cruiser Squadron, gave a reception 
to the officers of the American and foreign war- 
ships anchored in the Roads, and to the officers 
of the Norfolk Navy Yard and the officers sta- 
tioned at Fortress Monroe. Receiving with 
Admiral Neville were Lady Neville and the 
officers of the ““ Good Hope,” “ Roxburgh” 
and “ Argyle.” A most cordial welcome was 
extended to every one of the several hundred 
guests who found it possible to accept the invi- 
tation of the English commander. The male 


171 


guests were resplendent in gold braid and deco- 
rations. [hey began arriving late in the after- 
noon. Scores of launches and small boats 
swarmed around the flagship during the three 
hours of the reception. Among the distin- 
guished visitors were Rear-Admiral Hermann 
von Pleskott, commanding the Austro-Hun- 
garian ships. Commodore Kalau von Hofe, 
commanding the German ships, Rear Admiral 
Robley D. Evans, Commander-in-Chief of the 
United States Atlantic Fleet and Rear Admi- 
rals Thomas, Davis and Harrington, U. S. N. 

Late that night the German cruisers 
“Roon”’ and “ Bremen”” sailed. Weighing 
anchor they passed down the line of warships 
with their searchlights signalling to the Atlantic 


Squadron: “‘ Many thanks for your American 


Hospitality,” and ‘‘ Farewell.”” “The Yankee 
boats replied with ““God speed”? and “ Au 
revoir.” The “ Roon”’ left for Kiel and the 
‘““ Bremen” for Boston. 

The crews of the ships anchored in the 
Roads had for several days been engaged in a 
regatta contest, and during the afternoon of 
May 3rd there occurred the most important 
rowing race in which the men-of-war’s men 
participated. It was for the “ Battenberg 
Cup” given to the American Navy by Prince 
Henry of Battenberg on the occasion of his visit 
to America several years ago. ‘The crew of the 
British cruiser “ Argyle’’ defeated the crew 
of the American battleship “ I]linois ’’ who had 
qualified as defenders. Under the deed of 
gift the winners could not take the trophy which 
was to remain forever in the possession of the 
American Navy, but by winning the race the 
members of the victorious crew were entitled 
to have their names engraved on the Cup. 

May 4.—Escorted by the United States 
torpedo boat “ Truxtun” the Italian warships 
“Varese” and “ Etruria” arrived in Hamp- 
ton Roads at 8:30 in the evening. His Royal 
Highness, the Duke d’Abruzzi was in com- 


H. R. H. LUIGI DI SAVOIA, DUKE D'’ABRUZZI 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ITALIAN R. N. ETRURIA 
Captain Riccarbo PERICOLI 


mand. When the “ Varese,” his flagship, 
steamed to her anchorage, in addition to the 
usual salutes of welcome, the British, Austrian 
and Argentina warships dipped their colors. 

May 5.—Two bmilliant social functions oc- 
curred. Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, U. 
S. N., entertained the visiting Army and Navy 
officers aboard his flagship the “ Connecticut,” 
and the Navy League gave a ball that evening 
at the Hotel Chamberlin, Fortress Monroe. 
Three hundred guests were received by Ad- 
miral Evans from four o'clock in the afternoon 
until nearly six. The brilliantly uniformed 
officers of the visiting Navies arrived at the 
ship’s side and were met by the staff of Admiral 
Evans and conducted to the storm deck, where 
Admiral Evans and Mrs. Swanson welcomed 
them. ‘The flagship was elaborately decorated 
with the colors of the United States intertwined 
with those of all the foreign nations represented 
at the Exposition. In the ball room at the 
Chamberlin during the evening Mrs. Stephen 
H. P. Pell and Mrs. Robert S. Sloan of New 
York received. They were assisted by Lady 
Neville, the wife of the British Admiral, Mrs. 
Evans, the wife of the American Commander, 
Mrs. Frederick Dent Grant, Mrs. Harry St. 
George Tucker, and Mrs. Claude A. Swanson. 

May 6.—The Japanese cruisers “ Tsu- 
kuba”’ and “ Chitose,” commanded by Vice- 
Admiral Ijuin, arrived late in the afternoon, 
and the Chilean Cruiser “* Zenteno”’ arrived a 
few hours earlier. To greet the Japanese Ad- 
miral, Commander N. Taniguchi, Naval At- 
taché of the Japanese Legation at Washington, 
had come to the Exposition, and as soon as the 
“Tsukuba” anchored, he went aboard to pay 
his respects. Baron Mayor des Planches, the 
Italian Ambassador, also came to welcome H. 
R. H., the Duke d’ Abruzzi. 

May 6-7.—The League of American 
Sportsmen met at the Auditorium on the 6th 


JAPANESE I. N. TSUKUBA 


of May and held a two days’ session. ‘The 
President of the League is G. O. Shields of 
New York, Arthur F. Rice of Passaic, N. J., 
is Secretary. The object of the Association is 
to enforce game laws where such exist and to 
influence the passage of such laws in States 
which now afford no protection to game. Be- 
tween one hundred and fifty and two hundred 
members were present, representing Chapters 
from nearly all the States of the Union. Among 
the resolutions passed by the League was one 
highly endorsing the work of the U. S. Biolog- 
ical Survey, “ the value of which they consid- 
ered as entirely beyond computation in words 
or figures.” The resolution stated “that the 
work already done by this Bureau has had 
greater influence in educating the people of 
the country to a proper appreciation of wild 
animals and birds than all other agencies com- 
bined.”” Hon. George Shiras was commended 
for his effort to procure the enactment of a 
law by Congress which would afford “ federal 
protection for migratory birds while on their 
semi-annual flights.’” Resolutions were passed, 
also, urging the legislature of several states to 
prohibit shooting from batteries all species of 
web-footed wild fowl. 

May 7.—The National Machine Tool 
Builders’ Association met at the Auditorium. 

May 10.—The American Medico-Psycho- 
logical Association, after holding a three days’ 
meeting in Washington in connection with the 
Congress of American Physicians and Sur- 
geons, adjourned for its final meeting which 
was held at the Exposition. “The members of 
the Association met in the large hall at the 
Inside Inn and Dr. Charles G. Hill of Balti- 
more responded to the address of welcome de- 
livered by an officer of the Exposition. Since 
the first meeting of this Association, which was 
held in October, 1844, in the City of Philadel- 
phia, it has increased largely in membership 
and importance. It was first known as the 
“Association of Medical Superintendents of 
American Institutions for the Insane,’ and Dr. 
Samuel B. Woodward of the Massachusetts 
State Lunatic Asylum, was the first president. 
Since its foundation it has held annual meetings 
in different cities of the United States and Can- 
ada and now has a membership of nearly five 
hundred prominent doctors who are banded 
together for the study of all subjects pertaining 
to mental diseases, to the treatment of the in- 
sane and to the promotion of the best interests 
of such unfortunates. At the meeting held at 
the Exposition, Dr. Charles P. Bancroft, of 
Concord, N. H., was elected President; Dr. 
A. F. Kilbourne of Rochester, Minn., Vice- 
President; and Dr. Charles W. Pilgrim of 
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Secretary and Treas- 
urer. 

At a signal from Captain Lovelace over five 
hundred homing pigeons were liberated in the 
center of Lee Parade at 11:15 in the morning. 
The pigeons came from twenty-nine lofts, four 
clubs competing: Washington _ District, 
National Capitol District, Northwest District 
and Capitol City District, all of Washington, 


172 


AMERICAN MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 
1—Dr. CuHarves P. Bancrort, President 1907-1908 


2—Dr. CuHar.es G. Hit, President 1906-1907 


3—Dr. CuHartes W. Picrio, Secretary 


D. C. The first bird arrived in Washington 
at 2:24 P. M. 


The Brazilian cruisers ‘‘ Tamoyo ” 


and 


“Barroso”’ arrived on the evening of May 
10th. 
May 13.—A brilliant pageant honored 


Jamestown Day, the three hundredth anniver- 
sary of the foundation of Jamestown. Field 
Marshal Baron Kuroki, the hero of the Russo- 
Japanese war, arrived at the Exposition on the 
preceding evening. He was accompanied by 
several other distinguished veterans of that con- 
flict. As a special compliment to the noted 
guests, Lieutenant-General Arthur MacArthur, 
U. S. A., representing the War Department, 
visited the Exposition to extend the welcome of 
the Nation. The parade which took place in 
the morning, was reviewed by Field Marshal 
Baron Kuroki, Lieutenant-General Arthur 
MacArthur, U. S. A., H. R. H., the Duke 


LIEUT.-GENERAL ARTHUR MacARTHUR, U. S. A. 


173 


d’Abruzzi, Rear-Admiral Purnell F. Har- 
rington, Major-General Frederick D. Grant, 
Admiral Baron Ijuin, Major-General Y asut- 
usuma-Kigoshi, Brigadier-General Michiharu- 
Umezawa, Colonel Masauri-Ota, Lieutenant- 
Colonel Sushki, Major ‘Toyorika-Yoshita, 
Major Tanaka, Captain Shojire- Tanoka, Cap- 
tain Jotoku-Laigo, Captains Tamura and 
Kabayshi. In the Reviewing Stand also were 
Major Wang Yu-chin, Col. Li Ting Sin, Cap- 
tan Wing Ling Chwang, representing the 
Chinese Empire; Captain Michel and Captain 
Leftbure, representing Belgium; Colonel Valee, 
Major Tarayo and Lieutenant Potela, repre- 
senting Argentina; Colonel Monbaulan and 
Lieutenant Passig, representing Chile; Captain 
Daria, representing Mexico. 

The appearance of three companies of Jap- 
anese seamen headed by their band, was the 
signal for a great outburst of applause which 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


THE DUKE D’'ABRUZZI and VICE-ADMIRAL IJUIN 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


lasted until they 


reached a_ point 
opposite the Re- 
viewing Stand 
where the dis- 


tinguished guests 
were assembled. 


The parade be- 
gan at 10230; 
Rear Admiral C. 
M. Thomas, U.S. 
N., was Grand 
Marshal. The pa- 
rade was organ- 
ized in the follow- 
ing manner: 


The Grand 
Marshal, follow- 
ed by his. staff, 
then came the 
troops. 

1. The Japa- 
nese detachment, 
consisting of three 
companies of Jap- 
anese sailors, one 
hundred and fifty 


of whom were at- 


tached to the cruiser ““ Tsukuba,” the others 
from the cruiser “‘ Chitose.”’ 

2. The Austrian detachment from the 
“ Sankt Georg,” and ‘‘ Aspern ’—one hun- 


dred sailors were formed in one company. 

3. The Chilean detachment. In this 
division were a number of marines and one 
hundred and fifty sailors. 

4. The Brazilian detachment. So similar 
were the uniforms of the Chileans and Brazil- 
ians that had it not been for the difference in 
the flags the spectators would have been unable 
to distinguish the latter from the former. 

5. Following the foreign sailors came the 
23rd U. S. Infantry, the crack regiment of the 
Army, commanded by Colonel Philip Reade, 
and then sixteen companies of marines com- 
manded by Major Neville and thirty-two com- 
panies of blue jackets. 

6. The Second Squadron, 12th U. S. 
Cavalry, commanded by Major H. G. Sickel. 


. ie ikl - 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Phote 


FIELD-MARSHAL BARON KUROKI AND 
MAJOR-GENERAL GRANT 


7. The last 
division was the 
3rd Battery U.S. 
Field Artillery, 
and not even the 
sight of the Jap- 
anese seamen 
aroused such an 
interest on the part 


of Field Marshal 
Kuroki as did this 
battery of Regu- 
lars. He followed 
every movement 
of the horses and 
scrutinized the 
guns. 

The uniform for 
the staff and aides- 
de-camp of the 
Grand Marshal 
was blue service 
dress with white 
cap, white gloves, 
swords and_leg- 
gings. The uni- 
form for the U. S. 
Army detachment, 
for the marines and the bands accompanying 
the marines was full dress, as also was the uni- 
form for the Brigade commander and staff and 
for the blue jackets in the parade. 

After the Military Review a patriotic cele- 
bration was held in the Auditorium. Judge 
Theodore S. Garnett read extracts from the 
“Jamestown Anniversary Ode’ written by 
the late James Barron Hope, and Mr. Tucker 
made a brief speech. 

One of the most gorgeous marine spectacles 
ever witnessed in American waters was pre- 
sented that night in Hampton Roads. Out- 
lined by thousands upon thousands of incan- 
descent bulbs, the gigantic fighting machines of 
the Navy resembled fairy boats. “To the mul- 
titude who viewed them from the shore and 
from the decks of excursion steamers, the war- 
ships, themselves invisible, presented merely 
outlines of light. The illumination was a 


The hulls, masts 


»graph Corporation. 


triumph of electrical skill. 


Cine right, Jé amestown Official Phot grap yh C BeG oration. 


FIELD-MARSHAL KUROKI AND STAFF SALUTING THE COLORS 


Diary—May. 


and funnels were traced in streamers of flame, 
and for miles the boats afforded a sight that 
one is not apt to see twice in a lifetime. 
Shortly after sunset the vessels were illuminated 
and the lights were not extinguished until eleven 
o'clock. During this period the waterfront of 
the Exposition Grounds was thronged. Per- 
haps the most conspicuous vessel in line 
was the battleship “ Connecticut,” the striking 
feature of whose decoration was an immense 
American flag, done in red, white and blue 
bulbs, apparently floating from the main mast 
of the big fighter. In addition to the war ves- 
sels there were numerous yachts and small 
craft decorated with lights and these moved 
about among the big fighters, lending a pleasing 
animation to the scene. 

A water carnival whose pieces consisted of 
floats brilliantly illuminated, was also a feature 
of the evening. The floats represented: 
“Uncle Sam,” “ Neptune’s Chariot,” “ Leif 


Ericson’s Ship,” ““ The God Speed,” “‘ The 
Susan Constant,” an “Indian Village,” the 


SR h * 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


JAMESTOWN ISLAND, MAY 13, 1907 


“Marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas,” 
an © Indian War Canoe,” a “ Pirate Ship,” 
“The Great Harry,” a “Mosquito,” a 
“Chinese Junk,” and a “ Sea Serpent.” 

All of May 13th there were races between 
the crews representing the battleships. Every 


race was eagerly watched by thousands of ex- 


‘cited sailors. The surprise of the day was the 
failure of the little Japanese to make any show- 


pe against the crack American, Italian and 
u 


strian crews. ‘The next greatest surprise 
was the splendid showing made by the Italians. 
The first race was for service cutters, three mile 
course, time 30’ 27”, and was won by the 
“Varese”’ of Italy, second “ Sankt Georg,” 
Austria-Hungary, and third “ Aspern”’ of the 
same flag. ‘The second race was for service 
gigs, three miles, time 32’ 27’, and was also 
won by the “ Varese,” the U.S. S. “ Ken- 
tucky ” second, and the “ Sankt Georg ”’ third. 
The third race for cutters, three miles, time 
26’ 47”, was won by the “ Etruria,” Italy, U. 
S. S. “ Kearsarge”’ second, U. S. S. “ Illinois”’ 


175 


third. The fourth race for cutters, a match 
race, three miles, ttme 25’ 23”, was won by 


thee diana. 

The Naval Band Contest which had been 
one of the features of the daily programme for 
the week beginning May 6th and ending May 
11th, resulted in a tie. The first prize going 
to the bands from the “Ohio” and_ the 
“ Franklin.” Although not entitled properly 
to compete in this contest, which strictly was 
limited to fleet bands, the organization from 
the Receiving Ship, “ Franklin,” was admitted 
and succeeded in scoring more points than any 
of the battleships other than the one from the 
‘“ Ohio.” Cash prizes were awarded and the 
“Ohio” men received the full first money, 
but the committee, consisting of F. Phinney, 
Herbert Brown and Joseph Maerz, decided 
that a prize equal to the one awarded to the 
““Ohio’”’ should be given to the men of the 
Franklin.” 

Contemporaneously with the celebration at 
the Exposition the Society for the Preservation 


of Virginia Antiquities directed exercises on 
Jamestown Island, and most appropriately 
celebrated the three hundredth anniversary of 
the settlement. The opening prayer was 
offered by the Right Reverend A. M. Ran- 
dolph, Bishop of the Diocese of Southern Vir- 
ginia, and Governor Claude A. Swanson de- 
livered a stirring address, during the course of 


which he said: 


With the settlement at Jamestown, the history of America 
and of modern England really begins. Then England com- 
menced that vast system of colonization which has carried her 
rule, laws, institutions and civilization on every continent, in 
every clime and among every people. From thence she 
became a mother of nations. From Plymouth Rock to Savan- 
nah she founded colonies which afterwards became great states 
in the American Union. She wrested from France, Canada, 
with vast possessions stretching to the North Pole. She ac- 
quired colonies in the far waters of the Pacific, exceeding in 
territory and richness any domain ever ruled by the Caesars. 
She conquered and rules the mighty empire of India, which 
had resisted the arms and thwarted the triumphs of Alexander. 
Her settlers disputed Africa with the Kaffir, Hottentot and 
savages and finally opened the dark continent to settlement and 
civilization. She has gone to Egypt the most ancient and de- 
cadent of nations and stirred her to modern life and activity. 

Here on this spot, on the 13th of May, 1607, Britain, 
commenced that wonderful career of colonization and conquest 
which has changed the destinies of the world and directed its 
course of civilization. That day was so memorable that it be- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


longs not alone to Virginia, the United States and England, but 
to the world. But of all the influence originating from Britain, 
of all her deeds, the most important, the one that has been the 
most potential in the affairs of the world and for the betterment 
of mankind was the founding of the colonies fringing the 
Atlantic Coast, which afterwards .was formed into this mighty 
Republic. The advent of the Anglo-Saxon, with his sentiments 
of freedom and individual rights, to the new world marked the 
beginning of a social revolution, which has not only deeply 
affected Great Britain, but has permeated every nation of the 
globe. Privilege, caste, aristocracy and feudalism were power- 
less in the wilderness. The needs of the situation were energy 
and strength to fell forests, cultivate fields, fight savages, build 
homes, construct roads and bridge rivers. Enterprise, courage, 
character and capacity became the measure of success. Idle 
and listless drones, however high their station or gentle their 
blood, found no suitable place in the primeval forests of 
America and disappeared in disgrace and despair. Achieve- 
ments alone gave title of nobility. American communities and 
commonwealths were constructed on these principles. Here 
calmly and without crime humanity made for itself a new 
existence. 


The Right Honorable James Bryce, British 
Ambassador to the United States, was intro- 
duced by Joseph Bryan of Richmond, the pre- 
siding officer, and extended a message of greet- 


ing from the Old World to the new. Ambas- 
sador Bryce said: 


The oak of English dominion on the continent of North 
America lay hidden in the acorn that was planted on this 
Island in the James River, just as the germ of English dominion 
in the East was to be found in the charter that had been granted 
by Queen Elizabeth to the East India Company seven years 
before this very settlement here. 

The landing at Jamestown was one of the great events in 
the history of the world—an event to be compared for its 
momentous consequences with the overthrow of the Persian 
Empire by Alexander; with the destruction of Carthage by 
Rome; with the conquest of Gaul by Clovis; with the taking 
of Constantinople by the Turks—one might almost say with 
the discovery of America by Columbus. But did any idea of 
the magnitude of this event rise in the minds of the little band 
of settlers when they set to the building of their fort, called 
after the King, “ Jamestown,’ and began to sow their fields 
with wheat? There is nothing to show they saw that far ahead. 

Twe qualities we may note in these founders of Virginia. 
One of these the spirit of adventure, was common to them 
with many others who had crossed the Western Sea. But in 
the other quality our countrymen and your forefathers stood 
pre-eminent. They came from a free country, though its free- 
dom had not yet been placed on a secure foundation; and the 
spirit of liberty and the love of self-government glowed in 
their hearts. They carried in their breasts the principles and 
traditions of the. common law of England, which of all the 
legal systems that have ever been framed is the one most fully 
pervaded with the spirit of liberty and the most favorable to 
the development of personal self reliance and individual respon- 
sibility. That spirit showed itself very early among the colo- 
nists of Virginia. The same spirit prompted Virginia’s action 
when an unwise English Ministry, ignorant of the circumstances 
and feelings of the colonists, blundered into a conflict which 
ended in their severance from England; how the greatest of all 
Virginians, clarum et venerabile nomen, led his colony and its 
fellow colonies in that conflict; how the statesmanship of Vir- 
ginia, matured by the experience of nearly two centuries bore 
its part, and a most distinguished part, in framing the Constitu- 
tion of 1787 and gave to the Union four out of its five first 
Presidents; how one of Virginia’s most illustrious sons, Chief 
Justice Marshall, so expounded and developed the Constitution 
as to become almost its second author—of all this I must not 
now attempt to speak. 

Nearly fifty years ago dark days descended upon Vir- 
ginia. War came, with all the evils that war brings in its 
train. Those were days of sadness and suffering, suffering 
borne with the characteristic gallantry of Virginians, and they 
produced in Robert Edward Lee one of the finest characters 
of that age. But out of the storm there emerged a land deliv- 
ered from the curse of slavery, which had, alas! come down 
from early colonial days. The Republic now began to 
stand more truly united than it had ever stood before. Today 
the jealousies of States, the antagonism of North and South, 
have happily vanished. Virginia and Massachusetts, the Caro- 
lina of Calhoun and the Illinois of Lincoln, can all look back 
without bitterness on those Virginia battlefields where Lee and 
Grant won undying fame. The problems that now occupy the 
thoughts of your people have, with one exception, nothing to do 
with geographical boundaries. Never was there in this country 
so strong a sense that whatever the future may have in store, 
the Federal Union—an indestructible Union of indestructible 
States—must and will be preserved. It guarantees your material 
prosperity. It is guarded by your national patriotism. 

In this season of fair weather it is natural that your yes 
should look back across the sea to the ancient Mother Land, 
from whom you were for a time divided by clouds of misunder- 
standing that have now melted away into the blue. Between 
you and her there is now an affection and a sympathy such as 
perhaps there never was before in the days of your political 
connection. ‘Today she rejoices with you in your prosperity 
and your unity. She is proud of you, and aiaong her many 


RIGHT HONORABLE JAMES 


BRYCE 


The British Ambassador 


achievements there is none of which she is more proud than 
this: that she laid the foundation of your vast and splendid 
Republic. 

You have asked me to say what England’s message to 
America would be on this three hundredth anniversary of the 
birth of the American nation. 

On the occasion of the opening of the Exposition by the 
President of the United States a fortnight ago I had the honor 
of transmitting to the President a greeting from the King and 
his Government in the following words: 

“On the occasion of the celebration commemorating the 
ter-cenlenary of the foundation of the first English settlement on 
the American continent at Jamestown and the birth of the 
American nation, His Majesty's Government wish to offer 
their warmest congratulations to the United States Government 
on the magnificent progress and development which have brought 
the United States into the first rank among the greatest nations 
of the world, not only in material prosperity but also in cul- 
ture and peaceful civilization. The connection which must ever 
exist in history between the British and American nations will 
never be forgotten and will contribute to increase and foster 
ties of affecticn between the two peoples.” 

These words express the sentiment of the British people, 
their sentiment of affection and of pride, of pride in what you 
have done already, of hope for what you may do in the 
future. 

If I might venture to add any words in which English- 
men who have reflected upon your history and their own would 
desire to convey their views of the teachings of that history, I 
would ask: Could the ancient Mother Land with her recol- 
lections of fourteen centuries of national life and seven cen- 
turies of slow but steady constitutional development send to 
her mighty daughter a better message than this old message > 
“Cherish alike and cherish together liberty and law. They are 
always inseparable. Wéithout liberty, there is no true law, be- 
cause law sinks into being merely the will of an arbitrary ruler 
or a selfish class, and ceases to be the will of the whole com- 
munily. Without law and order there is no true liberty, for 
anarchy means that the rights of the gentle and weak are over- 
ridden by the violent. In the union of ordered liberty with a 
law gradually remoulded from age to age to suit the changing 
needs of the people there has lain and there will always lie the 
progress and the peace both of England and of America.” 


Eight warships. sailed. ‘The cruisers 
“Tsukuba ’’ and “ Chitose’’ steamed away 
early in the morning. Admiral Ijuin left to 
attend the dinner which was to be given to 
General Kuroki at the Hotel Astor, New York 
City. Following the Japanese Squadron, the 
Austrian cruisers “Sankt Georg’ and 
‘* Aspern’”” weighed anchor and sailed up the 
Chesapeake on their way to Annapolis. Four 


176 


Diary—May. 


American ships departed at 11 o'clock in the 
morning: the “ Maine,” the “ New Jersey,” 
the “ Minnesota’’’ and the “ Missoun.’” All 
these went to various yards along the coast for 
repairs and overhauling. 

A very pleasing incident of the day occurred 
when about twenty children from the “ Odd 
Fellows” Orphans Home in Lynchburg, Vir- 
ginia, were, through the courtesy of the Exposi- 
tion managers and the various concessionaires, 
admitted to the grounds and to all the attrac- 
tions that were doing business on the War 
Path. The children were unable to see all the 
Exposition sights in one day, but during the 
sessions of the Grand Lodge of Virginia I. O. 
O. F. they remained and saw the entire fair be- 
fore returning to their home. ‘The Grand Lodge 
had intended holding their convention at the 
Exposition, but the Auditorium was not well 
arranged for secret ceremonies and the Con- 
vention Hall, owing to its unfinished condition, 
was entirely unfit for the purpose. As a con- 
sequence the meetings were held in Norfolk. 

Two cadet corps arrived at the Exposition 
for ten days’ encampment. ‘These youngsters, 
as General Grant designated them, represented 
the Horner Military Academy of Oxford, N. 
C., and the North Carolina Military Academy 
of Red Springs, N. C. During the afternoon 
the boys from the latter school paraded and 
made a pleasing appearance. Their white 
trousers were spotless, their forms were small 
but erect, and their execution of the Manual 
excellent. Their band, composed of a dozen 
cadets, not one of whom was sixteen years of 
age, played finely. The Horner boys made 
an excellent showing. There were sixty-three 
cadets under the command of Major Smith 
and Major W. C. Overman. The line officers 
were Captain F. C. Whitney and Lieutenant 


ri Radactieh ol, i ‘ » slp 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


W. H. Powell, Company “ A,” and Captain 
F. E. Farrier and Lieutenant Zollikoffer, Com- 
pany * B.”” The Red Springs boys were com- 
manded by W. N. Jones, Superintendent, Cap- 
tain C. B. Connell, Commandant, Captain 
Mercer and Lieutenants Cope and Ashley. 

One of the most attractive features of the 
Exposition during the period from May 14th 
to the 24th were the daily drills and parades of 
the Horner Cadets. Weather permitting, 
these young soldiers went through their evolu- 
tions at 5:30 every afternoon and_ their 
efficiency was pronounced highly creditable by 
the experienced military authorities who wit- 
nessed the proceedings. “Toward the close of 
their stay at the Exposition they had a com- 
petitive drill judged by officers of the regular 
army detailed for the purpose by General 
Grant. Company “ B”’ was declared the win- 
ner. In the manual of arms drill, Cadets John- 
son and Jones tied for first honors. 


JOSEPH FARRAR 


Great Senior Sagamore 


May 15.—The Great Council of Red Men 
paraded in Norfolk and then captured the Ex- 
position. 


JOHN W. CHERRY 
Great Prophet 


One hundred painted and fearless 


PIGEON FLIGHT FROM LEE’S PARADE, MAY 18 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


braves swarmed over the grounds and through 
the buildings of the Exposition. At three 
o'clock they met in the Auditorium, where 
Charles T. Bland of Portsmouth, and Great 
Senior Sagamore, Joseph Farrar, made 
addresses. [he Auditorium was filled during 
this part of the programme. ‘The braves then 
took the trail to the War Path and saw the 
sights. It had been planned that the Red Men 
should storm Fort Boonesboro and seize fifty 
cases of firewater which were concealed there. 
This part of the programme was not executed, 
but several tribes stealthily invaded the Fort 
and reconnoitered. 

May 16.—At ten o'clock A. M. the famous 
“Monkey Drnill” was executed by Troop 
“MM” of the 12th Cavalry. The Parade 
Ground was lined on all sides by spectators and 
the agile cavalrymen performed their remark- 
able feats to the accompaniment of hearty ap- 
plause. The full squadron drilled for over two 
hours, going through all the regulation Cavalry 
evolutions and the sabre drill. After this regu- 
lar exercise, all of the men, with the exception 
of Troop ““M”’ were ordered back to camp. 
After arranging their stirrups in the required 
manner the horsemen went through the full list 
of movements, standing in their saddles and per- 
forming daring tricks of mounting and dis- 
mounting at full gallop. They also raced up 
and down the Parade Ground, turning and 
wheeling at full speed, standing erect upon the 
back of their horses. 

May 17.—The Grand Lodge of Odd Fel- 
lows of Virginia and North Carolina marched 
into the Exposition Grounds at twenty minutes 
past ten and proceeded directly to the Conven- 
tion Hall, where they were welcomed by the 
officials. A number of pleasing speeches were 
delivered, President Tucker giving the address 
of welcome, to which Hon. W. C. G. Hobbs, 
Grand Master for the State of Kentucky, re- 
sponded. Later, Mr. Hobbs made the oration 
of the day, dwelling at length upon the beauties 
and benefits of fraternal organizations and 
speaking of the splendid works of charity 
and the mutual benefits of his order. He 
alluded most touchingly to the care which 
the fraternity takes of the interest of the orphans 
and helpless ones. 

May 18.—The greatest pigeon flight ever 
given in America was the feature of the morn- 
ing. Ina fluttering crowd, more than six thou- 
sand vari-colored, well trained homing pigeons 
swirled up from the center of the big parade 
ground and sped northward to their homes in 
New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Buffalo 
and other cities. Captain Lovelace was in 
charge of the arrangements for the release of 
the birds and these were perfect. Ten min- 
utes after the signal to open the cages was given, 
not a pigeon was in sight. 

May 19.—The Maryland Bankers Asso- 
ciation visited the Exposition in a body early 
in the morning. They had held their business 
sessions on the steamer “ Atlanta ’”’ en route to 
the Exposition and were stopping at the Hotel 
Chamberlin. No official ceremonies attended 


CHARLES HANN, Secy. 


this visit. "The Maryland building $erved as a 
headquarters for the Association during their 
day at the Exposition and a cordial reception 
was there extended to them. 5 

May 20.—The fifth general convention of 
the Structural Building Trades Alliance of 
America was opened at the Auditorium on the 
Exposition grounds at 10 a. M., President 
Kirby presiding. Owing to a delay in the de- 
livery of the records and books of the Alliance, 
it was found necessary to postpone the actual 
opening of the convention until the morrow. 
The Alliance remained in session five days. 
All of the meetings were devoted entirely to 
business except when a visit was paid to the 
Hampton Industrial School on the evening of 
the 23rd, and when an oyster roast at Cape 
Henry was given to the delegates Friday, the 
24th. James Kirby was re-elected President 
of the Alliance, and William J. Spencer re- 


elected Secretary and Tyreasurer. 


H. B. WILCOX, Pres. 


JAMES KIRBY, Pres. WM. J. SPENCER, Secy. 


May 21.—Lincoln Beachy made his first 
successful flight in an airship at the Exposition. 
Beachy was scheduled to fly from the Aero- 
nautic Concourse at eleven o'clock in the morn- 
ing, but owing to the very high wind then pre- 
vailing he was dissuaded from making the at- 
tempt. Shortly after six in the evening the 
aeronaut made the ascension and sailed above 
Lee Parade Ground. After circling over the 
heads of the troops, then parading, Beachy 
traveled over the Auditorium and the other 
large buildings adjacent to the Parade. He 
then passed along the water front of the Expo- 
sition, sailed over the War Path and descended 
without a mishap into the enclosure from which 
he started. 


Diary—M av. 


The /nier-State Cotton Seed Crushers Asso- 
ciation convened for their Eleventh Annual 
Convention at the Inside Inn at 10:30 A. M. 
Barton Myers welcomed the visitors. Luther 
A. Ranson of Atlanta, Georgia, responded to 
the address of welcome. President F. H. 
Bailey of Paris, Texas, reviewed the work 
of the Association for the year. ‘The first event 
of the meeting was the speech of Dr. Harvey 
W. Wiley, Chief Chemist of the Department 
of Agriculture of Washington. ‘This was de- 
livered at the morning session the second day. 
He selected as a text “A Good Name is 
Rather to be Chosen than Great Riches,” 
which he said furnished a fruitful theme for 
thought, though in direct contrast to some 
other well known expressions on the same sub- 
ject. Shakespeare, for instance, says, “A 
rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” 
Dr. Wiley stated that a name in itself did not 
add anything to the value of an individual or 
a substance, but that a name was associated 
with certain properties and if a name was lost 
the value was impaired. Dr. Wiley mentioned 


were of the vegetable variety and at their head 
was the product made from olives. Considered 
as nutriments the speaker said there was little 
difference in vegetable oils—the nutritive value 
of each was high. Olive oil, he said, was made 
in limited quantities and its price rendered its 
use prohibitive among the people at large. The 
Doctor protested against the misbranding of 
cotton seed oil and said that unless an article 
has a merit and can stand upon its merit, upon its 
own name, it can never achieve any lasting 
success. “‘If,”’ said the speaker, “ cotton seed 
oil is not a fit substance to be consumed by man 
then let us stop trying to make him consume it. 
If it is fit for human consumption, let it stand 
upon its merits and its own name and take its 
chances in the markets of the world.” 

Another feature of the meeting was the ad- 
dress of Hon. John M. Carson, Chief of the’ 
Bureau of Manufactures Department of Com- 
merce and Labor. Major Carson’s address 
dealt with trade expansion. Speaking of foreign 
market requirements, he said, “‘ Successfully to 
invade and maintain foreign markets a thor- 


L. A. Ranson 
President 1907-1908 


the Congress which had assembled at Madrid 
a few years ago representing the various Euro- 
pean nations. “ [his Congress had for its pur- 
pose the protection of proprietary rights and of 
geographical names.” ‘The speaker said, “ It is 
well known that many countries become noted 
for producing food products of exceptional ex- 
cellence. As soon as a good name has been 
established in this particular it has been the 
custom for other countries to utilize it for sell- 
ing inferior articles of the same kind.” ‘The 
speaker instanced sherry whose imitation has 
hurt the sale of the real Spanish article, cham- 
pagne and cognac which have been imitated 
to the detriment of French interests, and he said 
“In our country we have known Vermont 
maple sugar to be manufactured in other parts 
of the country, New York cheese to be made 
in Wisconsin and Ohio; California fruits have 
been grown in Delaware, New Orleans molas- 
ses made in Chicago, and Blue Point oysters 
have been gathered all along the coast.” Dr. 
Wiley made a direct application of his prin- 
ciples. He said that oil and wine were pro- 
duced in the earliest historical periods. Oils 


179 


Rosert Gipson 
Re-elected Secretary 


F. H. BaiLey 
President 1906-1907 


ough knowledge of existing conditions must be 
attained, and instead of wasting time and effort 
in a vain attempt to change or reform them, 
our methods must be adjusted to them. The 
requirements of the climate, habits, — tastes, 
peculiarities and prejudices of the people must 
be recognized.” 

This trade expert declared that the nations 
which successfully rivaled America used this 
method; that the manufacturers in foreign 
countries took advantage of all the advice and 
admonition contained in consular reports and 
in the memoranda of special agents, and they 
made it a habit not to abandon the market, even 
temporarily, after they had effected an en- 
trance, since they had found that abandonment 
entailed loss and vexation upon the local mer- 
chants and aroused prejudice against any future 
effort of the nation which had forsaken the ter- 
ritory. The speaker said that the principles 
underlying successful trade were fundamental. 
** Strict integrity is just as essential in the Orient 
as in the Occident, and studious observance of 
the popular characteristics as needful to win 
foreign as to hold domestic markets.’’ He told 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


the story of our increased factory output and 
showed the necessity of acquiring markets 
abroad in which to vend the products. He 
called attention to the large surplusage of raw 
goods sent abroad and the paucity of manufac- 
tured articles. ‘‘ We will continue,” he said, 
“to sell abroad four hundred million dollars 
annually in raw cotton so long as American 
Manufacturers content themselves with permit- 
ting this great staple to be utilized by foreign 
manufacturers in carrying on and extending 
their mills and factories, and in supplying cot- 
ton fabrics to the people of every quarter of the 
globe. Ships flying the flags of the great com- 
mercial nations will continue to come without 
solicitation for the raw materials so abundantly 
produced in the United States, but the products 
of American factories and mills must be pushed 
into foreign markets and held there by intrinsic 
merit and persistent enterprise.” 

The sessions of this Association were well 
attended and a number of weighty matters con- 
nected with the interests of the cotton seed men 
were discussed and settled. Rules governing 
transactions of cotton seed and cotton seed 
products were promulgated by the Association 
and standards for the seed, for the oil, crude or 
refined, for soap stock, for cake and meal, were 


adopted. For the year 1907-1908 these 


officers were elected: 
President, L. A. Ranson, of Atlanta, Georgia. 
Vice-President, J. H. Parish, Memphis, Tennessee. 
Secretary-Treasurer, Robert Gibson, Dallas, Texas. 


May 22.—The Third Division of the 
United States Atlantic Fleet under command 
of Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans sailed for 
the southern drill ground, under orders to return 
to Hampton Roads three days later. 

Thirty-two members of the Cadet Corps of 
Maryville College arrived at the Exposition 
and went into camp for a stay of ten days. 
The boys came from Maryville, Tenn., and 
their trip was for pleasure, recreation and study, 
the principal object being the latter, and the 
special study being confined to military meth- 
ods. ‘The boys and their commander were in- 
terested observers of all the methods employed 
by the Regular Army as demonstrated in the 
camp life, drills and parades. 

The general convention of the Baptists of 
North America was called to order at two 
o'clock in the afternoon, by the President, 
Hon. E. W. Stevens of Missouri. Former 
Governor Montague of Virginia, who was ex- 
pected to receive the delegates, was unavoid- 
ably detained, and the event of the first session 
was the President’s address. 

“We rejoice,” said Mr. Stevens, “in this 
Exposition which so happily honors the primal 
settlement of English colonists in Virginia and 
in America, and which is representative of the 
prosperity and civilization of our great Repub- 
lic. But we rejoice still more in the greater fact 
that made that prosperity, that civilization, that 
Republic possible. That fact is freedom, and 
that freedom we have a right to claim was 
primarily and directly born of Baptists.” Mr. 
Stevens balanced the honors between Rhode 
Island and Virginia, who, he said, might appro- 


priately clasp hands, “* for while Rhode Island 
may have given to the world Roger Williams, 
Virginia contemporaneously furnished a home 
for heroes who suffered during a century un- 
speakable persecutions that the principles for 
which Roger Williams contended should be- 
come the dominant idea of our Government.” 

“Tf a Rhode Island Baptist, John Clarke, 
secured for the State the first democratic form 
of government in America, it was the Virginia 
Baptists who suggested to Thomas Jefferson 
the same government for America, who bitterly 
resisted an established church and who through 
James Madison had a provision guaranteeing 
religious freedom as well as free thought and 
free speech incorporated in an amendment to 
the Constitution of the United States.” 

R. J. Willingham, D. D., Thomas S. Bar- 
bour, D. D., J. M. Frost, D; D., A. J. Row- 
land, D. D., H. L. Morehouse, D. D., and D. 
B. Gray, D. D., Corresponding Secretaries of 
several important Boards of the Baptist Con- 
vention, delivered brief addresses, as did E. C. 
Morris, D. D., President of the National Bap- 
tist Convention, of Helena, Ark., J. G. Brown, 
D. D., of Toronto, representing the four Bap- 
tist Conventions of Canada. In the evening 
Governor Montague delivered his address. 
After giving a personal greeting he said: 


“T am also constrained to add that the people of this com- 
monwealth concur with me in this greeting. Virginia's historic 
and sentimental relation with the people of all the States of our 
Union is most extraordinary. With many of these States she 
may have in times past been divided in opinion, but never in 
affection. For the * original thirteen ’ she still cherishes the sanc- 
tity of early and enduring ties. For that cordon of States made 
out of the Northwest section she cannot and would not diminish 
her maternal affection. In those States carved out of the 
Louisiana Purchase she beholds with pride the consummating 
statesmanship of one of her most illustrious sons. And to our 
visitors from Canada this State, so long the “Old Dominion ~ 
of the English colonies of America, extends an_ especial 
and affectionate welcome to the New Dominion of the 


North.” 

The speaker referred to hospitality in a 
wider range and suggested that it would be 
well to be more hospitable to the truth and 


sweetness of fraternity. He enquired: 

“May I anticipate the subject of the evening by suggesting 
the sore need of our co-operative wisdom and courage in extend- 
ing the ethics of our religion into the sphere of our politics? Is 
it not pathetically palpable that we have one standard of morals 
for private life and another standard of morals for public life? 
And do not the two standards live in antagonism? Is the church 
a militant spirit in suppressing graft, bossism, bribery and fraud 
in elections and corruption in public place? Is not the majority 
of our membership indifferent to the vices of political life and 
to the needs of public service? And is it not true that we 
achieve bad government more through the indifference and neg- 
lect of church members than through the ability and activity of 
bad men? Shall the energy of the vicious be made availing 
through the indifference of the virtuous? Can we reconcile a 
good church member with a bad citizen? Shall partisan politics 
benumb our ethics or estrange the people of our republic? Shall 
spoils and offices energize our party politics, while principles and 
patriotism lie dormant? Should not lawlessness and disorder 
find more frequent rebuke from the Church? Shall the stake 
and the torch usurp our judicial altars? Shall reverence for law 
find no certain footing in our social group and give no guiding 
power to our civilization?” 


Dr. Henry M. King of Providence, R. I., 
responded to this address, and delivered a 
splendid eulogy on Roger Williams, to whose 
name he added, as scarcely less worthy of re- 
membrance the name of “ John Clarke and 
John Crandall, who were arrested and fined 
for holding service in a private home, and 
Obadiah Holmes, who bared his back to the 
executioner’s lash; William Witter, the blind 
old martyr of Swamscotty, Henry Dunster, the 


180 


Diarv—Mav. 


third President of Harvard College, who was 
deposed from office for becoming a Baptist; 
John Myles, the distinguished Welsh exile; 
Thomas Goold, the first pastor of the Church 
in Boston, and William Screeven, who, driven 
from Massachusetts by persecution, found a 
shelter for himself and his flock in South Caro- 
lina.”” Concluding this address, Dr. King 
said: 

“The fathers of New England and the fathers of Virginia 


clasped hands in their weakness, and were made strong for the 
accomplishment of a mighty victory. May their sons of the 
North and of the South, with our wonderful increase in num- 
ers, in material resources, in political influence and in moral 
power, clasp hands in this joint convention and be made strong 
for the work which still remains to be done for God and truth, 
for liberty and righteousness and peace, for United America and 
for the nations of the world.” 


A number of important resolutions were 
passed by the convention and the following 
officers elected for the ensuing year: 


President, Augustus H. Strong, D. D., LL. D., N. Y. 

Vice-Presidents, Hon. J. Taylor Ellyson, of Virginia; Hon. 
Chas E. Hughes, of New York; A. L. MacCrimmon, LL. 
D., Canada. 

Recording Secretary, Thomas D. Osborn, of Kentucky. 

Assistant Secretary, J. S. Dickerson, of IIlinois. 

Corresponding Secretary, S. B. Meeser, D. D., Michigan. 

Treasurer, E. M. Thresher, Ohio. 


CADETS OF FORK UNION MILITARY 


Brooklyn League Day was celebrated by 
one hundred members who gathered in the 
Auditorium and were welcomed by T. J. 
Wool, General Counsel of the Exposition. 
The League is purely a social organization 
and the delegates were traveling for pleasure. 
John B. Creighton, Secretary of the League, 
made a brief speech replying to the welcome. 
The party were later the guests at a reception 


in the New York State Building. 

May 23.—Several hundred of the Baptist 
women who had been attending the North 
American Baptist Convention, held a session 
in the Auditorium. President Tucker deliv- 
ered an address. Mr. Tucker was the only 
man present. [he meeting was held by the 
women for women and after Mr. Tucker spoke 
he left the hall. Various phases of Baptist life 
and work were discussed, especially the mis- 
sionary societies which are largely sustained 
by women’s efforts. Following the meeting 
there was an adjournment to the Virginia 
Building where a reception was given in honor 
of the visitors. 

The Southern Publishers Association were 
welcomed by Mr. Tucker. “The Publishers 
met for their annual convention in the Audito- 
rium. The principal addresses of the day were 


181 


made by President F. P. Gloss of the Asso- 
ciation, Major John C. Hemphill of Charles- 
ton, South Carolina, and Joseph P. Caldwell, 
of Charlotte, North Carolina. 

The Cadet Battalion of the Fork Union 
Military Academy, arrived at the Exposition 
for a week’s stay. They were attended by 
the Head Master, L. H. Walton, Lieutenant 
E. H. Poindexter, several of the trustees and 
some of the teachers and friends of the school. 
Dr. William E. Hatcher, the President of the 
Academy, was with the boys. Upon their 
arrival the visitors were met by Lieutenant 
Cootes, Military Secretary of the Exposition, 
and fittingly welcomed. The Cadets made a 
splendid appearance and showed in movement 
and bearing that they had been well trained. 
They were escorted to the camp grounds where 
new tents and new cots had been provided for 
them. While in camp at the Exposition re- 
straints were reduced to a minimum, guard duty 
was light and the Cadets had sufficient liberty. 
Not one of them was guilty of infringing on 
any regulations. There was no disorder at 


ACADEMY, FORK UNION, VIRGINIA 


the camp and no complaint. Only praise was 
given to them for their conduct at the fair. 
The pleasure and profit of their visit was to 
an extent impaired by frequent and heavy rains 
but, weather permitting, the Cadets drilled in 
the afternoon and their maneuvers, which 
were witnessed by military experts, elicited 
many encomiums. The young soldiers seemed 
very proud of the impression they had created 
and strove in every way to earn good will and 
appreciation, succeeding admirably. 

May 24.—Rear-Admiral Purnell F. Har- 
rington entertained President Tucker and the 
members of the Board of Governors aboard the 
cruiser “ Brooklyn,” one of the station ships 
at the Exposition. 

May 25.—Major Mallory, Adjutant to 
General Grant, announced on May 25 orders 
to become effective on May 27, and remain in 
force until notice to the contrary was given. 


These instructions recited: 


Battalion drills by 23rd Infantry would be held daily 
from 8:00 to 9:00 a. mM. 

On Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 10:30 a. M., 
regimental drills by 23rd Infantry. 

On Tuesdays and Thursdays cavalry drill by 2nd Squad- 
ron, 12th U. S. Cavalry. 

Guard mount by 23rd Infantry at 
except Sunday. 

Battalion parade by the 23rd Infantry on Mondays, W ednes- 
days and Fridays at 5:00 P. m. 


10:30 a. mM. daily 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


CADETS FROM STAUNTON MILITARY ACADEMY, STAUNTON, VIRGINIA 


Regimental parade by 23rd Infantry, Tuesdays and Thurs- 
days at 5:00 P. M. 

Afternoon cavalry and artillery drills were to be an- 
nounced a day in advance. 


May 27.—Three companies from the Cadet 
Corps of the Staunton Military Academy ar- 
rived and remained in camp until the first of 
June. The Battalion was commanded by Cap- 
tain Wm. C. Kable, Commandant, Captain C. 
E. Daniel, as Assistant Commandant, with 
Major Thomas H. Russell, Head Master of 
the Academy, Major and Quartermaster. De- 
spite the fact that bad weather prevailed during 
the larger part of the visit the cadets had a dis- 
tinctly enjoyable time, and in Major Russell’s 
report he states: “‘ We feel sure that had our 
boys any idea of the good time awaiting them, 
three hundred young men would have taken ad- 
vantage of the opportunity to make the trip. As 
it was, one hundred and thirty-seven young men 
representing twenty-six States of the Union en- 
camped at the Exposition.”” During their stay 


A a ee 
“ici puhcaisadlies _~ 
a 


Le 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


HONORABLE W.. J. BRYAN SPEAKING IN CONVENTION HALL’ 


the Battalion gave an exhibition drill every 
morning on Lee’s Parade and in the afternoon 
dress parades were held. On the last afternoon 
of the encampment the Battalion was reviewed 
by President Tucker and Lieutenant Cootes. 
Mr. Cootes, an alumnus of the Staunton Acad- 
emy, was especially zealous in his efforts to 
make the cadets from his old school enjoy them- 
selves. The drilling, encampment and general 
appearance of the young men was the subject of 
much favorable comment, in which the civilian 
officials of the Exposition and the United States 
Army officers cordially joined. 

A special parade was given on the twenty- 
seventh in honor of Admiral Davis, command- 
ing the Division of the Atlantic fleet then in 
Hampton Roads, and the entire military con- 
tingent at the Exposition turned out in his 
honor. Following the parade the Admiral vis- 
ited the United States camp and the artillery 
fired the customary salute in his honor. 


182 


Diary—Mav. 


Flags at the Exposition were at half-mast 
on the twenty-seventh and on the morning 
of the twenty-eighth as a tribute of respect to 
Mrs. McKinley who had died on Sunday, 
May twenty-sixth. Some comment was 
evoked by the fact that every flag at the Expo- 
sition was dipped except those of the Govern- 
ment. ‘This, of course, was due to the Federal 
statutes in which there is no provision for half- 
masting flags as a tribute to private citizens, but 
the courtesy can be shown through a special 
order and in this case it seemed odd that such 
an order was not issued. 

May 30.—Patrick Henry Day. Between 
four and five thousand people assembled in the 
Convention Hall at 11:00 A. Mo. to hear 
William Jennings Bryan, of Nebraska, deliver 
an address on Patrick Henry. Mr. Bryan 
compared Henry with Demosthenes, and the 
speaker declared that the Greek was not the 
superior of the distinguished Virginian. Defin- 
ing the orator as a man who knows what he is 
talking about and knows how to tell it, who 
feels his convictions deep down in his heart, 
and convinces others that he feels, Mr. Bryan 
showed that Patrick Henry, possessing these 
qualities, and more, was a great orator. Ina 
great crisis the speaker emphasized there was 
always a great orator to arrive, “and | hope,” 
he said, “that another Patrick Henry will be 
born in Virginia, for with such a man no 
domestic despot could ever rule.” Mr. Bryan 
discussed the rate law, the Colonial system of 
the United States, and gave his ideas of a 
democratic government, broadly defining 
these as based upon the election of rep- 
resentatives who would carry out the ideas of 
the people who thought for themselves; “ for 
a leader,” according to his statement, “is 
one who thinks with the people and not for the 
people he represents.” At the conclusion of 


Mr. Bryan’s speech, President Tucker held up 
for inspection the original manuscript of the 
famous resolution introduced by Patrick Henry 
in the House of Burgesses of Virginia, protest- 
ing against the passage of the Stamp Act, a 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MR. BRYAN GREETING TENNESSEE VETERANS 


(Consign: Jamestown Official Biaeeeian Corporation. 
MR. BRYAN AT THE DOLLAR DINNER 


document in the great orator’s own handwrit- 
ing. It had been framed and was in a good 
state of preservation. One of the features of 
the day was a review of the First Tennessee 
Regiment Reserves composed entirely of old 
Confederate Veterans. Just as Mr. Bryan 
left the Convention Hall he spied these vener- 
able gray coated men gathered on Lee Parade 
and an impromptu review was organized. The 
Veterans passed in front of the Grand Stand 
by pairs, each of them shaking hands with the 
famous visitor. A dollar dinner was given in 
the large tent pavilion of the Military Catering 
Company that evening. The guest of honor 
was Mr. Bryan, and when he arose to speak 
he received a tumultuous ovation. During the 
course of his hour’s talk Mr. Bryan outlined 
his position on the various political questions of 
the day and impressed upon his hearers the fact 
that he still adhered to all the basic policies of 
government which he had advocated since he 
first came into prominence as a national figure 
in 1896. 

Commissioner Virgil A. Lewis extended a 
general invitation to the opening of the West 
Virginia Building. There were no ceremonies 
attending the opening but a luncheon was 
served to all the visitors and the little Moun- 
tam State’s big headquarters was crowded 
throughout the day. 

May 31.—The Battalion of Cadets of the 
Maryland Agricultural College arrived at the 
Exposition under the command of Major Ed- 
ward Lloyd, U. S. A. They remained in 
camp until June 5th. While at the Exposition 
the Battalion participated in all the functions 
prescribed by the military authorities. The 
cadets executed all the military exercises, such 
as reviews, Inspection parades, guard mounting, 
drills, both in close and extended order, with 
marked ability, and the spectators showed 
their appreciation by generous applause. ‘The 
military bearing of the cadets was conspicuous. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Sas 


CADETS FROM MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, COLLEGE PARK, MARYLAND 


The Battalion was garbed in khaki very similar 
to that worn by the Regular Army, and their 
carriage, precision of movement and the facility 
with which they executed involved maneuvers 
caused them to be mistaken for Regulars. 
Exchanging salutes with the U. S. S. “ Min- 
nesota”’ the war vessels representing the Re- 
public of France, passed between the Virginia 
Capes shortly before noon, headed by the 
cruiser “ Kléber,” the flagship of Rear-Ad- 
miral Thierry, Commander-in-Chief. The 
squadron, composed of that vessel and the 
cruisers ‘‘ Chasseloup-Loubet ’”’ and “ Victor 
Hugo” steamed into Hampton Roads and 
anchored in front of the Exposition. On the 
staff of the Commander-in-Chief were Captain 
Préaubert, Chief of Staff, and Lieutenant 
Ratier, Aide-de-Camp. Commanding the 
“ Kléber ’’ was Captain de Saint-Pern, with 
Captain Ducoroy second in command. Cap- 
tain Nayel commanded the “ Victor Hugo,” 
with Captain Corlouer as second officer. And 
similarly the ““ Chasseloup-Loubet ” was com- 
manded by Captain Carré, with Lieutenant 
Pirvinquiére as second officer. The path 
which these vessels traversed was the same as 
that over which came the French fleet that 
brought the Count de Rochambeau to York- 
town in 1781, and probably the memory of 
what was due to the great European Republic 


I a Se 


ARMORED CRUISER “ KLEBER,” FLAGSHIP OF REAR ADMIRAL THIERRY 


for her aid which made possible the successful 
termination of the Revolution, gave special zest 
to the welcome which was extended to the vis- 
iting squadron whose officers and men did much 
while at the Exposition to cement the long 
linked bonds of friendship between the world’s 
greatest Republics. 

June 3.—The Corps of the Pennsylvania 
Military College arrived on the morning of 
June 3rd and remained until June 7th. No 
cadet corps that visited the Exposition estab- 
lished a better record for excellence of disci- 
pline, for soldierly bearing and military con- 
duct. The greatest military school in this coun- 
try, perhaps in the world, the United States 
Academy at West Point, occupied, during the 
latter part of the cadets’ visit, the adjoining 
camp, and there was little discernible difference 
between the appearance of the student bodies. 
Including officers of the Military Department 
who accompanied the Corps to the Exposition, 
the Academy was represented by one hundred 
and fifty men, and in addition they had with 
them the band of the First Pennsylvania Regi- 
ment stationed in Philadelphia. 

Late in the afternoon, a special train, bear- 
ing the cadets and most of the faculty of the 
Virginia Polytechnic Institute, arrived at the 
Exposition. The boys marched at once to 
camp where they remained until the morning 


Diary—June. 


of June 13th, when the Corps disbanded and 
most of the students left immediately for their 
homes in various parts of the country. When 
the Corps arrived at the grounds and when they 
departed everything was handled with military 
precision and a careful attention to detail pre- 
vented any confusion or delay. Excellent 
order prevailed in camp at all times and in fact 
wherever the cadets assembled. “They were 
prompt in reporting at formations, maintained 
splendid discipline and created a superb im- 
pression. 

June 4.—Cadets formed an important part of 
the day’s programme. The first command to 
parade was the Corps from the Pennsylvania 
Military College. Promptly at | :30 their col- 
umn, at the head of which marched the First 
Pennsylvania Band, entered Lee Parade. The 
cadets gave a dress parade which was heartily 
complimented by the army officers present. The 
Corps was commanded by Major W. A. Hboll- 
brook, 5th U. S. Cavalry, and the adjutant 
was Lieutenant C. L. Holson, representing the 
faculty. Before the Pennsylvania boys had 
left the field the Corps from the Maryland 
Agricultural College arrived on the ground 
in battalion drill, and late in the afternoon there 
was a battalion drill given by the V. P. I. 
Cadets, three hundred strong. 

The ninth regular annual meeting of the 
Tri-State Medical Association of the Caro- 
linas and Virginia concluded its two days’ ses- 
sion in the Auditorium. 


Rotre E. Hucues, M.D. 
President 


J. Howett Way, M.D. 


Secretary 


Dr. Ralph E. Hughes, of Laurens, S. C., 
was President of the organization, and Dr. J. 
Howell Way, of Waynesville, N. C., Secre- 
tary and Treasurer. The Medical Director 
of the Exposition, Dr. Robert L. Payne, ex- 
tended a cordial welcome to the physicians, in 
which he was seconded by Barton Myers, of 
the Board of Governors. The meetings of the 
Association and the entertainments were ex- 
ceptionally well managed. by Dr. Southgate 
Leigh, of Norfolk, the Chairman of the Local 
Committee. The principal addresses were 
made by Dr. Hughes on “ The Relations 
Existing between Physicians and ‘Their 
Patients,” and by Dr. Stuart McGuire, of 
Richmond, on “A Review of My Last Five 
Hundred Cases of Appendicitis.” Papers on 
more than forty important subjects were dis- 
cussed. ‘‘ Recent Progress in the Surgery of 


185 


the Stomach’ was the matter for the annual 
debate, and in this Drs. LeGrand Guerry, of 
South Carolina, J. E. Stokes, of Salisbury, N. 
C., and Herbert A. Royster, of North Caro- 
lina, actively participated. A brilliant recep- 
tion was tendered to the visiting physicians and 
their friends in the Virginia State Building. 
For the year 1907-8 the following officers 
were elected: 

President, Dr. Stuart McGuire, of Richmond, Va. 

Vice-Presidents, Dr. Southgate Leigh, Norfolk, Va.; Dr. 
E. C. Register, Charlotte, N. C.; Dr. C. M. Rees, Charles- 
eee and Treasurer, Dr. J. Howell Way, Waynes- 
ville INeuG, 

The Council of the General Federation of 
Women’s Clubs of America met at the Inside 
Inn, Mrs. Sarah Platt Decker presiding. “Iwo 


hundred and fifty delegates were present. 


Mrs. SaraH S. Piatt Decker, President 


Mrs. May ALDEN Warp 
Second Vice-President 


Mrs. Puivip N. Moore 
First Vice-President 


Miss Virginia Gatewood, President of the 
Norfolk Woman’s Club, cordially welcomed 


the delegates. During the course of her re- 
marks, Miss Gatewood said: 


“The present is undoubtedly a revolutionary period for 
women as well as an evolutionary period for the nations, and 
herein there lies pre-eminently its quality of distinction. The 
world now recognizes that within woman's possibilities there 
is the power to live daily life out of the commonplace, to 
refine, to brighten it, to make it more attractive. This cannot 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman Mrs. Percy V. Pennybacker 
Recording Secretary Auditor 


be successfully accomplished by individual effort, but con- 
certed action promises effectiveness. To realize this promise 
women’s clubs were organized and they will live. Frequently 
they take a large part of our time and no small share of our 
strength, but ever in greater or in less degree the results are 
gratifying, for associations which have for their objects the 
cause of truth, of honor, of refinement, of virtue and philan- 
thropy must in time inevitably succeed, and success is a delight- 
ful goal to reach.” 


Miss Gatewood related many details concern- 
ing the Woman’s Club of Norfolk, an infant or- 
ganization at that time not one year and a half 
old. The speaker told of the work which had 
at various times individually been accomplished 
by Norfolk women and the feeling, which for 
several years past, obtained in the city that the 
women should have a club of their own. 

Miss Gatewood told how the club was or- 
ganized, how it had grown and flourished and 
how strong and vigorous it now was. She 
showed how comprehensive were the functions 
and plans of the association and told how the 
club life was divided into departments, each 
of which was governed by a sub-committee: 
House, Library, Music, Art, Literature, Lec- 
tures, Current Events, Civics and Social Enter- 


tainments. Miss Gatewood said: 


“Tt will always be a source of pride to me that I originated 
what has become such an important factor in Norfolk's social 
life. Our committees, and especially their chairmen, have 
worked so efficiently and zealously that each department has 


MISS VIRGINIA GCATEWOOD 
President, Norfolk Woman's Club 


Mrs. Charles A. Perkins 
Corresponding Secretary 


Mrs. Josiah Evans Cowles 


Treasurer 


yielded exceptional results. The club is now an important 
factor in Norfolk and with its membership grown to two hun- 
dred and seventy and growing as the months pass, it contains 
a promise of rich possibilities in the future and affords a 
positive guarantee of results which can only inure to the uplift 
of our city.” 


The speaker assured the delegates that the 
latch-string of the Woman’s Club of Norfolk 
hung on the outside, responsive to the lightest 
touch of any club woman in the United States. 
She said that it was the intention of herself and 
fellow members to be present at each session of 
the Council, that her associates were not usually 
tardy, but as a tribute to the memory of Pow- 
hatan’s daughter, “if in coming we are poky, 
hunt us.” 


Mrs. May Alden Ward, the second Vice- 
President of the General Federation, re- 
sponded to this address and thanked the 
speaker for her gracious welcome. Said Mrs. 


Ward: 


“From whatever part of the land we have come, we owe a 
debt of gratitude to Virginia, not only as it is the birthplace of 
the Nation, but also as the birthplace of American institutions. 
It was here that the first trial by jury was held, here the first 
church was built, here the first Elective Assembly met,—the first 
attempt at representative government in the new world. It is a 
comfort to us of New England at whose blue laws the world 
has long smiled, to know that Virginia also had her blue laws; 
that men were fined for absence from church, for unseemly 
speech, and for Sunday travel; that the cavalier as well as 
the pilgrim had need of the pillory, the whipping post, the 
stocks and the ducking stool. The latter was used to control the 
tongues of ‘ babbling women who often slander and scandalize 
their neighbors, for which their poor husbands are often brought 
into chargeable and vexatious suits and cast in great damages.’ ” 


Mrs. Ward recounted the virtues of Vir- 
ginia’s great past, and speaking for Massachu- 
setts, paid this extraordinary tribute: 


“There are many later names on Virginia’s roll of fame, 
and one especially stands for rare qualities of character—that 
combination of strength and patience, of courage and self- 
restraint—which have won for Robert E. Lee the love of all 
mankind. These names are our heritage as well as yours, for it 
was another Virginian, Patrick Henry, who said “ The differ- 
ences between Virginians and Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers and 
New Englanders are no more; | am not a Virginian, I am an 
American. ” 


Mrs. Ward stated that among the great 
problems which confronted men and women of 
America were: 


“ How are we to make the education of our boys and girls 
a preparation for the life they are to lead? How can we pro- 
tect the children so that they may have that chance of devel- 
opment which is the right of every American child? How can 
we safeguard the women who toil that their work may be done 
under proper conditions and without needless risk or danger ?”’ 


A feature of the evening session was Henry 
Turner Bailey’s lecture on the subject of 
“Beauty in Common Things.” A musical 
programme followed—Mrs. Blanche Arm- 
strong Weinschenck, Signor A. Patricolo and 
Miss Emily LeBlanc, participated. 


186 


Diary—lJune. 


ON 


@ 


Mrs. Philip Carpenter Mrs. Sarah A. Evans Mrs. Guy R. C. Allen Mrs. Wm. A. Johnston Mrs. Frank N. Shiek 
DIRECTORS OF THE GENERAL FEDERATION OF WOMEN’S CLUBS 


Several important subjects were discussed 
at the second day session. Mrs. John B. Sher- 


wood spoke on “ Art,” Miss Mary B. Pap- 
penheim on “ Literature,’ Mrs. Philip M. 
Moore on “ A Per Capita Tax,” and Mrs. 


P. S. Peterson on “ Forestry.”” In connection 
with this last subject, Eros Mills, an official 
of the Forestry Department of the Govern- 
ment, lectured. He urged the ladies to make 
a deeper study of the subject, maintaining that 
Nature was closely akin to the best in all 
literature, especially near to poetry. 

June 5.—Colontal Dames Day. The exer- 
cises of this order held in the Auditorium were 
attended by five hundred Dames. Mrs. Wil- 
liam Ruffin Cox, the National President, 
opened the meeting and introduced the Right 
Reverend A. M. Randolph, Episcopal Bishop 


of the Diocese of Southern Virginia. After 
the prayer by the distinguished prelate and a 
welcoming address by President Tucker, to 
which Mrs. Cox responded, Mrs. Hope, of 
Connecticut, read a poem, written by Mrs. 


James P. Andrews, of Hartford, entitled 


“ VIRGINIA.” 


Once on a day, upon the great round earth 
The New World lay unknown, close-veiled and _ still, 
Waiting the promised hour that should fulfill 


The mystery and wonder of her birth. 


Like an enchanted princess in her tower 
In dreamless sleep, removed from love and hate, 
Will or desire, dumb, inarticulate, 

Unmoved by circumstance of pomp and power, 


So slept this virgin world, while in her hand 
Half-clasped and loosely lay the magic key 
To boundless wealth, a golden treasury 

Of riches no King’s ransom could command. 


Teeming with life the Old World went its way, 
Fighting and feasting, conquering for the lust 
Of spoil and hewing, lest the sword should rust 

If idle in its scabbard for a day; 


Raising those miracles of faith in stone 
From whose gray brooding towers a silver chime 
Called worshippers to matins and to prime 

Or mass where chaliced wine might yet atone 


For scarlet sins that weighed upon the soul 
Of good believers. So the world went 
Its stormy way, now joyous, now forespent, 


Of Life's elixir draining the full bowl; 


Contented as a child in ignorance, 
Who of the wide earth’s measureless expanse, 
Knows but the space his vision comprehends, 


The arch of sky that his horizon ends; 


Till with revolving years a moment came 

When like the dawn’s first slender, trembling flame 
Or presage of a stovm in summer trees 

That whispers breathlessly of mysteries, 


Truth pierced the thick, enshrouding mists of night 
And swept the vibrant chords of sound and light, 
Dawned in a radiant rose-flushed, morning sky 


And softly breathed a word of prophecy. 


187 


What lies, men cried, beyond these darkling seas ? 
May not the hollow wave that beats our shore 
Receding, wash some dim, far-distant strand 
From whose resounding caves its muffled roar 
Rouses the echoes of that fabled land 

Where dwell the daughters of Hesperides ? 


Then that great dreamer by lone vigils taught 
And high communion with the constant sta‘s, 

Wresting the secrets that the ancients sought 
From Vega, Aldebaran and from Mars, 


Braved the wild terrors that beset his path 
The Sea of Darkness and its jealous wrath— 


Till in a triumph glorious, complete, 
He laid the New World at his sovereign’s feet. 


England was ringing with the noise of deeds 
Brilliant and dazzling as the morning sun 
Whose level rays no human eye can bear; 
Deeds that resounded to the farthest coast 
And waked the sleepiest hamlet of the realm. 
Was there an ear so dull or heart so faint 

It would not thrill in answer to the tale 

Of those great captains and their loyal men 
Who drove their ships like coursers flecked with foam 
Across the western sea to snatch the prize 
Of conquest from a greedy rival hand, 

And grapple with the galleons of Spain? 


Men breathed adventure in the very air, 
Dreamed of the Gold Coast and the Summer Isles 
Where fruits and perfumes, spices, deep-hued gems 
Combined to make a bright, fantastic whole; 
And in their dreams still dwelt the larger hope 
Of unknown principalities and powers 

That through the valor of unwearied hearts 
Should yield allegiance to one God, one King. 
So as men gathered by the water's edge 

In club or Tavern’s ancient raftered hall, 

With thoughts intent on news from over-seas, 
They voiced their spirit in a ringing song. 


SONG OF THE ADVENTURERS 


Come friends and merry gentlemen, 
Let nothing you appal; 
From Dartmouth moor, from Lincoln's fen 
Hark to the New World's call; 
Staunch ships are riding in the bay, 
Stout hearts are needed for the fray, 
Who'll let the Spaniard say us nay? 


Then courage one and all! 


Come yeoman, burgher, squire and knight, 
There's need of England's best; 

St. George is for us and the right, 
Who cares how rude the test? 

Let slothful dullards take their ease, 

We'll strike for fortune over seas, 

Then trim each sail to catch the breeze, 
Virginia's our quest! 


Drink deep to Raleigh, Hawkins, Drake, 
And shiver glasses down; 

Who ventures all upon the stake 
Wins riches and renown; 

Then loudly let the welkin ring 

For Merry England and the King 

So Westward Ho, till home we bring 


Fresh jewels for the crown. 


The anchor weighed and all the canvas set, 
Straining to catch the westward-blowing breeze, 
The last farewell is waved, and soon the shore 
Recedes and narrows to a line of blue 

That in its turn soon sinks below the verge, 
Leaving the ships, those play-things of the deep 
To front the buffet of its angry blasts 

Or shudder down into the green abyss 

Of giant waves whose crests roll mountains-high. 
Perhaps some watcher on the lonely deck 
Pacing his measures round twixt bell and bell 
Beneath the brooding silence of the sky, 

Might in his thought, have uttered words like these: 


The Jamestown 


Wind of the sea that restless blows 

To what far realm no mortal knows, 
Compel our sails with kindly breath; 
From hurricane that shrieks of death 
Through livid sky and ashen cloud 

By riven mast and tangled shroud, 
And from sick calm’s still enmity 
Deliver us, wind of the sea. 


Stars of the sea, bright lamps of night 
Shed on our path thy steadfast light, 
That those who anxious vigil keep 

And those who lie close-locked in sleep, 
Past sunken reef and hungry shoal 
May ride in safety to their goal. 

From night's dim terrors set us free, 
Till morning breaks, stars of the sea. 


God of the sea, thy thunderous tread 
Awakes not him whose wat'ry bed 
Hung with a feathery sea-weed pall 

ies in some sea-queen's glimmering hall; 
Then to that port of golden streams, 
Bright El Dorado of our dreams, 
Guide us dread Lord, eternally 
God of all lands, God of the sea. 


The goal was reached at last; at last the land 
Again a thread on the horizon’s verge 

Was hailed with shouts of joy and loud acclaim, 
And sturdy rowers, bending to their oars, 
Pressed to the mark, the long-desired shore. 

A boat's keel grating on a pebbly beach, 

Startling wild water-fowl from sedgy nests 

With raucous cries, and in the virgin sand, 
Foot-prints of men where none had been before— 
And lo, the dreaming princess was awake, 
Roused from her age-long sleep to take her place 
Among her elder sisters of the world. 


The charmed ground where life before had flowed 
Like a half hidden—hidden stream whose murmurings 
Blend with the whispers of the leafy wood, 

Must know, in passionate experience, 

The shock of conflict and the price of death; 
As on the stage, where all at first is dark 

While soft preluding music fills the air, 

That more insistent grows with throbbing beat, 
Increasing with the light that at the last 

Bursts in a wave of brilliance over all— 

While trumpets call in clarion tones to arms. 


The days to weeks have grown, to months, to years, 
And centuries have rolled into the void 

Of endless time, and still the thrice-told tale 
Of those we know so well we ponder o'er; 

The Captain, blithe, adventurous, gallant, bold, 
Bearing a charmed life through hundred wars, 
And flinging gay defiance at grim death; 

The subtle chieftains, crafty, full of guile, 
Holding in leash their hungry hounds of war; 
The governors, the councillors, the men 

Who fought the wilderness with dogged blows; 
And moving in the bright cloud of romance 
That dearest jewel of the dusky tribes 

Young Pocahontas, peace be to her name. 


So on that stage, how wide they little knew, 

Each in his part the actors came and went, 

Loved, hated, triumphed, suffered, and so passed 
Into the silent land, the land of rest. 

While of the stately city they had dreamed, 
Raising aloft its serried roofs and spires 

Stands but one tower, ruined, ivy-grown, 

Symbol of time’s inexorable change, 

Tho’ hands that reared it long since turned to clay. 


And with the passing of those crumbling walls 
Passes as well much that its builders loved; 
Hopes, and ideals, habits of reverence, 

Beliefs and purposes that gave them strength 
And courage to pursue their thorny way. 

But symbols change, and what we proudly raise 
In its decay, with tender, sheltering clasp, 

The ivy of tradition shields from view; 

Yet by the old the new springs up to life, 
Transmuted in the crucible of Time, 

In its alembic fashioned to new moulds, 

In substance one, immutably the same. 

One love, one grief, one triumph, one regret 
Forever stirs the hearts and minds of men, 
And one abiding hope, that still we move 
Toward purer heights of righteousness and peace. 


The National Society of Colonial Dames 
of America was a valued contributor to the 
Exposition. During the fifteen years of its 
existence the Society has made diligent search 
for manuscripts, letters and relics of historical 


Ter-Centennial Expostuon. 


sad 


MRS. WILLIAM RUFFIN COX 
National President of Colonial Dames 


value and has placed these in National and 
State Museums. One of the most important 
loan collections it ever secured was placed in 
the History Building of the Exposition, having 
for its special purpose the commemoration of 
the Colonial period of America. The Dames 
had made a special study of Colonial history 
and traditions, and had printed volumes of 
unique interest, such as the “ Minutes of 
the Orphan Master’s Court of New Amster- 
dam;” the “ Letters of Colonial Governors;” 
the ““ Correspondence of William Pitt with the 
Colonial Governors and Military and Naval 
Commanders in America,” and the “ Memoirs 
of Rufus Putnam.” 

The transactions of the Society during the 
past year were discussed at the Exposition and 
plans for future efforts were promulgated. 

The principal address of the day was deliv- 
ered by Bishop Thomas F. Gailor, of ‘Tennes- 
see. The music for the occasion was supplied 
by a band from the Third Division of the fleet 
anchored in Hampton Roads, the musicians 
coming from the battleships “* Alabama,” 
“* Kearsarge,” “ Kentucky ”’ and “ IIhinois.”’ 

After the exercises in the Auditorium the 
ladies lunched at the Swiss Village, and later 
were the guests of Mrs. Barton Myers at her 
home in Norfolk. That evening Mrs. Swan- 
son received the Dames in the Virginia Build- 
ing. 
June 6.—At 7:00 aA. M., four hundred 
of the West Point Cadets, who on the previous 
evening had arrived in Hampton Roads on 
board the “Sumner,” debarked and immedi- 
ately marched to their camp which the Com- 
mandant named “Robert E. Lee.” For 
two hours the West Pointers were engaged in 
making their abode habitable. They were a 
star attraction of the Exposition. At twelve 
o'clock a detachment performed the famous 


188 


Diary—June. 


$ J on + - as 2 

an = aaa) 4 
ie 
We Oh. ae 


' ‘Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


WEST POINT CADETS AT DEEPWATER PIER 


“Monkey Dnill.” At one o'clock the cadets 
dined at the big tent where their arrival was 
greeted with an uproarious welcome from the 
cadets of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute 
and from the Pennsylvania Muilitary College. 
At three o’clock the whole battalion attired in 
white trousers and gray coats marched upon 


Tuesday, June | 1th, the Cadets broke camp 
at 6:30 in the morning and marched to the 
Deep Water Pier. There they re-embarked 
on the transport ““ Sumner” for the return trip 
to West Point. They arrived at West Point 
at four o’clock on the evening of June | 2th. 

With the Cadets were Lieutenant-Colonel 
R. L. Howze, Commandant of Cadets; Cap- 
tain F. C. Marshall, 15th Cavalry; Captain 
T. Franklin, Commissary Department; Captain 
M. F. Smith, 20th Infantry; Captain M. B. 
Stewart, 8th Infantry; Captain S. F. Bottoms, 
Field Artillery; Captain C. W. Exton, 20th 
Infantry; Captain H. L. Newbold, 4th Field 
Artillery; Captain W. L. Oliver, 12th 


Cavalry; Captain G. S. Simonds, 22nd In- 
fantry; Ist Lieutenant J. H. Hanner, Assistant 
Surgeon, U. S. Army; Ist Lieutenant H. 
Glade, 6th Infantry; Ist Lieutenant G. Kent, 
Ist Cavalry; 2nd Lieutenant B. E. Grey, 29th 
Infantry, and Chaplain E. S. Travers. 


OFFICERS OF WEST POINT BATTALION 


Standing: 
Left to Right 
Sitting: 

Captain H. J. KoEHLER, Captain C. W. 


the field and performed a great variety of evo- 
lutions. 

On that afternoon the cadets began their 
exhibition drills, according to the following 
schedule: 

Thursday, June 6th, Battalion drill at 4:00 
P. M. and evening parade at 5:45 P. M. 

Friday, June 7th, morning parade at |1 :00 
A. M.; calisthenic drill at 4:00 P. M.; evening 
drill at 5:45 Pp. M. 

Saturday, June 8th, riding drill at 10:00 
A. M.; morning parade at I 1:00 A. M.; shelter 
tent drill at 4:00 P. M., and evening parade at 
5:45 P. M. 

Monday, June 10th, the United States 
Cadet Corps marched to Discovery Landing 
at 9:40 a. M., and there received the Presi- 
dent of the United States, after which they 
participated in the parade and review of the 
land forces, and Corps of Cadets occupied the 
right line. They had a riding drill at 4:00 
P. M., and an evening parade at 5:45 P. M. 


189 


LizuTENANT A. A. Maysock, Captain H. L. Newsoip, Captain Georce S. Simonps, Captain L. W. OL iver, 

LIEUTENANT F. H. Farnum, Captain M. B. Stewart, LIEUTENANT Guy KENT, LIEUTENANT B. E. Grey. 
Captain O. J. CHarves, Captain M. F. Smitn, LiEUTENANT-CoLoNEL R. L. Howze, COMMANDANT OF CADETS; 
ExTon. 


Order No. 44 issued by Lieutenant-Colonel 
Howze read: 
““CaMP RoBertT E. LEE, 
Jamestown Exposition Grounds, June 

6th, 1907. 

I. Paragraph VI Orders No. 44 cur- 
rent series Headquarters U. S. Corps of 
Cadets, is amended to read as follows: 

II. The official desig- 
nation of the encampment 
at Jamestown Exposition 
shall be “Robert E. 
Lee,” in honor of General 
Robert E. Lee, a distin- 
guished graduate and late 
Superintendent of the U. 
S. Military Academy. 

III. Hours for duty 


Rev. E. S. TRavers 


while in camp at James- Chenin: 
town will be as follows: 

Reveille, 6:30 A. M. 
Police Call, 6:40 A. M. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


mestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS 
In the center stand SUPREME CoMMANDER CHar_Les A. Barnes and Major-GENERAL ARTHUR J. SToBBART, Commander 
of the Uniform Rank, K. of P. At the extreme right of picture is Mayor B. E. Rice, Superintendent of the Pythian Bureau. 


Breakfast, First Call, 6:30" A.M, 

Breakfast, Assembly, 7:00 A. M. 

Sick Call, immediately after return from 
break fast. 

Riding, First Call, 9:40 A. M. 

Riding, Assembly, 9:45 A. M. 

Morning Parade, Friday and Saturday, 


First Call, 10:40 a. M. 
Assembly, 10:45 A. M. 
Dinner, First Call, 12:10 Pp. M. 
Dinner, Assembly, 127152 PM: 
Police Call, 3:30 P. M. 
Drill Calisthenic, 7th instant, First 
all) 3:40 P. M. 
Assembly, 3:45 P.M. 
Drill, Shelter tent, 8th instant, First 
Call, 3:40 Pp. M. 
Assembly, 3:45 P.M. 
Parade, First Call, 5:25 P. M. 
Assembly, 5:30 P. M. 


Guard mounting immediately after parade. 
Guard mounting when there is no parade, 


First Call, 4:55 P. M. 
Assembly, 5:00 Pp. M. 
Supper, First Call, 6:35 P. M. 
Supper, Assembly, 6:40 P. M. 
Tattoo, 10:30 P. M. 
Taps, MARDI be 


The Association of Manufacturers and Job- 
bers Supplies met at the Auditorium and con- 
ducted a purely business meeting. The Presi- 
dent was D. W. Hamill, of Buffalo, N. Y., 
and the Secretary F. S. Hanley, of New York 
City. 

The Supreme Assembly, Uniform Rank 
Knights of Pythias, met in the Auditorium at 
eleven o'clock. Major-General Arthur J. 
Stobbart, of St. Paul, presided and comman- 
ders from twenty-four states answered to the 
roll call. “They were resplendent in their glit- 
tering uniforms and were one of the most dis- 
tinguished looking bodies that had been in 
session at the Exposition since its opening. 
Those present were: 

Supreme Chancellor Charles A. Barnes, 
Jacksonville, Florida; Major-General Arthur 
J. Stobbart, St. Paul, Minnesota; Colonel E. 
V. Lorenz, A. D. C., St. Paul, Minnesota; 


Brigadier-General Joseph H. Lyon, Kansas; 
Brigadier-General James H. Barkley, I]linois; 
Brigadier-General W. G. Smith, Maine; Brig- 
adier-General Charles F. McGlashan, Califor- 
nia; Brigadier-General William H. Loomis, 
Michigan; Brigadier-General Thomas W. 
Minshull, Ohio; Brigadier-General Lauren C. 
Thomas, Pennsylvania; Brigadier-General 
Fred E. Wheaton, Minnesota; Brigadier-Gen- 
eral John H. Tiller, Texas; Brigadier-General 
William E. Hitchcock, Massachusetts; Briga- 
dier-General John H. Aitken, Oregon; Briga- 
dier-General Jerome F. Kingsbury, Iowa; 
Brigadier-General J. Alex Ewing, West Vir- 
ginia; Brigadier-General Joel T. Livingston, 
Missouri; Brigadier-General Charles A. Cox, 
Georgia; Brigadier-General Charles R. Collins, 
Tennessee; Brigadier-General Charles D. 
Pfafflin, Colorado; Brigadier-General Orman 
T. Lougee, New Hampshire; Brigadier-Gen- 
eral John B. Zaun, Wisconsin; Brigadier-Gen- 
eral James E. McCracken, Kentucky; Briga- 
dier-General John W. McBrine, Massachu- 
setts; Brigadier-General Orson W. Middaugh, 
New York; Brigadier-General Paul P. Walsh, 
Washington State; Brigadier-General Merril 
E.. Wilson, Indiana. 

The great international fleet began to re- 
assemble for Georgia Day when the President 
of the United States was to be present. The 
“* Kentucky,” ““ Kearsarge,” “ Illinois” and 
‘“* Alabama ’”’ had been in the Roads for sev- 
eral days. The Dutch cruiser ‘ Gelderland ”’ 
also arrived and was joined by the Austrian 
cruisers ‘‘ Sankt Georg’’ and “* Aspern’’ and 
the U. S. S. ‘‘ Washington” and the UV. S. S. 
“Tennessee.” The last vessel was com- 
manded by Rear-Admiral Stockton, who had 
just hoisted his flag for the first time since his 
promotion. 

June 7.—Tidewater Virginia Day was one 
of the best attended events of the Exposition. 
In order to secure a record-breaking crowd the 
Department of Special Events included in a 
single celebration all of the cities and commun- 
ities in Tidewater Virginia, and the Mayors 
of Norfolk, Portsmouth, Newport News and 
Hampton each declared June 7, a public holi- 


190 


Diary-—June. 


‘ 
— “of 
~ Bera“ 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


fy 


SCHOOL CHILDREN IN GRAND STAND, TIDEWATER DAY 


day. Practically every store and office in these 
cities closed for the occasion and it was a gen- 
eral school holiday. A reduced admission fee 
was charged to children on Tidewater Day 
and the street railway companies permitted the 
use of school tickets for transportation to the 
grounds. A child might visit the Exposition 
for a ten cent car fare instead of twice that 
sum, and a ten cent admission fee instead of a 
quarter of a dollar. Many of the exhibitors 
offered prizes and each ticket issued at the gate 
bore a numbered coupon which might be ex- 
changed for some souvenir. 

The first event was a parade of school chil- 
dren representing Norfolk, Portsmouth, Nor- 
folk County, Newport News and Hampton. 
This parade was headed by R. A. Dobie, 
Superintendent of Public Schools of Nor- 
folk. Various other superintendents and prin- 
cipals acted as assistant 
marshals. After the pa- 
rade the children sang 
national airs. J. S. Bar- 
ron, the Chairman of the 
Executive Committee, 
presided at the meeting 
held in the Auditorium. 
The orator of the day 
was Samuel Gompers, 
who spoke entirely with- 
out notes. One of his 
sentences was especially 
noteworthy. He re- 
ferred to the military phase of the Expo- 
sition and the honors accorded the soldiers and 
said: ‘‘ After singing in song and verse the 
praises of these men who fall upon the battle- 
fields, I feel that we should not regard as 
hoboes the men who fall upon the contested 
fields of industry.” 

The most noteworthy event of the day was 
the balloon ascension made by Eugene Godet, 
the French Aeronaut, who had been at the 
Exposition for several weeks building his 
machine for this occasion. [The wind was 
blowing a half gale in the morning and Mr. 
Ludlow, who was in charge of the Aeronautic 
Concourse, and Captain Lovelace, an experi- 
enced aviator, attempted to dissuade Godet 
from ascending, but the plucky Frenchman in- 
sisted on making the attempt. Leaving the 


J. S. Barron, Chairman 


191 


Concourse Godet arose several hundred feet, 
when a driving wind caught his ship and bore 
it straight toward Hampton Roads. In spite 
of all efforts to divert the ship it was driven 
through a clump of pines and lost its rudder 
and propeller. Without any steering device, 
hurled by the storm the balloon was borne over 
the water and not until the rigging became en- 
tangled in the smokestack of the U. S. S. 
“ Alabama ”’ could Godet be rescued. When 
the men aboard the warship saw the balloon ap- 
proaching they manned a number of cutters 
and rushed to the assistance of the imperiled 
aeronaut. The first boat to approach the 
machine caught the suspended grapnel, but so 
swiftly was the airship flying that it dragged 
the battleship cutter for more than a mile. The 
excitement aboard the “ Alabama” was at 
fever heat when it was seen that the airship 
would strike the vessel. 
No harm was done to 
the battleship and Godet 
suffered merely from a 
badly bruised hand, but 
the airship, over which so 
much time and energy 
had been expended, was 
practically ruined. 

Addresses on a variety 
of subjects constituted the 
business of the first day’s 
session of the Woman’s 
National Press Associa- 
tion at the Inside Inn. ‘The principal feature 
of the evening was the address of Mrs. Emma 
Shaw Golcouth, of Rhode Island. Mrs. Gol- 
couth is a distinguished journalist, traveler and 
lecturer. Other addresses were made by Miss 
Belva F. Lockwood, of Washington, Mrs. 
Harriet Hayden Fink, from Philadelphia, and 
Miss Helen Varick Boswell, of New York. 
The last session of the convention was held 
June 8. 

Admiral Evans’ fleet entered Hampton 
Roads. ‘The vessels in line were the battleships 
“ Connecticut,’ the Admiral’s flagship; 
“Louisiana,” “ Maine,” “ Missouri,” ‘* Vir- 
ginia,’ “ Rhode Island,” “ Ohio,” ‘‘ Minne- 
sota,” ‘‘Iowa,” “Indiana,” ‘* Tennessee,” 
“New Jersey,” and “ Georgia.” The great 
men-of-war were followed by the destroyers, 


Mrs. ELLEN S. CROMWELL 
President W. N.P. A. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


“Worden,” “* Hopkins,” “* Stuart,” “* Hull,” 
“Whipple,” and “ Truxtun.” 

The “ Varese ”’ and “ Etruria,” commanded 
by H. R. H., the Duke d’Abruzzi, also entered 
the Roads, 
and late in the 
evening there 
arrived the 
Barroso 
and “ Tamo- 
yo, com- 
manded by the 
Brazilian Ad- 
miral Duarte 
Huet de Ba- 
cellar. 

June 8.— 
The principal 
feature of the 
day was the 
drilling of the 
West Point 
Cadets. In 
the evening 
Mrs. Harry St. George Tucker gave an in- 
formal dinner to H. R. H., the Duke d’Abruzzi 
at the Hotel Chamberlin. 

June 9.—As a part of the program of drills 
and exercises prescribed for the Naval Acad- 
emy Practice Squadron for the Summer of 
1907, the cadets from Annapolis paid a brief 
visit to Hampton Roads, arriving on the eve 
of Georgia Day. They full dressed their ship, 
June 10, in honor of the President of the 
United States and shared with the West Point 
cadets the privilege of acting as military escort 
to the Nation’s Chief Executive. A provisional 
battalion of midshipmen, including six com- 
panies, landed for the occasion. On Virginia 
Day the same battalion occupied the place of 
honor at the head of the line. Lieutenant W. 
N. Vernon, U. S. N., commanded the bat- 
talion. 

The Fifth Regiment of Infantry, National 
Guard of Georgia, arrived at the Exposition 
about noon, and immediately marched to 
camp. Ihe Regiment was commanded by 
Colonel Clifford L. Anderson, who was ac- 
companied by his full Regimental Staff. There 
were ten companies, a hospital corps and a 
band, under the command of Colonel Ander- 
son, his regiment being composed of forty-one 


CAVALIERE ARTURO PARATI 
Italian Vice-Consul 


oficers and four 
hundred and eighty 
enlistedmen. Dur- 


ing the week that 
this Regiment was 
at the Exposition 
the weather was ex- 
ceedingly inclement. 
Tuesday it rained 
nearly all day, 
Thursday heavy 
rains and Friday 
light showers. The 
regiment left the 
Exposition at three 
o'clock Saturday 


Co.. CLIFForD L. ANDERSON 
Fifth Infantry N. G. Ga. 


afternoon. The Georgia Troops were assigned 
as a special escort to the President on June 
10th, Georgia Day. The regiment had reg- 
ular drills and parades, together with guard 
mounting daily. The camp _ was. strictly 
guarded by sentinels and the best order and 
discipline were maintained. In the statement 
prepared by Major J. D. Dunwoody then 
Adjutant of the Fifth Regiment, and now 
Adjutant-General, First Brigade of Georgia, 
it is stated that the drills and parades required 
of the Regiment were much enjoyed, though 
rains made marching difficult and at times con- 
verted their camp into a pond. The regiment 
participated in the functions of Georgia Day, 
June 10th, and Virginia Day, June 12th; the 
officers took part in the ceremonies incident to 
the presentation by the Governor of Georgia 
of the Silver Service to the battleship 
“Georgia,” and they attended a reception 
given by General Grant, Thursday evening, a 
reception at the Georgia Building, Tuesday 
evening, a reception at the Virginia Building, 
Wednesday evening, and a banquet at the 
Virginia Club in Norfolk on Friday evening. 
A part of the report of Major Dunwoody, ex- 
presses appreciation of the courtesies extended 
by General Grant and the other United States 
officers, and acknowledges the attentions paid 
by the Exposition authorities to the regiment. 


ANNAPOLIS CADETS 


The supplies were purchased from the U. S. 
Commissary Department at regular army prices. 
Major Dunwoody stated that the trip was en- 
joyed despite the heavy rains and that the drills 
undoubtedly did the regiment good. The men 
enjoyed good health and not a single case of 
sickness developed after the return home. 
Two hundred and sixty-five Cadets of the 
Virgina Military Institute arrived at the Expo- 
sition at 7:15 A. M. They were accompanied 
by their own band. The battalion immediately 
went into camp and the cadets spent the day 
adjusting themselves to camp life. The camp 
assigned to the Corps adjoined ““ Camp Robert 
E. Lee,” occupied by the West Point Cadets, 
and there was some friendly rivalry between 
the West Pointers and the V. M. I. boys dur- 
ing the stay of both corps at the Exposition. 
Each organization exhibited considerable in- 
terest in the methods of the other. A narrow 
road separated the camps and when a formation 
of any kind occurred in one, the edge of the 
dividing road was lined with watchers from the 
other. The V. M. I. boys marched at the 
head of the Virginia troops in the Georgia Day 
parade and received an ovation along the entire 
line of march. The cadets on duty and off 
duty, in ranks and singly, made a splendid 
showing. President Roosevelt especially com- 
plimented the excellent appearance of the bat- 


192 


Diary—June. 


= 


talion when parading. V. M. I. drills were 
scheduled to take place during the afternoon 
of Tuesday, June | 1th, but heavy rains caused 
them to be postponed. June 12th, Virginia 
Day, the V. M. I. Cadets had the place of 
honor in the parade and, marching at the head 
of all the State troops, were Governor Swan- 
son’s special escort. As the corps passed the 
grandstand, Governor Swanson remarked that 
he was not soldier enough to see any differ- 
ence between the V. M. I. battalion and the 
West Pointers. Unfortunately rain and mud 
prevented the cadets from giving the drills in 
which they were especially proficient, such as 
Butt’s Manual and battalion drills. The corps 
was commanded by Colonel M. L. Mills, the 
Commandant of the Virginia Military Institute. 

June 10.—Georgia Day. The “ May- 
flower” arrived in Hampton Roads early in 
the morning. On board were the President of 
the United States, and Mrs. Roosevelt, Am- 
bassador and Madame Jusserand, Ambassador 
and Madame van Swinderen, Postmaster-Gen- 
eral von Meyer, Rear-Admiral and Mrs. 
Cowles, Douglas Robinson and Mrs. Robin- 
son and C. Grant Lafarge and Mrs. Lafarge. 
The “ Mayflower” passed over the same 
course pursued on “Opening Day” and 
came to anchor in the center of the large fleet. 
As the President’s boat steamed past the war- 
ships lying in anchor each in turn saluted with 
twenty-one guns the Nation’s Chief Executive, 
who occupied the bridge of his yacht. ‘The 
foreign vessels held the position of honor near- 
est the Exposition grounds and parallel with 
them. The black or dark drab vessels of 
Austro-Hungary, France, Portugal, Italy, the 
Netherlands, Brazil and Great Britain, ap- 
peared in striking contrast to the glistening fleet 
of thirty-three men-of-war under the command 
of Rear-Admiral Evans. The only American 
boats that were not white and buff were five 
dark green torpedo boat destroyers, and these 
little craft, by reason of their color, appeared 
as aliens in the American line. 

Admiral Evans’ flagship, the “ Connecti- 
cut,” fired the first gun of the Presidential 
salute. In a flash the other ships, whose gun- 
ners were waiting for the signal began their 
greeting, and the salvos continued without a 
break until the ““ Mayflower ”’ came to anchor. 


193 


VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE CADETS 


ee 


As the President’s yacht threaded its way 
along the line of foreign vessels a new series of 
salutes was begun and repeated by each boat 
in the Roads. In all eighteen hundred and six 
cannon shots were fired. Standing at attention, 
the crews of all the vessels were drawn in close 
order along their forward and quarter decks 
and the elevations of the superstructure while 
the President was passing. Continuing its cir- 
cuit, the ““ Mayflower” anchored within the 
group of flagships and immediately the flag ofh- 
cers of the fleets visited the President. As soon 
as the “‘ Mayflower’ dropped anchor, Secre- 
tary Metcalf left the dispatch boat, “*Dolphin”’ 
and joined the President. With him were Gov- 


Copyright, Bacharash. 


Cardinal, Archbishop of Baltimore 
Ordained Priest 1861—Chancellor of Archdiocese of Balti- 
more 1862—Assistant Chancellor of Second Plenary Council 
for the Roman Catholic Church in America 1866—Vicar 
Apostolic of North Carolina 1868—Bishop of Richmond 1871 
—Coadjutor Archbishop of Baltimore May 20, 1877—Arch- 
bishop of Baltimore October 3, 1877—Presided Over Third 
Plenary Council of the Roman Catholic Church in America 
1884—Appointed a Cardinal Priest 1886 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ernor J. N. Terrell of Georgia and W. M. 
Mitchell, President of the Georgia Commission. 

Amid a second booming of cannon and the 
cheers of thousands of spectators who lined the 
shores of Hampton Roads, the President en- 
tered a launch and left for “ Discovery Land- 
ing’’ where he arrived a few minutes after 
eleven o'clock. The Fifth Georgia Regiment 
was waiting for him and he was greeted on ar- 
rival by the Italian Ambassador Baron Mayor 
des Planches and Captain Pfister of the Italian 
Embassy, Rear-Admiral Harrington, U. S. N., 
Hon. John Temple Graves, of Georgia, J. H. 
Edwards, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, 
the members of Governor Terrell’s staff and a 
number of Exposition officials headed by Mr. 
Tucker. Mr. Roosevelt was driven directly to 
the Reviewing Stand which was filled to re- 


pletion. He first greeted Cardinal Gibbons 
who had come to deliver an invocation. 


This great churchman, the chief dignitary of 
the Roman Catholic faith in America, was one 
of the first to appreciate the importance of the 
Ter-Centennial and to express unequivocally 
his entire sympathy with the celebration and 
his hope for its success. He was an honored 
guest on the occasion and an attentive multitude 
listened reverently to the brief invocation he 
delivered. Governor Joseph M. Terrell of 
Georgia, introduced the illustrious churchman 
to the vast assemblage. During the course of 
his prayer the Cardinal said: “We pray for 
His Excellency the Governor of this State, and 
for the Governor of Georgia, who have as their 
guest today the country’s most distinguished 
man, the President of the United States; we 
pray that the Exposition may be instrumental 
in drawing more closely together the bonds of 
fellowship and friendship between the empires 
of the world, so that the family of nations shall 
be more closely identified.” 

Introduced by Mr. Mitchell, the President of 
the Georgia Commission, as “the son of Georgia, 
or rather, Georgia’s most illustrious grandson,” 


President Roosevelt spoke as follows: 


I cannot express, how deeply touched I am at the action 
of the State of Georgia, my mother’s state, the state from 
which I draw half the blood in my veins, in erecting as the 
Georgia State House at the Jamestown Exposition a replica 
of my grandfather's house at Roswell, Georgia; the house in 
which my mother passed her youth and where she was married 
to my father. It is an act of gracious courtesy and considera- 
tion which I very deeply appreciate; and through the governor 
and other representatives of Georgia | desire from my heart 
to thank all her citizens. Georgia's history is unique, for she 
alone among the original thirteen colonies and the subsequent 
new states added thereto, was founded with a consciously 
benevolent purpose, with the deliberate intent to benefit mankind 
by upbuilding a commonwealth along carefully planned lines 
of social, political, and religious liberty and justice. Odglethorpe, 
the founder of Georgia, was a true apostle of philanthropy and 
of equality of opportunity for all. His set purpose was to 
found a state, the gates of which should be open to the 
oppressed of every land and creed, and closed to every form 
of political, religious, or industrial bondage or persecution. 
His colony welcomed alike those who fled from political or 
social tyranny, and those, whether Christian or Jew, who 
sought liberty for conscience’s sake. It was a high and honor- 
able beginning; and I am proud, indeed, of my Georgian 
ancestry, and cf the fact that my grandfather’s grandfather, 
Archibald Bulloch, was the first governor, or as the title then 
went, President of the new State, when the Continental Con- 
gress, of which he was also a member, declared that the 
Thirteen States had become a new and independent nation. 
Since then Georgia has grown at a rate even more astounding 
than the rate of growth of the nation as a whole; her sons 
have stood high in every field of activity, intellectual or phys- 
ical; and rapid though her progress has been in the past, it bids 
fair to be even greater in the wonderful new century which 
has now fairly opened. 


aaa 


estown Official Photograph Corporation. 


A SNAP-SHOT OF THE PRESIDENT 


Copyright, J 


Perhaps the very fact that I am half southern and half 
northern in blood, and that for many years I was brought into 
peculiarly close association with the life of the great West, 
makes it natural for me to feel with intensity the strong sense 
of kinship with every portion of our great common country 
which should be the birthright of every true American. Since 
I have been President I have visited every State and Territory 
within the borders of the Union, save such as can only be 
reached by sea. I have traveled from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf. I have spoken at 
country fairs, to colleges, to commercial and business organiza- 
tions, to associations of professional men, to labor organizations, 
to men of every creed and parentage. The thing that has 
struck me most has been the essential oneness, the essential 
unity of our people. 

In the fundamentals | have found American citizens to 
be just about the same everywhere. In whatever locality of 
the country we live, whatever our fortune or occupation in life, 
there exist just about the same essential good qualities and 
much the same shortcomings in any gathering of our citizens. 
Of course, each community has its especial temptations, its 
especial shortcomings; and if it is wise each community will 
try to cure itself rather than to cause heartburnings by railing 
at the shortcomings of a sister community. There is ample 
field for the reform energies of every one of us in his or her 
particular sphere of home and neighborhood activity. 

Not only is all of this true as between one community and 
another, but it is just as true between one class of our citizens 
and another. Now and then we meet well-meaning people 
who have a genuine horror and dread of all rich men and 
think of them as being set apart by peculiar vice and iniquity. 
Now and then we meet equally well-meaning rich men who 
have an equally irrational dread of those whom they style 
“labor leaders.’’ In each case I think the hostility is in large 
part due to a want of sympathy caused by complete ignorance 
of the men who arouse such distrust or anger. As a matter 
of fact, if we take a given number of men of large fortune 
and a like number of wage-workers, we find that in their 
essential human nature they are all alike. In each group we 
find men as wise and as foolish, as good and as bad as in 
the other group. Such being the case it is certainly well that, 
so far as possible, when the men of a given group, as a whole, 
act in a way that we deem contrary to the public interest, 
we should treat the action as a wrong to be remedied rather 
than as a wrong to be avenged. We ought not to tolerate 
wrong. It is a sign of weakness to do so, and in its ultimate 
effects weakness is often quite as bad as wickedness. But in 
putting a stop to the wrong we should, so far as possible, 
avoid getting into an attitude of vindictive hatred toward the 
wrong-doer. He may be morally to blame and it may be 
necessary to punish him; but on the other hand the wrong he 
has committed may simply be due to the existing condition of 
things, to conditions under which he has been brought up; and 
in such a case, while we must apply the remedy, and see that 
there is no further chance of harm to the community, it is 
neither just nor far-sighted to exact revenge for what has been 
done. In short, friends, let us realize that in very truth we are 
knit together in ties of brotherhood, and that while it is proper 
and necessary that we should insist upon our rights, we should 
yet be patient and considerate in bearing with one another, and 
in trying, so far as in us lies, each to look at the problems that 
face us from his brother’s standpoint as well as from his own. 

During the last quarter of a century this nation has made 
astounding strides in material progress, and in no other section 
has this progress been more noteworthy than in the South. 
While her agriculture has grown faster than ever before, there 
has also been a new growth of her manufacturing industries— 
indeed, there has been growth of every kind. But of course 
there is ample room for further growth. The South will be 
all the better for new immigrants of the right type, and | hope 


194 


Diary—June. 


to see steamship lines carrying such immigrants established at 
ports like Savannah and Charleston, just as I hope to see 
ports like New Orleans connected by lines of steamers with 
the South American continent, the continent with which our 
relations should grow ever closer and mutually more advanta- 
geous. In the South, as everywhere through the Union, we need 
to see a good education given free to all children, no matter 
what may be their race or color. Nor can we wisely permit 
this education to be of a merely literary type. More and more 
we are growing to realize that there must be an education of 
the hand as well as of the head. There must be agricultural 
and industrial colleges, and, above all, schools in which there 
can be elementary preparation for agriculture and industry. 
These schools for technical training will hold a great place 
in the future in fitting our citizens for doing their economic 
duties in the best possible shape. In the South there is a 
population peculiarly fitted to profit by them, a population which 
has been generally referred to as “ poor white,” a population of 
splendid capacities, and almost purely of the old native stock, 
which simply lacks the opportunity to develop a degree of 
industrial efficiency unsurpassed elsewhere on this continent. 
It is a matter for congratulation that there is such a steady 
increase of interest in the Southern States in everything per- 
taining to children. This has already markedly shown itself, 
and [| hope will still more markedly show itself in the future, in 
warring against the evil of child labor in factories. The factory 
is a very poor place indeed for a child; indeed, personally | 
think the factory a poor place for a woman—certainly for a 
married woman, or for an unmarried woman for more than a 
very few years. In any community organized on really healthy 


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Jamestown Official 


result of the ever-increasing growth of our complex industrial- 
ism. Decade by decade, it becomes more and more necessary 
that, without sacrificing their individual independence, the 
people of this country shall recognize in more effective form 
their mutual interdependence, and the duty of safeguarding 
the interest of each in the ultimate interest of all. We have 
inherited and developed a superbly self-reliant individualism 
in this country. I most earnestly hope that it will not be lost, 
that it will never be exchanged for a deadening socialism. ‘The 
only permanently beneficial way in which to help anyone is 
to help him to help himself; if either private charity, or gov- 
ernmental action, or any form of social expression destroys the 
individual's power of self-help, the gravest possible wrong is 
really done to the individual. Nevertheless, as the conditions 
of life grow more complex, it is not possible to trust our 
welfare only to the unbridled individual initiative of each unit 
cf our population working as that unit wills. We need laws 
for the care of our children which were not needed when this 
country was in its infancy. We need laws for the control of 
vast corporations such as were not needed when the individual 
fortunes were far smaller than at present, and when these 
fortunes were not combined for business use. In the same way 
we need to change our attitude toward labor problems from 
what that attitude was in the days when the great bulk of our 
people lived in the country with no more complex labor rela- 
tions than is implied in the connection between the farmer and 
the hired help. For example, the great increase in mechanical 
and manufacturing operations means a corresponding increase 
in the number of accidents to the wage-workers employed 
therein, these including both preventable and inevitable acci- 


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PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT SPEAKING 


lines the average woman will have quite enough to do in her 
own home, whether she is rich or poor; and nowhere else can 
she do work of such value to the nation as a whole—and by 
work, I mean her housework, her work as housewife and 
mother, and not so-called “ home industries.’ As regards child- 
ren, it is as essential to look after their physical as their mental 
training. We can not afford to let children grow up ignorant; 
and if they are sent to school they can not, while young, also 
work hard outside without detriment, physical, mental, and 
moral. There is urgent need for the health authorities to 
increase their care over the hygienic conditions and surround- 
ings of children of tender years, and especially to supervise 
those in the schools. It is a good thing to try to reform bad 
children, to try to build up degenerate children; but it is an 
even better thing to try to keep healthy in soul, body, and mind 
those children who are now sound but who may easily grow 
up unsound if no care is taken of them. The nation’s most 
valuable asset is the children; for the children are the nation 
of the future. All people alive to the nation’s need should 
join together to work for the moral, spiritual, and physical 
welfare of tke children in all parts of our land. I am glad 
that there has been founded a national society of public school 
hygiene, and I wish it, and all its branches, well in every way. 

There is increasing need that the welfare of the children 
should be effectively safeguarded by governmental action; with 
the proviso, however, that this action shall be taken with knowl- 
edge and in a spirit of robust common sense; for philanthropy, 
whether governmental or individual, is a curse and not a bless- 
ing when marked by a spirit of foolish sentimentality and 
ignorance. Such governmental action is merely one inevitable 


195 


dents. To the ordinary wage-worker’s family such a calamity 
means grim hardship. As the work is done for the employer, 
and therefore ultimately for the public, it is a bitter injustice 
that it should be the wage-worker himself and his wife and 
children who bear the whole penalty. Legislation should be 
had, alike from the nation and from the states, not only to 
guard against the needless multiplication of these accidents, 
but to relieve the financial suffering due to them. Last winter 
Congress passed a safety-appliance law which marked a long 
stride in the right direction. But there should be additional 
legislation to secure pecuniary compensation to workmen suffer- 
ing from accidents, and when they are killed, to their families. 
At present both in the sphere covered by National legislation, 
and in the sphere covered by State legislation, the law in too 
many cases leaves the financial burden of industrial accidents 
to be borne by the injured workmen and their families; and a 
workman who suffers from an accident either has no case at all 
for redress oy else must undertake a suit for damages against his 
employer: The present practice is based on the view announced 
nearly seventy years ago that “ principles of justice and good 
sense demand that a workman shall take upon himself all the 
ordinary risks of his occupation.” In my view, principles of 
justice and good sense demand the very reverse of this view, 
which experience has proved to be unsound and productive of 
wide-spread suffering. It is neither just, expedient, nor humane, 
it is revolting to judgment and sentiment alike, that the financial 
burden of accidents occurring because of the necessary exigencies 
of their daily occupation should be thrust upon those sufferers 
who are least able to bear it, and that such remedy as is theirs 
should only be obtained by litigation which now burdens our courts. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


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BEFORE THE GRAND SfAND ON LEE’S PARADE 


As a matter of fact there is no sound economic reason for 
distinction between accidents caused by negligence and _ those 
which are unavoidable, and the law should be such that the 
payment of those accidents will become automatic instead of 
being a matter for a lawsuit. Workmen should receive a 
certain definite and limited compensation for all accidents in 
industry, irrespective of negligence. When the employer, the 
agent of the public, on his own responsibility and for his own 
profit, in the business of serving the public, starts in motion 
agencies which create risks for others, he should take all the 
o-dinary and extraordinary risks involved; and though the 
burden will at the moment be his, it will ultimately be assumed, 
as it ought to be, by the general public. Only in this way 
can the shock of the accident be diffused, for it will be 
transferred from employer to consumer, for whose benefit all 
industries are carried on. From every standpoint the change 
would be a benefit. The community at large should share the 
burden as well as the benefits of industry. Employers would 
thereby gain a desirable certainty of obligation and get rid of 
litigation to determine it. The workman and the workman’s 
family would be relieved from a crushing load. 

The National Government should be a model employer. 
It should demand the highest quality of service from its em- 
ployees and should care for them properly in return. Con- 
gress should adopt legislation providing limited but definite 
compensation for accidents to all workmen within the scope of 
the Federal power, including employees in navy yards and 
arsenals. Similar legislation should follow throughout the 
states. The old and inadequate remedy of suit for negligence 
would then gradually disappear. 

Such a policy would mean that with increased responsibility 


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of the employer would come increased care, and accidents 
would be reduced in number. The temporary burden involved will 
not hamper our industries. _ Long experience of compensation laws 
in other countries has demonstrated their benefit. What we ad- 
vocate is only a simple measure of justice, only one step toward 
the goal of securing, so far as human wisdom can secure, fair 
and equitable treatment for each and everyone of our people. 

As a corollary to the above let me point out the extreme 
unwisdom of the railway companies in fighting the constitu- 
tionality of the national employers’ liability law. No law is 
more emphatically needed, and it must be kept on the statute 
books in drastic and thorough-going form. The railroads are 
prompt to demand the interference and to claim the protection 
of the Federal courts in times of riot and disorder; and in turn 
the Federal Government should see to it that they are not 
permitted successfully to plead that they are under the Federal 
law when thereby their own rights can be protected, but outside 
of it when it is invoked against them in behalf of the rights 
of others. If it is proper for the Federal courts to issue in- 
junctions in behalf of railroads, it is proper that railroads 
should be held to a strict liability for accidents occurring to 
their employees. There should be the plainest and most un- 
equivocal additional statement, by enactment of Congress, to 
the effect that railroad employees are entitled to receive dam- 
ages for any accident that comes to them as an incident of 
the performance of their duties, and the law should be such 
that it will be impossible for the railroads successfully to fight 
it without thereby forfeiting all right to the protection of the 
Federal Government under any circumstances. In the same 
way there should be rigid Federal legislation to minimize all 
railway accidents. 


PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT ON WAY TO NEGRO BUILDING 


Diary—June. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


SAILORS LANDING FOR PARADE 


“In closing, friends and fellow citizens of Georgia, let me 
say one word suggested by the recent ceremonies, in which you 
have just taken pact, in connection with your gift to the noble 
battleship named after your state. Our battleships and great 
armored cruisers, our fighting craft, are named after the States 
of our Union, and this symbolizes the fact that the Navy is a 
common possession of all of us, and that its honor and its 
triumphs are as dear to the heart of a true American who 
dwells anywhere inland as to a true American who dwells 
anywhere on the seacoast. The Navy is our surest guaranty 
for peace, and if war should ever come it will be the gveatest 
safeguard for our honor and our interest. As is likewise true 
of our Army, it is manned by a volunteer force; for it must 
never be forgotten that all our soldiers and sailors, whether 
regular or not, are volunteers. Every encouragement should be 
given to our Navy, and no public servant should be pardoned 
for failing to do everything in him to see that we have the 
best type of ships and of guns, and that the officers and enlisted 
men are held to the strictest accountability for so practicing 
with the ships and guns that no navy afloat shall, ship for ship, 
squadron for squadron, be our superior. If the officers and 
enlisted men do their duty—and I am thankful to say that in 
our Navy the cases where they do not do their duty are 
relatively few in number—they put us all under a deep obliga- 
tion to them, and we should give them all the rewa:d and 
encouragement in our power. The higher a man is in the 
service, the greater should be our insistence upon having the 
best kind of man. We should have a system of promotion 
either by elimination or by selection, so that mediocre officers 
could not come to the top. The officers in responsible positions 
should be watched with peculiar care. Each captain of a ship 
must do his duty just as emphatically as the enlisted men must 
do their duty, and the way they do their duty will largely 
depend upon the way he does his. He must keep his officers and 
men in good order, and he must remember that it is ordinarily 
his fault if they go down hill, if they deteriorate in discipline or 
become discontented. Modern wars are in reality decided long be- 
fore they are fought. I earnestly hope that we shall never have 
another war; but if we do, its result will have been determined 
in advance; for its outcome will mainly depend upon the pre- 
paration which has been made to meet it in time of peace. 

This lesson of preparedness does not relate merely to war; 
it is just as true of our ordinary civic affairs. It is as true 
of the nation as of the individual. Each of us does any given 
piece of work well or ill, largely according to how he has 
previously trained himself to do it. The nation, which is but 


the aggregate of the individuals composing it, will rise or fail 


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Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT 
Mayj.-Gen. GRANT Rear-Apm. Evans 


197 


to rise in any great crisis according to the ideals and standards 
that it has kept in mind in ordinary days, and according to 
the way in which it has practically trained itself to realize 
these ideals and come up to these standards. We must insist 
upon justice and fair dealing as between man and man. We 
rust strive each of us to treat his fellow with an eye single 
to what his conduct warrants. We must work hard and bear 
ourselves cheerfully and valiantly. We must be kind and 
considerate, and yet show that at need we have iron in our 
blood. If we live our ordinary everyday lives after this 
fashion, we need have no fear that the priceless gift of free 
government will wither in our hands. 


After the speech of the President the Expo- 
sition was the scene of the greatest military 
pageant witnessed in the South since the days 


of the Civil War. Occupying the chair beside 


Mr. Roosevelt was Major-General Frederick 
Dent Grant, the officer in command of the 
United States Military forces at the Exposi- 
tion. Without a hitch of any sort or the slight- 
est delay, for more than an hour the columns 
filed past the Reviewing Stand. The parade 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


WEST POINT CADETS ON LEE’S PARADE 


was commanded by Colonel Philip Reade, 
23rd U. S. Infantry, as Grand Marshal, and 
on his staff were Captain George S. Goodale 
as Adjutant-General and Captains De Vore, 
Seay, Drum, Wilkins and Dunwoody. In the 
line reviewed by the President were detach- 
ments from the French, Brazilian, Austrian, 
and Dutch warships; two squadrons of the 
Twelfth Cavalry; a corps of cadets from the 
U. S. Military Academy at West Point; a 
corps of midshipmen from the U. S. Naval 
Academy at Annapolis; the Twenty-third U. 
S. Infantry, a full brigade of marines from the 
Atlantic fleet; the Third Battery U. S. Light 
Artillery; the Seventieth, Seventy-first and 
Seventy-second Regiments, Virginia Volun- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


— 


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Copyright, Jamestown Offic Photograph Corporation. 


GOVERNOR JOSEPH M. TERRELL OF GEORGIA, AND HIS STAFF 


teers; the Fifth Regiment National Guard of 
Georgia; Company “E,” First Regiment of 
Georgia; a corps of cadets from the Virginia 
Military Institute; a corps of cadets from the 
Virginia Polytechnic Institute; the battalion 
“Richmond Light Infantry Blues,’’ the “ Nor- 
folk Light Artillery Blues,”” and the First Bat- 
talion of Artillery, Virginia Volunteers. At 
the conclusion of the parade, in which it was 
estimated that fully fourteen thousand officers 
and men participated, the President was hur- 
ried to the Negro Building where he was 
cheered by five thousand people as he entered 
the structure. Within the building he was met 
by a receiving line composed of the officers of 
the Negro Development and Exposition Com- 
pany, including JT. J. Calloway, Chairman 
Executive Committee, A. F. Hillyer, Secretary 
and Treasurer, Giles B. Jackson, Director- 
General, and others. The President was ac- 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


companied by Governor and Mrs. Terrell, and 
the distinguished visitors were introduced by 
Mrs. A. M. Curtis, the fiscal agent of the com- 
pany and the hostess of the building. Follow- 
ing the inspection of the Negro Building the 
President was driven to the Georgia headquar- 
ters where Governor Terrell presented a silver 
service to the battleship “ Georgia.”” On be- 
half cf the officers and crew of the vessel, the 
silver service, one of the handsomest ever pre- 
sented to an American man-of-war, was ac- 
cepted by President Roosevelt, who spoke 
appropriately. 

A reception was then given to Mr. Roose- 
velt at the Georgia Building, at the conclusion 
of which the President and his party went to 
the New York State Building and formally 
opened the structure. The name of the 
Nation’s Chief Executive was the first to 
appear on the New York register. 


PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT ADDRESSING NATIONAL EDITORIAL ASSOCIATION 


Diary—June. 


After the opening of the New York Build- 
ing, Mr. Roosevelt was driven to the Conven- 
tion Hall where he addressed the annual con- 
vention of the National Editorial Association. 


He said: 


It is of course a mere truism to say that no other body 
of our countrymen wield as extensive an influence as those 
who write for the daily press and for the periodicals. It is 
also a truism to say that such power implies the gravest re- 
sponsibility, and the man exercising it should hold himself 
accountable, precisely as if he occupied any other position of 
public trust. I do not intend to dwell upon your duties to-day, 
however, save that I shall permit myself to point out one 
matter where it seems to me that the need of our people is 
vital. It is essential that the man in public life and the man 
who writes in the public press shall both of them, if they are 
really good servants of the people, be prompt to  assail 
wrongdoing and wickedness. These are two conditions to be 
fulfilled, because if unfulfilled, harm and not good will result: 
In the first place be sure of your facts and avoid everything 
like hysteria or exaggeration; for to assail a decent man for 
something of which he is innocent is to give aid and comfort 
to every scoundrel, while indulgence in hysterical exaggera- 
tion serves to weaken, not to strengthen the statement of truth. 
In the second place be sure that you base your judgment on 
conduct and not on the social or economic position of the 
individual with whom you are dealing. There are good and 
bad men in every walk of life, and their being good or bad 
does not depend upon whether they have or do not have large 
bank accounts. Yet this elemental fact, this fact which we 
all accept as self-evident, when we think, each of us, of the 
people whom he himself knows in his business and social rela- 
tions, is often completely ignored by certain public men and 
by certain public writers. The men who thus ignore it and 
who attack wickedness only when found in a particular class 
are always unsafe and are sometimes very dangerous leaders. 
Distrust equally the man who is never able to discover any 
vices of rich men to attack and the man who confines himself 
to attacking the sins and shortcomings of rich men. It is a 
sure sign of moral and mental dishonesty in any man if in his 
public assaults upon iniquity he is never able to see any 
iniquity save that of a particular class; and this whether he is 
able only to see the crimes of arrogance and oppression in the 
rich or the crimes of envy and violence in the poor. He is no 
true American if he is a respecter of persons where right and 
wrong are concerned, and if he fails to denounce the dema- 
gogue no less than the corruptionist, to denounce alike crimes 
of organized greed and crimes of brutal violence. There is equal 
need to denounce the wealthy man who swindles investors or 
buys legislatures or oppresses wage-workers, and the needy man 
who inflames class hatred or incites mob violence. We need to 
hold the scales of justice even, and to weigh them down on one 
side is as bad as to weigh them down on the other. 


The Twenty-second annual convention of 
the National Editorial Association was in ses- 
sion June 10-11-12-13 and 14. Bishop 
Tucker delivered an invocation and President 
Tucker of the Exposition Company tendered 
a cordial welcome, to which the Honorable 
Walter Williams, a former President of the 
Association, responded. After President 
Roosevelt had addressed the editors, John E. 
Junkin, President of the Association, spoke 
very entertainingly. I]lustrating the tremendous 
activity of the newspaper, Mr. Junkin said: 


“If a celebration had been held at Jamestown one hundred 
years after the “Sarah Constant,’ the ‘Good Speed,’ and the 


H. B. VARNER, President 1907-8 


199 


BENJ. B. HERBERT, First President 


‘Discovery sailed into Hampton Roads, a report of the 
proceedings could only have been published in one newspaper 
in the colonies. It would have taken the reporter two weeks to 
get his copy to Boston. Boiled down to six lines, it might have 
been given a paragraph in Harris’ Publick Occurences some time 
during the year, for the editor about that time naively expressed 
regret that he was ‘thirteen months behind in giving the news 
from Europe,’ and the news from over the water was more inter- 
esting than any mere local event, no matter how important. 

“Tf an Exposition had been held two hundred years after 
Captain John Smith issued the edict that every one should 
work or starve, there would have been only two hundred news- 
papers in the Republic in which to advertise the great event. 
And not more than four or five of these were dailies. 

“To-day twenty thousand presses in ten thousand cities, 
towns, and hamlets are telling the story of the Jamestown 
Exposition. The day after the opening, twenty million copies 
of the daily papers contained forty million columns of descrip- 
tive matter. During the month following that event, some 
reference was made to the Exposition in a hundred and forty 
million copies of journals of all kinds in the United States. 
This would be two papers for every inhabitant of the land 
and ten for every family. 

“There is nothing in all the marvelous achievements of this 
marvelous country which even approximates the growth of the 
newspaper. 


The speaker discussed second class mail 
rates; the exchange of mileage for advertising. 
He spoke of the resentment which the average 
public official entertains for the newspaper and 
the magazines, and said: 


“Sometimes our outbursts of virtuous indignation are only 
for those we do not like. Sometimes our battle for civic 
righteousness has a strain of selfishness that is ill-concealed, 
and sometimes, alas, we even assume the garb of heaven to 
serve the devil. We are not always right and our enemies 
are not always wrong. Mr. Dooley very aptly puts the case: 
‘Th’ press is fr th’ universe what Mulligan was f'r his beat. 
He was th’ best polishman an’ th’ worst I iver knew. He 
was a terror to evil-doers whin he was sober, an’ a terror to 
iverybody whin he was dhrunk.’” 


Jacob Riis delivered a very pointed speech 
on the subject of ‘‘ The American Press and 
the People’s Welfare.” He told of a visit to 
a chemical laboratory with his friend, a pro- 
fessor, who explained that everything in the 
world could be dissolved into its original ele- 
ments. ‘‘ Suppose that you were to dissolve 
me,” said Mr. Riis, “ what would you get?” 

“Let me see,” said the Professor. “* You 
are a newspaper man. Nothing but gas! A 
bad-smelling gas.” 

The speaker claimed that this age has set its 
landmarks ahead a long way and because of 
that it is the best age to live in that was ever 
given to man, and because of that, also, it 
demands the ablest, the most devoted leader- 
ship. Said Mr. Riis: 


“We are traveling in new and untried paths. If I had 
ever doubted that the Republic was God's plan of setting 
humanity free, I should know it from the fact of His always 
finding the pilot for the hard places. The Civil War found 
its Lincoln; the war against selfish and intrenched privilege 
that is the fight of our day, its Roosevelt.” 


JOHN E. JUNKIN, President 1906-7 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


WILL H. MAYES, First Vice-President 


Colonel John Temple Graves spoke on 
“The Transition of the Press to a Higher, 


Larger and Nobler Plane.” He said: 


“To-day the commercial instinct is the dominant force of 
civilization, the dollar is the despot, and the trail of the trade- 
ma-k is over us all. 

“But to-morrow brings back the man. The great editor 
looms once more upon the horizon. The ruling force, the 
guiding intelligence, the imperial mind that sways, shall once 
again be throned in the sanctum rather than wrapped in the 
statesman’s toga or magnified in the politician’s wiles. 

“For the world grows. It grows in scope. It magnifies 
its numbers. It multiplies its reading; it enlarges its informa- 
tion. It broadens its ideas. It qualifies daily to discriminate 
between the false and the true, the spurious and the real. But 
the minority do the thinking. The minority rule the world. 
The majority do not think at all or have their thinking done 
for them by leaders or machines. And the world’s growth 
comes from us. The press leads the world’s advance. 

“The press heralds the world’s thought. The press marches 
in the forefront of the wozld’s progress. The newspaper is 
taking the place of books and teachers and statesmen and 
preachers. It furnishes science to the thoughtful. It feeds 
the imaginative with morals. It panders to sentiment in poems. 
It satisfies the publicist with facts. It restrains the politician 
with publicity. It establishes universities in its columns, and 
where the spoken preachment penetrates a hundred ears, its 
printed sermons are placed before ten thousand eyes.” 


Honorable Crosby S. Noyes delivered an 


address’ on “ Journalism Since Jamestown.” 
He gave a splendid character sketch of John 
Smith, and among other things said: 


“Captain John Smith’s achievements in the way of planting 
and sustaining the English Colony under the most formidable 
difficulties were as worthy of glorification as are the deeds of 
Theodore Roosevelt, but the former lacked the aid of the news- 
paper press that has so greatly helped the latter in his upward 
career. 

“The newspapers have given Mr. Roosevelt their vigorous 
support in his reform policies; have exploited all his sayings 
and doings through the twenty-four hours of the day; glorified 
the man and his work and made his name a household word 
in every home in the land. Mr. Roosevelt has seemed some- 
what slow in acknowledging his indebtedness to the press, but 
perhaps he will think of it some day when he is not too busy. 

“Captain John Smith had no such newspaper aid, and his 
great deeds have thereby gone ‘unhonored and unsung. Sad 
to say there is not in all Virginia to-day a statue, portrait, bust, 
medallion, inscription, not even a souvenir spoon, to be found 
to do honor to the brave, sagacious man whose services were 
of such value on behalf of the infant colony that was the 
foundation of the Grand Old Dominion!* No babies, cities, 
towns or counties have been named for him, perhaps because 
he bore the common-place, unpoetic, monosyllabic name of 
Smith, which would not fit in well with the aristocratic euphoni- 
ous names of the Washingtons, Jeffersons, Madisons, Monroes, 


Berkeleys, Masons, Randolphs, and Pendletons.”’ 
W. W. Finley, President of the Southern 
Railway Company, delivered an address on 


“The Railroad Situation.”” He poked some 


fun at the editors during the course of his 
speech. Mr. Finley said: 


A great advantage that the newspaper has over the rail- 
way is that, no matter how greatly dissatished a man may be 
with its editorial management, he has no effective way of making 
his dissatisfaction felt. He may write a letter to the editor 
threatening to stop his subscription, but when one of you 


* This neglect may no longer be charged against the State—Eb. 


WILL F. PARRETT, Cor. Secretary 


J. W. COCKRUM, Rec. Secretary 


receives such a letter you quietly drop it in the waste-basket, 
well knowing that there is little probability that the threat will 
be carried out. If you think there is even a remote danger 
that it may be, you take occasion, in your next issue, to print a 
pleasant paragraph about your irate subscriber, referring to 
him as ‘our esteemed fellow citizen, and making him one of 
your most loyal champions ever after. 

“How different it is with the railway. When a man has 
a grievance against it, all he has to do is to write a letter to 
the newspaper and you gentlemen do the rest. There is no 
waste-basket for such a letter. You not only publish the letter, 
but some of you go as far as to criticise the railway editorially, 
and here and there an editor is to be found who can see 
nothing good in any railway or in any railway manager. Do 
you wonder that I am glad of this opportunity to talk to this 
body, representing so many editors of the United States, and 
to criticise you as freely as you have criticised the railways?” 


He advocated the improvement of interior 
waterways © up to the point that will enable 
them to become active competitors with the 
railways instead of being, as is at present the 
case, in many localities, merely potential com- 
petitors capable of handling a larger share of 
the traffic if railway rates should be raised to 
the level that would make water carriage more 
profitable.” 

Will H. Mayes, of the “ Bulletin,” Brown- 


oS. 


Harris & Ewing 


; Copyright, 


HONORABLE CROSBY S. NOYES 


200 


Diary— June. 


ep 


=; 
= 


me 
= 


wood, Texas, delivered an interesting address 
on the “Characteristic Journalism of the 
Southwest.” Will F. Parrett, of Waterloo, 
Iowa, spoke on “ The Producer and How to 
Produce.” Carl A. Jettinger of Delphos, 
Ohio, chose as his subject, ‘“ How to Manage 
the Circulation of a Country Newspaper.” 

It is probable that the National Editorial 
Association never had a more successful and 
important meeting. [There were chosen as 


officers for the year 1907-8: 


Henry Branson Varner of Lexington, N. C., President; 
Will H. Mayes of Brownwood, Texas, First Vice-President; 
A. Nevin Pomeroy, of Chambersburg, Pa., Second Vice-Pres- 
ident; R. E. Dowell of Artesian, S. D., Third Vice-President; 
Will F. Parrett of Waterloo, lowa, Corresponding Secretary; 
J. W. Cockrum of Oakland City, Ind., Recording Secretary; 
William A. Steel of Seattle, Wash., Treasurer; W. E. Tabor 
of Avon Park, Fla., Poet Laureate; C. F. Lehman of Halletts- 
ville, Texas, Flag Custodian. 


The Virginia Volunteers arrived at the Ex- 
position. The following report of the en- 
campment was prepared for the Blue Book 


by Major Clinton L. Wright, Assistant Ad- 


jutant-General of Virginia: 


Under the provisions of Section 1661 of the United States 
Statutes, and in obedience to the General Order No. 13 of the 
Adjutant-General’s Office, the First Brigade of Virginia Vol- 
unteers encamped at the Exposition grounds from June 10 to 
18 inclusive. Unfortunately little had been done toward com- 
pleting the camp before the arrival of the troops and while 
the Military Secretary of the Exposition, Lieutenant H. N. 
Cootes, 12th U. S. Cavalry, was untiring in his efforts to 
provide the promised comforts, in many instances he was 
helpless. 

The First Brigade consisted of one hundred and forty-eight 
officers and fourteen hundred and twenty-seven men, divided 
into three Regiments—Seventieth, Seventy-first and Seventy- 
second, commanded respectively by Colonel W. J. Perry, 
Colonel T. J. Nottingham and Colonel R. F. Leedy; one 
Battalion, the Richmond Light Infantry Blues, commanded by 
Major E. W. Bowles, and three Batteries of Artillery— 
Battery “ A,” known as the Richmond Howitzers, commanded 
by Captain William M. Myers, Battery “B,” of Norfolk, 
known as the Norfolk Light Infantry Blues, commanded by 
Captain George W. Toms, and Battery “ C,” known as Grimes’ 
Battery, commanded by Captain Harry A. Brinkley. 

The work of the Commissary Department was minimized 
by reason of the fact that supplies were secured from the Depot 
Commissary of the United States Army stationed at Old Point. 
The food was entirely satistactory, of excellent quality and 


201 


MILITARY STAFF OF THE GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA 


NED 


was furnished at the same rate as was charged to the divisions 
of the Regular Army. 

The Quartermaster Department was placed in the most 
embarrassing position, both by the railroads and the Exposition 
Company. Much time and attention had been given to the 
arrangement of transportation. Excellent schedules had been 
planned and accepted by the railroads, but in few instances 
were these carried through. Numerous requisitions for addi- 
tional tentage and other quartermaster supplies were approved 
and forwarded to the Exposition Company who had agreed 
to furnish all such necessities and these requests were subse- 
quently followed up with personal attention, yet it was difficult 
to obtain results. 

The Medical Department was under the care of Junius F. 
Lynch, M.D., Major and Brigade Surgeon, who was assisted 
by the following surgeons who had reported for duty: 

Major Truman A. Parker, 70th Regiment, Surgeon. 

Major W. L. Old, Surgeon, 71st Regiment. 

Major A. T. Finch, Surgeon, 72nd Regiment. 

Captain J. F. Bright, Surgeon, R. L. I. Blues’ Battalion. 


Cot. Jo Lane STERN 
Inspector-General 


Mayor Ciinton L. WricHt 
Asst. Adjutant-General 


First Lieutenant A. A. Rittenour, Assistant Surgeon, 70th 
Regiment. 

First Lieutenant J. M. Robison, Assistant Surgeon, 70th 
Regiment. 

First Lieutenant I. Brown, Assistant Surgeon, 7Ist Regiment. 

First Lieutenant R. H. Pretlow, Assistant Surgeon, 7|st 
Regiment. 

First Lieutenant L. F. Hansbrough, Assistant Surgeon, 72nd 
Regiment. 

First Lieutenant W. A. Gills, Assistant Surgeon, Battery 
“A,” Ist Artillery. 

First Lieutenant C. E. Verdier, Assistant Surgeon, Battery 
“B,” Ist Artillery. 

First Lieutenant J. D. Collins, Assistant Surgeon, Battery 
“Ci” Ist Artillery. 

The health of the men was uniformly good. There was 
practically no sickness, and during the encampments there were 
only two hospital cases from the Brigade, though naturally 
there were a number of minor disorders. 

It rained almost continuously while the Virginia troops were 
at the Exposition. The Brigade was supposed to comply with 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ASE SH dos 


OFFICERS OF THE CADET CORPS U. S. NAVAL ACADEMY 


the General Orders issued daily by Brigadier-General Fred- 
erick D. Grant, U. S. A., commanding the United States troops 
but it was generally impossible to execute any military maneu- 
vers; and, with the exception of guard mount, the daily exercises 
were largely eliminated. Extended order drills and regimental 
parades were ordered in conformity with the instructions of 
the Commander-in-Chief whenever the weather permitted and 
the inability to carry out the instructions was a source of great 
disappointment to the officers and men who had hoped that the 
encampment would, in a military sense, be distinctly profitable. 
Anticipating that the encampment would afford the means for 
extended instruction and great improvement, there had previ- 
ously been issued orders for study in extended order, advance 
guard, rear guard and outpost, and lectures had been arranged 
to be given on these subjects by officers of the Regular Army, 
but ail of these courses had to be omitted by reason of unin- 
termittent rains. 

On the morning of the 10th, close order drill was had and 
at twelve o'clock the Brigade was formed in full dress uniform 
for participation in the Georgia Day ceremonies when the 
guest of honor was the Honorable Theodore Roosevelt, Pres- 
ident of the United States. This was the first appearance of 
the brigade since its organization, yet it acquitted itself hand- 
somely before the forty thousand people who witnessed the 
review. 

The brigade had been ordered to the Exposition to honor 
Virginia Week, and in particular Virginia Day. Fortunately 
the clouds lifted on the 12th of June, the day set apart for the 
Old Dominion’s celebration, and fair weather lasted just long 
enough for the parade and ceremonies. Again the Virginia 
troops acquitted themselves handsomely in a review before the 
Governor of the State, the Commander-in-Chief of the Militia. 

As a camp of instruction, the attendance at the Exposition 
might be considered almost negligible and productive of no 
appreciable result. The only good fortune attending the en- 
campment was that the men were able to parade on the two 
days of special consequence and on each occasion made a 
showing highly creditable to themselves and to the State of 
Virginia. 

During this week there were, in addition to 
the soldiers of the regular army stationed at 
the Exposition, thirty-five hundred more men 
in uniform. Besides the Viriginia Brigade 
there was a regiment from Georgia and cadets 
from four important military schools, together 
with the midshipmen from the United States 
Naval Academy, and there were a number 
of independent uniformed companies from 
various parts of the country. The Annapolis 
Cadets, who came to the Exposition to partici- 
pate in the parade of Georgia Day, remained 
until June 12 when they were in the line of 
march honoring the Old Dominion. 

June 11.—In honor of Savannah Dav, 
Special Commissioner Saussy, who represented 
the Chamber of Commerce of that city, kept 
open house all day at “ Bulloch Hall,” for vis- 
itors from the “ Forest City.” There were no 


special exercises. 

District of Columbia Day. Honorable 
Henry B. F. MacFarland, Honorable Henry 
L. West, Commissioners of the District of 
Columbia; General John A. Wilson, U. S. 


A., President of the Washington Board of 
Trade, and Colonel R. N. Harper, President 
Washington Chamber of Commerce, held a 
public reception at eleven o'clock in the U. S. 
Government “ Army and Navy Building.”’ In 
the afternoon at two o'clock there were exer- 
cises in the Auditorium, General Wilson pre- 
siding. Both Mr. Tucker, the President of 
the Exposition, and Governor Swanson, of Vir- 
ginia, welcomed the visitors. Honorable Henry 
B. F. MacFarland, the principal speaker, 
said: ‘‘ When in 1790, the work of preparing 
the city of Washington for the federal govern- 
ment began, its site, covered with ancient 
forests, looked practically as it did when Cap- 
tain John Smith came to visit it, although 
Georgetown had grown to a population of 
2,000, somewhat smaller than the population of 
Alexandria, which was at the extreme southern 
end of the new federal district, in the portion 


which had been ceded by Virginia.” 

The speaker told of the difficulty of select- 
ing a site for the national capital and how the 
matter was at last decided by Thomas Jeffer- 


Copyright, Harris & Ewing 
HONORABLE HENRY B. F. MacFARLAND 


President Board of Commissioners, District of Columbia 


202 


Diary—June. 


Brig.-Gen. John M. Wilson 
Pres. Wash. Board of Trade 


Hon. John R. McLean 
Editor Wash. Post 


son and Alexander Hamilton, who agreed that 
the South should have the federal district and 
the North should have the adoption of Ham- 


ilton’s measure which made the revolutionary 
debts of the states part of the debt of the nation. 
The Potomac was selected and Congress com- 
missioned General Washington to choose the 


particular site and plan the capital. Mr. Mac- 
Farland said: 


“ George Washington chose the site of the federal city, at 
the junction of the Anacostia and the Potomac in the beautiful 
amphitheater which had been the meeting-place of the Indian 
tribes of the North and South. He chose this site not only with 
the eye of a surveyor, but with the eye of a seer, who saw 
what other men did not see of the future greatness and glory 
of the republic. Most of the other statesmen here and in 
Europe looked upon the experiment of the thirteen states stretch- 
ing in a thin line down the Atlantic coast as a doubtful one. 
The Constitution was only one year old when George Washing- 


HONORABLE HENRY L. WEST 


Commissioner District of Columbia 


ton began to lay out the federal city, and the States had not 
become cemented together in the habit of union. 

“ Washington's plan for the city which Congress inevitably 
called by his name was his prediction writ large that the union 
would become more and more perfect and would last forever. 
In the future he saw the great Republic crossing the Alleghanies 
and the Rockies and taking its new flag to the uttermost parts 
of the earth. Most men had less imagination and less faith, 
and they could only see that day of small things. For many 
years afterward home and foreign wits joked about ‘the city 
of magnificent distances’ which seemed entirely out of propor- 
tion to the needs of the young nation.” 


The speaker told why June 11 had been 


chosen as District of Columbia Day, and said: 

“We celebrate to-day the adoption of what the Supreme 
Court of the United States has called ‘the constitution of the 
District of Columbia,’ the organic act to provide, as its title 


203 


Copyright, Harris & Ewing 
Colonel R. N. Harper 
Pres. Wash. Chamber of Com. 


Copyright, Harris & Ewing 
Hon. Scott C. Bone 
Editor Wash. Herald 


says, a permanent form of government, the act of Congress 
of June 11, 1878. It is evident that in the minds of men in 
Congress and the temporary Commissioners, who helped to 
frame the organic act, three ideas were prominent: First, the 
acceptance of the principle that the national government should 
pay half the expenses of the national capital and the District 
tax-payers the rest; second, that suffrage should be abolished, 
partly through the general desire of the tax-payers who had 
suffered because of the evils of partisan politics in municipal 
affairs, partly through the unwillingness of Congress to subject 
the United States to taxation and appropriation by District 
voters, and, third, the provision of a non-partisan by an execu- 
tive commission of three, two of whom should specially repre- 
scnt the people of Washington, not having for three years pre- 
vious claimed residence anywhere else, and who would represent 
the different views of the citizens and be directly amenable to 
public opinion.” 


About two hundred and fifty prominent citi- 
zens of Washington had come to the Exposition 
in honor of this occasion. “The committee hav- 
ing in charge the details of the celebration was 
composed of the leading citizens of the capital. 
Myron M. Parker was chairman and Edgar 
D. Shaw was secretary. The other members 
of the committee were John W. Douglass, 
Lemon G. Hine, George Truesdell, John B. 
Wright, Colonel Garrett J. Lydecker, U. S. 
A.; General Henry M. Robert, U. S. A.; 
Colonel Charles W. Raymond, U. S. A.; 
Colonel William T. Russell, U. S. A.; Col- 
onel Charles F. Powell, U. S. A.; Colonel 
William M. Black, U. S. A.; Major Lansing 
H. Beach, U. S. A.; Colonel John Biddle, 
U. S. A.; Colonel R. M. Harper, President 
of the Washington Chamber of Commerce; 
General John M. Wilson, U. S. A., President 
of the Washington Board of Trade; Mr. James 
F. Oyster, President of the Business Men’s 
Association of Washington; Charles J. Bell, 
President of the Jobbers and Shippers Asso- 
ciation of Washington; Honorable Crosby S. 
Noyes, editor of the Evening Star; Honor- 
able John R. McLean, editor of the Wash- 
ington Post; Scott C. Bone, editor of the 
Washington Herald. 

The most shocking disaster of the Exposition 
cast a gloom over the festivities of Virginia 
Day. Shortly before midnight on the tenth of 
June there left from the Exposition landing one 


Wels WY 


BRIGADIER-GENERAL C. C. VAUGHAN, Jr., AND THE OFFICERS OF THE VIRGINIA BRIGADE 


204 


Diary—J une. 


of the “ Minnesota’s ” launches bearing Philip 
H. Field, Colorado, Class of 1906; William 
Hollister of Stevenson, North Carolina, Class 
of 1906; Franklin Porteous Holcomb, Dela- 
ware, Class of 1907; Herbert Leander Holden, 
Wisconsin, Class of 1907; Henry Clay Mur- 
fin, Jr., Ohio, Class of 1907; and Walter Carl 
Ulnch, Wisconsin, Class of 1907. The launch 
never arrived at the battleship. With the young 
officers were Robert H. Dodson, seaman, Jesse 
Conn, coal passer; Frank R. Plumber, ordinary 
seaman; Horley L. Van Dorne, ordinary sea- 
man, and George W. Westphal, fireman. The 
“Minnesota” which was to have weighed 
anchor on the morning of the twelfth, was 
ordered to remain in the Roads until the launch 
was found or until all hope of finding it had 
disappeared. A feeling of deep sorrow per- 
vaded the entire fleet. ‘The officers and men 
of all foreign vessels expressed their sincere sym- 
pathy. Dredging was begun on the morning 
of the twelfth and every available boat was 
searching for the missing. 

On account of the roughness of the sea the 
canvas cover to the launch had been fastened 
tightly when the boat left the pier, and it was 
known that should the launch have been sunk 
none of the occupants could possibly have 
escaped—the only opening in the canvas being 
for the man at the wheel to look ahead. After 
several days of tireless search the crews in the 
launches from the “ Indiana” and ‘ Ohio” 
discovered the missing craft and a naval der- 
rick was sent at once to the scene. All night 
of June 14th divers were working beneath the 
water fastening cables to the sunken boat, pre- 
paring to raise it to the surface. The launch, 
which was sunk, had evidently struck a cable 
between a tug and its tow. ‘The starboard side 
was battered in and the tiny craft sent to the 
bottom. Up to the morning of June | 6th only 
one body had been found, the remains of 


George W. Westphal, a fireman of the ill-fated 


boat. Later all of the bodies were recovered. 

The League a of American 
Pen Women gl he is a member 
of the Inter national 
League of Press 
Clubs and afhliated 
with the National 
Editorial Associa- 
tion. It always 
sends dele gates to the 


% these organ- 
izations and Ef decided to 
hold its an ed nual conven- 
tion for _ Miss Mabel Louise White 1907 co- 


meetings of 


President 


Mrs. LaSalle Corbell Pickett 
Vice-President 


Mrs. Juliette M. Babbitt 


Historian 


205 


temporaneously with the meeting of the Na- 
tional Editorial Association. The exercises 
which were conducted in the afternoon at the 
Auditorium consisted of a greeting and a poem 
by the President, Miss Mabel Louise White, 
a reunion poem by Miss Anna B. Patton, and 
an historical poem by Mrs. Marian Longfellow 
O’Donohue, together with several addresses 
and recitations by other members of the Asso- 
ciation. Mrs. LaSalle Corbell Pickett, the 
Vice-President of the Association, read before 
the National Editorial Association a dialect 
story entitled ““ Marse John Randolph.” The 
officers for the year 1907-8, elected at this 
meeting were Miss Mabel Louise White, Presi- 
dent; Mrs. LaSalle Corbell Pickett, First Vice- 
President; Miss Elizabeth A. Hyde, Second 
Vice-President; Mrs. Edith Kingman Kern, 
Corresponding Secretary; Mrs. Della Hine 
Mertz, Assistant Corresponding Secretary; 
Miss Jesse A. Griswold, Recording Secretary ; 
Miss Mae Ruth Norcross, Treasurer; Mrs. 
Helen H. Gardener, Auditor; Mrs. Susie Root 
Rhodes, Librarian; Mis. Juliette M. Babbitt, 
Historian, and Mrs. Lyda J. Young Withee, 
Reporter. 

The Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Vir- 
ginia Press Association convened at the Inside 
Inn. The Association held sessions on the | | th 
and 12th of June. In addition to the Presi- 
dent’s annual speech there were addresses made 
by W. A. Mann of the “* Blackstone Courier,” 
R. E. Byrd of the “ Winchester Star,” and 
Judge C. J. Cameron of the “ Amherst New 
Era.’ Miss Bertha Gray Robinson of the 
““Orange Observer,” the Historian of the 
Association, read a paper which dealt with 
the progress of journalism in Virginia during 
the year that had elapsed since the last meeting 
of the Association. W. S. Copeland was re- 
elected President and the other officers chosen 
were A. S. Gravely, Vice-President; J. L. 
Hart, Secretary; R. H. Beasley, Treasurer, 
and Miss Bertha G. Robinson, Historian. 

June 12.—Virginia Day. A detachment of 
the 12th U. S. Cavalry escorted Governor and 
Mrs. Swanson from the Virginia Building to 
the Reviewing Stand on Lee’s Parade. 
Shortly after noon Virginia’s festivities com- 
menced. ‘The first important contribution to 
the occasion was a recitation by Dr. Thomas 
Nelson Page, a poem which he had composed 
in honor of the day: 


LEERY ISIONSOFSRALEIGE: 


Caged like an eagle in these stony walls; 

Fast barred by iron gratings in my cell, 

With harsh attainder passed upon my life, 

The shrewd-edged ax hung o’er me by a hair, 

And Spain’s fierce hate aflame to drive it down, 

I, Walter Raleigh, still am more than free; 

For that my soul is but my body’s guest, 

And roams at will the star-strewn realms of 
space. 

Like Galileo in his lonely tower, 

By Arno’s flood, I watch the starry skies 

And read the message veiled from dimmer eyes: 

Each morn with Phoebus, charioteer, 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


I drive my flaming steeds across the Main 

To view the virgin Land I gave my queen. 

At eve with silvery Cynthia, guide, 

Through rosy deeps, squired by the Evening 
Star, 

I trail Apollo down ethereal seas, 

And thread the azure mazes of the spheres, 

To sail the moonlit reaches of the West. 

I mind how as a boy on Devon’s Downs, 

I used to watch the ever westering sea 

Climb up the misty, azure plain, tll high 

It lost itself in Heaven among the stars. 

I fancied that the new, vast Western World, 

Columbus plucked from space must march with 
Heaven, 

And one who trod it, straight might touch the 
stars. 

I mind how once in the receding tide 

I cast a flag made all of stars and shreds, 

With boyish boast, I’d plant my banner there, 

And seize that mighty coast for England’s 
Queen: 

The young Diana of 
the morning skies, 


Alack! Next flood 
my penon cast 
ashore. 

Undaunted | still, | 
nailed it to a mast, 

And sent it forth 


again like Noah's 
dove, 

And now like Noah’s 
dove it came no 
more. 

Thus, knew I well, 
the far, fair Land 
was mine. 

Thenceforth God 
blessed me_ nightly 
in my dreams. 


As Moses. viewed 
from Pisgah’s lone- 
ly steep, DR. THOMAS 


God showed me vis- 
ions of the promised land, 

Whose milk and honey fed the minds of men. 

Thenceforth, I questioned every sailor lad 

To know if he had seen my banner there: 

And one in jest, noting my kindling eyes, 

Laughed, “‘ Yea, Young Master, I have seen 
thy flag 

On that brave coast ’twixt France and Florida.” 

And I, in joy did shout, “Thy name, good 
lad?” 

““ Newport,” cried he, 
Christopher.” 

** A brave name, too,” cried I. 
for me! 

And braver yet, “ Christ-bearer—Christopher!’ 

One found a world to give to Aragon; 

But thou shalt help me seize it for our 
Queen—” 

How, when I hied me home, half mad with joy, 

My brothers laughed: Humphrey and Adnan! 

Aud I, in rage, swore a new oath I’d learned, 

That I would pluck Spain’s blood-stained ban- 


ner down 


** An’t please you— 


“ New ports 


NELSON PAGE 


And plant for aye the banner of St. George. 

Thenceforth, I watched the wind-led_ ships 
a-sail, 

And fancied them Cyclopean flocks that ranged 

The azure plain of Neptune’s pasturage, 

Which I some day would shepherd through the 
seas 

Where Spanish wolves held now high car- 
nival. 

"Twas this that planted fires within my breast, 

Unquenchable by time or toil or blood— 

This drove me flaming to the Netherlands, 

To learn in youth on that wolf-ravaged plain 

The shepherd’s craft to balk Spain’s craftiest 
wolves. 

This brought me burning to my Mistress’ feet, 

Whereat, Columbus-like, I cast a world. 

I oft have seen in watches of the night— 

Was it a dream or seer’s far-thrown thought >— 

A vision of a realm I never knew— 

Beneath new stars, laved in diviner light: 

Like that Atlantis which great Plato dreamed, 

Or fair Utopia spread 
mid Fancy’s seas. 

But fairer far than 
these and_ nobler 
far; 

For men grew in that 
air to rule them- 
selves, 

And set a beacon high 
for all the world: 

A pilot-star whereby 
the nations steered. 

Methought I saw three 
little Caravels, 


My flag at peak, 
freighted with Des- 
tiny, 


The Admiral, my 
brave lad, Christo- 
pher, 

Whose name held 
omen that he bore 
the Christ, 

And in their wake the navies of Mankind. 

They clove the stormy leagues of wintry seas, 

And flouted Spain’s red banner in her Main, 

To limp at last within Virginia’s Capes: 

Those lone and silent sentries of the West, 

Which guard the portals of the vast unknown, 

They cast their anchor in an inland sea, 

Whose waters made a music in mine ears, 

More sweet than harping of the Seraphim. 

With cables fine, spun by the silent Fates, 

Then anchored they the Old World to the 
New. 

"Twas Spring! 
lord, 

Fair Nature, blushing, donned her virgin robes, 

Of tenderest green, decked all with dewy 


And like a bride to meet her 


gems, 

Distilled frorn waters of unsullied springs, 

Wherein chaste Dian bathes her snowy 
limbs. 


I heard the trumpet sound: They moored 


their barks, 


On the calm surface of a noble stream, 


206 


Diary—June. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corpora ion. 


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ae ual 


RICHMOND LIGHT INFANTRY BLUES 


Whose fountains sprang beneath uncharted 
skies, 

To pour their flood round all the coasts of 
men, 

And temper every shore and every clime. 

Unfrighted by the fierce-mouthed cannon’s 
roar, 

Deep-bosomed forests rang melodiously 

And April skies smiled down their benison. 

I saw them land upon a little isle, 

Rear first the Cross; Then plant a starry flag, 

I knew full well; yet knew as in a dream; 

And lo! A new-made England swam in view, 

Ass swam an orb in view that natal morn, 

When darkness fled before the face of God, 

And, shaking free the enshrouding folds of mist, 

Clad all in light, Earth rose beneath His feet. 

Amid Hesperian gardens, sunset-lit, 

I saw a mighty Nation rear itself, 

And spread until it covered half the world, 

Like some young eagle soaring in the sun, 

Beneath whose mighty wings States sheltered 
them, 

And joyful Peoples basked in deep content. 

She rose—not meteor-like to fade again, 

But slow and steadfast as the Morning-star 

From earthly mists to gladden all the sky. 

Beneath her spell the silvery mountains deep 

Gave up their hoards; the desert laughed with 
scorn, 

Until Golconda shrank into a mite, 

And E] Dorado faded to a mist. 

In whiter harvests than all eons yield 

Cities and states sprang from the teeming soil; 

Fair Knowledge spread full wide her amplest 


page, 
And Science, Art and Literature arose 
And made their home within the virgin Land, 


< ea =~ =< : ia: <3 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Her wide, maternal arms she spread for all: 

The oppress’d and desolate of every clime, 

Found rest and consolation on her heart. 

Adullam’s Cave became the home of light, 

Where every Nation lent its rays to feed 

The flame which rose to Heaven and lit the 
world. 

Her sway, benignant reached the furthest sea, 

Then leapst the Main and canopied the Earth: 

Not with fierce swords nor with embattled 
towers, 

But with the might of Righteousness and 
Peace. 

For nobler far than all material wealth, 

And richer far than all the works of Man, 

Rose vast the Fabric of Man’s Liberty, 

Wrought by Titanic hands on Freedom’s forge. 

When sang that Bugle’s Earth-encircling strain, 

On golden hinges swung the radiant gates, 

That op’d the Future crystal silences, 

And rang reverberant echoes down the years. 

The Dungeon opened and the Shackle broke, 

And Thrones of Tyranny fell toppling down, 

As toppled low the walls of Jericho, 

When Joshuan trumpets blew the blasts of 
God. 

High Reason’s voice proclaimed a government, 

Whose deep foundation was Man’s Liberty. 

’Neath a new Heaven, I saw a new Earth 
dawn. 

In yon vast spaces of that virgin Land 

Men’s minds grew great; their thoughts up- 
soared to God. 

As in old days, Jehovah spoke again 

On holy ground, from out the Wilderness 

And taught men secrets veiled from highest 
kings: 

That God’s best gift to Man is Liberty: 


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BATTALION UNITED STATES MARINES 


207 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


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Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


RICHMOND HOWITZERS, VIRGINIA DAY 


His chosen altar, aye, the Patriot’s heart. 
That knowledge is a pillar of the State, 
Whose Atlantean shoulders lift the World. 
And as Men rise in knowledge, so they grow 
Fitted to take their rank in Government. 


That neither Lords nor Kings can bind Men’s 


minds; 

That neither State nor Church can rule Men’s 
souls; 

For Conscience is beneath nor Church nor 
State, 


And renders homage to high God alone. 

That loftier far than gentle birth is birth 

Of Noble Aspiration and High Deeds. 

And deeper than all deep foundations lic 

The People’s Will. On this and this alone 

All Government whate’er must rest at last; 

And at the last all Kings and Emperors 

Their crowns hold but as tenants of that Will, 

Whose voice is Godlike only when it speaks 

As Justice bids, God’s Heaven-born messenger. 

That freed from tyranny of Temporal Kings 

One Lord and King still sits upon His Throne, 

And rules the destinies of States and Men. 

Whose level sceptre sways the Elements, 

And Justice is the echo of His Voice. 

This radiant beacon my Virginia set, 

When Queenly, high enthroned amid the seas, 

She lit the torch that flamed across the World, 

Till at her feet the grateful Nations sued 

And joyful peoples clung about her knees. 

Then, let the headsman’s axe fall when it 
will; 

God can of scaffolds make lintels to Heaven, 

Though Spain’s red wolves have dragged the 
Shepherd down, 

His flock shall whiten every sunlit plain, 

And ages yet to come shall pipe his praise, 

Who shepherded the seas for England’s Queen 

And made the Oceans as a fold of Peace. 

The God who watched o’er Israel’s Shepherd 
lad, 

And led him to the pebbled brook to find 


The weapon to o’erthrow Philistea’s Might, 

Shall lead me through the dark and silent wave, 

And though He slay me, will I trust in Him; 

Yea, though this tenement must melt to dust, 

I still will trust Him to upraise its guest 

And grant the consummation of my hope, 

To find, as once I dreamed, my Virgin Land 

In righteousness and Peace to march with 
Heaven. 


The principal speaker was Governor Claude 
A. Swanson, who said: 


The Commonwealth of Virginia and the Republic, the 
United States of America, have united to celebrate this, the 
third century of their beginning. Jamestown is the joint cradle 
of this State and this Nation. Thus, a3 we participate in these 
commemorative exercises, our hearts flame alike with state 
and with national patriotism. 

This day of the Exposition has been designated as “* Vir- 
ginia Day.” To-day the children and the descendants of the 
children of Virginia gather at this birthday party to pay royal 
loving devotion to their glorious mother for her three hundred 
years of brave endeavor and splendid achievement. Virginia ~ 
extends to all of you a cordial, warm and loving welcome. To 
her children who have come from afar she gives her blessings 
and benedictions. She places her loving hands on their heads 
and wishes them all measure of prosperity and happiness. She 
salutes her many fair daughter- in statehood with maternal 
pride and joy, she rejoices at their bright career and feels that 
their glories add to her a deeper majesty. To her sister states, 
who so generously rejoice and celebrate with her, she gives 
an affectionate greeting, while she thrills anew with the love 
which cements them and her into a perpetual union. To her 
foreign friends and nations who have graced this occasion by 
their presence and approval, she extends the hand of true friend- 
ship and hospitality. To this Nation to whose growth and 
power she had made such vast contributions, her heart goes 
out in an abounding and abiding love. 

Virginia! thy very name, like that of Scotland, England, 
France, Greece and Rome, has a distinct and individual mean- 
ing, bringing to the mind scenes of natural loveliness and visions 
of sacrifice, suffering, heroism and glory, which will encircle 
these with a deathless renown. Bounded by high mountain 
and majestic ocean, decorated with hill, plain and valley, 
threaded by beautiful broad rivers, kissed by sunshine and 
radiant with warmth, nature designed thee as the fit abode of a 
joyous and chivalric, courageous and lofty people. Virginia 
furnished a magnificent and suitable stage for the cavalier to 
unfold the drama of his new destiny. Here man and nature 
were found in perfect harmony. Here brave people and beau- 
tiful country combined to create a history so resplendent with 
genius and grandeur as to make this Commonwealth illustrious 
the world over. Soft and sweet as the memories of buried love 
will ever lie in our hearts the old colonial homes and planta- 
tions of Virginia, embowered in forests, shrubbery and flowers, 
bricht with joyous romantic life, ruled by superb women and 
noble men. The history of the Old Virginia from Jamestown 
to Appomattox is the history of a great and glorious people, 


SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT VIRGINIA VOLUNTEERS 


Diary—J une. 


ever to be noted in story and in song. No people, no civiliza- 
tion in the same length of time ever accomplished so much for 
the betterment of mankind, or produced so many eminent men, 
who wi!l be numbered forever among the immortals. Her his- 
tory 1s replete with great deeds and great names. 


The Governor reviewed tersely but elo- 
quently the colonial and state history of Vir- 
ginia. In speaking of Bacon’s Rebellion he 
said: “* History cannot furnish a more dra- 
matic and inspiring scene than that at the Mid- 
dle Plantation, now Williamsburg, where on 
the 3rd of August, 1676, the Cavaliers of Vir- 
ginia assembled, and in stormy session, extend- 
ing from noon to midnight, finally, under the 
flickering light of torches, signed an agreement 
that they would never lay down their arms until 
their wrongs were redressed, though the King 
of Great Britain should send troops to try and 
suppress them. ‘This was the boldest, bravest 
act of the century.” 

Referring to the Revolutionary period, the 
Governor declared: “No nation was ever 
adorned at one time with so many illustrious 
men as was Virginia during the Revolutionary 
War, and the few years preceding and follow- 


pe < a Ps 


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own Official Photograph Corporation. 


Copyright, Jamest 


GOVERNOR SWANSON SPEAKING 


ing. Neither Greece or Rome ever possessed 
at once such a prodigality of genius and emi- 
nence. It is almost impossible to conceive that 
a population so small could furnish so many 
distinguished men.” Naming the heroes and 
statesmen of that day one by one and describ- 
ing their claims to the gratitude of the nation, 


Governor Swanson continued: 

Eliminate the achievements of these men, and you will 
nearly unwrite the history of our country. These were the 
brains that conceived; these were the hands that constructed 
our national system and formed the foundation upon which 
have been builded American greatness and glory. 

Virginia, many and yaluable have been your gifts to this 
nation, great is your title to distinction and immortality. 
Within your border was erected the first church in this nation; 
was built the first furnace, was founded the first free school. 
It was you who first challenged France on this continent. Your 
House of Burgesses was the first assembly of the colonies to 
remonstrate against the tyranny of the British Parliament and 
assert American rights; you were the first to pass a resolution 
for armed resistance against British power; your convention was 
the first to declare for freedom and independence uncondition- 
ally, and thus you became the first republic of the Western 
world. The independence of all the colonies was moved in 
the Continental Congress in your name, through instructions 
given to your delegates. To allay colonial jealousies during 
the Revolutionary War you generously conceded the territorial 
claims of all the other colonies. To cement the States into a 
Union, you gave to the Nation a lage territory, an empire in 
vastness and richness, which was yours by charter and con- 
quest. It was you who called the convention which prepared 
the Federal Constitution. To you belongs the honor of being 


209 


the first to condemn and prohibit the infamous slave trade. It 
was your wisdom and foresight which saved the Northwestern 
territory from slavery, which act was the most controlling of 
all causes which led to its final destruction. That the rich and 
large stretch of territory, embracing Texas and California, is 
a part of this nation is due to the policy of your distinguished 
son, President Tyler, and the victories of your illustrious sol- 
diers, Scott and Taylor. The first blood sked in the Revolu- 
tionary War was on your Western border in conflict with the 
Indians, incited by Britain. The last final blow that destroyed 
British power in America was delivered on your soil at York- 
town. 

The first ironclad vessel, which revolutionized the navies 
of the world, was built and fought within your waters. During 
the late war between the States, your soil was the seat of the 
most prolonged and terrific war of all ages and of all countries. 
Within five years more than six hundred battles were fought 
w hin your borders. There is scarcely a hilltop, a stream or 
village within your limits which has not become historical from 
its association with some daring deed of valor or splendid 
display of military genius or prowess. Virginia, your history 
from Bethel to Appomattox gleams with a glory that has 
brought to ycu a renown which is imperishable. You gave the 
world its most daring exhibition of disciplined valor, when, 
amid storm of shell and shot, Pickett charged the heights of 
Gettysburg, and by a baptism of blood and death showed the 
glorious stuff of which Virginians are made. The lurid light 
of that charge will shine to the remotest time. You furnished 
to that conflict the dashing cavalryman, gallant Turner Ashby, 
who, on his milk-white steed, his drawn sword in hand, his 
face ablaze with the enthusiasm of battle, will live as long as 
gallantry, patriotism and chivalry are cherished. You then 
gave to the world its greatest cavalry leader, who revolution- 
ized the use of cavalry, blue-eyed, flaxen-haired Jeb Stuart, 
boisterous as March, fresh as May,” who rode and fought like 
a mighty Saxon King. You produced the best corps com- 
mander of his age, A. P. Hill; and the best tactician of his 
time, Joseph E. Johnston. Then you gave to the world that 
silent, stern, mysterious figure, Stonewall Jackson, the great 
thunderbolt of war, whose unflinching courage, resolute will, 
rapidity of movement, boldness and brilliance of conception, 
made a military genius second only to Lee and Napoleon, the 
two great Gods of War. Then seeming as if desirous of reach- 
ing a climax in your rich gifts, you gave to the world, Robert 
E. Lee, whose princely bearing, knightly courtesy, Christian de- 
yotion to duty, brave heart, superb intellect and amazing genius, 
formed a character without a peer, and who will ever shine as 
ihe brightest star in the galaxy of Anglo-Saxon greatness.” 


When the Governor ceased speaking the 
great naval and military parade started. Elim- 
inating the international feature of Georgia's 
line of march this parade was even more impos- 
ing than the one which had occurred two days 
before. Six Companies of cadets from the 
Naval Academy at Annapolis, clothed in blue 
uniforms with white caps and white leggings, 
formed the advance guard. Immediately fol- 
lowing the midshipmen came Colonel Philip 
Reade at the head of the Twenty-third U. S. 
Infantry; sixteen companies of the Marine 
corps clad in khaki and accompanied by sev- 
eral bands, marched next and behind these sea 
soldiers, thirty-two companies of sailors from 
the various battleships at anchor in Hampton 
Roads, marched in close ranks. Next came the 
Third Battery of Artillery with four guns and 
four caissons, and then three troops of the 
Twelfth U. S. Cavalry. Wald cheers greeted 
the cadets of the Virginia Military Institute 
who succeeded the Twelfth U. S. Cavalry, 
and presented an exact counterpart of the cadets 
from West Point. The V. M. I. boys were in 
full dress uniforms and they passed the Re- 
viewing Stand with lines perfect, heads erect, 
eyes straight in front and colors proudly flying. 
Scarcely a less hearty welcome was given by 
the thousands to the five companies of infantry 
and one company of artillery from the Virginia 
Polytechnic Institute, who looked most soldierly 
in their uniforms of blue. ~The Richmond Light 
Infantry Blues Battalion followed the cadets. 
Brigadier-General C. C. Vaughan, Com- 
mander of the Virginia Volunteers, accom- 
panied by his staff, followed closely after the 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Richmond Battalion. With General Vaughan 
were the Seventieth, the Seventy-first and the 
Seventy-second regiments of Virginia Volun- 
teers, the Fifth Regiment National Guard of 
Georgia, and Company “A,” First Georgia 
Regiment, closed the line of volunteer infantry. 
Contrasting pointedly with the nattily dressed, 
fresh, well groomed soldiers who had passed, 
the Richmond Howitzers next appeared, mud- 
covered and tired after their tramp from Rich- 
mond. With them was their supply wagon 
still unloaded, and they looked like veterans 
who had rushed to the field of battle. The 
Norfolk Light Artillery Blues, who followed 
the Howitzers, ended the parade. 

Those who occupied the Governor’s box in 
the Reviewing Stand were Governor Claude 
A. Swanson and Mrs. Swanson, H. R. H., 
the Duke d’Abruzzi, Honorable Harry St. 
George Tucker, Major-General Frederick 
Dent Grant and Mrs. Grant, Rear-Admiral 
Robley D. Evans, Rear-Admiral P. F. Har- 
rington, Governor R. B. Glenn of North 
Carolina, the members of the Virginia State 
Commission and members of the Governor's 
staff, Mrs. Stephen B. Elkins, Miss Katherine 
Elkins, Mrs. Donald McLean and Miss Mc- 
Lean, Major Mallory, U. S. A., Captain Bow- 
ley, U2S,7A.,’ Captain Pillsbury aU So eNe 
and Rear-Admiral Pleskott of the Austrian 
navy. Aan interesting feature of the exercises 
in the Grand Stand was contributed by two 
cadets from the Virginia Military Institute, one 
carrying a flag of Virginia and the other 
the national colors. Throughout the exercises 
which lasted nearly three hours, these young 
men maintained immovably their places at 
either side of the Governor’s box. 

No cards were issued for the reception at 
the Virginia Building but from 8:30 o'clock 
until midnight a multitude greeted Governor 
and Mrs. Swanson, who, with the Virginia 
Commissioners, held open house. “The weather 
was far from ideal, not so stormy as the evening 
of Georgia Day, yet rain fell at times through 
the afternoon and evening, but the weather did 
not deter visitors who came in a steady stream 
from the moment the doors opened. 

June 13.—The Phi Mu Fraternity, one of 
the oldest secret societies founded for women 
in America, dates back to 1852. It was organ- 
ized at Wesleyan College, Macon, Ga. It 
now has a total membership of over two thou- 
sand and the chapters of the various fraternities 
were well represented at the opening meeting 


AY 


Miss LILLIAN Estes 
Historian 


Miss Louise MonnING 
Grand President 


of the convention which was held at noon in 
the Auditorium. Honorable James G. Rid- 
dick, Mayor of Norfolk, delivered an address 
of welcome, to which Mrs. J. E. Hayes of 
Montezuma, Ga., the President of the Fra- 
ternity, responded happily. A number of 
pleasing speeches were made by the members 
and a musical programme was given. ‘The 


officers elected for the succeeding year were: 
President, Miss Louise Monning, Amarillo, Texas; First 
Vice-President, Miss Lillian Farmer; Second Vice-President, 
Miss Alice Garth; Third Vice-President, Miss Mary Frost; 
Secretary, Miss Bonito Hinton; Treasurer, Miss Willie Erm- 


inger; Reporter, Miss Susan Bynum, and Historian, Miss 
Lilhan Estes. 


The Unwersity of Missouri Cadets arrived 
early in the morning and went into camp for a 
week’s stay. While at the Exposition the corps 
occupied the same grounds which had _ been 
held by the West Point Cadets. During their 
stay in camp the corps observed the military 
regulations of the United States Army. For 
one or two hours each day they drilled on Lee 
Parade. A fine band accompanied the young 
soldiers and their drills and parades evoked 
much favorable comment from the military 
authorities. 

June 15.—For two hours the United Com- 
mercial Travelers occupied the Auditorium. 
The freedom of the grounds and the War Path 
had been extended to them. A delegation 
arrived at the Exposition at ten o'clock. “They 
were accompanied by their band which played 
“ My Old Kentucky Home ”’ before the Ken- 
tucky Building, and “ Dixie”’ at the Virginia 
Building. At the Auditorium, Governor 
Swanson and President Tucker met the Trav- 
elers and speech-making followed. Among 
the members who made addresses were J. M. 
Bowers of Louisville, Ky., Parker Jenks of 
Parkersburg, W. Va., JT. J. Phelps of 
Roanoke, Va., I. Brennan of Wheeling, and 
H. K. Wolcott of Norfolk. 

Governor Swanson accompanied by Colonel 
Dempsey, Colonel Stern, Major Wright, 
Major Mallory, and Lieutenants Cootes and 
Bagby, reviewed the Brigade of Virginia Vol- 
unteers commanded by Brigadier-General C. 
C. Vaughan. The Seventieth, Seventy-first 
and Seventy-second Regiments of State troops 
passed the Reviewing Stand. Each regiment 
in succession went through the customary 
maneuvers of dress parade, passing the stand 
in company front, and presenting arms to the 
reviewing party. 

Precisely at 2:30 Pp. M. Mr. Tucker fired 
the starting gun for the sports which formally 


Miss WILLIE W. ERMINGER 


Grand Treasurer 


Miss Bontro HinTon 
Grand Secretary 


OFFICERS OF THE PHI MU FRATERNITY 


Diary—June. 


opened the athletic season of the Ter-Centen- 
nial. ‘The third annual championship meet of 
the South Atlantic Association of the Amateur 
Athletic Union. ‘These events were well at- 
tended and aroused much enthusiasm. The 
championship was won by the Maryland Ath- 
letic Club of Baltimore, with fifty-nine points. 
The Mt. Washington Club of the same city 
was second with forty-three points and the 
Maryland Swimming Club, also of Baltimore, 
was third with twenty points. The following 
table gives the events and the winners: 


100 yds. run—l0 1-5s., A. C. Carey, Maryland A. C. 
220 yds. run—24s., A. C. Carey, Maryland A. C. 

440 yds. run—52 1-5s., P. S. Herring, Mt. Washington 
c 


880 yds. run—2m. 5 2-5s., P. S. Herring, Mt. Washington 
(Ss 
|-mile run—4m. 57s., Mitchell Griffith, Mt. Washington 
(& 
3-mile run—l9m. 13s., Mitchell Griffith, Mt. Washington 
S 


120 yds. hurdles—I6 3-5s., H. S. Duker, Maryland A. C. 

220 yds. hurdles—27 1|-5s., Joseph S. Hill, Mt. Washing- 
ton A. C. 

Running high jump—5 ft. 514 in., G. J. Riquardt, Mary- 
land A. C. 

Running broad jump—21 ft. 714 in., Joseph S. Hill, Mt. 
Washington A. C. 

Pole vault—10 ft. 414 in., J. A. Sterrett, George Wash- 
ington University. 

Putting 16-lb. shot—34 ft. 10 in., T. K. Barrett, Maryland 
Swimming Club. 

Throwing 16-lb. hammer—132 ft. 10 in., T. K. Barrett, 
Maryland Swimming Club. 

Throwing 56-lb. weight—31 ft. 7 in., T. K. Barrett, Mary- 
land Swimming Club. 

Throwing the discus—104 ft. 8 in., L. L. Hayden, Mary- 
land A. C. 


June 16.—The Pocahontas Bell Association 
formally presented their bell to the Kentucky 
Commissioners for use at the Kentucky Reser- 
vation. The bell possessed rich sentimental 
value. It weighed three hundred and fifty 
pounds and its metal consisted of gold, silver, 
steel and brass which formerly had been parts 
of heirlooms and had been sacrificed by ladies 
of Kentucky and Virginia. Originally the 
plan of the Association was to present the bell 
to the Virginia Building, but this idea was 
abandoned when the women and children of 
Kentucky helped the men to supply the de- 
ficiency of the Legislature of that State and 
raised a sum sufficient to complete the Ken- 
tucky Building. The ceremonies were simple 
but impressive. [he band which had accom- 
panied the cadets from the University of Mis- 
souri furnished the music for the occasion and 
played patriotic airs. On the platform built 
next to the belfry were Mrs. Anna F. Green 
of Culpeper, Virginia, who organized the 
Association, Mrs. Sallie Barton Buchannan, 
vice regent of the Association, Mrs. F. A. 
Walke, Mrs. W. W. Grant and Theodore J. 
Wool. The principal address of the occasion 
was made by Governor Swanson. After the 
bell was dedicated it was rung by a little grand- 
daughter of Mrs. Green, and the first peals 
were greeted by cheers. 

Brigadier-General Vaughan for the first 
time reviewed the entire Brigade of the Vir- 
ginia State troops. From five o'clock in the 
afternoon until nearly eight, the Virginia sol- 
diery was the attraction on Lee Parade. The 
Seventieth Regiment first paraded and then 


211 


passed in review, followed later by the Seventy- 
first and last by the Seventy-second. ‘The State 
guards made an excellent showing and while 
they did not move with the precision of the 
regulars they evidenced excellent training and 
were frequently applauded by the thousands 
of visitors which surrounded the Parade 
Ground. 

June 17.—The twelfth annual convention 
of the Phi Alpha Gamma Fraternity was called 
to order in the Auditorium. ‘The delegates 
present represented fifteen different Chapters 
located at various homeopathic colleges 
throughout the United States. Gilbert Fitz- 
Patrick, M. D., of Chicago, was elected Grand 
President. 

The sixty-third annual session of the 
American Institute of Homeopathy assembled 
in the Convention Hall of the Inside Inn at 
eleven o'clock. Dr. Edward Beecher Hooker, 
Gmrtartrord. 
Conn., the Presi- 
dent of the Insti- 
tute, presided. 
George B. Peck, 
M. D., Chair- 
man of the Com- 
mittee on Inter- 
national Homeo- 
pathy, presented 
some figures 
showing how 
Homeopathy 
was practiced in 
other countries 
besides America. 
In Germany 
there were three 
hundred and 
twelve prac- 
titioners and thirteen pharmacies; in Great 
Britain and Ireland one hundred and ninety- 
three practitioners, seventy-five pharmacies and 
sixteen dispensaries, besides those connected 
with the hospitals; in Spain one hundred and 
forty-two practitioners, five pharmacies, two 
hospitals, two dispensaries and one institution; 
in France one hundred and twenty _practi- 
tioners; in Russia sixty-one practitioners, three 
pharmacies, 
four dispensaries 
and a hospital; 
in Italy forty- 
seven practition- 
ers, eleven phar- 
macies besides 
those attached to 
six dispensaries 
and one hospital; 
in Austria~-Hun- 
gary forty-four 
practitioners, one 
pharmacy, and 
two hospitals; 
in Belgium 
thirty - seven 
practitioners, 
fourteen phar- 


Dr. Epwarp BEECHER HooKER 
President 


Dr. FRANK KRaFT 
Secretary 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


macies and nine dispensaries; in Switzerland 
twenty-four practitioners; in Holland twenty- 
two practitioners and sixteen pharmacies; in 
Denmark six practitioners and one pharmacy; 
in Greece three practitioners; in Portugal two; 
in Canada eighty-eight practitioners, four phar- 
macies and two hospitals; in Brazil thirty-nine 
practitioners and sixteen pharmacies; in Chile 
eight practitioners; in Argentina seven practi- 
tioners; in British West Indies five practition- 
ers; in Uruguay four practitioners and two 
pharmacies; in India forty-nine practitioners. 
Dr. Peck also related that the spread of Home- 
opathy in Japan was quite evident. 

John Preston Sutherland, M. D., of Bos- 
ton, delivered a very interesting address on 
Homeopathy: “What It Is and What It Has 
Done for Humanity.” 

The Institute remained in session for five 
days and conducted business meetings and dis- 
cussed methods of treatment of diseases. Dr. 
Royal S. Copeland, M. D., was elected Presi- 
dent; W. E. Riley, M. D., First Vice-Presi- 
dent; J. Richey Horner, M. D., Second Vice- 
President; Frank Kraft, M. D., Secretary; T. 
Franklin Smith, M. D., Treasurer; J. H. Ball, 
M. D., Registrar; George T. Shower, Nec- 
rologist; Millie J. Chatman, Censor. 

Cotemporaneously with the holding of the 
Institute there was a session of the Bureau of 
Homeopathy of which William Boericke, M. 
D., of San Francisco, Cal., was chairman, and 
W. A. Dewey, M. D., of Ann Arbor, Mich., 
Secretary; and a Bureau of Materia Medica 
and General Therapeutics was also conducted. 
Victor H. Hallman, M. D., of Hot Springs, 
Ark., was chairman of this division, and R. 
F. Rabe of New York City, Secretary. Dr. 
Hudson D. Bishop of Cleveland, O., Secretary 
of the Bureau of Clinical Medicine and Pa- 
thology, conducted the sessions of that division 
in the absence of C. E. Sawyer, M. D., of 
Marion, Ohio, and H. H. Baker, M. D., pre- 
sided as chairman over the Bureau of Pedol- 
ogy, while William H. Freeman, M. D., of 
Brooklyn, N. Y., was the Secretary. Eugene 
H. Porter, M. D., of New York, was chair- 
man of the Bureau of Sanitary Science and 
Public Health. 

June 18.—The eighth session of the Sur- 
gical and Gynecological Society convened on 
this day; Horace Packard, M. D., of Boston, 
Mass., was President, and J. W. Hassler, M. 
D., of New York, Secretary. Dr. Hassler 
was re-elected and Dr. Packard was succeeded 
by Hamilton F. Biggar, M. D., of Cleveland, 
O. The first session of the fifth annual meet- 
ing of the Obstetrical Society was held. Flor- 
ence N. Ward, M. D., of San Francisco, Cal., 
was President, and Gilbert Fitz-Patrick, M. 
D., of Chicago, Ill., Secretary and Treasurer. 
H. C. Aldrich, M. D., Minneapolis, Minn., 
was elected President for 1908, and Dr. Fitz- 
Patrick was re-elected Secretary. The Society 
of Neurology and Psychiatry was called to 
order by its President, Frank C. Richardson, 
M. D., of Boston. David Moulton Gardner, 
M. D., of Caldwell, N. J., was the Secretary. 


The first of several notable family reunions 
was one of the events of the day. The Clai- 
borne Family was founded in America by Will- 
iam Claiborne, Secretary of the Colony of 
Virginia, and a lineal descendant of Alfred 
the Great. Walliam C. Claiborne of Danville, 
Va., was chairman of the committee and mem- 
bers of the family from various parts of the 
country attended. ‘The principal object of the 
meeting was to form a permanent organization 
of the Claiborne descendants. The exercises 
were opened by the Reverend D. G. Claiborne 
Butts of Richmond, Va., a Claiborne descend- 
ant on both the paternal and maternal sides. 
The address of welcome was delivered by Mr. 
Tucker, to which William C. C. Claiborne of 
New Orleans, responded. Dr. John Herbert 
Claiborne of New York City, read a paper 
entitled ““ Concerning the Contention of Lord 


WILLIAM CLAIBORNE 
Secretary of the Colony of Virginia 


Baltimore and Colonel William Claiborne for 
the possession of Kent Island—a Justification 
of Claiborne.” This monograph was a valu- 
able contribution to Virginia’s colonial history. 
and has been secured by the Virginia Historical 
Society for publication. George Mason Clai- 
borne read a paper on “Claiborne Gene- 
alogy.” An original poem on William Clai- 
borne composed by William E. Vassar, of 
Athens, Ga., was read by James T. Kilby of 
Danville, Va. A life size portrait of Secre- 
tary Claiborne was, during the reunion, hung 
in the rotunda of the Auditorium. Later it 
vas placed in the Hall of History. At the 
close of the Exposition the portrait was sent to 
the State Library in Richmond. 

The fourteenth annual convention of the 
International Association of Chiefs of Police 
was called to order by the President, Major 


912 


Diary—June. 


Richard Sylvester of Washington, at ten 
o'clock in the morning. Probably two hun- 
dred Chiefs were in attendance. John B. 
Jenkins, President of Norfolk’s Civil Service 
Commission, delivered the address of welcome. 
President Sylvester replied to the greeting and 
then made his annual address which was full 
of important facts, highly interesting to those 
whose stock in trade is a knowledge of the 
methods of criminals, the means adopted for 
their identification and the ways of apprehend- 
ing those who prey on society. The following 
notable thought was enunciated by this distin- 
guished police officer: “Cruelty in punish- 
ment for slight offenses often induces offenders 
to pass from the trifling to more atrocious crime. 
Thus are fellow mortals made desperate while 
the laws which ought to soften the ferocity of 
obdurate minds tend to corrupt and harden 
them.” 


Copyright, Harris & Ewing 


MAJOR RICHARD SYLVESTER 
President 


Mr. Van Buskirk, Superintendent of the 
National Bureau of Criminal Identification, 
submitted a report giving in detail statistics re- 
lating to one hundred or more American cities. 
His paper showed a number of photographs 
received by the office from each of the cities, 
a number of identifications made in each city, 
letters of criminal information sent from each 
city, letters of correspondence, number of bul- 
letins issued and monthly reports issued by 
each department. 

J. N. Tillard, Chief of Police of Altoona, 
Pa., read a most interesting paper dealing with 
“The Child, the Home and the State.” He 
inveighed against the various curfew laws that 
have been adopted and said: “ Actual vice 
can be restrained by the enforcement of acts 
of legislation, but it is doubtful whether poten- 
tial vice can be restrained. Crime, both actual 
and potential can be restrained. The first by 


213 


punitive, and the second by preventative meas- 
ures. It is quite a different thing to arrest an 
innocent child who may be on the streets in 
the evening, in order to prevent its being con- 
taminated by evil associations, from arresting 
an ex-convict who is known to be an avowed 
enemy of society and who is idly wandering 
about with no particular objective point, and 
whose purposes in the past have always been 
sinister, in order to prevent his attacking the life 
and property of others.” 

Wm. A. Pinkerton, of Chicago, the Chief 
of the famous Pinkerton Detective Agency, 
read a paper on “ Train Robberies, Train Rob- 
bers and the ‘ Holdup’ Men,” which was in 
effect a history of all the gangs that have ter- 
rorized railroads in America. 

The Association was in session for three 
days. 

June 19.—The National Society of Physical 
Therapeutics began its fourteenth annual ses- 
sion. Hills Cole, M. D., of New York City, 
the President for 1907, called the Society to 
order. Rollin H. Stevens, M. D., of Detroit, 
Mich., was elected President for 1908, and 
William H. Dieffenbach, M. D., New York 
City, was re-elected Secretary. 

The battleships ““ Ohio,” “ I]linois,” “* Indi- 
ana, and “ Minnesota ”’ left Hampton Roads, 
having been ordered away for target and tac- 
tical maneuvers. “These men-of-war were the 
last remnants of the large fleet that had par- 
ticipated in the celebration of Georgia and 
Virginia Days. 

The Virginia Bankers Association was called 
to order in the Auditorium by President A. B. 
Schwarzkopf, the cashier of the Norfolk 
National Bank; Mr. Tucker and William H. 
White of Norfolk, President of the Richmond, 
Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad, deliv- 
ered addresses of welcome, to which John W. 
Woods, President of the City National Bank 
of Roanoke, responded. The meeting was a 
business session and all of the addresses dealt 
with subjects relating to banking. Colonel 
James R. Branch, Secretary of the American 
Bankers Association of New York, delivered 
the most notable address. He discussed the 
inelasticity of our currency, its power of expan- 
sion but lack of contractibility, and suggested 
as a proper basis for paper issue a metallic 
reserve plus credit, the basis of National 
Bank currency being the National debt. He 
said: 

“The present National Bank note has as a guarantee the 
Government bond, a piece of parchment representing a part 
of the Government debt. The wonderful resources of our 
great country have made these notes absolutely secure; but 
more than a generation ago when this country was just out of 
swaddling clothes, the credit notes of the first and second United 
States banks, the banks of the Suffolk system, the banks of 
Virginia, Indiana, Missouri, Louisiana, New York, North Caro- 
lina, Iowa, Ohio and other States were also irreproachable, 
while to-day with the development of steam and electricity 


and the resources of the country, such notes would be even 
better.” 


As to the benefit of the credit currency, 
Colonel Branch said: 


“Such a currency would be more advantageous to the 
merchants and business people of the country than to anyone 
else, for it would make the rates of interest more uniform. As 
has been the experience of all nations using a credit currency, 
it would help cut down the cost of their products and better 
enable them to compete with foreign rivals in trade. 


Lhe Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposiiion. 


N. P. GATLING 


Secretary 


“Such a currency is sound, as has been proven by the 
experience of France, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Scotland, 
Austria, Japan, Canada and Australia, and from the experi- 
ence of the first and second United States banks, and various 
State banks which existed before the Civil War. As the re- 
port of the Committee on Banking and Currency says this 
does not refer to wildcat currency circulated under the guise 
of State notes or bond secured money, the bonds being United 
States bonds or stocks, and bonds and stocks of several States; 
and, in the case of Wisconsin, railroad bonds. But I refer 
to a true credit currency of this or any other country, for when 
such has been used it has proven as good as gold or the coin of 
the realm of the Government where issued. Such a currency 
is certain to be adopted at some future date, for scientific and 
economic laws are eventually bound to prevail.” 


The officers of the Association elected at 
this meeting for 1907-8 were Richard H. 
Smith of Richmond, President; N. P. Gat- 
ling of Lynchburg, Secretary; H. A. Williams 
of Richmond, Treasurer. The details of the 


meeting and the arrangements for social func- 
tions incident to the convention were under the 
charge of a strong local reception committee, 


of which Tench F. Tilghman, Cashier of the 

Citizens’ Bank of Norfolk, was Chairman. 
Many hundreds of traveling men from all 

parts of the country attended the opening of 


RICHARD H. SMITH 
President 1907-1908 


A. B. SCHWARZKOPF 
President 1906-1907 


the IT. P. A. Building. The services in the 
Auditorium were formally begun by State 
Chaplain J. J. Gravatt of Richmond, after 
which President E. R. Barksdale was intro- 
duced. National Traveler, W. T. Kent, 
President of the Jamestown Commission from 
Missouri, responded to an address of welcome 
by Mr. Tucker. Jere M. Porter, a Kentucky 
traveler, was the principal speaker. Mr. Por- 
ter’s speech was humorous and one of his most 
appreciated hits was his remark that he had 
been a traveling man for thirty years, half of 
which time he had spent waiting at railroad 
stations in the South for trains that came the 
next day. 

The Norwegian coast service battleship 
Harald Haarfagre arrived in Hampton Roads. 
This was the first time that a warship bearing 
the flag of the new kingdom had entered the 
Virginia harbor. ‘The vessel was commanded 
by Captain Oskar Dahl. ‘The officers of the 


battleship were very welcome guests at the 


, a a s 


NORWEGIAN COAST SERVICE BATTLESHIP “ HARALD HAARFAGRE ‘* 


COMMANDER Oskar DesHL 


214 


Diary—June. 


Army and Navy Club and the sailors were fre- 
quent visitors at the Y. M. C. A. headquarters. 
Not only the Exposition officials but the United 
States’ representatives regarded the visit of Nor- 
way’s vessel as a high compliment. 

June 20.—Company “A,” Second Infantry, 
Florida State Troops, arrived in camp at two 
o'clock in the afternoon. ‘This company under 
the command of Captain G. A. Nash, took 
every advantage of gaining experience which 
was offered by the presence of the regulars and 
the proximity of Fortress Monroe, a_ point 
which they visited in a body. While Company 
“A” was at the Exposition the disastrous 
“Pine Beach” fire occurred and Quarter- 
master Sergeant Chambers distinguished him- 
self by saving a woman’s life, bringing her from 
the third story of one of the burning hotels. 

June 21.—One hundred and thirty cadet 
officers and privates, forming the corps of South 
Carolina Military Academy, arrived at the 
Exposition and were quartered in Camp Cap- 
tain John Smith from June 21 to June 28. 


Accompanying the battalion was the entire 


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faculty of the academy consisting of Colonel 
Asbury Coward, LL. D., Superintendent; 
Captain W. H. Simons, 6th Infantry, U. S. 
A., Commandant; Majors St. James Cum- 
mings VievArine Gs. +Lhomas, C. F, O. J. 
Bond, B. S., P. B. Winn, C. E. and Charles 
Walker, M. A.; Captains J. W. Moore, B. 
S> and H? E. Raines, B) S:; R: S. Cath- 
cart, M. D., Surgeon, and Professor F. P. 
Valdez. 

On Sunday, the 23rd of June, the corps 
attended divine service at St. Paul’s Episcopal 
Church in Norfolk, where the baccalaureate 
sermon was preached by the Right Reverend 
A. M. Randolph, Bishop of the Southern 
Diocese of Virginia. On the 26th of June the 
three companies engaged in a competitive drill 
to determine the prize company of the year. 
Company “B,” under Cadet Captain J. S. 
Bethea was the victor. On the same day was 
held the competitive individual drill for the 
“Star of the West’? medal. The honor of 
wearing this trophy is one highly appreciated 
by the cadets and its history has a peculiar in- 
terest. According to Colonel John Payne 


215 


OFFICERS AND CADETS OF SOUTH CAROLINA MILITARY ACADEMY 


Thomas, the historian, it was a detachment of 
South Carolina Military Academy Cadets, 
commanded by Major (now Bishop) P. F. 
Stevens, who, by order of Governor Pickens, 
on January 9, 1861, fired from the battery 
afterwards known as the “ Star of the West,”’ 
the first hostile shot of the Civil War. It was 
directed against the transport steamer, “ Star 
of the West,’ which was on its way bearing 
men and supplies for the relief of Fort Sumter. 
The vessel was driven off and diverted from its 
purpose. A piece of wood taken from the 
ship forms part of the medal. Cadet Private 
A. T. Corcoran, of Charleston, South Carolina, 
was the winner. 

The commencement exercises of the 
Academy were held in the Exposition Audi- 
torium, June 26th. Colonel C. S. Gadsden, 
Chairman, Colonel J. J. Lucas, Colonel W. 
W. Lewis, Governor M. F. Ansel and the 
Adjutant and Inspector-General, J. C. Boyd, 
S. C., were present as members of the Board 
of Visitors. The Governor of the State made 
an appropriate address on the value of educa- 


tion, and Colonel Lewis presented the medals. 
Cadet Captain T. J. Russell of Anderson, the 
orator of his class, spoke on the subject of 
‘“Commercialism.” The Chairman of the 
Board delivered to nineteen cadets their diplo- 
mas as graduates of the academy and their 
degrees of Bachelors of Science. 

The South Carolina Academy was the only 
military institute which practically attended in 
a body and absolutely the only one which 
officially closed its annual session at the Expo- 
sition. The compliment which was thus paid 
to the Ter-Centennial was much appreciated 
by every one connected with the undertaking, 
and whatever could be done to make more 
pleasant the stay of these much honored guests 
was done. ‘The drills, parades and maneuvers 
of the cadets were always witnessed by good 
audiences and their military appearance and 
discipline was highly complimented. 

June 22.—The exhibit of the Children’s 
School Farm League was opened with inter- 
esting ceremonies. [hey were scheduled to 
take place in the Social Economy Building, 
but owing to the chaotic condition of that 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


place, were held at the Farm. The work of 
the League was explained to all visitors who 
called and tea was served to them by the 
children under the direction of chaperons. 
Among those who received were Mrs. Henry, 
the hostess of the New York building; Miss 
Virginia Gatewood, Mrs. C. K. King, Miss 
Margaret King, Miss Minnie Bronson and 
Mrs. Henry Parsons, the President of the 
League. 

The annual /ntercollegiate Championship 
Meet for 1907 began on June 22, and was won 
by Princeton University, which secured sixty- 
four points, the University of Pennsylvania be- 
ing a close second. 


100 yds run—9 4-5 seconds. N. J. Cartmell, Pennsylvania, 
first; F. L. Ramsdell, Texas, second; R. A. Gamble, Prince- 
ton, third. 

880 yds. run—I minute, 59 seconds. L. P. Jones, Pennsyl- 
vania, first; E. J. Baker, Swarthmore, second; Harry Tidd, 
Missouri, third. 

120 yds. hurdle—26 seconds. W. M. Armstrong, Prince- 
ton, first; L. P. Simons, Princeton, second; T. O. Haydock, 
Pennsylvania, third. 

| mile run—4 minutes, 28 seconds. 
vania, first; J. L. Eisele, Princeton, second; 
Princeton, third. 

220 yds. run—21 3-5 seconds. N. J. Cartmell, Pennsyl- 
vania, first; F. L. Ramsdell, Texas, second; R. A. Gamble, 
Princeton, third. 

J. L. Eisele, Prince- 


mile run—1!0 minutes, | second. 


Guy Haskins, Pennsyl- 
W. L. Meegee, 


ton, first; F. L. Jackson, Missouri, second; J. M. Groves, Har- 
vard, third. 


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Copyright, Jamestown Official | hotograph Corporation. 


220 yds. low hurdle—24 4-5 seconds. 
Princeton, first. 

440 yds. run—5I seconds. N. J. Cartmell, Pennsylvania, 
first; J. C. Atlee, Princeton, second; T. O. Haydock, Pennsyl- 
vania, third. 

Pole vault—l1 feet, 3 inches. W. McSwain, Pennsyl- 
vania, and C. Vozin, Princeton, tied; J. A. Sterrett, George 
Washington University, third. 

Throwing 16-lb. hammer—135 feet. W.H. Daub, Prince- 
ton, first; 115 feet, 8 inches. W. F. Krueger, Swarthmore, 
second; 82 feet, 8 inches. W. B. Connors, Princeton, third. 

Running high jump—6 feet, | inch. T. Moffit, Pennsyl- 
vania, first; C. M. Bacon, Missouri, second; W. McSwain, 
Pennsylvania, and L. P. Simons, Princeton, tied for third. 

Putting 16-Ib. shot—43 feet, 44 inches. W. F. Krueger, 
Swarthmore, first; W. P. Connors, Princeton, second; W. H. 
Daub, Princeton, third. 

Throwing the discus—100 feet, 41% inches. W. F. 
Krueger, Swarthmore, first; W. H. Daub, Princeton, second; 
W. B. Connors, Princeton, third. 

Running broad jump—21 feet, 242 inches. T. O. Hay- 
dock, Pennsylvania, first; B. Connors, Princeton, 20 
feet, 9 inches, second; L. P. Simons, Princeton, 20 feet, 6 
inches, third. 

The meet officers were: Referee, A. C. Copeland; Official 
Timers, A. C. Walsh, Princeton, W. C. Hellawell, Baltimore, 
Md.: W. C. Thacker, Washington, D. C.; E. V. Cummings, 
Maryland Athletic Club, Baltimore, Md. 


June 24.—The converted cruiser “ Prairie ” 
arrived in Hampton Roads with one company 
of Georgia Naval Reserves, sixty-five men and 
five oficers—Captain Joseph Dunn, U. S. N., 
commanding. 

Company “ H,” Ninth Regiment National 
Guard of New York encamped at the Expo- 
sition from June 24 to June 30. The strength 


W. M. Armstrong, 


OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE GEORGIA NAVAL RESERVE ON BOARD OF THE CONVERTED 
CRUISER “ PRAIRIE ” 


216 


Diarv—June. 


CAPTAIN JOHN MEANS THOMPSON 


of the company was sixty men under the 
command of Captain John Means Thomp- 


June 25.—States Exhibit Day. The hand- 
some building which held the exhibits made by 
the States participating in the Exposition, was 
crowded during the entire afternoon. Captain 
Julian Pratt, Superintendent of the Virginia 
Exhibit, was the master of ceremonies. Robert 
W. Withers of Suffolk, a member of the Vir- 
ginia Commission, made the principal address 
of the occasion. Governor of Exhibits T. S. 
Southgate also spoke. “The State Commission- 
ers were especially active in entertaining visit- 
ors, and in the South Carolina booth, tea 
grown in that state, was served with rice cakes 
made from the famous South Carolina head 
rice. At the Los Angeles exhibit orange punch 
was served, and Commissioner Symonds of 
Maryland made a specialty of apples. ‘The 
exhibitors, representing the great railroad lines 
in the building, were kept busy during the day 
and all of the States dispensed hospitality. 

The fortieth annual meeting of the Marv- 
land State Teachers Association convened at 


MARYLAND STATE TEACHERS’ ASSOCIATION 


E. M. Nose, Dr. R. Berryman, JNo. E. McConan, ALBerT S. Coox, HucH W. Catpwe i, Dr. James W. Cain, 


‘Treasurer. 


Miss Mary K. Rocers 


son, First Lieutenant Frank D. Tansley and 
Second Lieutenant John S. Cooper. During 
the first part of the encampment the company 
was unattached. On the twenty-sixth of June 
the Second South Carolina Infantry arrived 
and the Company was attached to that regi- 
ment, serving with it during the rest of its stay 
and taking part in the parade when the regiment 
was reviewed by the Governor of South Caro- 
lina. A reception was tendered to the officers 
of the South Carolina Regiment by the officers 
of Company “H,” on the evening of June 
29 at the New York Building. Company 
“1H,” N. Y. N. G. rendered valuable aésist- 


ance at the “ Pine Beach ’”’ fire. 


217 


Chairman Exec. Committee. 


Rec. Secretary. President. 
Miss Annie E. JoHNSTON 


the Inside Inn. President James W. Cain 
occupied the chair, and the opening address 
was delivered by Governor Edwin Warfield 
of Maryland. His speech was a review of 
school legislation in the colony and the State 
of Maryland. Professor R. C. Stearnes, 
Secretary of the State Board of Education of 
Virginia, delivered an address upon the “* True 
Basis of Education,” a most elaborate paper 
covering educational efforts of all ages. Dr. 
M. Bates Stephen, State Superintendent of 
Education of Maryland, delivered a very per- 
tinent address, discussing school taxes, county 
school supervision, negro education and primary 
and secondary education. Regarding the 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


latter he said: “‘ The high school curriculum 
has been and still is burdened by the traditions 
of the past and especially the needs of those 
who have become professional or literary. We 
accept the idea of Huxley that ‘no system of 
education deserves the name of a national sys- 
tem if it does not raise a great educational lad- 
der, which leads frem the gutter to the Univer- 
sity, but we must begin at the right end of the 
ladder.’ The college should grow out of the high 
school and not the high school into college.” 
The Association remained in session three days 
and elected as officers for the ensuing year: 
Robert S. Cook, President; George H. Lamar, 
Vice-President; George Biddle, Second Vice- 
President; John E. McCohan, Treasurer; 
Elizabeth Meade, Corresponding Secretary; 
Hugh L. Caldwell, Recording Secretary. 
June 27.—In fine fash- 
ion Baltimore Day at the 
Exposition was celebrated 
by the official opening of 
the Baltimore Building. 
William B. Hurst, chair- 
man of the Building Com- 
mittee, presented the keys 
to H. F. Baker, the general 
chairman. Mayor Mahool 
of the City of Baltimore, 
made the first address. 


Speaking of Baltimore the 
Mayor declared: 


' “ Maryland is here because it is just as natural for Mary- 
landers to participate in a Virginia affair as it is for Virginians 
themselves. As mayor of the greatest city of our state, and, 
I might modestly add, the greatest city of the South, I am 
here to officially offer Baltimore's tribute to the purposes of this 
Exposition. Surely, no city in the Union feels that she has 
a better right to play an active part in this great enterprise. 
Our city, rich with all the advantages and resources natural 
to a thriving center of commerce and industry, realizes that 
she is recognized as ‘the great Southern metropolis. Your 
people are well known to us; we are well known to you. Our 
presence here, therefore, is like the entrance of one sister 
into the hospitable home of another sister. We are here to 
grow joyful with you simply because we know you are joyful. 

“We are a great city. Not only are we the acknowledged 
queen as a city of homes, but the commercial and industrial 


H. F. BAKER 


General Chairman 


BARRY MAHOOL 


HON: 
Mayor of Baltimore 


sides of our development 
entitle us to high rank 
among cities. Few cities are 
enjoying so much enterpris- 
ing activity at the present 
time as Baltimore is. Since 
the fire our people have 
leaped forward with rapid 
progress. We have rebuilt 
our stricken section and have 
woven into our new stores 
and counting-houses a new 
spirit of progress.” 


Governor War- 
field also delivered 
an address, and then 
two prize songs were 
sung. Each of these 
compositions was set 
to the tune of “ Maryland, My Maryland.” 
One, written by T. A. Murphy, was entitled 
“Baltimore,” and eulogized the city. The 
other, ‘‘ Maryland,” praised the State. Miss 
Minnie E. Hicks wrote the latter. 

The Second Infantry Regiment National 
Guard of South Carolina arrived early in the 
morning. The regiment consisted of eleven 
companies, a band and a hospital corps, thirty- 


WM. B. HURST 


Chairman Building Committee 


eight officers and four hun- 
dred and fif teen enlisted 
men under / the com- 
mand of Colonel 
Henry T. Thomp- 
son. The head- 
quarters of the 
regiment were Co- 
lumbia, South Car- 
olina. The camp occu- 
pied by the South Caro- 
linians was theone which 
had? been Va ison: gina enacted] by the 


West Point Cadets. In order to give the men 
full opportunity for sight seeing they were re- 
lieved of the trouble of cooking in camp. The 
regiment ate at the tent of the Exposition Mili- 
tary Catering Company. Colonel Thompson’s 
command occupied the central place in the cele- 
bration of South Carolina Day, June 28, the 
anniversary of the battle of Fort Moultrie. 
The men presented a fine appearance in the 
Auditorium and very nearly filled the entire 
main body of the building. The regimental 
band, which was one of the best that visited 
the Exposition, occupied the stage and during 
the ceremonies played National airs. Besides 
participating in the review of South Carolina 
Day the regiment paraded in honor of West 
Virginia when that State celebrated. As the 
*“ Second South Carolina’? had only eleven 
companies at the encampment they very gladly 
availed themselves of an offer made by Cap- 
tain John Means Thompson of Company “H,” 
Ninth New York, and utilized his command to 
fill out the regiment. Captain Thompson was 
formerly a citizen of South Carolina. The 
regiment left the Exposition on July 4. 

The Board of Directors of the North Caro- 
lina Pine Association met in the Auditorium 
in answer to a call issued by their President, 
E. C. Fosburgh of Norfolk. This Asso- 
ciation, which practically controls the lumber 
output of Virginia, North and South Caro- 


218 


Diary—]J une. 


lina, held a business session and considered 
changes in grading rules, discussed contribu- 
tions and dues and trade conditions. One of 
the principal ‘all objects of the 
meeting was ¥ to arrive at 


some uni form meth- 
od of effect ing a_set- 
tlement of railroad 
claims on account 
of over- weight, 
and after thorough 
discussion of the sub- 
ject, the Transporta- 


tee was au- 
arrange for 
between rep- 
resentatives of the Asso- 
ciation and of the railways. A meeting of the 
Executive Committee was held. Those pres- 


ent were E. C. Fosburgh, President; John Re 
Walker, Secretary; R. J. Camp, Vice-Presi- 
dent from Virginia; J. A. Brown, Vice-Presi- 
dent from North Carolina; and J. G. Cherry, 
Vice-President from South Carolina. 

The seventh annual convention of the Beta 
Sigma Omicron was held in the Auditorium 
three days beginning June 27. ‘This is a col- 
lege society prominent through the South and 
Middle West, having chapters in Colorado, 
Missouri, Kentucky, ‘Tennessee, Virginia, 
Georgia and the District of Columbia. The 
standard of membership is high and only young 
women of social standing and good scholarship 
are admitted. The order was founded in the 
schools of Columbia, Missouri, in 1888; and 
at the convention of 1907, over which Miss 
Mary Louise Lackland, the Grand President, 
presided, thirty-five delegates were present. 
The meetings of the order were secret, but 
several interesting social events marked the stay 


tion Commit 
thorized to 


President 


of the delegates. The officers elected for 


1907-8 were: 

Miss Mary Louise Lackland, Mexico, Mo., President; 
Miss Marian Bigelow, Clearfield, Pa., Vice-President; Miss 
Bernice Stall, Richmond, Va., Secretary; Miss Emma Lee 
Newman, Abbeyville, Ala., Treasurer; Miss Erna B. Watson, 
Fulton, Mo., Historian. 

June 28.—South Carolina Day was cele- 
brated by elaborate exercises in the Audito- 


rium. ‘The meeting was called to order by 
Captain William E.. Gonzales, Chairman of the 
South Carolina Commission. He introduced 
Governor Ansell of South Carolina, who spoke 
briefly but feelingly. Governor Swanson also 
delivered a short address. Both he and Presi- 
dent Tucker, who followed him, paid high 
compliments to the South Carolina Militia, 
whose fine appearance had been the subject of 
generally favorable comment. ‘The orator of 
the occasion was Honorable Walter Hazard of 
Georgetown, S.C. Mr. Hazard touched briefly 
upon the settlement of Jamestown Island and the 
history which led up to the culmination of the 
Revolutionary War, glanced at the later con- 
flicts of the country and the closing days at Ap- 


pomattox and returning to the earlier times said: 

“Tt was no simple accident, nor mere coincidence, that Pat- 
rick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Nelson, Richard Henry 
Lee, George Washington, George Mason, James and John 
Marshall all came from the same region and from the same 
rank in life—the Virginia gentry. 

“Tt has been wittingly said that the only difference between 
the Virginia gentleman and the South Carolina gentleman is 
that, when the former salutes you, he bows wholly to you, 
whereas the latter, returning the courtesy, bows half to you 
and half to himself. There is perhaps just a grain of truth 
lurking in this piece of pungent satire. For it cannot be denied 
that there are few beings on the earth for whom the average 
South Carolinian has a more exalted regard than a typical son 
of his native state, one ‘to the manor born.’ Yet it is no 
less true that there exists in the breasts of the educated Vir- 
ginian an exquisitely delicate, well defined pride of lineage, 
a subtle appreciation of the ancient splendors of his ancestral 
halls and acres, and a fine sense of the pre-eminent virtues of 
his contemporaries within the pale of the Old Dominion. Yet, 


since he recognizes with true generosity the claims of her South 
Carolina friends, we may accept his bow as an admission of 
the greatness of our own little State. 


For to his ears too has 


wee 


GOVERNOR ANSELL OF SOUTH:CAR 


eT a Oa Ae ae sae 
OLINA AND HIS MILITARY STAFF 


In Center PResIDENT TUcKER, GovERNOR ANSELL, GOVERNOR SWANSON 


wag 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


come the fame of our great men, Gadsden, Pinckney, Rut- 
ledge and Middleton; Sumter, Marion, Moultrie and Horry; 
Heyward, Laurens, Calhoun and McDuffle; Cheves, Harper 
and Wardlaw; Hampton, Pickens and Butler, Pettigrew and 
Hayne, Timrod and LeCompte and a score of other brilliant 
names, eminent in war, diplomacy, statecraft, law, literature 
and theology, that have illumined the pages of South Carolina’s 
history and embellished her fame with an imperishable lustre.” 


In the evening South Carolina received at the 
Virginia Building. Despite the rain the mili- 
tary features of South Carolina Day were suc- 
cessful. All the troops and the blue jackets 
from the war vessels at the Exposition paraded. 

June 29.—Two orators of national reputa- 
tion helped to make Commonwealth Day 
notable. On the twenty-ninth day of June, 
1776, Virginia adopted her first constitution 
and this was the one hundred and thirty-first 
anniversary of that occasion. “The Honorable 
Moorefield Storey, of Boston, reviewed the 
present condition of American politics, and the 
Honorable W. Bourke Cockran, of New 
York, dwelt upon corruption in the politics of 
the hour. The programme was divided, Mr. 
Storey speaking in the morning and Mr. 
Cockran in the afternoon. 

Mr. Storey declared that to-day the Presi- 
dent of the United States is more powerful than 
any constitutional ruler in the world, with the 
possible exception of the Czar of Russia and 
the Emperor of Germany if these could rightly 
be called constitutional rulers; that his power 
was none the less because it was extra-consti- 
tutional, for the disposal of the immense execu- 
tive patronage was sufficient to control largely 
the National Congress, and the Chief Executive 
of the Nation had authority to appoint Supreme 
Court judges and all diplomats. He said that 
Mr. Roosevelt might be a safe man with whom 
to trust such power, but he warned his hear- 
ers that there was the ever present possibility 
that an unsafe man might occupy the Presi- 
dential chair. Discussing Congress, Mr. Storey 
said that the Speaker of the House of Repre- 


HON. MOOREFIELD STOREY 


HON. W. BOURKE COCKRAN 


sentatives was far more important to the pas- 
sage or defeat of legislation than ever was con- 
templated by the Constitution—a dangerous 
condition, the orator claimed, since with this 
great dominance an unscrupulous speaker might 
wreck the Government, and certainly could 
stifle needed legislation. Referring to the 
Senate, the distinguished lawyer asked, “ Is it 
a mere accident that so many of our Senators 
are rich and represent dollars rather than 
men?” ‘This body, he claimed, was the most 
decisive in the make-up of the Federal Gov- 
ernment, and it was a fortunate thing for the 
country that in the Senate there had been 
enough conservative members to control the 
policies of the body. Concluding, Mr. Storey 
expressed his conviction that the powers of 
the individual States were being gradually but 
surely usurped by the Federal Government 
through means of inter-state commissions. 

Mr. Cockran’s address was a sweeping ar- 
raignment of the corruption existing in high 
places, and he said that the public conscience 
had passed into the limbo of things that were. 
“Until democracy in America became a 
fact,”’ claimed Mr. Cockran, “the world re- 
garded it as an inspiration; but the fundamental 
form of our government was the realization of 
this treatment and its basis was found in the 
adoption of the Virginia Constitution.” Mr. 
Cockran showed how the form of Government 
had been prostituted by corrupt methods of 
political trickery, referring specifically to the 
money power represented in the Senate and 
the scandals which had followed the other 
branches of the Government. ‘The prosecution 
of the life insurance officials, the speaker de- 
clared, had not resulted in any material im- 
provement in the management of their affairs. 
No convictions had been secured on account 
of the crimes uncovered, and personal convic- 
tions were the only possible deterrents. He 


220 


Diary —June-Julv. 


asserted that thousands of dollars were spent 
to elect life insurance officials who wanted the 
control of the trust money in order to make 
themselves richer through the economy of those 
whose money they are handling. 

June 30.—A provisional regiment of West 


Virginia National Guard composed of Com- 
panies oe Paneth: oe H,” ee Ke ee [tu and ee M,” 


First Infantry, and Companies “ D,” “ G,” 
“1H,” and “M,” Second Infantry—forty-six 
officers and five 
hundred and 


eighty-three en- 
listed men—to- 
gether with the 
First Infantry 
Band, arrived at 
Camp Captain 
John Smith early 
in the morning. 
The state troops 
were under the 
command of Col- 
onel Charles E. 
Morrison, Sec- 
ond Infantry. 

egular camp 
duties were observed; exhibition guard mount- 
ing on Lee Parade every morning at ten o'clock 
and regimental parade in the afternoon. The 
regiment took part in the review of the troops 
by Governor William M. O. Dawson of West 
Virginia, July 2, and a review by Governor 
Hughes of New York, and Major-General 
Frederick Dent Grant, U. S. A., on July 4th. 
On this latter occasion, Colonel Morrison acted 
as Grand Marshal of the parade. On the 


afternoon of the Fourth a sham battle was 


COL. CHAS. E. MORRISON 


* 


Bt: 


held on Lee Parade between the First Ken- 


tucky, taking the defensive side, and the West 
Virginia Regiment, taking the offensive. Strict 
discipline of a regular camp was not en- 
forced. Officers and men visited the Exposi- 
tion grounds frequently. The regiment left 
for Charleston July 6. 

July 1—The First Kentucky Infantry 
under the command of Colonel William B. 
Haldeman arrived at the Exposition at noon 
and remained in camp until midnight, July 8. 
Besides daily parades, the regiment participated 
in the review of troops held in honor of West 
Virginia Day and in the parade of July 4. 
Special dress parades were given by this regi- 
ment on July 6 and July 8 at 6:00 P. M. 
The regiment was the defending party in the 
sham battle on July 4. Five hundred and eight 
officers and men were under the command of 
Colonel Haldeman. Few visiting regiments 
made a better impression. 

A large number of people interested in edu- 
cation attended the opening of the Model 
School at the Exposition. Miss Mattie Black 
Tucker was in charge for the first week, and 
on the opening day she gave an explanation of 
the purposes of the school. 

July 2.—West Virginia Day: Secretary 
of the Treasury, George B. Cortelyou, Gov- 
ernor Dawson of West Virginia, Governor 
Swanson of Virginia, Major-General Freder- 
ick Dent Grant and Rear-Admiral Purnell F. 
Harrington reviewed the parade in honor of 
the day. The Twenty-third U. S. Infantry 
led the line and was followed by two com- 
panies of marines and two battalions of 
United States sailors. After the sailors came 
Battery “ D,” Third Field Artillery and the 
Second Squadron of the Twelfth Cavalry, 
and National Guard regiments from West 


FIELD STAFF AND OFFICERS FIRST KENTUCKY INFANTRY 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Virginia, Kentucky and South Carolina closed 
the line. 

Former Governor George W. Atkinson of 
West Virginia, presided at the meeting in the 
Auditorium. Governor Dawson was the prin- 
cipal speaker, and his address was entirely his- 
toric. Speaking of the character of our Gov- 
ernment, the Governor said: 


“ Measured by the flight of years, our country is young in 
history; but, as we do not measure the character nor the accom- 
plishments of the individual man by his years, neither do we 
compare the accomplishments of nations by their age. The 
essential things are the deeds done, the contributions to the 
happiness and development of mankind. To the development 
of man all things are subsidiary and assistant. The civil laws, 
the laws of nature, the laws of our being, all tend to this end. 
Liberty is essential to life and happiness; hence that govern- 
ment which gives to the individual person the largest amount 
of liberty is the best and greatest government. That best and 
greatest government is the government of the United States of 
America. It is the first government established of the people 
and by the people and for the people. And in this the greatest 
of all, notwithstanding the short period of its history in years, 
it has accomplished more than any other nation or people, 
ancient or modern.” 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph “Corporati 


Confederacy, 38,000 West Virginians fought under the flag 
of Washington. No braver men ever fought in war than were 
these Virginia troops on either side from either state. West 
Virginia contributed to the South in that great conflict Stone- 
wall Jackson, a general in her armies without an equal save Lee 
himself; to the Confederacy she gave also Generals Echols, Jen- 
kins, and McCausland, while in the Union armies among West 
Virginians were Generals Reno, Kelley, Duval, Goff, Light- 
burn, Harris, Strother, Curtis, and the gallant Colonel Tho- 
burn, of the Second West Virginia Infantry regiment, who 
lost his life at Winchester in 1862.” 


Of West Virginia’s great staple the Gov- 


ernor declared: 

“Cotton is no longer king. Coal is king. And coal being 
king, West Virginia has the kingship of the world, for she has 
more coal and better coal than any other territory in this whole 
wide world. West Virginia coal is, indeed, the best coal in 
the world; it is even a little superior to the famous Cardiff 


coal of Wales.” wees 
In the afternoon West Virginia’s great Coal 


Column was dedicated. Neil Robinson, the 
engineer who designed the structure, presided, 
and the principal address was made by Secre- 
tary Cortelyou. Among other things Mr. 
Cortelyou said: 


SECRETARY CORTELYOU, GOVERNOR DAWSON AND PARTY 


The Governor reviewed the general history 
of the colonies and spoke of English dominance 
in America. He recounted the journey of 
Governor Alexander Spottswood who, with 
his party of thirty horsemen—*‘ Knights of the 
Golden Horse Shoe ’’—halted on the crest of 
the Blue Ridge in 1716, and “ away to the 
westward saw the towering elevations in what 
are now the counties of Pendleton and Hardy 
in West Virginia.” 

The Governor related the part played by his 
fellow citizens in the various wars of the coun- 
try, and speaking of their share in the Civil 


War he said: 

“West Virginia is proud of her record in the Civil War 
also, and we feel sure that our brothers of Virginia share with 
us that respect. We followed the flag of those great Virgin- 
ians and Americans, Washington, and Marshall, and Jefferson, 
and Mason, and Madison, and Monroe, with a determination 
that our Old Mother Commonwealth should continue in the 
Union with us. We could not part with the flag and we could 
not be bereft of her. West Virginians and Virginians both 
had the courage of their convictions. Both suffered for duty’s 
sake. Besides 7,000 men who went into the armies of the 


“West Virginia has been called the Child of the Storm. 
Erected in 1863, she was the last carved out of the original 
domain of the United States. Fifteen years had elapsed since 
the last territory within that domain had taken on statehood. 
Entering the Union, as she did, when the country was con- 
vulsed with war, the new State had to set up its government 
under severe conditions. Hardly one of the new states has 
begun its career so much crippled financially as was this one. 
It had to begin at the bottom and build up a government com- 
plete in all its parts while the hand of war was on at least a 
part of its territory, and when a spirit of turbulence was abroad 
in the land. This, too, at the close of an epoch of slow 
progress, such as had hardly fallen to the lot of any of the 
States of the Union, or even the Territories. That with such 
a discouraging beginning the State should almost at the start 
demonstrate the wisdom of its projectors could not be ex- 
pected. But soon the lethargy which had so marked the early 
history of the territory embraced within its limits gave way to 
the new spirit, and the land which so long lay as it were asleep 
became aroused and a vigor manifested itself that gave promise 
for the future since well justified. 

“And now West Virginia has come to her own; her lands 
are demonstrating their value; her resources, the existence of 
which was more than suspected a century ago, but the immensity 
of which is now only beginning to be appreciated, are speak- 
ing for themselyes. The whole country is partaking of the 
warmth that comes from the fuel that the ages have stored in 
her hills; and her flowing wells are furnishing power for the 
world’s activities and light for cities and towns, for homes and 
shops. And these do not tell all her greatness, which is devel- 
oping in many other directions. Whatever may have retarded 

999 


ose 


—— hr 


Diary—Julv. 


the growth of the country we are considering, the causes thereof 
have disappeared; and the long-overlooked wealth of this com- 
monwealth is being brought to the attention of the world. Can 
we say that the progress of the future is to be less marked than 
in the recent past? Her people are three times as numerous 
as when she entered the Union. Already her railroad system 
has an extent, whether measured by area or by population, 
that is greater than that in most of her sister States, and yet it 
has by no means reached a limit. Doubled as it has been in 
fifteen years, which is true only of one other State, newly pro- 
jected lines of much promise are to bring her nearer and nearer 
to all markets; so that she may be able to supply those markets 
with what she can furnish as readily and cheaply as any other 
state or province in the world.” 


Secretary Cortelyou was followed by former 


-Governor McCorkle of West Virginia, and 


then by President Tucker of the Exposition, 
Senators Thomas Staples Martin of Virginia, 
and N. B. Scott of West Virginia, and Gover- 
nor Claude A. Swanson. Former Governor At- 
kinson of West Virginia, introduced Governor 
Swanson as the “ Chief Executive of the great- 
est State on earth.”’ Governor Swanson said 
that it was difficult to differentiate between East- 
ern and Western Virginia, which had been one 
State until 1863, and that no law nor boundaries 
could ever separate the two. “‘ The same three 
things,” said the Governor, “make a State pow- 
erful and make a man important, and West Vir- 
ginia has them—cash, character and capacity.” 


Ro tee he age 


: SN i : 7 i 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corp on 


in the line of march. In the evening at 6:30 
a picturesque sham battle was fought. “Thou- 
sands of shots were exchanged between the 
husky mountaineers of West Virginia and the 
First Regiment of Kentucky’s National Guard. 
The boys from the hills gained after each vol- 
ley until finally they closed in upon the enemy 
with fixed bayonets and put them to rout. A 
particularly attractive feature of the day was 
the singing of several selections by the James- 
town Exposition Chorus. ‘The “ Hallelujah 
Chorus”’ and the rendition of the “Star 
Spangled Banner” were especially well re- 
ceived. 

Former Governor Henry Rogers of Con- 
necticut presided as master of ceremonies at 
the meeting of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial 
Association held at the Auditorium. Governor 
Rogers made a brief speech, at the conclusion 
of which Secretary William Shields McKean 
of the Association, read a list of the Vice- 


Presidents, and then Governor Hughes of 
New York was introduced. He said: 


The immortal words of the preamble of the Declaration 
of Independence recorded more than a protest against exactions 
of the British crown. They were more than an assertion of 


DESCENDANTS OF THE SIGNERS OF THE “ DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE ” 


July 4.—Jndependence Day was greeted by 
booming cannon and the usual noisy toy pis- 
tols and fire-crackers. An enormous crowd 
thronged the grounds; and from ten o'clock in 
the morning when the great pageant on Lee’s 
Parade attracted the attention of thousands 
until late at night, the scene was brilliant and 
appreciated. During the day, bands at various 
sections of the ground played “ America,” 
“The Star Spangled Banner” and “ Dixie,” 
or patriotic medleys combining all the American 
tunes. In the evening every building and drive- 
way was brilliantly illuminated and a handsome 
display of fireworks terminated the day’s fes- 
tivities. [he morning parade was impressive. 
Governor Hughes of New York, President 
Woodrow Wilson of Princeton University, 
Major-General Frederick Dent Grant, U. S. 
A., Adjutant-General Charles J. Anderson 
of Virginia, President Tucker and Lieutenant- 
Governor Ellyson were on the Reviewing 
Stand. The famous Mexican National Band 
played during the brief intermission between 
the passing of the military parade and the suc- 
ceeding War Path march. A\ll of the Regulars 
encamped at the Exposition, and the various 
National Guard companies and regiments were 


223 


the right of the Colonies to be independent States. They 
passed beyond the necessities of the moment and_ tran- 
scended, perhaps, in their broad import and sentiment of 
many who, exasperated by tyrannical demands were ready to 
renounce their former allegiance. They have the perennial 
value of a political creed voicing in terms of conviction the 
aspirations of humanity. They suggest to us the long struggle 
against the usurpations of power and the impositions of avarice 
and cunning. hey have been ridiculed as fallacious; they 
have sustained the assault of those who, descanting upon obvious 
physical, mental and moral inequalities, have sought to obscure 
the profound truth of equality before the law and the inalien- 
able rights of manhood. To-day, as always, they present to us 
the standard by which we may judge the successful working of 
our institutions. And gathered upon this historic spot in the 
Commonwealth which nurtured him, we may fittingly pay our 
tribute to the author of those words in the language of Lincoln: 
“ All honor to Jefferson—to the man who in the concrete pres- 
sure of a national struggle for independence by a single people 
had the coolness, forecast and sagacity to introduce into a 
merely revolutionary document an abstract truth applicable 
to all men and all time, and so embalm it that to- 
day and in all coming days it shall be a rebuke and a 
stumbling block to the very harbingers of re-appearing tyranny 
and oppression.” 

The attitude of men toward government by the people is 
not determined by party lines. ~The man who would ignore 
the rights of his fellow citizens, who would establish himself 
in a fortress of special privilege and exercise his power, small 
or great, in opposition to the welfare of others, may be found 
in all parties and in every walk of life. It is an attitude some- 
times explained by training and environment, but in general 
merely exhibits the rule of selfishness. 


The Governor said that there were many 
who had no sympathy with the principles of the 
Declaration of Independence and who desired 
to put the powers of the Government to selfish 
uses. He recorded the great progress of the 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Nation and spoke of the troubles which 
menaced the country through debauched ad- 
ministration by large corporate interests. 
‘Education,’ he declared to be “the safeguard 
of the Democracy,” and he proclaimed that 
our country is safe so long as our schools are 


full. In conclusion he said: 

We stand in the presence of those related by blood to the 
illustrious signers of the Declaration of Independence. They 
rejoice in this distinguished lineage. But we are all the spirit- 
ual sons of those fathers of our liberties; we have a priceless 
heritage; this great country, populated with an intelligent people 
animated by the loftiest ideals, presents unexampled oppor- 
tunity. May we be worthy of our birthright and so deal with 
the problems confronting this generation that we may transmit 
to our children a still larger boon, and that they, enjoying even 
to a greater degree equality of opportunity, may find still better 
secured the inalienable rights of “life, liberty and the pursuit 
of happiness.” 


After Governor Hughes’ speech, Doctor 
Woodrow Wilson inquired “ What shall we 
do with Governor Hughes?” and some one in 
the audience replied ““ Make him President.” 
This remark aroused the vast assemblage and 


WOODROW WILSON, Ph.D., LL.D., Lit.D. 


for several minutes applause rang out tumul- 
tuously. When Dr. Wilson was able to pro- 
ceed he gave a most pointed review of modern 
politics, his theme including the problems of 
party life, the regulation of municipalities and 
the political faults of the present day. It was 
a practical common sense talk which the Presi- 
dent of Princeton College gave. He went 
vigorously at the Trusts, saying: ‘“ We are not 
trying to catch men but are trying to regulate 
corporations.” ‘Trust regulation might be dif- 
ficult, he said, but it was not impossible and it 
could be done without turning the present 
mode of civic government upside down. “If 
you will put in jail one man who 1s responsible 
for the misdeeds of a trust,” he declared, “* you 
will do more good than has been done by all 
the legislation ever enacted against corpora- 
tions.” ‘‘ If there are no lawyers who can find 
the guilty parties,” continued Dr. Wilson, 
“surely there can be no descendants of the 


signers of the Declaration of Independence.” 
Optimistically, the speaker said that while much 
graft and dishonesty had been practiced, the 
bulk of the American people were honest and 
honorable and the whole country could not be 
discredited by the acts of a few. For more 
than half an hour Dr. Wilson held the atten- 
tion of his hearers, and he received an ovation 
when he finished. 

Before the body adjourned, President 
Tucker asked that the audience express the 
appreciation of the country for the act of cour- 
tesy extended by the Mexican Government in 
sending to the Exposition the magnificent 
Mexican Band, which had played throughout 
the ceremonies. Immediately cheers broke 
from every quarter of the hall, the audience ris- 
ing while the bandmaster bowed his acknowl- 
edgments. Following the ceremonies at the 
Auditorium, Gov. Hughes, General Grant, Dr. 
Wilson and Admiral Harrington went to the 
Soldiers and Sailors Club where a reception 
was tendered to the distinguished guests. 

The National Association of the Deaf met 
in the Auditorium at 10:30 A. M. Lieutenant- 
Governor Ellyson, of Virginia, welcomed the 
Association and a cordial greeting from Car- 
dinal Gibbons was read. The President, 
George W. Veditz of Colorado Springs, Colo., 
read an interesting paper on “ The Future of 
the American Deaf.” He spoke of the prog- 
ress in the education of deaf mutes; “ and,” 
he said, “ taking a bird’s eye view of the con- 
dition of the American adult deaf as it is to-day 
we have every cause for complacent satisfac- 
tion. We are better educated, better supplied 
with all the material accessories of happiness 
than we have ever been before. Work is 
plentiful, discrimination, because of the mere 
fact of deafness in such occupations as we are 
capable of pursuing and have been trained for, 
has so far been rare.”’ Professor Veditz held 
that the retrogression in the standard of the 
deaf generally throughout Europe was due to 
the abandonment of the sign language. Dr. 
A. L. Pach of New York, read a paper en- 
titled “ The Deaf in Organizations of the 
Hearing vs. Organizations of Their Own.” 
President Tucker of the Exposition, Reverend 
Edward N. Calisch, D. D., of Richmond, and 
the venerable Dr. John Chamberlain of New 
York, also spoke. Dr. Calisch spoke of the 
value of speech and said that sound was not 
everything. “The constructive forces of the 
universe,” he proclaimed, “ are silent. The up- 
holding agencies are noiseless. Violence and 
destruction are noisy. The first child of 
creation was light, a symbol of life and growth 
and progress, and light is everything to the 
deaf and mute. It is their medium of speech 
and hearing. [hose who depend upon light 
are sure to be in the vanguard of human prog- 
ress. 

July 5.—Six natives of India, each of whom 
held a high position under the British Govern- 
ment, were visitors at the Exposition. With 
the party were W. R. Bete and Professor W. 
W. Tracey of the Department of Agriculture, 


224 


Diary—Julv. 


= Ene 3 


auk 


COMPANY “M” SECOND INFANTRY NATIONAL GUARD OF GEORGIA 


U.S. A. The foreign visitors were from the 
Province of Bengal. A. C. Ghoch, H. L. 
Duut, S. N. Sil, J. N. Chaoavarty were grad- 
uates of the University of Calcutta and of Cor- 
nell University. HH. B. Mitra and D. D. 
Dutta, the other members of the party, were 
still undergraduates of Cornell. 

American Boy Day was appropriately cele- 
brated. Wailliam C. Sprague, Editor of “ The 
American Boy,” Detroit, Michigan, was the 
father of the idea to set aside a day in honor 
of the boys. Mr. Sprague made a brief speech, 
and Mr. Tucker delivered an address of wel- 
come. The balance of the programme was 
carried out entirely by boys—violin, clarinet 
and piano solos, orations, declamations and 
songs. The oldest participant in the pro- 
gramme was Joseph N. Miller, Jr., of Cam- 
den, Ala., aged eighteen; the youngest, Gilroy 
Stein of Richmond, Va., had not reached nine. 

July 10—The Third Regiment Kentucky 
State Guard, about five hundred rank and file, 
commanded by Colonel Jouett Henry, arrived 
at the Exposition July 10 and remained one 
week. The Regiment performed one hour of 
routine field work in the early morning and 
paraded every afternoon, and they took a 
prominent part in the celebration of Kentucky 
Day on the sixteenth. 

Company “ M,” Second Infantry National 
Guard of Georgia, also arrived and were en- 
camped inside the grounds. They remained 
until July 17. Captain F. E. Fletcher was in 
command. ‘The company drilled daily on the 
south side of Lee Parade and participated in 
all the reviews that were held while they were 
at the Exposition. This company, better 
known as the “ Quitman Guards,” is one of 
Georgia’s crack commands and their drilling 
was unsurpassed by any military company that 
visited the Exposition. 


AG et BES ty kd 


COMPANY “H” FIRST INFANTRY NATIONAL GUARD OF GEORGIA 


Pe Soe Se TT 


July 11.—The Norfolk College Alumne 
Association met in the Auditorium at 10:00 a. 
M. After the formal meeting in the morning a 
luncheon was served to the students from the 
North, South, East and West. ‘The officers 
elected for the year were: President, Mrs. 
Mae White Freeman; Corresponding Secre- 
tary, Mrs. Mamie Pedrick Brooks; Recording 


Secretary, Mrs. Hennye Spagat Nusbaum, and 
Treasurer, Miss Beulah Skinner. 


# 
3 Fa 
2 


- } 1 
a a | Oe 
Mrs. Mamie Peprick Brooks Miss BEULAH SKINNER 
Corresponding Secretary reasurer 


Mrs. Maze WHITE Freeman Mrs. HennyeE S. NuspauM 
President Recording Secretary 


July 12.—The citizens of McKeesport, Pa., 
celebrated at the Pennsylvania building. Cus- 
todian Rowland made a brief speech, and W. 
H. Barr, representing the McKeesport Daily 
News, read an address written by the Honor- 
able W. H. Coleman, Mayor of McKeesport. 
The feature of the day’s exercises was the at- 
tendance of a dozen young ladies from Mc- 
Keesport, who had been selected by a local 
newspaper to represent that city. 

The first meeting of the North Carolina 


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Diary—/Julv. 


Architectural Association was held in the Audi- 
torium. There were more than one hundred 
delegates present. A brief address of welcome 
was delivered by Alvah H. Martin, Vice- 
President of the Exposition. Charles C. 
Hook of Charlotte, President of the Associa- 
tion, delivered an address and a lecture by 
William H. Snow of New Jersey, on heating 
and ventilation was the principal scientific paper 
read before the meeting. 

July 15.—The “German Volunteers,” 
Company “H,” First Infantry, National 
Guard of Georgia, arrived for a week’s stay. 
All the members are Germans or German- 
Americans. The company was in the Civil 
War with the first Georgia Regiment and was 
in the war with Spain as Company “ K,”’ First 
United States Volunteers. Captain J. D. 
Helmkin was in command at the Exposition. 

July 16.—Kentucky Davy was celebrated 
most characteristically. Sheriff R. C. Hieatt, 
the Barbecue King of Kentucky, was the prime 
master of ceremonies, and at one o'clock he 
called the opening session to order, declaring 
that the hour of the hungry had arrived. Sev- 
eral hundred lined up at the great tables which 
had been set in the pine grove back of “ Fort 
Boonesboro,” and, nearby immense cauldrons 
contained the fruits of the barbecue and burgoo. 
The band of the Third Kentucky Regiment 
furnished music while the banquet was in 
progress and the Earlington Company under 


the command of Captain Price, acted as a 


special guard for the enclosure while the feast 
was being served. Following the barbecue, 


HONORABLE ALTON BROOKS PARKER, LL.D. 


1884—T endered 
1885—Chairman 
Democratic State Committee 1885—Appointed Justice of the 
Supreme Court of New York 1885—Elected 1886 Member 
Court of Appeals, Second Division 1889-92—Member General 


Delegate Democratic National Convention 
office First Assistant Postmaster General 


Term 1893-96—Appellate Division 1896-97—Chief Justice 

Court of Appeals, New York, January 1, 18938-August 5, 

1904—Received the Democratic Nomination for the Presi- 

dency. First Ballot, July 9, 1904—President American Bar 
Association 1906-1907. 


exercises were held on a platform within the 
stockade. The Chairman of the day was 
President John B. Atkinson of the Kentucky 


Commission, and the orator was Honorable 
William Rogers Clay of Lexington. President 
Tucker of the Exposition, delivered an address 
of welcome and a brief speech was made by 
the Honorable Alton B. Parker of New York, 
Democratic candidate for the Presidency in 
1904. The Honorable A. Y. Ford of Louis- 
ville, Ky., also spoke. 
Mr. Clay said: 


“No honor ever came to Virginia that did not bring equal 
honor to Kentucky. No son of Virginia ever attained true 
fame without drawing to himself the admiration of 
every Kentuckian. four Henry is our 
Henry; your Washington is our 
Washington; your Jefferson is 
our Jefferson, » and your Lee 


is our Lee. The 


greatest 
lawyer in all England 
voiced the sentiment of 
Kentucky when he 


your Wash- 
ours: ‘You 
|) being for 
have an 


wrote to 
ington and 
are the only 
whom I 


awful rever ence. We 
uttered an apprecia- 
tive ‘Amen’ when one 
of our most eloquent 
United States Senators 
said: ‘As for me, I wor- 
ship no man, but, if I did, 


bowed head and 


tomb of Jefferson.’ 


it would be with 
bared brow at the 


And surely our hearts are thrilled 
LE A a Hon. Wittiam Rocers Ciay 2 See cat 
burg, and final of Lexington ly, of Appo- 


mattox, who stood there with untarnished sword extended, a 
victor in defeat, a conqueror of the world, because all mankind 
now renders allegiance to that peerless general who planned and 
executed battles with the genius of Napoleon, and to that 
exalted man who was gentle without effeminacy; noble without 
affectation; and lovable even when administering a rebuke— 


the matchless Robert E. Lee.” 

Mr. Clay told of the pride which Virginia 
naturally took in Kentuckians: George Rogers 
Clark, who was Virginia’s son, and Henry 


Clay, who was her “ Mill Boy of the Slashes.” 


He continued: 

“In addition to these, two babes came from the loins of 
Kentucky about the same time. One went towards the Gulf, 
the other towards the Lakes. The former we see first as a 
brave lieutenant in the Black Hawk War; then as a fearless 
officer in the strife with Mexico.. Next we see him in the 
United States Senate, then as Secretary of War of the United 
States. Again he is in the Senate. We see him next at Mont- 
gomery, amid flowers and plaudits with a smile upon his face, 
but with a heart heavy with anxiety for the future; then we 
see him at Fortress Monroe with the hope banished forever 
from his life, but through it all he is the beloved President of 
the Confederacy, meeting every obstacle with the impressive 
dignity of manhood. Upon his head a few have sought to 
heap all the obloquy of defeat, but his place in the affections 
of the sons and daughters of the South and his greatness in 
every relation of life are safe from the malign attacks of envy 
and far beyond the reach of the poisoned barbs of hate. The 
other child we see first as a laborer, then as a student of law, 
then as a lawyer impressing himself upon the people. He then 
takes part in politics, becomes an able debater, crosses swords 
with Douglas and acquits himself with credit. Then he is 
elected President of the United States—the most trying honor 
that ever came to man. I shall attempt no eulogy here except 
to say that when the life of Abraham Lincoln went out, one of 
the greatest men of all the ages passed to his reward, and the 
best friend that the South had in all the North was lost for- 


ever. 


Mr. Clay pleaded for the cultivation of a 
broader patriotism. He said: 


*“We should encourage our patriotic societies; we should 
commemorate freedom’s battles; we should preserve freedom’s 
relics; we should build great expositions like this where we 
may gather and catch inspiration from the very fount of liberty. 
And above all we must make our country worthy of our love. 
There are many who say that our liberty can only be preserved 
by strengthening our Government—by increasing our standing 
army. I answer that this Government is not founded on force. 
It depends upon the love of its people, and though we had an 
army of a million men they would be few in number compared 
to the mighty hosts who would rush to its rescue in time of 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


danger. The people of the United States should know each 
other better, then they would recognize good whenever they 
saw it. The Vermonter must not be affected with color blind- 
ness when looking at his brother in the South. The South 
Carolinian must see something else in Massachusetts besides 
love of money and codfish balls. The Chicagoan must not 
think that murder is the only summer pastime in Kentucky, 
nor must the Kentuckian conclude that all meat from Chicago 
is spoiled. The New Yorker must not suppose that populism 
is the only thing that flourishes in the West, and the Westerner 
must not think that New York is simply a large menagerie 
composed principally of a varied asso'tment of bulls and 
bears.” 


The Association of the Seaboard Air Line 
Railway Surgeons met in Hall No. 2 in 


the Auditorium. Dr. J. M. Burke 
of Petersburg, Va., delivered 
the address of welcome 
on_ behalf of Virginia. 
Drakcel. Pearyen- es, 
Medical |\ Director 
of the Ex position, 
extended a greeting 
for the Company, 
and the President 
of the Asso ciation, Dr. 
W. A. Mon roe, of Stan- 
tordui Nx Ge delivered 
the annual PR oa ORE ee address. 
All of the paras: subsequent 
papers were scientific and technical. ‘The of- 
ficers for the year 1907-8 were: 

Chief Surgeon, Joseph M. Burke, Petersburg, Va.; 
President, Dr. L. S. Oppenheimer, Tampa, Fla.; First 


Vice-President, Dr. J. D. Dean, Dawson, Ga.; Second Vice- 
President, Dr. H. M. Wilder, Charlotte, N. C.; Third Vice- 
President, E. H. Terrell, Richmond, Va.; Secretary and 
Treasurer, Dr. J. W. Palmer, Ailey, Ga. 


The State and National Food and Dairy 
Association met at the Inside Inn. ‘Through- 
out both the morning and afternoon sessions 
the necessity of a system of co-operation be- 
tween National, State and Municipal authori- 
ties was discussed. The Association adjourned 
July 19 after passing a resolution strongly urg- 
ing standardization and favoring uniform laws 
regarding the protection which should be 
afforded the people from food adulteration and 
requiring sanitary inspection of small local 
slaughter houses, creameries, restaurants and 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


hotels. “The most important clause in the reso- 
lution was the one aimed against certain pre- 
servatives which are now used, namely: be- 
tanaphthal, formaldehyde, salts of copper, 
salicylic acid, boric acid, benzoic acid, or the 
salts of any of these, and abrostal and 
saccharin. 

The Veterans of the Blue and the Gray 
held their annual re-union at the Auditorium. 
Dr. K. W. Ferguson of North Carolina, 
Assistant Surgeon-General of the organization, 
presided. This organization was formed in 
Atlanta, Georgia, March 29, 1906. Its pur- 
pose is to bring together in a spirit of brotherly 
love the remnants of the armies of Grant and 
Lee in order that there may be a complete 
union of the people of the North and South. 

July 17.—Orphans’ Day. The Tidewater 
Automobile Club evolved the idea of giving 
the orphans of Norfolk an outing at the Expo- 
sition, and they arranged with the authorities 
of St. Mary’s Orphan Asylum, the Holt Street 
Orphan Asylum, the Boys Home, and the 
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty of Chil- 
dren, in order that all of Norfolk’s parentless 
children might enjoy the day. Every automo- 
bile in Norfolk and in Portsmouth was placed 
at the disposal of the committee and none of the 
little ones needed to use the trolley car. The 
motor carriages went through Norfolk with 
flags flying and horns honking. The National 
Council of Mothers provided everything in the 
way of a luncheon that the children could wish 
and down by the water or among the trees the 
children played games and generally enjoyed 
themselves. Later the Automobile Committee 
took the young folks to see the War Path 
shows—at least the principal spectacular shows, 
such as the “ Merrimac and Monitor,” the 
“101 Ranch” and the “ Destruction of San 
Francisco.” 

July 18.—Richmond Day at the Exposition 
was celebrated regally. The official party 
arrived at the Exposition shortly after ten 


THE ORPHANS OF NORFOLK VISITING THE EXPOSITION 


228 


Diary—Julvy. 


o'clock. On the train were the Mayor, the 
members of the two branches of the Richmond 
City Council and the heads of the various city 
departments. They reached the Inside Inn at 
eleven o'clock and were met by Governor 
Swanson and President Tucker. Before the 
arrival of the civic officials the Richmond Blues, 
resplendent in their gorgeous uniforms, were 
drawn up before the Inside Inn and hardly had 
they formed in line when the Howitzers ap- 
peared. Later a battalion of the Seventieth 
Regiment added to the soldiery. 
Before noon President 
Tucker es corted John 


Skelton Williams, 
the orator of the 
ayany ; Mayor 
Carlton McCar- 
thy and Gov- 
ernor Swan- 
son, to the Re- 
viewing Stand. 
The Rich mond of- 
ficials and the militia 
ae pears 

arthy presiaed at 

Hon. Cartton McCartHy 7 
ae ae Mayor of Richmond no od 
rst 1 C 

President Tucker. Governor Swanson was the 


next speaker and he referred to the part that 
Richmond had played in the country’s history. 
John Skelton Williams, former President of 
the Seaboard Air Line, delivered a panegyric 
on Richmond. Mr. Williams said: 


“The earliest history of our community is identified, as 
that of no other city in the country is, with splendid self-sur- 
render, with pure purpose, with broad patriotism and lofty, 
consecrated courage. What other city can show a record so 
consistent of devotion, of love of freedom, of actual application 
of the instinct for the development of mankind to its best, of 
broad and comprehensive statesmanship> What other American 
city possesses such memorials as at one end, Bacon’s Quarter 
Branch, called for Nathaniel Bacon, who staked life and prop- 
erty and prospects of preferment and transient prosperity and 
power, for the assertion of the rights of the Virginia British 
citizens; at another end the humble sacred building in which 
Patrick Henry—that “ Forest-born Demosthenes, whose thunder 
shook the Philip of the seas ’—soared and thrilled and spoke 
words which have echoed around the wo:ld and through the 
many decades, and thrust his neck into the halter, proclaiming 
the inherent prerogatives of the free-born man? Bacon, in 
1676, Patrick Henry, of Hanover, in 1775; Mason and the 
Bill of Rights, the resolution of the Virginia Convention which 
gave to the Revolution the inspiration expressed in the Declara- 
tion of Independence, drawn by another citizen closely asso- 
ciated with Richmond, are identified with the founding of the 
Republic. Washington planned to make the city the commercial 
metropolis of the country. Jeffe-son designed the capitol; 
Madison and Monroe debated there with their peers on the 


ot 


JOHN SKELTON WILLIAMS 


relation between state and federal governments; Randolph lived 
there, while Marshall, a citizen of Richmond, made the law and 


* gave meaning to the Constitution under which the great Republic , 


has lived and grown and been ordered.” 


Mr. Williams described the growth of Rich- 
mond, which he said was not of the mushroom 
variety. Coming down to the time of the Civil 
War, the speaker declared: 


“True to her traditions, Richmond was generally Whig and 
Union. Why should she not have been Union? Virginia had 
been the first State to propose a confederacy, or union, of the 
original states; really the birthplace of this Republic as Vir- 
ginia was the bi:thplace of the American people. Richmond 
was true to the country as it had been founded and as her 
people hoped for it. It is a curious fact that the capital of the 
Confederacy in 1861 sent to the State Convention the four 
delegates to which she was entitled, all Conservative and 
Union men. When Fort Sumter had been fired on, and 
President Lincoln forced the issue by calling on the State 
to send troops to subdue the seceding Confederate States, 
Richmond again was true to her traditions of loyalty to the 
right, of allegiance to her sister communities, disregarding ma- 
terial consideration, considering laws and truth and faith and 
principle as the things to be revered and obeyed. She voted 
as the State of Virginia voted to ratify the Ordinance of 
Secession. 

“Her citizens knew that she would be the first objective 
point from the Union capital, but one hundred and fourteen 
miles away as the people of Virginia knew that their soil 
would be the battleground and that the blood of her sons would 
drench it. Calmly, deliberately, in the fear of God, and of 
nothing else, faithfully seeking to discover where duty called 
and good faith required, the State and the City voted together 
and bared their breasts and dared the brunt of war at its 
fiercest.” 


SECOND INFANTRY KENTUCKY STATE GUARD—ON LEE’S PARADE RICHMOND DAY 


229 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


The speaker dilated upon the growth of 
Richmond since the war and described the 
varied evidences of its industrial and material 
progress. 

Judge Alton B. Parker joined the Rich- 
mond party during the exercises, and after Mr. 
Williams ceased speaking the parade started. 
There were in line the Twenty-third U. S. 
Infantry, Twelfth Cavalry, Battery ‘‘ D,” 
Third U. S. Artillery, the Richmond Light In- 
fantry Blues, a Battalion of the Seventieth In- 
fantry, Second and Third Kentucky Regi- 
ments, Company © H,”’ First Georgia Infantry 
and the Richmond Howitzers. 

The Second Infantry Kentucky State 
Guard, Colonel J. Embry Allen commanding, 
arrived at 1:00 p. mM. There were seven hun- 
dred officers and men in the Regiment, which 
detrained and marched to camp. Without 
waiting to get anything to eat, tired, dusty and 
travel stained from their thirty-six hour journey 
they marched to the Exposition parade ground 
and took part in the grand review of Richmond 
Day. The swinging line of stalwart blue- 
shirted, khaki-trousered Kentuckians, looking 
like regulars just in from a fight, evoked great 
applause as they marched by the Reviewing 
Stand, their fine band playing “ My Old Ken- 
tucky Home.” The Regiment had daily drills 
in camp and a review in the afternoon on Lee 
Parade. On July 22 the whole Regiment was 
invited to visit Fortress Monroe. A steamboat 
was chartered to convey the troops. Colonel 
Harrison, the commandant of the Fort, together 
with his staff, met the visitors and every courtesy 
was shown them. On the same day a trip was 
made to the Norfolk Navy Yard, and to the 
battleship ‘‘ Missouri,’ and later Jamestown 
Island was visited. The Regiment disem- 
barked at the Island and drew up in the 
shadow of the Old Church. The soldiers 
then returned to camp after a day somewhat 
unique in the number of pleasurable experi- 
ences. On the staff of Colonel Allen were 
Lieutenant-Colonel E. W. Lillard, Adjutant 
A. P. Gilmour, Surgeon W. M. Offutt, Quar- 
termaster D. M. Mulligan, Commissary W. R. 
Sands and Chaplain W. T. Capers. 

July 19. Temperance Day was celebrated 
by the Virginia Division of the Woman’s Chris- 
tian Temperance Union. The opening prayer 
was offered by Mrs. R. H. Jones, one of the 
most active temperance workers in Virginia. 
Miss Annie Gordon of Evanston, spoke mainly 
to the children who were celebrating at 
the same time Sunday School 
D ae vise Kate Waller 
Barrett gave an enthusias- 
tic account \ of the work 
being done in the Expo- 
sition rest rooms. Mrs. 


Stephens of Portland, 


x 


Me., the President of 
the Union, spoke briefly 
and presented statistics to 
show what had been done by 
Maine Mrs. Lituan M. N. Stevens, 4s stamp 
out the Pres. Nat. W.C.T.U. | whiskey 


Mrs. Howarp M. Hoce 
Presi Vas We Cameos 


Miss ANNA A. GorDon 
Vice-Pres. Nat. W. C. T. U. 


traffic and declared that there was not a beer 
sign in her native city. One of the features of 
the day’s programme was the singing of three 
hundred school children who had been care- 
fully trained by Mrs. Lillian Shepperd of Nor- 
folk. They sang ““ My Country, ’tis of Thee ”’ 
at the opening, and then a song composed by 
Miss Willard, the late President of the 
National Union, “The Saloon Must Go.” 
From three o'clock until six a reception was 
given by the Norfolk County W. C. T. U. to 
the visiting representatives and a steady stream 
of callers poured into the welcome house. 

After the exercises in the Auditorium were 
concluded the children marched to Fort 
Boonesboro and listened to a speech by the 
Reverend Dr. Carter Helm Jones of Louisville, 
Ky., after the delivery of which the Honorable 
E.. Pendleton Jones of Hampton, made the ora- 
tion of the day. The Kentucky Reservation 
was chosen as the scene for the celebration be- 
cause it afforded a play ground for the children 
who, after the ceremonies, romped through the 
pine grove for the remainder of the afternoon. 

On the night of this day the electric fountain 
on Raleigh Square was for the first time put 
into operation. 


July 20.—The Fifth Regiment Infantry, 


CoLoneL Henry M. WarrFiELD 
“Fifth Maryland ” 


Diary—July. 


na wy Ne yg 


SANS, LAG eI S| 


National Guard, Maryland, one of the best 
known militia organizations in the United 
States, went into camp on Saturday morning 
and remained at the Exposition until the after- 
noon of the twenty-seventh. The Fifth Mary- 
land was organized in 1867 and the leading 
spirits at the time of its formation were men 
who had seen active service in the Confederate 
Army. ‘The distinctive gray full dress uniform, 
the easy style of marching and the swinging 
step of the Regiment never failed to revive 
memories of the flower of Southern chivalry. 
Most of the first members have passed away 
but their traditions remain. Like the Seventh 
Regiment, New York, the Fifth Maryland is 
more than a Regiment—it 1s a high-class social 
club, yet it has seen active service not only in 
riots but in the Spanish-American War. Dur- 
ing the encampment, battalion drills were held 
on Lee Parade each morning at seven o'clock 
and a regimental parade at seven in the even- 
ing. The splendid bearing of the men clad in 
their striking full dress uniforms, white cross- 
belts and white duck trousers never failed to 
arouse enthusiasm when they appeared on Lee’s 
Parade. The picture they presented was made 
still more attractive by the contrasting splen- 
dor of their red-coated band of forty pieces 
and their drum corps of thirty-two. During 
the encampment at the Exposition the Fifth 
was commanded by Colonel Henry M. War- 
field, who, shortly afterward, was appointed 


her (8 "8 
4s oi A 
Tye em 
NPS ab! 4 
-, ep EN SO 
ear ie Se BH LS yee 


ST Pvt GF 


Oe: ¥ 


if 


PS 
OFFICERS FIFTH REGIMENT MARYLAND NATIONAL GUARD 


MARYLAND ” 


Adjutant-General of Maryland and was 
succeeded by Colonel C. Baker Clotworthy. 


COLONEL C. BAKER CLOTWORTHY 
Who succeeded Colonel Warfield 


who had been Lieutenant-Colonel of the Regi- 
ment. Among the social features which marked 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


the stay of the men from Maryland was a re- 
ception given by President Tucker and Mrs. 
Tucker at their house in Norfolk and an of- 
ficers’ hop given by the officers of the regiment 
at the Exposition Grounds. 

July 22.—The Association of the Officials 
of the Bureau of Labor Statisticians of America 
met at the Inside Inn and remained in session 
until the twenty-seventh. Second Vice-Presi- 
dent J. D. Beck presided. Mr. Tucker wel- 
comed the delegates to the Exposition and 
Mayor Riddick performed a similar pleasing 
duty for the city of Norfolk. The first address 
was delivered by the Honorable T. V. Pow- 
derly, Chief of the Division of Information of 
the Bureau of Immigration. Among other 


things Mr. Powderly said: 


“Tt is my belief that the scope of the Division of Informa- 
tion should be broadened so as to admit of the establishment 
of agencies of the Division in our large industrial centers, 
where a man seeking work may apply for information as to 
where he can find it. To establish such agencies and make 
them useful, full and accurate information, up to date in char- 
acter, should be in the possession of our agents. In our large 
industrial centers where labor is congested, officials of labor 
organizations, being in close touch with the situation, could 
co-operate without difficulty in notifying these agencies of the 
number of men who are seeking employment, and with good, 
active men conducting these branches, it would be their duty 
to ascertain just how many men, and of what trades, were 
seeking work.” 


Mr. Powderly’s paper was afterwards dis- 
cussed by several commissioners, notably Mr. 
Johnson of Kansas, and Mr. Dougherty of 
Virginia. 

Colorado, Indiana, Minnesota, Missouri, 
New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, 
Virginia and Wisconsin presented reports 
through their several Commissioners of Labor. 
Reports by mail were received from Charles 
P. Neill, U. S. Commissioner of Labor, 
describing what had been done by the United 
States Bureau during the past year, and from 
the Labor Commissioners of Connecticut, Cali- 
fornia, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, New 
Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Washing- 
ton and West Virginia, detailing current work 
in their departments. 

Elks Day. More than one thousand mem- 
bers of the Benevolent and Protective Order 
of Elks were the guests of the Exposition. The 
feature of the occasion was the address of the 
new Grand Exalted Ruler, John K. Tener of 
Chileroy, Pa. Mr. Tener was introduced by 
Past Exalted Ruler, W. H. Venable of the 
Norfolk Lodge. The Elks had just held their 
Grand Lodge meeting in Philadelphia and 
the party which visited the Exposition came 
down on a chartered train. The Elks visited 
all of the exhibit buildings and closely inspected 
the features of the War Path. They had an 
elaborate luncheon at the Swiss Village and 
put themselves immediately on good terms with 
everybody at the Fair. They greeted strangers 
with “ Hello Bill,” and replied cheerily to a 
similar salutation. While in Norfolk they 
were the guests of the local lodge who were 
represented by the following strong committee: 
Exalted Ruler C. W. Todd, Past Exalted 
Ruler I. Walke Truxtun, Past Exalted Ruler 
W. H. Venable, Past Exalted Ruler Lennie 
Gunn and E. F. Jakeman. 


July 23.—The Association of Surgeons of 
the Atlantic Coast Line Railway met at the 
Auditorium and elected officers for the ensuing 
year: President, H. B. Thomas, 
M.D., of Wil mington; 
V ice-Presi dent, J. H. 


McIntosh, MDAot 
Crore bia; Sec- 
ond Vice- SP ress a 
dent, J. Fie eat 
man, M. D-, Jack= 
sonville; Tehased 
Vice-Pres ident, C. 
R. Ogles bys, Meeps 
of Waycross, Ga.:; Secre- 
tary and Treasurer, 
M. M. Mo ae ete mieten ran, M. D., 
of Pinners Point; Va., 


the last named officer being re-elected. A num- 
ber of matters interesting to surgeons were dis- 
cussed, probably the most important being the 
treatment of shocks resulting from wrecks and 
other railway accidents. ‘The principal con- 
tributor to this discussion was Dr. Southgate 
Leigh of Norfolk, a former President of the 
Association, and one of the best known phy- 
siclans in the service of the Coast Line. Dr. 
Leigh urged that extreme care be taken in cases 
of this character and that amputation be not too 
readily performed. He declared that it was 
often possible to save limbs so badly injured 
that at first sight amputation might have seemed 
imperative and that if in the emergency instru- 
ment cases of railway surgeons there should be 
plenty of antiseptics and sufficient bandages, the 
knife treatment might be delayed without 
serious harm in almost all cases and sometimes 
might be avoided entirely. “wo other papers 
of importance read at the first day were “ The 
Use of Morphine and Hyoscine as an Anes- 
thetic,” and ““ How to Give Evidence in Rail- 
way Suits ”’—the former by Dr. M. Monroe 
Moran and the latter by Dr. L. H. Jennings. 
The Association remained in session three days. 

July 25.—The First Regiment National 
Guard of South Carolina, Colonel W. W. 
Lewis commanding, arrived at Camp Captain 
John Smith at 1:30 Pp. m. The camp was 
already established and in readiness to receive 
the men. The Fifth Maryland occupied the 
adjoming camp and in his report Captain P. K. 
McCully, Jr., Captain and Adjutant of the 
South Carolina Regiment, paid a tribute to 
the courtesies extended by the Maryland Regi- 
ment to the later arrivals. ‘The routine while 
in camp consisted of regimental and battalion 
drills from 7:00 to 8:00 a. M., and dress 
parade at 6:30 P. M., the remainder of the time 
being devoted to sight-seeing by those who were 
not detained in camp on official duty. A re- 
view and inspection by General J. C. Boyd, the 
Adjutant-General of South Carolina, was the 
only distinctive and special military feature of 
the encampment. There were four hundred 
and ninety-seven officers and men in Colonel 
Lewis’ command and the report of the Ad- 
jutant states: “*In dispensing with the usual 
annual encampment with its ceaseless routine 


232 


OFFICERS FIRST REGIMENT SOUTH CAROLINA NATIONAL GUARD 


and really hard work and allowing the Regi- 
ment instead to visit Jamestown for a period of 
ten days, wise foresight was shown by the 
authorities, notwithstanding the fact that the 
educational feature from a military standpoint 
amounted to practically nothing.” 

The Swimming Championships of the Ama- 
teur Athletic Union.* 

There were nine events the first day. 


Fifty yard Junior race was won by J. W. 
Lawrence, New York Athletic Club, 29 sec- 
onds. R. Quaile, Chicago Athletic Associa- 
tion, second; Mr. Nelson of Baltimore, third. 

Eight hundred and eighty-eight yard Senior 
—Budd Goodwin, New York Athletic Club, 
13 minutes, 2 2-5 seconds. H. J. Handy, 
Chicago, second; J. W. Spencer, New York 
Athletic Club, third. 

One hundred yard Senior—C. M. Daniels, 
New York Athletic Club, | minute, 3 2-5 
seconds. C. D. Trubenbach, New York Ath- 


GROUP AT A. A. U. SWIMMING CHAMPIONSHIPS, JAMESTOWN, 


1, Cuas. J. Dieces; 
O’CaLLacHaN; 8, JoHN J. Krart; 9, W. H. Rosertson; 
14, L. Boyp; 15, H. Brown; 16, F. S. NAETHING; 


Lawrence; 27, L. B. Goopwin; 28, 
32, Water LEE; 33, Cart RIEMER. 


20) | ME OTERRE TT sega. CADICKEY+e 4.) La ba RILEY: 
11, Bartow S. WEEks; 
17, E. E. WeENck, Jr.; 
Mason; 21, E. H. Trusensacu; 22, J. A. Ruppy; 23, James STEEN; 
C. M. Daniets; 29, V. pEP. Goopwin; 


letic Club, second; J. W. Lawrence, New 
York Athletic Club, third. 

Fifty yards, Junior Back—R. Quaile, Chi- 
cago Athletic Association, 37 4-5 seconds; C. 
M. Daniels, New York Athletic Club, sec- 
ond; Mr. Mengel, Yale Swimming Associa- 
tion, third. 

Junior Plunge—C. Healy, Chicago Athletic 
Association, 66 feet; C. M. Daniels, New 
York Athletic Club, 61 feet, | inch, second; 
W. A. Abbey, Princeton, 58 feet, third. 

Four hundred and forty yards Junior—D. 
Hesser, New York Athletic Club, 6 minutes, 
55 2-5 seconds; George Gaidzik, Chicago 
Athletic Association, second; W. Goodwin, 
New York Athletic Club, third. 

Junior Diving—W. A. Abbey, Princeton, 
135 points; J. A. Ruddy, New York Athletic 
Club, 100 points; C. D. Trubenbach, New 
York Athletic Club, 30 points. 

One hundred yards Senior, Back—H. J. 


FRETERT 


1907 

5 Ene be FIAUBOLD 320, “ALBERT Fess; 7, Le 
12, J. E. Suttivan; 13, Otro WaAHLE; 
[Se Re OuAnER EO. Elan le levons: «20 G. ©: 
24, W. Aspey; 25, H. Wuittaker; 26, J. W. 
30, C. D. TrusensacH; 31, Davin HEsser; 


* These records were compiled by the Championship Commitles of the A. A. U. under whose sanction the events were 
held and were furnished through the courtesy of Spalding’s Athletic Library.—Ep. 


933 
on 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Handy, unattached, Chicago, | minute, 23 
seconds; R. Laughlin, Chicago Athletic 
Association, second; R. Quaile, Chicago Ath- 
letic Association, third. 

Relay Race—New York Athletic Club. 

July 26.—There were seven events on the 
second day: 

Fifty yards Senior—C. M. Daniels, New 
York Athletic Club, 26 minutes, 2-5 seconds; 
J. W. Lawrence, New York Athletic Club, 
second; Mr. Nelson, Baltimore, third. 

Eight hundred and eighty yards Junior— 
Mr. Mengal, Yale Swimming Association, 16 
minutes, 1-5 seconds; George Gaidzik, Chi- 
cago Athletic Association, W. A. Abbey, 
Princeton, tie. 

One hundred yards Junior—Mr. Nelson, 
Baltimore, | minute, 8 2-5 seconds; W. Good- 
win, New York Athletic Club, second; R. 
Quaile, Chicago Athletic Association, third. 

Fifty yards Junior, Breast—R. Laughlin, 
Chicago Athletic Association, 3 minutes, 37 3-5 
seconds; W. Goodwin, New York Athletic 
Club, second; C. D. Trubenbach, New York 
Athletic Club, third. 

Two hundred and twenty yards Senior—C. 
M. Daniels, New York Athletic Club, 3 min- 
utes, 13 4-5 seconds; Budd Goodwin, New 
York Athletic Club, second; C. D. Truben- 
bach, New York Athletic Club, third. 

Two hundred yards Senior, Breast—S. J. 
Handy, Chicago Athletic Association, 3 min- 
utes, 17 3-5 seconds; W. Stern, Chicago Ath- 
letic Association, second; W. Goodwin, New 
York Athletic Club, third. 

One mile Senior—H. J. Handy, Chicago 
Athletic Association, 29 minutes, 20 4-5 sec- 
onds; E. E. Wenck, Jr., New York Athletic 
Club, second; J. W. Spencer, New York Ath- 
letic Club, third. 

July 27.—Six events were scheduled for the 
third day. 

One mile Junior—W. Goodwin, New York 
Athletic Club, 32 minutes, 28 seconds; W. A. 
Abbey, Princeton, second; Wm. Loehde, Chi- 
cago, third. 

Four hundred and forty yards, Senior—C. 
M. Daniels, New York Athletic Club, 6 
minutes, 26 4-5 seconds; L. B. Goodwin, New 
York Athletic Club, second; C. D. Truben- 
bach, New York Athletic Club, third. 

Two hundred and twenty yards Junior—R. 
Quaile, Chicago, 3 minutes, 8 2-5 seconds; 
W. Goodwin, New York Athletic Club, 
second; F. Naething, New York Athletic 
Club, third. 

Senior Diving—George Gaidzik, Chicago, 
223 points; T. O’Callaghan, New York Ath- 
letic Club, 192 points; Walter Lee, 187 points. 

Senior Plunge—C. Healy, Chicago, 67 
feet; C. M. Daniels, New York Athletic Club, 
61 feet, 3 inches; R. Laughlin, Chicago Ath- 
letic Association, 57 feet. 3 inches. 

Water Polo—New York Athletic Club. 

July 28.—The Brazilian Squadron com- 
manded by Rear-Admiral Huet de Bacellar 
sailed at eleven o'clock in the morning. On the 
previous evening Senor Gurgel do Amaral, 


Counselor of the Brazilian Embassy at Wash- 
ington and at that time Chargé d’Affaires, gave 
a banquet in honor of the departing Brazilian 
Admiral at the Lynnhaven Hotel. The toasts 
began with a health to the President of the 
United States and closed with a similar good 
wish to the President of Brazil. Among the 
speakers of the evening were the host, the guest 
of honor, Rear-Admiral Harrington, President 
Tucker of the Exposition, and Mayor Riddick 
of Norfolk. The most important address was 
made by the Honorable John Barrett, Director 
of the Bureau of American Republics who had 
journeyed from Washington especially to attend 
the dinner, and bore with him a message of 
cordial good will to Brazil, to her President and 
to her navy from President Roosevelt and Sec- 
retary of State Root. The Marine Band from 
the flagship “ Riachuelo”’ rendered an excel- 
lent programme during dinner. Among the 
guests of Senor do Amaral were Rear-Admiral 
P. F. Harrington, Captain Harber, command- 
ing the U. S. S. “ Maine,”’ Lieutenant-Com- 
mander Terhune, U. S. N., Lieutenant Dun- 
can Wood, U. S. N., aide to Admiral Berry, 
Honorable John Barrett, Honorable Harry St. 
George Tucker, Honorable James S. Riddick, 
Honorable S. S. Nottingham and Honorable 
Barton Myers, Vice-Consul for Brazil. Ac- 
companying Admiral de Bacellar were Captain 
A. Cavalcanti de Oliveira commanding the 
“ Riachuelo;’” Captain Joao Pereira Leite, 
commanding the “ Barroso; Commander 
Altino de Miranda Correa of the “ Tamoyo,” 
and other officers from the Brazilian warships. 
With Senor do Amaral were E. F. Shermont, 
Secretary of the Brazilian Embassy, and 
Lieutenant Radler, Naval Attaché of the Em- 
bassy. 

July 30.—The formal dedication of the 
Women’s Building occurred at 11:00 A. M. 
Reverend Calvin S. Blackwell of Norfolk, and 
the Reverend Mr. George of Alabama, offered 
prayers. Addresses were made by Mrs. Kate — 
Waller Barrett of the Florence Crittenden Mis- 
sion, and Miss Bonney of the King’s Daugh- 
ters. Rear-Admiral P. F. Harrington, U. S. 
N., retired, made a speech which caused some- 
what of a stir. He stated that he distinctly dis- 
approved of the abolishment of the army can- 
teen. He said he believed in that institution 
for it had many virtues which were not to be 
misunderstood or underrated, and he expressed 
his positive conviction that its abandonment had 
created intemperance of a far worse nature than 
its use had ever caused. Representatives of 
the societies having headquarters in the Build- 
ing acted as hostesses on the occasion. Among 
these societies thus represented were the 
National Council of Jewish Women, the King’s 
Daughters, the Woman’s Christian Temper- 
ance Union, the Florence Crittenden Mission 
and the Lady Maccabees of the World. 

The Virginia Bar Association met at the In- 
side Inn and continued in session for three days. 
John Garland Pollard of Richmond, Chairman 
of the Executive Committee, called the Asso- 
ciation to order at 11:00 A. M., and presented 


234 


Diary—Julv. 


ALLEN CAPERTON BRAXTON, 


of Staunton, President 


Allen Caperton Braxton of Staunton, the Presi- 
dent, who read his annual address. Mr. Brax- 
ton stated that President Tucker of the Exposi- 
tion had invited the Association to attend the 
celebration of House of Burgesses’ Day, which 
would begin in the Auditorium at twelve 
o'clock, and the Association adjourned for this 
purpose. Aside from business of a routine 
nature, a number of instructive and forceful 
addresses signalized this convention. The 
Honorable John R. Dos Passos of New York, 
who spoke on “ The Results and Responsibili- 


ties of Our Representative Democracy,” said: 


“The histories which fill our libraries are simply records 
of the rise and fall of political institutions. Undismayed, un- 
discouraged, and untaught by unsuccessful attempts to per- 
petuate monarchies, aristocracies, or democracies, whose skeletons 
lie bleaching on both sides of the path of history, we are still 
hopefully working on the insoluble problems. Unhappily, it 
is man’s fate. “Tis destiny unshunable like death, that he 
should be a member of some kind of political organization, and 
as one disappears in the abyss of revolution, destruction or con- 
quest, another rises out of its ashes. At the apex—can we 
say ?—of a civilization, ushered in by the birth of Christianity, 
we find ourselves, to-day, members of a representative democracy 
which in point, at least, of natural resources, accumulated 
wealth, and in a genuine effort on the part of its founders to 
secure liberty, equality and fraternity to its people, is the great- 
est government upon the globe. All of this should impel us 
as guardians of our own welfare, and that of our descendants, 
to put forth our best and most sincere efforts to maintain it in 
its pristine vigor; quite apart from the responsibility which 
rests upon us as members of the American Bar.” 


The speaker mentioned other federations 
similar to the United States—the Achaian 
League which was formed about two hundred 
and eighty-one years before Christ, and existed 
for one hundred and thirty-five years; the Swiss 
Cantons which began a political existence in 
1291 which has survived until the present time, 
and the seven United Provinces of the Nether- 
lands, dating from 1579 to 1795. He de- 
scribed the conditions under which our federa- 
tion was formed, and said that the Constitution 
of the United States, so far at least as it united 
the thirteen States in a confederation, was an 
original work, for Madison’s and Hamilton’s 
impressions of the Greek Federation were 


995 


“oF 


wrong, as they had based their opinions mainly 
upon the work of Abbe Mably, who con- 
founded the Amphictyonic Council—a purely 
religious institution—with the Achaian League, 
the real political confederacy. Mr. Dos Passos 
emphasized that the first great event in our 
national life, from a standpoint of an inquiry 
into a federative government, arose from the 
contention as to whether the agreement was 
perpetual, or whether the States had a right to 
withdraw, and it was finally decided to the 
present satisfaction of all sections that the 


League was perpetual. He continued: 

“We have come down to the 20th century with one issue 
irrevocably settled, with a Constitution speckled all over by 
judicial construction—in the main, happily, sustaining the 
theories of its makers, and with the widest and most illimitable 
paths of glory and prosperity seemingly open to us. It is 
propitious at such a time to make a real introspection of our 
political condition. We have traveled at a terrific pace in our 
national life and development, compressing by electricity, steam 
and mode:n appliances, centuries into years. The laws of 
political wisdom and health would seem to insist that we pause 
for a new breath.” 


“What are the results and the responsibili- 
ties of our representative democracy >” enquired 
Mr. Dos Passos. He spoke upon the value of 
citizenship and the prestige it conferred, to- 
gether with the obligations it entailed, and he 
argued that it were well to shut the gates to 
indiscriminate citizenship, which carries with it 
the right of suffrage. He said: 


“We must begin to establish a real American union, of 
Americans only, fully imbued with true American principles, 
which means citizens who understand, value and respect the 
absolute rights of individuals—the personal security of life, 
limb, body and reputation, of holding private property without 
diminution, and personal liberty, or the right of free locomotion 
without illegal restraint or banishment. I did, at one time, 
indulge in a dream of interchangeable citizenship between this 
and all other countries, where the English law and the English 
language govern. I believe such a step would insure peace bet- 
ter than the paper resolves of a Hague Peace Congress, and 
advance the interests of Christianity and civilization. So long 
as this thought, however, hovers around the world as an un- 
realized dream, I would strengthen and solidify the American 
nation so that it can, if necessary, alone, take care of and 
advance its own destiny.” 


He spoke of the administration of New Y ork 
City and claimed that it made no difference 
what political flag waved over the City Hall— 
Democratic, Republican or Reform—the aim 
of the controlling faction was always plunder. 
The regulation of citizenship he regarded as the 
first problem of democracy, and as the second 
the regulation of commerce, which, he claimed, 
should be entrusted more largely to the federal 
government; yet he argued strongly against 
centralization, for he said if we are to have 
centralization, ignorance, apathy and inattention 
become virtues in the eyes of those who manage 
the nation. We are then all governed from a 
central point and the farther removed from it 
the less interest we take in the government. 

The Honorable Allen Caperton Braxton, 
President of the Association, discussed the 
Eleventh Amendment. ‘The speaker main- 
tained: 

“The Constitution means whatever the Supreme Court may 
say it means; and except in the respects in which it has been 
definitely and conclusively construed by that august tribunal, 
any man would be rash to risk important action upon what he 
thinks it means on almost any subject. For this reason I have 
long thought that the American government owes its greatness 
as much or mosre to the constructive genius of Chief Justice 


Marshall and the other great judges of the Supreme Court, 
than to the entire Convention of 1787.” 


Mr. Braxton reviewed the attempts to bring 
before the Federal Court cases in which a State 
was party to the suit and the objection which 


octet Srv net i egies tmain eased mate 


iota esneaanencen eee tees te elisha nepecicisaments 


MEMBERS OF THE VIRGINIA BAR ASSOCIATION 


Diary—Julv. 


had been urged against forcing a State into the 
position of a defendant. ‘The speaker related 
that this Amendment which had been sent by 
Congress to the States for ratification in Jan- 
uary, | 794, was still undecided four years later. 
By some States it had been ratified, by others 
ignored, and up to January, 1798, it was not 
known whether it had been ratified by a suf- 
ficient number to make it effective, although, in 
the meantime, quite a number of suits had been 
brought by individuals in the Supreme Court 
against various States; but public sentiment on 
the subject having been manifested so positively, 
no one had the hardihood to press these suits. 
By February, 1798, it was known that the 
Amendment was a part of the Constitution and 
the Supreme Court dismissed all suits then pend- 
ing against States in 
which individuals 
were claimants. 


Richard Evelyn 
Byrd of Winchester, 
discussed the “ Prov- 
ince of the Court on 
Jury Tnals;” Don P. 
Halsey of Lynch- 
burg, the “ Limits of 


Centralization,” and 
Lewis H. Machen of 
Alexandria, the 


“Duty of the State 
to Diminish Divorce.” 

The officers elected 
at this meeting for 
1907-1908, were: 
President, Wyndham 
R. Meredith, Rich- 
mond, Va.; Vice- 
Presidents, Don P. 
Halsey, J. Norment 
Powell, Richard E. 
Byrd, Charles T. Las- 
siter and Louis C. 
Phillips; Secretary 


Served Ohio 
and Treasurer, John 


—Four times 


HONORABLE JOSEPH WARREN KEIFER 


Volunteers in field in 
Lieutenant-Colonel and Brevet-Brigadier and Major-General 
wounded—Member Ohio Senate 


your footsteps and joins you fervently to-day in this great feast 
commemorating the birth of the legislative power in the 
American world. 

In the midst of this great joy, my dear colleagues, a hid- 
den tear finds its way to the very bottom of my heart. And 
this tear condenses the grievances of a million men born in 
America, of the Porto Rican people, who three centuries after 
the proclamation of this great doctrine by Virginia, have not 
yet received the justice due to them, and they are now paying 
taxes which the country does not vote, and yet, gentlemen, our 
country is one of the New World and lives under the same 
redeeming flag which floats over Virginia and over the other 
States of the American Union. 

Do you know, gentlemen, that we live under a constitution 
which establishes two legislative houses, and that one of these, 
the executive council, equal to the Senate, is not elected by 
the people, but is nominated by the executive power ? 

Do you know that the majority of its members are not 
Porto Ricans? Do you know that to this majority belong the 
chiefs of the executive department, who are thus members of 
the executive and legislative power both? I am not attacking 
persons, I am merely speaking against such a system of govern- 
ment. 

We have had and have now, good officials, as we have 
had bad ones, and as we may have them again while the Porto 
Rican people are condemned 
to rely on the justice or 
charity of different officials, 
and not under the majesty of 
Republican laws. 

Bear with me, gentlemen, 
and hear my protest, which 
is conveyed in sentiments of 
respect and love. 

I am the Speaker of the 
House of Delegates of Porto 
Rico, and Porto Rico be- 
longs to the United States, and 
yet, gentlemen, | am not an 
American citizen and cannot 
be a citizen of any other 
country. If now I had to de- 
clare my intention of becom- 
ing a citizen of the United 
States I could not do so, not 
having any nationality to re- 
nounce my fidelity to it, which 
is absurd and _ paradoxical, 
like everything else in the po- 
litical system imposed upon 
Porto Rico without the con- 
sent of its people. 

We have proportionately 
greater riches and a larger 
number of schools than the in- 
habitants of the old English 
Colonies when they established 
this Republic and _ started to 
make it the most liberal and 
powerful Nation of the earth. 
We have had no wars, and 
therefore, we have no strong 
hatred and reckless ambition; 
we are the friends of peace 
and order; we admire and 
love the United States; we 
have been born in America 


1861-1865 as Major, 
1868-1869— 


B. Minor, Richmond, 
Va. 

First Assembly 
Dav. Three notable 


Department Commander Ohio G. A. R. 1868-1870—Vice- 

Commander in Chief G. A. R. 1871-1872—Member Congress 

1877-1885 and 1905-1909—Speaker 1881-1883—Appointed 

and served 1898-1899 as Major-General Volunteers in War 
with Spain. 


and we have a right to be 
free. We desire to become 
citizens of the United States 
or citizens of Porto Rico, in 
either case with all the rights 


addresses featured the 
commemoration of the first meeting of the 
House of Burgesses of Virginia. ‘These were 
delivered by former Vice-President of the 
United States, Honorable Adlai E. Stevenson; 
former Speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives, Honorable J. Warren Keifer, and the 
present Speaker of the Porto Rican House of 
Representatives, Honorable José de Diego. 
Each of these speeches was important and well 
worthy of the occasion, the address of the dis- 
tinguished Porto Rican visitor being an espe- 
cially interesting oration, and a wonderfully 
strong plea for home rule in Porto Rico. He 
said: 

I have crossed the seas, coming from my country to 
Jamestown, in order to bring to Virginia and to all the 

merican nation the fraternal salutation of the Porto Rican 
people. Salve, Virginia! cradle of the United States and birth- 


place of Washington, my little island, resting in the Gulf of 
Mexico, as in a mother’s bosom, extols your glory, follows in 


237 


accompanying a national soy- 
ereignty. 
The United States have the right to study the Porto Rican 
problem, the problem of its colonies, during a _ reasonable 
period of time before they are ready to come to a decision. 

We ought and we wish to wait, but not oppressed and with 
words of protest on our lips, but in the satisfying enjoyment of 
peace and liberty, which are the greatest blessings of the people. 

We desire now, home rule; our own government; two 
legislative houses elected by the people; a governor appointed 
by the President of the United States, and the chiefs of depart- 
ments, selected by the governor, with the consent of our Senate; 
a system of government justly joining the Federal and insular 
sovereignty. 

A transitory system and a system of hope. The United 
States could, later on, decide the question of our political life 
and destinies and we would accept the final will of the Ameri- 
can nation as we have an absolute faith in the redeeming mis- 
sion which Heaven has entrusted to the American people. 

Gentlemen, you must pardon me for telling you these 
things, but the people of Porto Rico have sent me to say these 
things to you here in Virginia, Mother Virginia, creator of 
States and founder of a Nation. 


The address of the Honorable J. Warren 
Keifer dealt with the House of Burgesses and 
the development of the legislative bodies of 


America. He said: 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


“When the House of Burgesses first met here it was not 
endowed with free constitutional liberty to make laws, but it 
came into existence in a permissive way through charter decree 
of the King of England, and its laws were subject to ratification 
or rejection by him and the London Company in England, but 


notwithstanding this its enactments were, in general, instantly 
put in force. 
“ This body met one year before (1620) the * Mayflower ” 


sailed with its Puritan band from Southampton, destined to 
land at Plymouth Rock, and while Virginia was the sole 
British colony on the continent of America. It met and 
inaugurated legislative power before (August, 1619) the intro- 
duction of negro slavery in the English-American colonies, but 
for the introduction and toleration of slavery in America it 
was not responsible. 

“The Jamestown colony was, before and in 1619, in a 
low state, and but for the prescient wisdom of Sir Edwin 
Sandys, Treasurer of the London Company, and the courage, 
energy and justice of Sir George Yeardley, recently sent to 
the colony as its Governor, it would have become extinct, 
through death and desertion. Of the first emigrants who had 


reached the colony not above one in twenty were alive. 

“ History tells us that prior to Yeardley’s coming ‘ the people 
of Virginia had not been settled in their minds,’ and that few 
But almost coin- 
* ninety 


women had ventured to cross the Atlantic. 
cident with the meeting of the House of Burgesses 
agreeable persons, young and 
incorrupt’ were transported 
to the colony at the expense 
of the London Company 
where they were married to 
men who defrayed the cost of 
their passage, which was rig- 
orously demanded. And the 
next year (1620) we are told 
“sixty were actually  dis- 
‘patched, maids of virtuous 
education, young, handsome 
and well recommended, and 
that ‘the price of each rose 
from one hundred and twenty 


to one hundred and fifty 
pounds of tobacco, or even 
more.’ ”” 


He told about the 


various charters which 
had been granted to 
Virginia and of Sir 
George Yeardley’s 
opportune appointment 
as Governor of Vir- 
ginia, who, when he 
came, bore with him 
commissions and. in- 
structions for the bet- 
ter establishment of a 
colonial common- 
wealth, and he quoted 


Copyright, 


to transact business, and there was little talk, and no filibuster- 
ing. The body early dealt with subjects nearest to their inter- 
ests and such as related to their consciences and immediate 
welfare. It forbade taxation or “impositions upon the colony, 
their lands or commodities otherways than by authority of the 
General Assembly. A law provided that no man_ should 
“dispose of any tobacco before the minister be satisfied.’ 
The pillory was re-established as a mode of punishment, proc- 
lamations ‘for swearing and drunkenness are confirmed.’ ” 


He told how the act of Yeardley in bring- 
ing into existence the House of Burgesses was 
solemnly confirmed two years later by a written 
constitution, and he said concerning the Vir- 
ginia legislature: 


“This House of Burgesses was a political training ground 
of the greatest patriots of all the ages. Therein men of the 
purest motives, though imbued by natural birthright and con- 
sanguinity with loyalty to the crown of England, when oppres- 
sion reached a limit no longer to be tolerated by a proud and 
self-respecting people, promulgated to the world the natural 
rights of man, collectively and individually, in organized goy- 
e-nment, and proclaimed that equal liberty under law, which 
mankind had a right to enjoy, and which, when denied to a 
people they, of right, might 
rebel, cast off the oppressor 
and institute a government of 
their own formation.” 


He quoted the Vir- 
ginia Bill of Rights 
adopted by the House 
of Burgesses of Vir- 
ginia twenty-one days 
before July 4, 1776— 
a document which em- 
bodied the principles 
of human liberty es- 
sentially as later they 
were embodied in the 
Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, and he 
said: 

“No panegyric is too great 
for this declaration; it com- 
prehends the fundamental 
principles of freedom to civ- 
ilized man, and is as immuta- 
ble as the ten commandments 
given to the world by God, 


through Moses amid the thun- 
der of Sinai.” 


Former Vice-Pres- 


ident Adlai E. Stev- 


enson said in part: 


COPYRIcHyY IFOP BY 


Moffett. 


the proclamation of HONORABLE. ADLAI EWING STEVENSON “An _Minoisan is no 
; Member of Congress 1875-1877 and 1879-1881—Delegate  ‘St’anger within the conhnes o 

V Oo 8 n g : 
this great Governor to National Democratic Conventions 1884-]1892—First Assistant ae oe Dominion. We 
the effect: Postmaster-General 1885-1889—Vice-President U. S. A,, have not forgotten, we cannot 


“ “That the cruel 
laws by which the an- 
cient planters had so 
long been governed, were now abrogated, and 
that they were to be governed by those free 
laws which his majesty’s subjects lived under 
in England.’ Also, ‘ That the planters might 
have a hand in governing themselves, it was 
granted that a general assembly should be held 
vearly once, whereat were to be present the 
governor and council with two burgesses from 
each plantation, freely to be elected by the 
inhabitants thereof, this assembly to have power 
to make and ordain whatsoever laws and 
orders should by them be thought good and 
profitable for their subsistence.’ ”’ 

Speaking of the Assembly which was elected 


in conformity with the proclamation, he said: 

“ The Burgesses in session constituted a miniature parliament 
of about twenty members, mainly bluff planters, yet in silk 
coats. The Governor and Council, who were only entitled to 
participate in the debates, sit in the choir brilliant with gaudy 
waistcoats and gold lace. The Speaker, Clerk and Sergeant-at- 
Arms sit facing them and the Assembly. The sessions were 


1893-1897—1897 appointed Member of Commission to Burope 
to try to secure international Bimetallism—Democratic Nominee 


for Vice-President U. S. 


forget, that the territory now 
embraced in five magnificent 
commonwealths, bordering 
upon the Ohio and the Mis- 
sissippi, were at a crucial 
period of our history the generous gift of Virginia to the 
general government. A gift that in splendid statesmanship 
and in far-reaching consequence has no counterpart; one 
which at the pivotal moment made possible the ratification of 
the Articles of Confederation—the sure forecast of © the more 
perfect Union” yet to follow. Illinois—one of the greatest of 
the commonwealths to which I have alluded—can never forget 
that it was a Virginian, George Rogers Clark, who in the 
darkest days of the Revolution, led the expedition—' worthy 
of mention’ as was said by John Randolph, ‘with that of 
Hannibal in Italy —by which the ancient capital, Kaskaskia, 
was captured, the British flag deposed, and Illinois taken pos- 
session of in the name of the commonwealth, whose governor, 
Patrick Henry, had authorized the masterful conquest. Nor 
can it be forgotten that the deed of cession, by which Illinois 
became part and parcel of the general government bears—as 
commissioners upon the part of Virginia—the honored names 
of Arthur Lee, James Monroe and Thomas Jefferson. Is it 
to be wondered then, Mr. Speaker, that a magnificent IlIlinois 
Building adorns the grounds of the Jamestown Exposition, and 
that Illinois hearts everywhere beat in unison with yours in the 
celebration of one of the epoch-marking days of all the ages? 


“The time, sir, is propitious for setting history aright. This 
Exposition will not have been in vain if the fact is crystallized 
into history yet to be written, that the first settlement by English- 
speaking people—just three centuries ago—upon this continent, 
was at Jamestown. And _ that here, self-government—in its 
crude form, but none the less self-government—had its 


1900. 


238 


Diary—Julv-A ugust. 


historical. beginning. Truly has it been said by an eminent 
writer of your own State that “prior to December, 1620, the 
colony of Virginia had become so firmly established, and self- 
government in precisely the same form which existed up to 
the Revolution throughout the English colonies had taken such 
firm root thereon, that it was beginning to affect not only the 
people, but the government of Great Britain.’ In the old 
church at Jamestown, on July 30, 1619, was held the first 
legislative assembly of the New World—the historic House of 
Burgesses. It consisted of twenty-two members and its con- 
stituencies were the several plantations of the colony. A 
speaker was elected, the session opened with prayer, and the 
oath of supremacy duly taken. The Governor and Council 
occupied the front seats and the members of the Body, in 
accordance with the custom of the British Parliament, wore 
their hats during the sessions.” 


He quoted the words of Bancroft, referring 
to the perpetual interest which attaches to the 


first elective body that ever assembled in the 
Western World: 


“Tt is to us to-day, a matter of profound gratitude that 
these, the earliest American law-givers, were eminently worthy 
their high vocation. While confounding in some degree, the 
separate functions of government as abstractly defined at a 
later day by Montesquieu, and eventually put in concrete form 
in our fundamental laws, state and federal, it is none the 
less true that these first legislators clearly discerned their inher- 
ent rights as a part of the English-speaking race. More im- 
portant still, a perusal of the brief records they have left, 
impresses the conviction that they were no strangers to the 
underlying fact that the people are the true source of political 
power. ‘The evidence whereof is to be found in the scant 
records of their proceedings—a priceless heritage of all future 
generations. And first—and fundamental in all legislative 
assemblies—they asserted the absolute right to determine as to 
the election and qualifications of members. Grants of land 
were asked not only for the planters, but for their wives “as 
equally important parts of the colony.’ It was wisely provided 
that of the natives “the most towardly boys in wit and _ the 
graces” should be educated and set apart to the work of con- 
verting the Indians to the Christian religion; stringent penalties 
were attached to idleness, gambling and drunkenness; excess 
in apparel was prohibited by heavy taxation; encouragement 
was given to agriculture in all its known forms; while con- 
ceding ‘the commission of privileges’ brought over by the 
new governor as their fundamental law, yet with the liberty 
guarding instinct of their race, they kept the way open for 
seeking redress, “in case they should find aught not perfectly 
squaring with the state of the colony.’ No less important were 
the enactments regulating the dealings of the colonists with the 
Indians. Yet to be mentioned and of transcendent importance, 
was the claim of the Burgesses ‘to allow or disallow’ at their 
own good pleasure all orders of the court of the London 
Company. And deeply significant was the declaration of these 
representatives of three centuries ago, that their enactments 
were instantly to be put in force, without waiting for their 
ratification in England. And not to be forgotten is the stu- 
pendous fact that while the battle with the untamed forces 
of nature was yet waging, and conflict with savage foe of 
constant recurrence, these legislators provided for the mainte- 
nance of public worship, and took the initial steps for the 
establishment of an institution of learning. It is not too much 
to say that the hour that witnessed these enactments, witnessed 
the triumph of the popular over the court party; in no unim- 
portant sense the first triumph of the American colonists over 
kingly prerogative. Looking through the mists of the mighty 
past, Mr. Speaker,* to the House of Burgesses over which 
your first predecessor presided, would it be out of place to 
apply to that assemblage the historic words spoken of one of a 
later period: ‘Nobles by the right of an earlier creation, and 
priests by the imposition of a mightier hand!’ ” 


He concluded his speech by saying: 

“What a grand factor Virginia has been in all that per- 
tains to human government in this western world during the 
past three centuries! From the pen of one of her illustrious 
sons, George Mason, came the ‘Bill of Rights ’—now in its 
essentials embedded by the early amendments into our federal 
constitution, from that of another, not alone the great Declara- 
tion, but the statutes securing for his own State religious free- 
dom, and the abolition of primogeniture—the detested legacy 
of British ancestors. His sword returned to its scabbard with 
the achievement of the independence of the colonies, and the 
mission of Washington was yet but half accomplished. To 
garner up the fruits of successful Revolution by enduring stable 
government was the task demanding the loftiest statesmanship. 
The five years immediately succeeding our first Treaty of 
Peace with Great Britain have been truly defined ‘ our period 
of greatest peril.’ It was fortunate indeed that Washington 
was called to preside over the historic Convention of '87, and 
that his spirit—a yearning for an indissoluble Union of the 
States—permeated all its deliberations. Fortunate indeed that 
in its councils was his colleague and friend the constructive 
statesman, James Madison. Inseparably associated for all 
time with the formulation and interpretation of the great 
Covenant are the names of two illustrious Virginians—for all 
the ages illustrious Americans—Madison, the Father; and 
Marshall, the Expounder of the Constitution. 

“Tt remained to another son of this first Commonwealth 


from the high place to which he had been chosen, to enunciate 
in trenchant words at a crucial moment a national policy which 
under the designation of the ‘Monroe Doctrine’ has been the 
common faith of three generations of his countrymen, and is 
to remain the enduring bar to the establishment of monarch- 
ical government upon this western hemisphere. 

“My countrymen, the little settlement planted just *three 
centuries ago near the spot upon which we have to-day assem- 
bled, has under Divine guidance grown into a mighty nation. 
Eighty millions of people proud of local traditions and achieve- 
ments, yet looking beyond the mere confines of their distinctive 
commonwealths, find their chief glory in being citizens of the 
great Republic. The mantle of peace is over our own land, and 
our accredited representatives in the World’s Conference at 
this auspicious hour are outlining a policy that looks to the 
establishment of enduring peace among all the nations. To-day, 
inspired by the sublime lessons of the event we celebrate, with 
hearts of gratitude to God for all He hath vouchsafed to our 
fathers and to us in the past, let us take courage, and turn our 
faces hopefully, reverently, trustingly to the future.” 


July 31.—The first session of the Twenty- 
eighth Grand Chapter Sigmi Chi was called to 
order by Grand Tribune Herbert C. Arms, at 
2:30 in Convention Hall, Inside Inn. The 


permanent organization was as follows: 

Consul—E. Lee Trinkle, Psi. 

Annotator—Walter N. Bootay, Zeta. 

Assistant Annotators—H. Ralph Ringe, Phi Phi, and 
C. S. Roberts, Omega. 

Custos—W. D. Dalton, Alpha Omega; Assistants, W. S. 
Davidson, Alpha Nu, and Bruce Fullerton, Alpha Epsilon. 


One of the features of the Grand Chapter 


was a dinner given at the Marine Restau- 
rant at which Brother Duncan L. Busby pre- 
sided. Amos W. Sharp, of Columbus, Chio, 
the Grand Preetor of the Third Province, de- 


scribed the Convention as follows: 

“ The Jamestown Con- 
vention was one of the best 
I ever attended. That we 
can easily understand, how- 
ever, because the men weve 
highly educated, selected to 
go to the convention by 
reason of their fitness; and 
being thoroughly conversant 
with parliamentary law, the 
business was transacted with 
attention and dispatch; no 
one neglected his duty; the 
debates were spirited and the 
rulings were quick and ac- 
curate, the work accomplished 
was fine; and socially, of 
course, the men were supe- 
rior. I have attended many 
conventions of lawyers, doc- 
tors, and merchants; but I[ 
have never seen a conven- 
tion where there was so much 
capacity and quality. Every- 
body spoke of the interest in 
the meetings and of the 
downright enjoyment that they experienced in attending them. 
We are extremely fortunate in having such an affable, energetic, 
capable, and clean man as Charles Alling, Jr., in the consulship. 
and | have never seen brighter and cleaner-cut fellows, more 
adaptable and capable than Arms and Brothers. The fra- 
ternity will take no backward step for the next two years at 
any rate.” 


The general officers elected at that meeting 


were: 

Grand Consul—Charles Alling, Jr., Suite 303, 100 Wash- 
ington St., Chicago. 

Grand Questor—William V. Brothers, Suite 920, 112 
Clark St., Chicago. 

Grand Annotator—Charles C. Chamberlin, 303 Deaiborn 


CHARLES ALLING, Jr. 
of Chicago, Ill. 
Grand Consul 


St., Chicago. 

Grand Tribune—Herbert C. Arms, 26 Michigan St., Chi- 
cago. 

Grand Editor—Newman Miller, 5515 Woodlawn Avenue, 
Chicago. 


Grand Historian—Fred A. Perine, 95 Farnsworth Ave., 
Detroit, Mich. 


August 1.—Probably a thousand German- 
Americans participated in the exercises on Ger- 
man-American Day. ‘The address of C. J. 
Hexamer, Ph.D., LL.D., was the feature of 
the occasion, and he brilliantly recorded the 
deeds of his countrymen who had made 


* He was addressing Mr. Keifer, former Speaker of the House of Representatives.—Ep. 


239 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


America their home. The festival programme 
was in charge of Fest-President, Carl Ruehr- 
mund, and the Fest-Director, Professor Jacob 
Reinhardt. E. K. Vietor, German Consul at 


ApoL_PpH TIMM 
Secretary 


NATIONAL GERMAN-AMERICAN ALLIANCE 


C. J. Hexamer, Ph.D., LL.D. 
President 


Richmond, delivered an address in German— 
** Deutsche Ansprache ’’—and urged the Ger- 
mans of Norfolk and Richmond to organize 
a branch of the National Alliance. 

Dr. Hexamer told why August | was chosen 
as German-American Day. He said: 


“Tt is an absolute fact, that on the first day of August, 
1775, the Boards of the German Society of Pennsylvania and 
of the Lutheran and Reformed Churches, at Philadelphia, 
issued manifestos declaring for independence and advocating 
armed resistance, showing their zeal by the formation of a 
German association who had already been drilling. And 
that this drilling had not been in vain, was shown at what has 
been termed ‘The Thermopylae of the American Revolution,’ 
the battle of Long Island, where the American Army was 
saved by the Pennsylvania riflemen under Colonel John Peter 
Kichlein, a German. As a defender of the soil, the German 
has always been strong, and when, in 1756, the colonies were 
harrassed by Indians, the Royal American Regiment, raised 
by order of Parliament, consisted mostly of Germans, including 
the officers; and a German, Conrad Weiser, acted as inter- 
preter at the Council with the Indians at Easton. Again, when 
the Valley of the Mohawk was overrun by Indians, threatening 
New York, the German, Nicolaus Herchheimer and his brave 
German followers led in the defense. It was a German 
Moravian missionary, Fred Post, whose eloquent address 
to the Indian warriors, near Fort DuQuesne, won them over 
to our side at the moment most critical in our colonial history.” 


Dr. Hexamer related numerous other deeds 
of heroism and patriotism which had been per- 
formed by Germans in America, and after his 
address was concluded, a strong musical pro- 
gramme was inaugurated. Honorable John 
A. Lesner of Norfolk, Virginia, had organized 
a temporary association of Germans for the 
purpose of entertaining the distinguished visit- 
ors of German Day. Among the members of 
this association was Anton F. Koerner, one of 
Norfolk’s leading musicians who had charge 


Hon. JoHn A. LESNER 
Norfolk 


ANTON F. KOERNER 
orfolk 


of the local end of the celebration. ‘The exer- 
cises concluded with a rendition of the “ Star 
Spangled Banner,” sung by the singers of 
Washington, Baltimore and Richmond. 


This was also Eastern Shore Day at the 
Exposition and between fifteen hundred and 
two thousand enthusiastic visitors gathered at 
the Virginia Building and were welcomed by 
Mr. Tucker, the President of the Exposition, 
and by Mrs. George McIntosh of Norfolk, the 
resident hostess for Virginia. Prominent at the 
ceremonies attending the celebration were Hon- 
orable H. N. Stevenson, the Mayor of Cape 
Charles, and Messrs. Bullet, Fitzhugh and 
McKinney. 

As the result of a circular letter issued by 
J. T. Alderman of Henderson, N. C., the 
Alderman Family had a reunion in Assembly 
Room No. 3 in the Auditorium. Among the 
distinguished absent members of the family was 
the Honorable Edwin Anderson Alderman, 
D.C. L., LL. D., President of the University 
of Virginia, but a number of representatives 
had come from Ohio, North and South 
Carolina, Mississippi and Virginia. Letters or 
telegrams of regret were received from almost 
every State in the Union. A very strong letter 
was read from David W. Alderman of Alcolu, 
S. C., and a short poem by Mrs. Jennie Alder- 
man McCall of Texas. Plans for future re- 
unions were made and a tentative organization 
was effected. 

Military Athletic Carnival. ‘The most 
spectacular military event which occurred at 
the Exposition was the mounted contest be- 
tween Troops ~“E,” = F,> —.G, Sandia 
of the Twelfth Cavalry and Battery ma Die 
Third Artillery. The Roman Race, in which 
nine pairs of horses went at a dead run the en- 
tire length of Lee Parade, each pair driven by 
a soldier with a foot on either horse, was the 
climax to the series of events filled with sensa- 
tional occurrences. 

The first contest was a potato race—five 
potatoes in the row of each rider. About fif- 
teen entries lined up before the starter and, at 
the crack of a pistol, galloped across the Parade 
to the point where the farthest potato was 
placed. Sergeant Wright of Troop “F”’ won. 

The mounted tug-of-war was a wonderful 
exhibition of solid seated riding upon bare 
backed horses. Troop “F” won. In this 
contest the teams were faced in opposite direc- 
tions, the end men holding the ends of the rope 
which the men of each team grasped tightly. 
At a signal the horses were spurred forward 
and it became then a question of strength and 
horsemanship to retain a seat against the pull- 
ing of the other teams’ horses. 

Wrestling on horseback was also very inter- 
esting. ‘[he contestants lined up in pairs and at 
a signal rode together and grappled “ catch as 
catch can.”’ Private Miles of Troop “E”’ won. 

In the tent pegging race which consisted of 
sticking a pin with a sabre point and drawing 
it from the ground, Sergeant Cameron of the 
Artillery won. 

The rescue race was won by Privates Hag- 
erty and Lawler of Troop “ E.” In this con- 
test a horseman galloped across the field, picked 
up his team mate and brought him back to the 
point of starting. 


240: 


Diary—A ugust. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


BOOKER T. WASHINGTON 


August 3.—Negro Day. Led by a battal- 
ion of students from the Hampton Normal In- 
stitute a large crowd marched from the Negro 
Building to the Grand Stand on Lee Parade 
where the ceremonies were conducted. After 
a selection by the band of the Hampton Insti- 
tute, Rev. J. H. Reynolds of Norfolk, deliv- 
ered an invocation, and President Tucker 
warmly welcomed the negroes. Giles B. Jack- 
son, the Director-General of the Negro De- 
velopment and Exposition Company, delivered 
a brief address, and then Booker IT’. Washing- 
ton spoke. This leading American negro edu- 
cator spoke to his hearers with authority, prais- 
ing the work which had been accomplished by 
his race at the Exposition. He probed below 
the surface and told what should be done. 
Among other things he said: 


“| believe that our people should take advantage of every 
opportunity no matter where presented, North or South, to 
show to the world the progress that we as a race are making. 
No battle was ever won by an army standing still or sulking 
in its tents, and racial battles are io be won only by marching 
forward, not by halting. * * * * * * * In the mat- 
ter of securing and using education we have in this country as 
a whole an opportunity which we should highly value. While 
in some sections there are certain discouragements and acts of 
unfairness, yet taking the country generally, the Public School 
System is wide open to the race. Further, and without hin- 
drance, we are at liberty to establish private schools, industrial 
schools, colleges, professional and technical institutions. One 
of the peculiar advantages presented by the South consists in 
the fact that here we are at liberty to use whatever education 
we receive not only for promoting our own welfare but as 
well the welfare of others.” 


The Ohio Brigade, Uniform Rank Knights 
of Pythias, arrived at the Exposition and went 
into camp for a week. With the Ohioans were 
a battalion from the First Virginia Regiment 
of Pythians. “The whole command numbered 
about six hundred men. ‘The visitors were 
holding their annual encampment and gave 
daily drills and military maneuvers, but there 
was no business meeting or convention work 
done. The most entertaining feature of their 
exhibition was the sword drill given daily on 
Lee Parade. The largest portion of the camp 
consisted of four regiments of the Cincinnati 
Lodge, commanded by Colonel W. J. Kline, 
who also as ranking officer commanded the 
encampment. 

August 6.—The Ninth Annual Convention 
of the National Confectionery Salesmen’s Asso- 
ciation met in the parlors of the Inside Inn. 
Welcoming the delegates, Mr. Tucker said: 


“Gentlemen, you are engaged in a great work. Yours is 
not the ordinary life of the ordinary salesman. The man that 
is selling guano and things of that character is undoubtedly 
doing a valuable thing; the man that is selling hardware 's 
performing a proper duty in life, but it remains for you, the 
men | see before me, by your work in life to sweeten the lives 
of the whole country by your labors, and in this world of toil 
and trials there is nothing for which a man can claim more 
credit than to be permitted to do some sweet things for the 
lives of those around us.” 


President H. A. Dodge of the Association, 
delivered an address reviewing the work accom- 
plished during the year and recommended cer- 
tain changes in the methods of the Association. 
The rest of the session was devoted to business. 
The officers elected at the meeting were: H. 
A. Dodge, President, Chicago; William R. 
Moffatt, Secretary, Philadelphia; William H. 
McDowell, Treasurer, Baltimore; and Frank 
P. Tarbell, Chairman of Lookout Committee, 
New York. 

August 7.—The Fourth Annual Conven- 
tion of the National Alumni Association of 
Christian Brothers Colleges, was attended by 
delegates from many states in the Union. 
Shortly after the convention was called to order 
Archbishop Glennon of St. Louis, appeared 
before the body and delivered a splendid ad- 
dress. Joseph Hartwell of St. Louis, was 
elected President; A. P. Doyle of the Catholic 
University, First ites resdent; A. J. Dooley 


ip 


NATIONAL CONFECTIONERY SALESMEN’S ASSOCIATION 


24) 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Copyright, Gutekunst. 
MONSIGNOR DIOMEDE FALCONIO 
Apostolic Delegate to U. S. A. 


of Chicago, Second Vice-President; Judge 
Victor J. Dowling of New York, Third Vice- 
President; A. J. McGuire of Baltimore, Finan- 
cial Secretary; V. O. P. Harlon of Washing- 
ton, Secretary; J. P. A. Hearn, Kansas City, 
Treasurer, and Reverend J. P. Chidwick, New 
York, Chaplain. A very fine address which 
had been prepared by Judge James Kinealy of 
St. Louis, was read to the Association. 

The Thirteenth Annual Convention of the 
National Jobbing Confectioners’ Association 
met in the Auditorium at 10:00 a. M. Carl C. 
Mueller of Washington, D. C., made an ad- 
dress. He was followed by President E. R. 


Barksdale of the Association, who welcomed 


¥ 


RIGHT REVEREND P. J. DONAHUE 
Bishop of Wheeling, West Virginia 


RIGHT REVEREND BENJAMIN J. KEILEY 
Bishop of Savannah, Georgia 


the delegates to Virginia, and in his speech 
reviewed the history of the State and its present 
advantages. E.R. Barksdale was re-elected 
President; W. P. Johr, First Vice-President; 
John H. Dockman, Second Vice-President; 
Alexander McDowell, Secretary; Joseph B. 
Hellmann, Treasurer; and John H. Konklin, 
Sergeant-at-Arms. 

August 8.—St. Mary’s Church, Norfolk, 
was thronged by Knights of Columbus from all 
parts of America at the Pontifical Mass sol- 
emnized by Monsignor Diomede Falconio, 
Papal Delegate to the United States. Right 
Reverend Benjamin J. Keiley of Savannah, 
and Right Reverend P. J. Donahue of Wheel- 


GRAND KNIGHT EDW. L. HEARN 
New Haven, Conn. 


Diary—A ugust. 


ing, assisted as Deacons at this Mass. Bishop 
Donahue preached a masterly sermon, eulogiz- 
ing the discoverer of America. His text was: 
““T come that I may gather them together, with 
all nations and tongues,” and the Bishop said: 


“Plymouth Rock has, for a large portion of our country- 
men, associations deservedly most sacred. The pilgrims who 
landed there two hundred and eighty-seven years ago carved 
out an empire and fulfilled a noble destiny. They brought with 
them rooted maxims of law crystallized into the precedents of 
centuries and became the beginning of a sturdy race. Meet 
and proper it is that the great events in which the name of 
Jamestown shall forever be imperishably associated, should be 
as they are now, fittingly, even magnificently commemorated. 
The pioneers who set foot on old Virginia's soil were the sires 
of millions of fair women and brave men whose keen sense 
of honor and fidelity to high traditions rendered them a great 
conservative power in this Republic. Yet I believe that when 
the facts of history shall have received their proper adjustment, 
when the perspective of the ages shall have been rightly taken, 
the landing of Columbus at San Salvador will be acclaimed 
as the most world-changing event of all the centuries. 


The Bishop referred to the charge that this 
Republic, vigorous in body is sick in soul and 
the people bow before the golden calf of riches, 
and in the dishonest pursuit of wealth sacrifice 
conscience. He spoke of the laxity of the law 
relating to the marriage tie, yet struck a note 
of optimism when he said he looked into the 
faces of “thousands representing many other 


L. Hearn, responded for the Order, and Right 
Reverend Benjamin Keiley extended a wel- 
come on behalf of Bishop Van de Vyver. The 
Bishop, who is a native Virginian, good 
naturedly jested with the president of the Ex- 
position Company, and the Governor of Vir- 
ginia regarding their views as to the size of the 


Old Dominion. He said: 


“IT am here to-day to represent my good fiiend, the Bishop 
of Richmond who is, unfortunately, out of the country, and in 
his name to bid the Knights of Columbus welcome to the State. 
Bishop Van de Vyver had not the good fortune to be born 
here, but he improved the first opportunity offered and promptly 
left Belgium for Virginia. In his name | bid you welcome, 
and speaking from my personal knowledge, I can assure His 
Excellency, the Governor of Virginia, that these gentlemen 
who are delegates to the Convention, represent an organization 
which, while loyally devoted to the Catholic Church, is likewise 
loyally devoted to the best and highest interests of the Republic. 
They stand for law and order and for the lawful and orderly 
execution of the law; they believe in authority and in due and 
proper respect being paid to those in whom authority is vested; 
they condemn anarchy and socialism and will always be found 
supporting lawful authority.” 


At 4:00 p. M. all of the United States troops 
and the National Guard stationed at the Expo- 
sition passed in review on Lee Parade. In the 
evening the Norfolk Council gave a ball in 
honor of the visiting Knights, and Conven- 
tion Hall, the scene of the entertainment, was 


Copyright, Jamestown Offici2] Thotograph Corporatio 


KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS 


thousands whose knees have not bent and will 
not bend to the Baal of graft and greed,” and 
he urged his hearers to hold to the traditions 
of their fathers and to the example of the in- 
trepid soul after whom their order was named. 

Exercises on Knights of Columbus Day were 
held in the Auditorium. Shortly after 10:00 
A. M. the Apostolic Delegate, Archbishop 
Glennon of St. Louis, Bishop Donahue of West 
Virginia, and Bishop Keiley of Savannah, rep- 
resenting the Bishop of Richmond, who was 
absent in Europe, arrived at the Exposition 
and were met by G. T. Shepperd, Secretary 
of the Exposition Company, Captain J. W. 
McCarrick and M. T. Friary, the Committee 
having in charge the care of the distinguished 
guests. G. T. Shepperd presided over the 
exercises in the Auditorium and through the 
courtesy of the Mexican National Military 
Commission, music was furnished by the 
Mexican National Band. There were a thou- 
sand school children present, who, as a chorus, 
sang patriotic airs. Mr. Tucker and Governor 
Swanson each made a magnificent address, wel- 
coming the visitors. Grand Knight, Edward 


2438 


decorated elaborately with colored bunting and 
the flags of all nations. The Mexican National 
Band again rendered the music. 

August 10.—The National Haymakers 
Association of the United States, a social organ- 
ization of the Improved Order of Red Men, 
met. One hundred and twenty-five delegates 
were present. The following officers were 
elected: National Chief Haymaker, H. C. 
Kline of Pennsylvania; National Vice-Chief 
Haymaker, C. E. Nobes of Indiana; Past 
National Chief Haymaker, Joseph T. Sum- 
mers of New York; National Collector of 
Straws, Mahlon Trumbauer, Pennsylvania; 
National Keeper of Bundles, Lewis Schroeck, 
of Pennsylvania; National Chief Inspector, H. 
A. Haller, of Indiana, Chief Supervisor, 
George W. Staus; National Guard of the Hay 
Loft, G. J. Edwards, of New Jersey; National 
Guard of the Barn Door, W. H. Huffmire of 
New York. 

This organization originated at the Great 
Council of the United States Improved Order 
of Red Men, which convened in St. Louis, in 
1867. The question of side degrees among 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


H. C. Kine 
National Chief Haymaker 


JosepH T. SUMMERS 
Past National Chief Haymaker 


fraternities was privately discussed at this meet- 
ing and a Philadelphia degree, known as the 
“ Burying of the Tomahawk ”’ was described. 
Brother Alfred Shaw stated that he had a 
printed form, called “The Haymakers,” 
which was interesting and amusing, and he 
offered to confer the degree on those present at 
the conference. This was done and the printed 
copy was purchased by Frank C. Knipe of 
Pennsylvania who, on his return to Philadel- 
phia, conferred the degree on twenty members 
of Pequod Tribe No. 18. This was the be- 
ginning. In 1878 the permanent association of 
the United States was organized and the ritual 
revised. In 1880 there was a membership of 
one thousand one hundred and seventy. The 
total membership in 1907 was forty-five thou- 
sand, one hundred and sixty-five. 

August 12.—The Knights of the Maccabees 
encamped at the Exposition, remaining until 
the seventeenth and held their prize drill on the 
thirteenth. The company from Toledo, Ohio, 
secured the largest number of points and won 
the cup; the Cleveland, Ohio, company took 
second place. For three days the judges, all 
of whom were Regular Army officers, worked 
on the percentages of the competing companies 
and the totals were very close. It was the third 
time the Toledo Company had carried off the 
handsome prize. The cup was presented by 
the Supreme Commanders to the best drilled 
company of the Uniform Rank Knights of the 
Maccabees attending any regular national 
encampment and may be held by the winning 
company until defeated. Major-General W. 
H. Sletzer of Cleveland, O., was in command 

=f of the encamp- 
ment. The Uni- 
form Rank of 
the Knights of 
Maccabees rep- 
resented at the 
Exposition the 
States of Ohio, 
Nie wWaevion ks 
Pennsylvania, 
New Hampshire, 
West Virginia, 
Maryland, In- 
diana, Kentucky, 
Illinois, Missouri, 
‘Tennessee, Wis- 
consin, Iowa, 
Colorado, Mich- 
igan, Virginia and the District of Columbia. 


Mayor-Gen. W. H. SLETZER 


The Honorable J. Taylor Ellyson, Lieu- 
tenant-Governor of Virginia, and in charge of 
History and Education at the Exposition, 
made the principal address at the opening of 
the History Building. He was followed by 
President Tucker who, on behalf of the Expo- 


_ sition Company, accepted the building and ex- 


pressed his pleasure at its completion since 
history was the corner-stone of the Exposition’s 
foundation and the building typified the idea 
from which the Exposition had sprung. Gov- 
ernor Ellyson’s speech related to the difficulties 
which his Division had encountered on ac- 
count of the delay in completing the building. 
He referred to the exhibit belonging to King 
Edward VII, which was on its way from 
Europe and he described the contents of the 
building, reciting what were comprised within 
the exhibits made by Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
South Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina, 
Georgia, New York and West Virginia. He 
also referred to the exhibits made by the 
National Society of Colonial Dames and the 
Daughters of the American Revolution, and 
to notable private collections exhibited by Miss 
Nannie Randolph Heth and Thomas F. Ryan. 

The First Brigade North Carolina 


National Guard ar- 
rived. ‘This Brigade 
consisted of three 
Regi ments of 
Lndraan try aL 
each of w hich 
there was _at- 
tached a band 
and hospi | Sewcey tal corps. 
With the’ tw First Bri- 
gade there ycame the 
First (Bat tery of Field 
Artillery and four Divisions 
pa ae Bric.-GEN. JosepH F. ARMFIELD Ms i : Ae 
Militia. Brigadier-General J. F. Armfield 


was in command—Lieutenant-Colonel R. L. 
Leinster, his Adjutant-General. While in 
camp the usual routine was observed in addition 
to company, regiment, battalion and brigade 
drills. All of the troops participated in the 
review given in honor of Governor Curtis Guild 
of Massachusetts. “They were prominent par- 
ticipators at the review given in honor of Govy- 
ernor Glenn, to whose wisdom, energy and pa- 
triotism North Carolina’s splendid showing 
was so largely due. The Brigade officers con- 
sidered the encampment a success and their 
stay at the Exposition instructive and pleas- 
ant. 

August 13.—Massachusetts Day. Gover- 
nor Curtis Guild, Jr., had been on the staff 
of General Fitzhugh Lee during the War with 
Spain. He had always been a staunch friend 
of the Exposition, and had done all that lay in 
his power to make Massachusetts’ participation 
notable. He arrived from Boston during the 
afternoon of the twelfth, coming on the trans- 
port “ Newport,’’ and at Old Point was joined 
by a number of the Massachusetts State 
officials. Early in the forenoon, Governor 


244 


Diary—A ugust. 


Maj. R. T. Danie. 


Maj. D. R. JoHNsTon 
Chief Paymaster 


Ordnance Officer 
OFFICERS OF FIRST BRIGADE NORTH CAROLINA NATIONAL GUARD 


Guild made a formal call upon Governor Swan- 
son at the Virginia Building and shortly after- 
wards the Old Dominion’s Chief Executive 
returned the courtesy. [he ceremonies of the 
day then began, Governor Guild reading the 
proclamation declaring August 13, Massa- 
chuseits Day. Following this proclamation 
the party drove to the Auditorium where every 
available seat had already been taken. Hon- 
orable Arthur Lord of Plymouth, a member 
of the Massachusetts Commission, presided. 
He introduced Mr. Tucker, who spoke very 
happily, linking the histories of Virginia and 
Massachusetts from the earliest days down to 
the present. He referred to Governor Guild 
as the “ Stonewall Jackson of Massachusetts,” 
and said that this was the highest compliment 
that Virginia could bestow. Governor Swan- 
son also eloquently and feelingly welcomed the 
distinguished visitors. When the Governor of 
Massachusetts was presented the entire audience 
arose and cheered. His address was harmo- 
nious and sympathetic and he brought the house 
to its feet when, referring to the presence of the 
Massachusetts Naval Reserves,* he declared 
that they were just as ready to defend the coast 
of Virginia against a common foe as they were 
to take up arms to protect their own shore; that 
they would rally as willingly around Cape 
Charles, and as bravely, as they would contest 


\ 


[eps Com Rela ekINSTER 
Adjutant-General 


May. J. G. Hottincswortu 
Chief Quartermaster 


an attack upon Cape Cod. Governor Guild 
said: 

“ The last public address ever made by the beloved General 
who first headed this great enterprise was made before the 
General Court of Massachusetts. Sympathetic and strong in 
his simplicity, Virginia could not have sent among us a 
more welcome advocate than Fitzhugh Lee. His earnest inter- 
est in our history evoked an answering interest in yours; and 
men began to talk again about Bartholomew Gosnold and John 
Smith, the early pioneers along the coast of our Commonwealth, 
as well as yours.” 


The Governor related the stories of those 
champions of liberty, Otis of Massachusetts, 
and Henry of Virginia, and he told of the 
final protest of the people which was made in 
the building whose replica Massachusetts had 
erected at the Exposition. He said that the 
Old Bay State and the Old Dominion, side 
by side in the days which led to the Revolution, 
were side by side throughout the conflict. 


“Virginia and Massachusetts, leaders in resistance to 4 
tyrant when the tyrant was a foreign foe, need fear no foreign 
foe in war. The tyrant we face to-day is the demagogue who 
sets section against section and class against class; the highly 
respected promoter who influences legislation; the church mem- 
ber who gives the bribe, as well as the gutter politician who 
takes it; the journalist who accepts a loan from great cor- 
porations and sells his editorial opinion with his advertising 
space—these are our tyrants and against them and such as 
they, brothers of Virginia, let us get together in the name of 
order and liberty and under the law take up the sword.” 


A very attractive luncheon was served at the 
Massachusetts Building after the ceremonies 
in the Auditorium. About one hundred guests 
were invited. Besides Governor Guild and 
the Massachusetts Commission, the Governor's 


* The Massachusetts Naval Reserve, 100 men strong, arrived in Hampton Roads, August 12. They came on the U. S. 


Transport Ship “ Newport.” 


245 


They stayed at the Exposition only two days.—Eb. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposiuon. 


» \ \ 


if = Dia i: 3 ay 


i 
' 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MASSACHUSETTS NAVAL BRIGADE ON LEE’S PARADE 


Staff and delegates from both Houses of the 
General Court of Massachusetts, were present. 
At half past two there was a parade and review. 
In the reviewing box were Governor Guild, 
Governor Swanson, President Tucker, Major- 
General Grant, U. S. A., and Rear-Admiral 
Harrington, U. S. N. The Twenty-third 
Regiment, U. S. A., headed the parade. Bat- 
tery “ D,” of the Third Artillery, the Second 
Squadron, Twelfth Cavalry, the Massachu- 
setts Naval Brigade and the First Brigade, 
North Carolina National Guard, nearly two 
thousand strong, also participated. The Naval 
Brigade marched behind a red-coated band of 
fifty pieces. [he music was a medley of South- 
ern airs and made the Bay State citizens step 
bravely. 

During the afternoon, Governor Guild held 
a public reception on the lawn in front of the 
Massachusetts Building. Probably five thou- 
sand visitors were introduced to the Chief 
Executive of Massachusetts. After the cere- 
monies of the day were concluded the Govy- 
ernor and his official party left on a specially 
chartered steamer for Washington. 


The Descendants of the Jaquelins and Carys 


met at the invitation of Miss Louise Pecquet 
du Bellet. Dr. Daniel H. Morgan of Rich- 
mond, Va., Surgeon, U. S. N., called the 
meeting to order, and delivered the opening 
address, in which he reviewed the making of 
the colony in Virginia. He paid a high tribute 
to the courage of the early colonists and to the 
Huguenots who followed them during the clos- 
ing years of the sixteenth century and in the 
early part of the seventeenth century when the 
tide of Huguenot emigration set out to Vir- 
ginia, where the French expatriates took a lead- 
ing part in shaping the destinies of what has 
proved to be one of the greatest, if not the 
greatest nation on earth. “ To-day,” said the 
speaker, “‘as we stand on an eminence that 
overlooks three hundred years of brave en- 
deavor, few relics are visible that mark the site 
of old Jamestown; but as the corner-stone of 
civilization in the western world, its name is 
imperishable and its requiem will be forever 
sung in the surgings of the King’s river.” 

Dr. Edward H. Cary of Dallas, Texas, 
delivered a cross to Miss Louise Pecquet du 
Bellet as a recognition of her services in col- 
lecting information concerning the families and 


Rev. Francis WiLtis AMBLER 
Birmingham, Alabama 


HonoraBLe ANDREW JACKSON CoBB 
Athens, Georgia 


DESCENDANTS OF THE JAQUELINS AND CARYS 


Surceon Danie. H. Moraean, U. S. N. 
Richmond, Virginia 


246 


Diary—A ugust. 


for bringing about this reunion. Dr. Cary 
spoke at length. He told of the Carys in 
England, of Lord Hunsdon and of Viscount 
Falkland, and of Lucius Cary, son of the Vis- 
count and a distinguished scholar; of Miles 
Cary, the first of the name in this country, the 
man who led in the defense of Fortress Monroe 
against the Dutch and gave his life for his new 
home. He told of Archibald Cary and Dud- 
ley Cary of the Revolutionary period, and 
others of the name who had played their part— 
a large one in the affairs of the State and 
Nation. Closing his speech he said: “* As the 
chosen representatives of the Cary branch 
permit me cordially to greet all the de- 
scendants of the Ambler, Jaquelin and Mar- 
shall families, and to assure you of our cousinly 
regard.” 

J. Nicholas Ambler, of Winston-Salem, N. 
ee the next speaker. Of Jamestown he 
said: 


“This small straggling settlement, heterogeneous in nature, 


~ ‘ ry ae 


drawing its increase from over the sea, and thinned by sick- 
ness and death, was gradually welded into a homogeneous 
colony. In conflict with the realities of life, on a foreign shore, 
surrounded by savages and beset by difficulties of every char- 
acter, the weak died out or returned whence they came, while 
the process of natural selection left only those who could 
respond to the exigencies of their condition. The wild free- 
dom, the necessity for exertion and the independence of this 
life were all character builders, and the spirit of American 
liberty which was conceived at Runnymede, had its birth near 
yon sacred town and its announcement from the cannon’s 
mouth at Yorktown.” 


The Committee on permanent organization 
decided that the Association to be known as 
the Jaquelin and Cary Ancestral Society be 
formed. The qualification for membership was 
that the applicant should be a direct descend- 
ant of Edward Jaquelin, who came to Vir- 
ginia in 1697, or Miles Cary who died in Vir- 
ginia, January 10, 1667. The Committee to 
create a permanent organization consisted of 
J. N. Ambler, Winston-Salem, N. C., Dr. 
Edward H. Cary, Dallas, Texas, Dr. Daniel 
H. Morgan, Surgeon U. S. N., Miss Louise 
Pecquet du Bellet, Derry, La., Miss M. L. 
Rutherford of Georgia, J. D. Anthony of 


247 


VIRGINIA RETAIL MERCHANTS’ ASSOCIATION 


Tennessee, and R. C. Blackford of Lynch- 
burg, Va. 

The Retail Merchants’ Association of Vir- 
ginia met in the Auditorium at | P. M. for their 
first day’s session. The annual address of 
President Umstadter was the feature of the 
meeting. The President referred to matters 
which should be brought to the attention of 
the State Legislature, such as laws dealing 
with the tardiness of transportation companies 
in settling claims for the delays of shipments, 
with excessive fire insurance rates, with unfair 
advantages of express companies, with freight 
discriminations, with garnishment laws and 
other matters; and he spoke of the injudicious 
license laws in Virginia and said, “ No legis- 
lative enactment has done more to retard the 
commercial progress of the State of Virginia 
than our license laws, and it is no cause of 
astonishment that fair, enterprising young mer- 
chants have established themselves elsewhere 
rather than under the requirements of the license 


laws of this State. I can only briefly point out 
some of its fallacies and evil effects.” Mr. 
Umstadter said that of the States in the Union 
only fourteen have merchants’ license laws and 
thirteen of these were Southern States. The 
only commonwealth in the country, East, 
North or West with a merchants’ license was 
Pennsylvania, whose license tax was only one- 
fifth of that of Virginia. 

The officers elected for the ensuing year 
were: 


M. Unmstadter, President, Norfolk, Va.; L. O. Miller, 
Secretary, Richmond, Va.; I. H. Kaufman, Treasurer, Rich- 
mond, Va.; Norman H. Johnson, General Counsel, Raleigh, 
N. C.; W. A. Clark, Jr., Business Secretary, Richmond, Va. 


August 14.—The annual meeting of the 
Virginia Retail Furniture Dealers’ Association 
was held at the Auditorium. The President, 
G. B. Sydnor, Jr., of Richmond, Va., covered 
the year’s work in a thorough manner and set 
forth the most important matters which should 
receive the attention of the organization during 
the ensuing year. Mr. Sydnor also gave an 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


J. A. GILMORE 


Secretary-Treasurer 


GEO. B. SYDNOR, Jr. 
President 


account of the meeting of the National Asso- 
ciation of the Furniture Dealers which was 
held in Chicago on July 9 and 10. He was a 
delegate to that convention. The Secretary’s 
report showed the present membership to be 
eighty-eight. The following officers were 
elected: 


President, G. B. Sydnor, Jr., Richmond; Vice-Presidents, 
Robert Strother, Lynchburg, S. C. Phillips, Norfolk, G. C. 
Chapin, Newport News, A. J. Waingfield, Petersburg, and 
Stuart Britts, Roanoke; Secretary and Treasurer, J. A. Gil- 
more, Charlottesville, Va. 

The 


August 15.—WNorth Carolina Dav. 
“Old North State” really celebrated a week 
at the Exposition and from Monday until Sat- 
urday, North Carolinians were largely in evi- 
dence. The North Carolina Society of Nor- 
folk inaugurated the festivities with a dinner 
and reception to Governor Glenn. C. J. Col- 
lins, F. S. Royster, M. Manley, T. D. Savage 
and Paul Garrett formed the Committee who 
arranged an elaborate programme, including a 
series of addresses to be given at the Colonial 
Theatre. Unfortunately, however, the train 
which bore the Governor was late and the re- 
ception at the Lynnhaven Hotel was made the 
feature of the evening. This occurred on the 
13th. The next evening, Governor Claude A. 
Swanson gave a reception in honor of Governor 
Glenn, North Carolina’s Chief Executive. A 
larger and more cordial crowd had _ never 
gathered in the beautiful Virginia Building, 
which was handsomely decorated with flowers 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


GOVERNOR GLENN AT THE NORTH CAROLINA BUILDING 


se ot . « 


and flags, the emblems of Virginia and North 
Carolina being intertwined. On the 15th, 
North Carolina celebrated and the exercises in 
the Auditorium were opened by President G. 
S. Powell of the North Carolina Commission. 
When Mr. Tucker faced the audience which 
packed the Auditorium to a degree unprece- 
dented, he said: ‘‘ Mr. Chairman, Governor 
Glenn and the balance of North Carolina.” 
Governor Swanson welcomed the represent- 
atives of the Old North State on behalf of 
Virginia, and Lieutenant-Governor Winston of 
North Carolina, made an eloquent and witty re- 
ply. Among 
other things 
he said: “ If 
a man lives 
in NorthCar- 
olina twenty- 
five years he 
is thereby 
qualified to 
be Governor 
of any State 
in the Union 
or Mayor of 
Norfolk. If 
to the twenty- 
five years of 
residence in 
North Carolina you add twenty-five years in 
Tennessee, there is no limit to the power of such 
aman. Only three ever did this and each be- 
came a President of the United States—Jack- 
son, Polk and Johnson.” 

Governor Glenn unfortunately spoke ex- 
temporaneously. He reviewed the history of 
North Carolina and told the story of its com- 
mercial growth. “Six years ago,” he said, 
“ North Carolina could not answer on the roll 
call of cotton industries; three years ago Massa- 
chusetts was the first and North Carolina third 
in the number of spindles. Massachusetts is 
still first, but North Carolina is second, and 
within three years it will be first.” Standing 


HONORABLE T. D. WINSTON 


Lieutenant-Governor of North Carolina 


248 


Diary—A ugust. 


as 


= Se 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


TROOPS PARADING ON NORTH CAROLINA DAY 
Lionel Beachy Sailing His Airship Over Parade Ground 


in front of Governor Swanson, Governor Glenn 
declared that North Carolina had come to the 
Old Dominion to help her celebrate her birth- 
day; he extended his hand and the Governor 
of Virginia arose and clasped it. The crowd 
caught the inspiration and hurrahed standing. 
The speaker then turned to Major John S. 
Mallory, U. S. A., representing the Army and 
declared that the Old North State would for- 
ever stand by the Stars and Stripes, and as he 
shook hands with the Army officer bedlam 
again broke loose. 

After the Governor had concluded his 
speech, stands of colors were presented to the 
three North Carolina regiments. Dr. Dixon 
presented one to the first regiment; J. Bryan 
Grimes, Secretary of the State, presented the 
second, and State Treasurer D. R. Lacy, the 
third. At five o'clock in the afternoon the 
spectacular feature of North Carolina Day 


j ! 4 6 ¢ 

Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 

GOVERNOR GLENN AND MAJOR JOHN S. 
MALLORY, REVIEWING TROOPS 


Not less than thirty 
thousand people viewed the military pageant 


celebration occurred. 


on Lee’s Parade. In the evening a magnificent 
reception was tendered by the North Carolina 
Commission to Governor Glenn, and in Con- 
vention Hall the North Carolina officers gave 
a dance in honor of the visiting North Carolina 
girls. 

The Jolly Jokers Club, an organization for 
the exchange of post-cards, stamps, coins, pho- 
tographs and curios, met at the Inside Inn at 
the Exposition, August 15, 16, 17. Delegates 
from almost every State in the Union were pres- 
ent, and one or two representatives from Can- 
ada. Matters of interest in connection with 
post-card and photograph collections were 
especially discussed. The Nationai Vice- 
President, Mrs. Florence E. Hughes of New- 
port, R. I., presided over the meeting, Miss 
Madge Lambert of Portsmouth, Va., acting 
as Secretary, and Miss Dixie Creekmore of 
Norfolk, Va., Vice-President. A number of 
interesting speeches were made, the most 
notable one being delivered by Gaylord Logan 
of Albany, N. Y., who spoke on “ Post-card 
Collecting as an Instructive and Fascinating 
Pastime.” 

The Roanoke Colony Memorial Association 
met in the Committee Room at the Auditorium. 
This association, which was organized to com- 
memorate the first attempt at English coloniza- 
tion in America, is an incorporated organiza- 
tion, chartered by the State of North Carolina. 
Its membership is widely distributed, one stock- 
holder being a distinguished professor at Ox- 
ford University in England. The exact point 
of settlement was at the North end of Roanoke 
Island and there the Association purchased 
about two hundred and fifty acres, which per- 
haps includes all the land first utilized. Plainly 
visible yet are the remains of the fort of 1585. 
The Association has erected a monument made 
of North Carolina and Virginia granite.* 

The Rev. Robert B. Drane of Edenton, N. 
C., President of the Association, delivered an 


* This monument is described and illustrated on pages 5 and 6.—Eb. 


249 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


vee a. Sa 


SITE OF OLD FORT RALEIGH, ROANOKE ISLAND, NORTH CAROLINA 


a 


FIRST ENGLISH COLONY IN AMERICA, A. D. 1585-87 


address at this meeting. Among other things 


he said: 


‘““We remember the historic events that transpired in the 
olden time when the only civilized thing in all Virginia was the 
Roanoke Colony in what is now North Carolina. There is 
such a mingling and commingling of memories and interests, 
such a fount of beginnings in those first attempts by Raleigh’s 
men and women at colonization on Roanoke Island, that there 
is nothing foreign in it to any citizen of the United States, and 
short of Roanoke Island itself there could be no more suitable 
meeting place than this where we are now met, associated as it 
is with the Jamestown Colony, 1607, especially when we observe 
that we are now within three days of August 18, the anniver- 


sary of the birth of Virginia Dare in 1587 on Roanoke Island.” 
Speaking of the land owned by the Asso- 


ciation, Dr. Drane said that chiefly owing to 
the effort of its first President, Professor Ed- 
ward Graham Daves, the Association bought 
the site of Old Fort Raleigh, a tract of about 
sixteen acres, and near by two hundred and 


fifty acres more. He continued: 

“ About the smaller tract, there not only linger individual 
historic associations, but there exist on it in material form the 
tangible outlines of that fortification which the first colonists 
from England erected in the year 1585. You, members of 
this Association, possess on Roanoke Island the visible remains 
of the handiwork of the first Anglo-Saxon settlers; your Asso- 
ciation is to care for that precious property and to perpetuate 
its historyee a ee ae ee oe ©) ue licr ta tval erohmets 
so far off the beaten track of travel and it is in such a state 
of nature that there the visitor feels all the more the spirit of 
pilgrimage. It is a shrine which brings us close to the heart of 
that pregnant movement which meant so much to our land and 


to the world.” 
August 16.—Governor Glenn of North 


Carolina was the orator at North Carolina 
Negro Dav. A large crowd gathered at the 
Negro Building to hear the Chief Executive 
of the “ Tarheel ”’ State. There were many 
white people in the audience. Governor Glenn 


said 

“My friends, white and colored—you are all my friends. 
Since I have been Governor of North Carolina, having taken 
the sacred oath to do my duty by all classes, high and low, 
rich and poor, white and colored, I have always tried to treat 
the colored people as citizens of North Carolina and make 
each and every one of them feel that I have just as much 
respect for them as I have for the white people, and have tried 
to encourage them to do everything I could for the State of 
North Carolina; and, in the administration of laws, the races 
have been treated equally. If a white man deserves help we 
give it to him. If the white man is unworthy we put him 
in the chain gang and make him work for other people, and 
we treat the colored people the same way. If the colored men 
or women deserve our respect and our aid in upbuilding them- 
selves we assist them; if they are criminals we punish them for 
their crimes, and I want to tell you | feel very close to the 
colored people of my State, for I was raised on a plantation. 


* * * | wish you, all of you, Godspeed in your work and 


in your efforts to help your race rise. We must work side by 
side and act our part so that in the end God will say, * Well 
done, thou good and faithful servant.’ We want you to go 
on and press forward to better things even than you have 
accomplished to-day.” 


August 19.—His Roval Highness, Prince 
Wilhelm of Sweden, second son of the then 
Crown Prince, now King, arrived at the Expo- 
sition. The Swedish Cruiser “* Fylgia,’” which 
brought the Prince, who was known simply as 
Second Lieutenant Sodermanland, his title 
coming from the Duchy of that name, encoun- 
tered a storm between Bermuda and Cape 
Henry and was delayed twenty-four hours. 
It was nearly five o’clock before the Prince, 
accompanied by Baron de Lagercrantz, the 
Swedish Minister, and Captain H. Lindberg, 
Commander of the “ Fylgia,” arrived at the 
Exposition. His Royal Highness had been ex- 
pected early in the morning and since nine 
o'clock Troop “ E,”’ of the Twelfth Cavalry, 
commanded by Lieutenant Trumbo, had been 
waiting, attired in full dress, to do escort duty. 
Over in the New York Building, Mrs. Henry, 
the hostess, Mrs. Tucker and the other ladies 
having in charge a luncheon to the Prince, were 
also waiting. ‘The repast was very hurried. 

A review of 
the soldiery 


had been 
scheduled, and 
on the pro- 
gramme _ also 
were drills by 
the ‘Twelfth 
Cavalry and 
Battery “ D,” 
Third — Artil- 
lery, and there 
was little time 
to lose, as it 
was necessary 


for the party 


& . 
H. R. H. PRINCE WILHELM to be in Nor 
folk at seven 


OF SWEDEN 


250 


Diary—A ugust. 


stown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Ln beoWis ls hCR US Eh Resshey Gl Ags 


o'clock to attend a dinner which was to be given 
at the Virginia Club in honor of His Royal 
Highness, by the Honorable M. Fernstrom, 
Vice-Consul of Sweden at the Port of Nor- 
folk. Although it necessitated the making of 
very close transportation connections, the Prince 
not only remained in the Grand Stand until all 
of the United States soldiers had passed in re- 
view, but he witnessed, for a few moments, the 
subsequent cavalry drill before taking his 
launch for the city. 

Like President Roosevelt, the young blond 
giant, scion of Sweden’s Royal family, does not 
believe in body guards. While in Norfolk he 
ignored the police escort and at the Exposition 
traveled mainly unattended. At the dinner 
were His Royal 
Highness Prince 
Wilhelm of Sweden; 
His Excellency 
Baron de Lager- 
crantz, the Swedish 
Minister; Secretary 
Ekengren of the 
Swedish Legation; 
Captain Lindberg, 
Commander of the 
“ Fylgia;” Lieuten- 
ant-Commander 
Kloeckner, Aide-de- 
camp tows R:VH:: 
Rear-Admiral Har- 
rington, Lieutenant-Commander Akermark, 
Paymaster Lindgren, President Tucker, Ma- 
jor Mallory, Captains Potter, Merriam, Vree- 
land, Osterhaus, Hubbard, Wainwright and 
Ingersoll, U. S. N.; Colonel Lamb, Dr. Du 
Puy, Mr. Kohlsaat, Judge Blodgett, Judge 
Garnett, W. H. Taylor, Barton Myers and 
Mr. Fernstrom. At the conclusion of the din- 
ner toasts were proposed to His Majesty, 
King Oscar of Sweden, to President Roose- 
velt, to His Royal Highness and to the Princess 
Palovna of Russia, to whom the Prince was 
betrothed and to whom he has since been mar- 
ried. After the banquet the Swedish party 
returned to the Exposition grounds where the 
principal social function took place. 

Sunday and Monday had been spent by the 


HON. M. FERNSTROM 
Swedish Vice-Consul] at Norfolk 


251 


florists enclosing the grounds of the Army and 
Navy Club with tall bushes of fragrant bay 
laurel and yew. Chinese lanterns were arranged 
artistically around the grounds and lent a bril- 
liant tone of color. The place was effectively 
illuminated with electric lights, and burning joss 
sticks exhaled an oriental aroma. “The Mexican 
National Band rendered Swedish and Ameri- 
can airs intermingled with the soft, languorous 
music of Spain. President and Mrs. Tucker, 
assisted by Mrs. Robert Berry, wife of Admiral 
Berry; Mrs. Frederick Purnell Harrington, 
wife of Admiral Harrington; Madam de 
Lagercrantz, wife of the Swedish Munister; 
Mrs. Nelson Henry, Mrs. Barton Myers and 
Mrs. John Taggard Blodgett received the 
Prince. Later in the evening this receiving 
party accompanied the Prince to the New Y ork 


THE VIRGINIA CLUB 
Norfolk, Virginia 


The Jamestown 


Wee ages 
pyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


T er-Ceniennial Exposition. 


Lieut.-Com. De Kioeckner, Ligut. Cootes, Mayor Mattory, Baron pe Lacercrantz, H. R. H. Prince WILHELM, CapTain 
LinpBerG, PRESIDENT TUCKER 


PRINCE WILHELM REVIEWING TROOPS 


State Building where dancing was in progress. 
The rotunda of the Empire State headquarters 
was draped with American flags. “The draw- 
ing room with its wide fluted columns and long 
French windows was most artistically deco- 
rated. Huge clusters of white hydrangeas and 
bowls of golden glow, scattered lavishly around, 
emphasized the colors of New York State. 
The dining room was gracefully festooned with 
blue and yellow bunting and stalks of sun- 
flower and Indian corn. After the dance, 
President Tucker gave a supper to His Royal 
Highness. The other guests were Baron de 
Lagercrantz, Rear-Admirals Harrington and 
Berry, Captain Lindberg, Lieutenant-Com- 
mander Kloeckner, Mr. Fernstrom, Captain 
Merriam, U. S. S. “ Missouri,’ Major Mal- 
lory, U. S. A., Mr. Kent of Missouri, Mr. 
Dunn of New York, Messrs. Martin and Wool 
of the Exposition Company, and Lieutenants 
Cootes, Bagby and Woodward. 

August 20.—Hhis Royal Highness, Prince 
Wilhelm, accompanied by Baron de Lager- 
crantz and Captains Goran and Lindberg, 
arrived at the Exposition at 11:00 A.M. John 
H. Edwards, Assistant Secretary of the Treas- 
ury and Chairman of the United States Gov- 


cates ed) 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


~ ernment Board, and William M. Geddes, Sec- 


retary of the Board, represented the National 
Government in the receiving party; Captain 
Hammond of the Twenty-third Infantry, rep- 
resented the Army, and T. S. Southgate, the 
Exposition Company. ‘These gentlemen met 
the Prince and conveyed him on a tour of 
inspection. [The Army and Navy Building 
was first visited and every detail of the Govern- 
ment exhibit was inspected by the Swedish 
representatives, their interest chiefly lying in 
the showing made by the Navy. A tour 
through the National Museum, the Treasury, 
Post-ofice and Interior Departments was 
then made. The visitors spent some time exam- 
ining the important papers in the Department 
of States’ Exhibit. None of the Exhibit build- 
ings of the Exposition were visited. After 
leaving the Government displays the party went 
to the Army and Navy Club for luncheon, and 
then proceeded to the Monitor and Merrimac 
building where a special performance of that 
great spectacle was given for His Royal High- 
ness. At its conclusion the Prince personally 


thanked Manager McConnell for his courtesy. 
In the afternoon on board the Swedish cruiser 
““ Fylgia’”’ a reception was tendered by Prince 


SUPPER AT THE NEW YORK BUILDING 


Diary—A ugust. 


Wilhelm to those who had helped make his 
stay pleasant. In the receiving line with the 
Prince was Baron de Lagercrantz, the Minister 
of Sweden. ‘The festivities in his honor closed 
that night with a dinner at the Hotel Chamber- 
lin, Old Point. This courtesy was extended 
by Governor Swanson. 

August 21.—The Culver special which 
brought the Cadets of the Culver Summer 
Naval and Cavalry Schools to the Exposition, 
arrived in two sections. ‘The previous day the 
Cadet Corps, four hundred strong, passed 
through Richmond and their march through the 
streets of the Capital City was a distinct tni- 
umph. Early in the morning the cadets, led 
by their fine band, entered the Exposition 
Grounds. ‘Their boat, infantry and cavalry 
drills were excellent and compared favorably 
with any evolutions witnessed at the Exposition. 
Major L. R. Gignilliat, Commandant of the 
School, was in command, and Commander T. 
H. Gignilliat directed the Naval maneuvers. 
So creditable was the performance of the 
Cadets that Lieutenant Cootes, Military Sec- 
retary of the Exposition, writing to the Com- 


Com. T. H. GIcNILLIAT 
Naval Director 


Major L. R. GIGNILLIAT 


Commandant 


mandant thanking him for the display made by 
the Culver School, said: “It is little short of 
marvelous the way in which these men evinced 
high discipline with only six weeks’ training, and 


e. 
be ee” PRR) ig ‘3 
IS Se eR Gre. Oe 


TT eS = NO, See dE >. c Food Were 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corpora 


they certainly reflect great credit on yourself 
and the other officers who assisted in bringing 
about this state of discipline. I was particularly 
impressed withthe , drill of the Black Horse 
Troop. It is a magnificent mount 
and reflects great credit upon its in- 
structors.”’ Simi | Bs Tao larly Rear-Admiral 


P.. E.. Haring 
ber of the 
Board, 


a “ton, Senior mem- 
A Jamestown Naval 


£) commented, and ex- 


press ed, as the represen- 
tative of st hve 
Navy De Deaetet 
ment, U. S. A., “the 
general ap precia- 
tion and | pleas- 
ure of zr every- 
body con | / nected 
with the Expo- 
sition CuLver Brack Horse upon the 
ee ‘TROOPER 
visit of the Cul- 
ver Cadets.” Lieutenant Cootes, an officer of 


the Twelfth U. S. Cavalry, was certainly a 
competent judge, and a more conservative man 
than Rear-Admiral Harrington were difficult 
to find. 

August 23.—Few schools in the world— 
possibly none—could make such a remarkable 
exhibit as did the Culver Institute on Culver 
Day, and it is unlikely that such varied features 
were ever shown by another school. A splen- 
did military band, five companies, marching in 
perfect alignment, erect, eyes front and sol- 
dierly; two sections of one-pounders, one gat- 
ling gun drawn by the men who did not allow 
the drag ropes to interfere with the guns slung 
orderly across their backs, and Culver’s pride, 
the Black Horse Troop, maintaining their seats 
like trained troopers, formed the Culver 
Parade, which was reviewed by Chairman 
George Edmund Foss and the members of the 
Naval Committee in Congress, by resident 
officers of the Army and Navy and by the 


CULVER NAVAL CADETS AT DISCOVERY LANDING 


253 


The Jamestown 


right, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


CULVER NAVAL CADETS DRILLING IN JOHN SMITH'’S BASIN 


Veterans of the Mexican War, who, conjointly 
with Culver, celebrated on August 23. 

There were nine of those gray haired, 
grizzled warriors who had followed Scott and 
Taylor, and they occupied prominent positions 
on the stage in the Auditorium. Congressman 
Foss made the principal address of the day and 
advocated a continuance of the policy of up- 
building the Navy. Lieutenant-Governor Elly- 
son of Virginia, requested President Beeler of 
the Veterans to make an address, and the old 
soldier, who had prepared a speech eulogizing 
the valor of the American Army in its conflict 
with the Mexican forces, proved that gentle- 
ness and bravery are boon companions, by 
declining to deliver the speech whose prepara- 
tion must have cost much effort, because the 
Mexican National Band, who had helped to 
make the day successful, were present and he 
would not hurt the feelings of any man. Mrs. 
Moore Murdoch, the Secretary of the organ- 
ization, and its Adjutant-General, is the only 
woman in America who is a regularly elected 
officer of a military order. She reviewed the 
efforts that had been made to obtain from the 
National Government a just recognition of the 
claims of the Mexican War veterans, and she 
told what the men of the United States Army 
had done in that great conflict. Concluding 
her speech she invited her beloved veterans to 
advance to the front of the stage, and as the 
fine old men fell into line, their faces glowing 


with pride, Mrs. Murdoch exclaimed to the 
four hundred cadets: ‘“* Look well at them, 
boys, for these men never lost a battle and when 
they went forth they were boys just as you are 
to-day.”’ Badges of all sorts were hanging 
from the coats of these old men—some were 
veterans of the Grand Army, others Confeder- 
ate veterans, but each wore the bronze cross of 
the Mexican War. It was a pathetic sight to 
see these aged, trembling veterans standing on 
the platform in vivid contrast to the youngsters 
before them. Mrs. Murdoch said the Mexican 
War was a beneficent struggle, since the Mexi- 
can soldier, brave and loyal, only needed to be 
emancipated from the tyranny of such men as 
Santa Anna and his creatures in order to 
achieve the heights of modern civilization. She 
brought her address to a close by saying: 
“Thank God it has come to pass that the 
United States of Mexico and the United States 
of America now stand side by side, willing and 
ready to protect each other and to guard and 
safekeep this part of the world.’ After the 
meeting in the Auditorium the veterans held a 
business meeting, and passed a stirring set of 
resolutions eulogizing Mrs. Murdoch. ‘These 
were offered by Captain William C. Haines. - 
Captain Francis J. Keffer, President of the 
famous Scott Legion of Mexican War veterans 
of Philadelphia, and a gallant officer in the 
Civil War, made a telling speech. He told his 


listeners that he was eighty-four years old and 


Capt. Francis J. KEFFER 
Vice-President 


NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MEXICAN WAR VETERANS 


Mrs. Moore Murpocu 
Secretary 


Cot. Louis F. BEELER 
President 


Diary—A ugust. 


that he had served his adopted country with a 
clear conscience in two wars. He had come 
from Switzerland to the United States when 
quite a little lad and fought under Scott in 
Mexico and for the Union during the Civil 
War. Of the Mexican War, he declared that 
the humane methods pursued by the generals 
in command established a code of ethics for 
modern warfare, and never before in the annals 
of conflict had two nations ceased a war with 
the same feelings of respect and friendship 
towards each other as were entertained by 
Mexico and the United States when they laid 
down arms. Colonel Louis F. Beeler of Bal- 
timore, was re-elected President; Captain 
Francis J. Keffer, Vice-President; Captain 
George Barney, Elkhart, Ind., Second Vice- 
President; Leroy Wiley, Paris, Ill., Treasurer; 
Mrs. Moore Murdoch, Dallas, Texas, Secre- 
tary; Miss Jessica Randolph Smith, Hender- 
son, N. C., Assistant Secretary. 

On Culver Day and on the day preceding 
fourteen cutters which had been courteously 
loaned to Commander Gignilliat by Rear-Ad- 


the orator of the day, made a very witty speech, 
and Mrs. Howard Jett of the same city, was 
hostess at a most enjoyable luncheon. 

August 25.—Company “L,” Second In- 
fantry, Connecticut National Guard, arrived at 
the Exposition. With the company was its 
full quota of enlisted men. As this organization 
was composed of one company their exhibitions 
consisted of open order drills and skirmish runs 
in which the command showed that it was par- 
ticularly well versed. The bulk of the time 
spent at the Exposition was used in sight-seeing 
and visiting the Regular Army camps, inspect- 
ing and studying the methods in use there. ‘The 
company stayed for a week and created a splen- 
did impression. 

The Culver Cadets visited the battleships, 
and on their return found in Smith Basin the 
racing crew from the training ship “ Franklin ”’ 
waiting with a challenge. The first racing crew 
was called to defend the school and between 
two black buoys marking a measured mile off 
the end of the pier, the boats raced. Culver 
took the lead, kept it and increased it foot by 


COMPANY “L” SECOND INFANTRY CONNECTICUT NATIONAL GUARD 


miral Berry, the Commandant of the Norfolk 
Navy Yard, were utilized by the Naval Cadets 
to give examples of the seamanship which had 
been acquired at the inland school, and the 
exercises closed with a parade that even the 
winter school men pronounced up to the stand- 
ard. The day closed with a ball, at which 
Admiral Harrington led the grand march with 
Mrs. D. J. Culver, and the cadet officers put 
on the Culver anchor figure. 

A most realistic attack on Old Fort Boone 
and the capture of three of the prettiest girls 
of Winchester, Ky., were the features of Win- 
chester Day also celebrated on this date. 
Shortly before noon the crowds gathered at the 
Kentucky reservation and by this time Indians 
were discovered lurking in the forest which sur- 
rounds the Fort. Miss Goldie Perry, Miss 
Ruah Searcy, and Miss Annie Lee Souther- 
land, each of whom was a direct descendant 
of a participant in the defence of Old Fort 
Boonesboro, were the girls captured. Natur- 
ally the Kentucky soldiery did not permit the 
redskins to escape with their prizes and formal 
ceremonies marked their return to the Fort. 
Colonel Garner, an ex-Mayor of Winchester, 


255 


foot, at the end of the race winning by nearly 
three lengths. 

August 26.—The Eleventh Annual Meet- 
ing of the American Osteopathic Association 
was called to order at the Inside Inn by Presi- 
dent S. A. Ellis, D. O., at ten o’clock in the 
morning. The Association was welcomed by 
Honorable J. Taylor Ellyson, Lieutenant- 
Governor of Virginia, and Dr. S. M. S. Hal- 
lett responded. The Association held two ses- 
sions daily for five days. The principal speech 
at the first meeting was delivered by the Presi- 
dent, S. A. Ellis, D. O., of Boston. His 
address dealt largely with the habit of many 
osteopaths who use, with more or less regularity, 
drugs in connection with their practice. He 
recognized the difficulty of dealing with this 
subject since osteopaths are much divided in 
opinions regarding the matter. He accepted 
Webster’s definition of osteopathy as “a sys- 
tem of treatment based on the theory that all 
diseases are chiefly due to mechanical interfer- 
ence with the functions of nerves, blood vessels, 
and other tissues, and may be remedied by 
manipulation to remove interferences, correct 
misplacements, and stimulate or inhibit activ- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


” 


ity.” He contrasted osteopathy with eclec- 
ticism, which takes its methods from all schools. 
He applauded the law which 
had recently been passed in 
New York restricting 
the osteo pathic 


praca tioner_ to 
Ampiac tice of 
osteop athy 
alone, and 
stated that the 
New Yeo rk 
Osteo pathic 
Society prohibits 
its mem bers from 
the use of adjuncts of 
any kind ~ ances OD 
the strength De sipney a. ELLIs Of this, it 
has built up President what is per- 


hapsthe strongest 
local osteopathic society in the country.” He 
concluded his remarks by saying that every 
effort should be exerted to make osteopaths see 
the danger to osteopathy which would follow 
their prescribing drugs, and he added: “I 
am convinced that the American Osteopathic 
Association should state definitely that drug 
giving is not osteopathic and should determine 
whether its members shall be privileged to use 
internal medicine in their practice.” 

A number of extremely interesting addresses 
were made during the course of the Osteo- 
pathic convention. Among the principal speak- 
ers were Drs. Sidney A. Ellis of Boston; 
A. G. Hildreth of St. Louis; E. A. Booth 

of Cincinnati; Earle S. 

Willard of Philadelphia; 

H. S. Bunting of Chi- 

cago; C. M. Turner 

Hulett of Cleveland; 
ibartye\ Lago te lort 
New York; C. Y. Mut- 
tart of Philadelphia; 
Harry Forbes of Los 
Angeles; M. E. Clark of 
Indianapolis, and M. C. 
Hardin of Atlanta. A 
feature of each day’s ses- 
slon was an open parliament, and there were 
demonstrations of technique and clinics illus- 
trating methods. 

Aside from the business convention 


a8 pe a a 5 eB AS 
ioe, ine j ‘ E pes esis 


~ 1 shearer 


Dr. Earte S. WILLARD 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


there 


ARIE 


Ae 


: Eins sons 
Bu 


THE ARION SINGING SOCIETY, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN, NEW YORK CITY 


were many interesting social features. Excur- 
sions were made to Jamestown Island, to Cape 
Henry, to Virginia Beach and to Old Point 
Comfort, and a grand ball was given at the 
Inside Inn on the evening of the twenty-seventh. 

Dr. William Dawson Willard, the leading 
osteopath in the City of Norfolk, was the chair- 
man of the local Com- 
mittee on Arrangements. 
Dr. Earle S. Willard, a 
member of the faculty of 
the Philadelphia College 
of Osteopathy, and son 
of the local Chairman, 
was a prominent member 
of the committee. The 
younger Dr. Willard 
was a former resident of 
Norfolk, and it wasDR. Wm. Dawson WILLARD 

? - Norfolk, Va. 
largely through his efforts 
that the convention was brought to the Ex- 
position. 

August 29.—Osteopathy Day. ‘The exer- 
cises began at 2:30 P. M. in the Exposition 
Auditorium. The Exposition band was present 
and furnished music for the occasion. Dr. E. 
R. Booth of Cincinnati, was the first speaker. 
His address was largely devoted to reminis- 
cences concerning Andrew ‘Taylor Still, the 
founder of Osteopathy and a native of Vir- 
ginia. Speaking of his profession, Dr. Booth 
stated his belief that the success of the system 
was due to the fact that there was a certain 
definite principle of osteopathy : 


“There is something perfectly tangible, something absolutely 
comprehensible, something that is within reach of the finite 
mind; all of mysticism has been to a great extent eradicated. 
It is perfectly simple and capable of being placed on an abso- 
lutely scientific basis. The systems heretofore have been based 
to a great extent upon mysticism, but we have something tangible. 
What is that tangible element? You are all familiar with it 
as well as I. Going back to the same principle that the human 
body is a perfect machine and the additional elements in con- 
nection with it, the influence of the nerve force and of circula- 
tion, we have a tangible basis on which to build, and those 
were the principles that were given to us more than a third of 
a century ago by the rugged: man that was born in the wilds 
of the western part of this State.” 


The Volunteer Fire Department of Harris- 
burg, Pa., made a record-breaking exhibition 
run against time. The scene was the War Path 
and a large crowd witnessed the exhibition 
which had been widely advertised, but was 
soon over. ‘The firemen dashed one hundred 
yards, laid fifty yards of hose, covered the plug 
and started a stream of water in twenty-five and 
one-half seconds. 


ar 


BN 
ae 


Pad 


Diary—A ugust-September. 


MISS MANNING, MISS FUNK, MR. CLAASSEN 


August 31.—There are very few male 
choruses in America which compare well with 
the Arion Singing Society of Brooklyn, 
N. Y. The Auditorium was crowded in the 
afternoon when the society appeared. Arthur 
Claassen, the Director, is a leader of the highest 
standing and in addition to his splendidly 
trained male chorus he had as an attraction 
Miss Lillie Funk, a soprano soloist, the pos- 
sessor of an exceptionally fine voice, which she 
used to advantage. Miss J. Louise Manning 
was the piano accompanyist and William Wall 
Whiddit, the Exposition’s Superintendent of 
Music, assisted at the organ. 

The Male Chorus gave nine selections, all of 
which were admirably rendered. Miss Funk 
sang three selections, accompanied only by the 
piano, and the concert closed with ““ Omnipo- 
tence,’ Shubert-Liszt—a soprano solo, male 
chorus and organ. ‘The afternoon afforded a 
rare treat for song lovers and was easily among 
the best of the Exposition’s musical events. 

Negro Physicians’ Day. More than one 
hundred negro professional men celebrated 
the occasion. Not only were there doc- 
tors from many states but a large number of 
dentists and pharmacists of the negro race were 
present. The exercises began in the Negro 
Building at 10:00 a. mM. Dr. A. M. Curtis, 
Chairman of the Committee on Medicine and 
Surgery, presided. T. J. Calloway, Chairman 


of the Executive Committee of the Negro Ex- 
hibit, welcomed the visitors, and Dr. Joseph J. 
France of Portsmouth, replied with a very well 
prepared speech. Several other interesting 
addresses were delivered and music was fur- 
nished by the Fisk Jubilee Singers of Nashville. 

September |.—Company “H,” Third In- 
fantry Indiana National Guard under the com- 
mand of Captain Orville B. Kilmer, arrived at 
the Exposition, September |, and remained for 
one week. ‘This company, whose home station 
is at Warsaw, Ind., is one of the crack com- 
mands of the State, and was the only Indiana 
company which attended the inauguration of 
President Roosevelt in 1905. Company “ H,” 
better known as the ““ Warsaw Light Guards,” 
was organized in | 886, was called out for serv- 
ice in the Spanish War and was mustered into 
the United States Army as Company “H,” 
160th Indiana Volunteers. Later it was reor- 


ganized and assigned to the 3rd Infantry. It 
was one of the best drilled visiting companies. 


HONORABLE WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST 


September 2.—Labor Day was one of the 
events of the Exposition. The Auditorium, 
large as it was, could not hold a fraction of the 


COMPANY “H” THIRD INFANTRY INDIANA NATIONAL GUARD 


SLSAND GNV SYANVAdS “AALLINNOD AVG 


: ee pita ined, 


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Diary—-September. 


MR. HEARST SPEAKING 


crowd that gathered to hear Hon. William 
Randolph Hearst and Hon. Samuel Gompers. 
An imposing military parade preceded the ora- 
tions which were delivered from the Grand 
Stand on Lee’s Parade. ‘The speakers were 
introduced by Mr. Tucker, President of the 
Exposition. Mr. Hearst’s oration was notable 


for its calmness, clearness and force. He said: 

“There is no reason for hostility between employer and 
employee, between capitalist and wage-earner. Capital is but 
the accumulation of wealth which employer and employee create 
together. Wages are but the division of profits. Both employer 
and employee are entitled to their share of the profits, and as 
long as the division is just and equable there is no occasion for 
conflict. If the division is not just, it can always be made so 
by arbitration, and there is still no occasion for conflict. 

“Let us regard one another as fellow workingmen and 
treat one another with consideration and tolerance. Let us all 
labor harmoniously to create wealth in order that there may 
be the greatest possible amount to be justly divided. ‘A con- 
dition of class hatred such as has developed in Colorado is a 
curse to this country.’ ” 


Mr. Hearst reviewed conditions in San Fran- 
cisco, and he defended the union laborer there 
for demanding more for his labor since he was 
compelled to pay more for his sustenance. De- 
fining prosperity he said: 


“Prosperity means, first, the creation of wealth, and then 
the distribution of wealth. We all realize the advantage of 
putting money into circulation, but how are we going to put 
money into circulation on any large scale except in good wages 
to workers and good prices 'o farmers? If | buy a block of 
land worth a million dollars, there is really no money to put 
into circulation. There is the transfer on the books of some 
bank, and a million dollars which stood in my name now stands 
under somebody else’s name. That's all. No one else is 
benefited. But if I put up a million-dollar building on that 
block I pay out thousands of dollars to bricklayers and thou- 
sands of dollars to iron workers and thousands of dollars to 
carpenters and plasterers and plumbers, and that money is 
spent by hundreds of men for hundreds of families in food 
and clothes and supplies and rent—in necessities and luxuries 
and amusements, and the whole community is benefited. Pros- 
perity for the producing classes means prosperity for the com- 
mercial classes. It means prosperity for me as a newspaper 
man. It means prosperity for every business man.” 


He defended all labor organizations but re- 
pudiated the lawless acts of men within or with- 


out the ranks of union labor, and he said: 

“Let us combat organization that operates for evil with 
organization that cperates for good. Let us fight the trusts and 
oppressive monopolies, not with the slings and arrows of an 
age that is past, but with a modern armament with the twelve- 
inch batteries and disciplined battalions of an age of organiza- 
tion. Let us organize a union of all good citizens to preserve 
our Government as the patriots founded it, to conduct it impar- 
tially for the benefit of all and to perpetuate for our children 
the independence, equality and opportunity which our fathers 
with devotion, sacrifice and heroism won for us.” 


Mr. Gompers, who followed Mr. Hearst, 
declared that the man of labor of the past with 


259 


bent back and receding forehead, the man with 
the hoe, no longer typifies labor, particularly 
American labor. “* The American workman 
stands erect, looking his fellow man squarely 
in the eye, insistent upon his just demands, as 
the equal of all his fellows, striving, aspiring to 
the highest development of justice among men.” 


Copyright, Harris & Ewing 


HONORABLE SAMUEL GOMPERS 


Mr. Gompers discussed the abuse of the writ 
of injunction. He claimed that no lawyer 
would dispute that this writ should be exercised 
only for the protection of property rights and 
that: 


“There must be no other adequate remedy at law. That: 
It must never be used to curtail personal rights. That: 
It must never be used in an effort to punish crime. That: 


It must never be used cs a means to deny freedom of 
speech. That: 

It must never be used to deny the freedom of the press. 
That: 

It must not be used as a means to set aside trial by jury.” 

We protest against the discrimination of the court 
against the laboring men of our country which deprives them 
of their constitutional guarantee of equality before law. The 
injunctions which the courts issue against labor are  sup- 
posed by them to be good enough law to-day when there 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


\ YS \ es 


«4 Lh’ 


= 


‘Copyright. Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MR. GOMPERS SPEAKING 


exists a dispute between workmen and their employers, but it 
is not good law, in fact it is not law at all, to-morrow or next 
day when no such dispute exists. The injunctions issued against 
workmen are never used or issued against any other citizen of 
our country. It is an attempt to deprive citizens of our coun- 
try, when those citizens are workmen, of the right of trial by 
jury. It is an effort to fasten an offense on them when they 
are innocent of any wrong doing. It is an indirect assertion of 
a property right in men when those men are working, engaged 
in a lawful effort to protect or advance their lawful rights and 
interests. The injunctions issued in trade disputes are to make 
outlaws of men when they are not even charged with doing 
things in violation of law of State or Nation. The injunctions 
issued in labor disputes are not based on law, but are a species 
of judicial legislation—judicial usurpation in the interests of 
a money power against workmen, innocent of any unlawful 
or criminal act, the doing of the lawful acts rende.ing the 
workmen guilty of contempt of court. 


Of the labor union, he said: 


“Out of all the struggles of the past, the labor movement 
of our time represents the best expression of the aspiration for 
the future. It is an evolutionary, not a revolutionary move- 
ment. It aims to make to-day a freer and a better one than it 
was yesterday; to make to-morrow and to-morrow’s to-morrow 
each a brighter day than the one it followed, to achieve the 
day and the time for which poets have sung and philosophers 
have dreamed, which it is the mission of labor to fulfill, to 
that day when | 

“Man to man shall a brother be, 
For a’ that and a’ that.” 


Company “ F,” Sixth Regiment Infantry, 
Massachusetts Volunteers, arrived in the morn- 
ing. [his company is known as the “ Davis 
Guards,” taking their name from the body 
of minute men who fought in the battle of 
Lexington under Captain Isaac Davis. That 
officer lost his life in the battle and was the 
first American commissioned officer to be killed 
in the Revolutionary War. The organiza- 
tion has continued without any serious lapse 


from the battle of Lexington to the present time. 
It was a part of the famous “Old Sixth’ 
which made the march through Baltimore in 
61. The “ Davis Guards” were the only 
military organization from Massachusetts which 
visited the Exposition. “They were very hand- 
somely entertained at the Massachusetts build- 
ing while they were in camp. The command- 
ing officer, Captain Franklin J. Taylor, was 
entertained by Colonel Philip Reade, Twenty- 
third Infantry, U. S. A., and was highly com- 
plimented upon the personal appearance and 
discipline of his company. Few companies 
have a better record than the ““ Davis Guards.” 
For years they have maintained their maximum 
strength and rarely fail to have one hundred 
per cent. present for duty at inspection. ‘Their 
full quota was at the Exposition. 

September 4.—One of the most successful of 
the city celebrations at the Exposition was 
Kansas City Day. Mayor H. M. Beardsley 
had appointed a strictly business committee to 
look after the celebration, and the committee, 
headed by W. A. McGowan, the Chairman, 
attended to their business. Thirty-three hun- 
dred people came from Kansas City and the 
adjacent territory for this specific occasion, and 
perhaps not less than three thousand others jour- 
neyed from various sections of the United States 
in order to be present. President Tucker and 
Mayor Riddick of Norfolk, welcomed the vis- 
itors who entered the Exposition shortly after 
two o'clock, headed by a band of music and 
numbering in the ranks more than a thousand 


marchers. ‘To these speeches the Hon. H. M. 


Mayor BEARDSLEY 
Kansas City 


Beardsley, the Chief Magistrate of Kansas 
City, feelingly responded. Captain John F 


CoMMISSIONER WILSON 
K. C. T. Bureau 


COMPANY “F” 


SIXTH REGIMENT INFANTRY MASSACHUSETTS VOLUNTEERS 


260 


Diary—September. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


GOVERNOR FLOYD AND STAFF AT THE NEW HAMPSHIRE BUILDING 


Pelletier, Chief of the Kansas City Fire Patrol, 
made an interesting address. The principal 
oration was delivered by H. G. Wilson, the 
Commissioner of the Kansas City Transporta- 
tion Bureau. Of Kansas City which he eulo- 
gized, Mr. Wilson said: 


“In the first place, it is the largest railway center in the 
United States, consequently in the world; it is at the practical 
head of navigation on the Missouri River. It is a manufactur- 
ing and distributing center for all classes of goods; located at 
the eastern edge of the great wheat and corn belt, it is a natural 
grain market; it has over ten million bushels elevator storage 
capacity and does fifty million dollars worth of grain business 
every year. It is the second largest flour milling center in the 
world. Its live stock and packing house business is only ex- 
ceeded by one other city, and by none its stock and feeder 
trade. 

“Coal and natural gas at its door, iron, cotton and lumber 
within a short day’s journey, reasonably fair transportation 
rates, a location in practically the geographical center of the 
country and at the gateway to the great southwest, which will 
eventually teem with its millions of population, make Kansas 
City the logical manufacturing center, where the industries 
must locate, for these are the factors that will not be over- 


looked.” 

September 5.—New Hampshire Day was 
celebrated without any speech-making. Gov- 
ernor Floyd and his party went sight-seeing 
during the morning and the afternoon exercises 
did not occur until 5:30 p. M. They began 
with a parade and artillery drill. In the review- 
ing stand besides the Governor and his family, 
were Councillor J. J. Jouett, Major-General 
R. B. Chile, Brigadier-General William Sul- 
livan, Brigadier-General George A. Kimball, 
Brigadier-General Alfred R. Evans, Colonel 
William Burpee, Colonel John H. Henry, 
Colonel Hertel Pariseau, Colonel William 
Wallace, Colonel R. K. Horn, all of whom 
were on the Governor’s staff; Congressman John 
Wesley Gaines of Tennessee; Colonel José 
Manterola of the Mexican Commission, and 
most of the Exposition officials. The crack 
band of the Twenty-third Infantry, headed the 
column of troops passing before the Chief 
Executive of New Hampshire. After the In- 


fantry had been reviewed the Twelfth Cavalry 
and Third Artillery passed the stand. Subse- 
quently there was an Artillery drill. At the 
conclusion of the review, Colonel Philip Reade 
of the Twenty-third and his staff paid their 
respects to the Governor. A delightful recep- 
tion was given in the evening at the New 
Hampshire Building. This was the first func- 
tion in that State House. ‘The interior was 
tastefully decorated with flags of New Hamp- 
shire, Virginia and the United States. In the 
receiving line were Governor Floyd, Mrs. and 
Miss Floyd; Mesdames Sullivan, Kimball, 
Evans, Burpee, Henry, Pariseau, Wallace, 
Horn and Moore. 


September 6.—One of the most successful 


Ist Jf JSlOlas 
Chicago Athletic Association 


meets in the history of the Amateur Athletic 
Union began September 5. A number of the 
world’s famous athletes contested for the hon- 
ors and nine new championship records* were 
established in a two days’ session at the Expo- 
sition. 


* The records of the winners in these events have been taken from the official list prepared by James E. Sullivan, President 
of the Amateur Athletic Union, for Spalding’s Athletic Almanac, and the records in these and all other cases refer to time 


or distance made in classes, not to world records.—Eb. 


261 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


‘ Jamestow n Official Photograph Corporation: 


Seated: 
. C. Brown, 


One hundred yard run— 
101-5 seconds, H. J. Huff, 
Chicago Athletic Association. 

Two hundred and_ twenty 
yards run—22 1-5 seconds, H. 
J. Huff, Chicago Athletic Asso- 
ciation—lowering previous best 
record by one-fifth of a second; 
R. L. Young of the Irish-Amer- 
ican Athletic Club, covering the distance in 
22 2-5 seconds at the 1906 meet. 

One quarter mile run—51 seconds, J. B. 
Taylor, University of Pennsylvania. 

Half-mile run, | minute, 55 1-5 seconds, M. 
W. Sheppard, Insh-American Athletic 
Club. 

Five mile run—26 minutes, 
4 seconds, J. J. Daly, Insh- 
American Athletic Club. The 
previous record for this distance 
was 26 minutes, 20 3-5 seconds, 
made by William Nelson of 
Boston Athletic Club in 1906. 

One hundred and_ twenty 


aw 


M. W. SHEPPARD 
LEA SAW 


J. J. Daty 


ARATE 


yard hurdle race—I5 3-5 sec- 
onds, Forrest Smithson, Multnomah A. A. 
Club. The previous record was 16 seconds, 
made by W. M. Armstrong, New York Ath- 
letic Club in 1906. 

Two hundred and twenty yard hurdle— 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Forrest SmitHson, MuLtNomaH A. A. CLus 


ders J. Harvey, M. J. SHeripan, Dr. J. Caucrietp, THos. F. Ritey, Bartow S. Weeks, James E. SuLtivan, 
E. E. Bass, T. E. Straus, W. H. RoBertson 


OFFICIALS AT NATIONAL A. A. U. CHAMPIONSHIPS, SEPTEMBER 6-7, 


1907 


25 1-5 seconds, J. J. Eller, 
Irish-American Athletic Club. 

Running high jump—6 feet, 
| inch, Con Leahy, Cork, Ire- 
land. 

Running broad jump-——23 
feet, 11 inches, Dan Kelly, 
University of Oregon—a_ rec- 
ord in this competition. Meyer 
Prinstein established a record of 24 feet, 7!/ 
inches, at Philadelphia, April 28, 1900, but 
that athlete’s best performance at any of the 
Amateur Athletic Association games was 22 
feet, 4 inches—a record made in 1906. 


pw, 
Je |S EELER 
J AZATG 


Copyright: Jamestown Official Pharosraee Corporation. 
Con LeaHy, WINNING HicH Jump 


Pole vault for height—12 feet, 3 inches, E. 


T. Cook, Jr., Irish-American Athletic Club. 
C. A. Allen of the same club, made the same 
vault. The bar was then raised 12 feet, 6 
inches, at which distance both men failed, but 
Allen withdrew in favor of Cook. This was 
the best vault ever made at an annual meet, 
although W. R. Dray of New Haven, Conn., 
vaulted 12 feet, 5'4 inches, May 18, 1907. 


‘a 


Geavile zht, Jamestown Official Photograph Connataiiont 


Eel COOK RV AULIING | | 2a EcameS RING 


Diary—September. 


feet, 534 inches, M. J. Sheri- 
dan, Irish American Athletic 
Club. 

Throwing the discus, Greek 
style—97 feet, 3'/y inches, M. 
J. Sheridan, Insh-American 
Athletic Club. 

Ten mile run—55 minutes, 
16 4-5 seconds, J. J. Daly, J 
Irish-American Athletic Club. g 

Cross country run—95 
minutes, 12 seconds, F. G. 
Bellars, New York Athletic 
Club. 

One mile walk—7 minutes, 
41 1-5 seconds, S. Liebgold, 
Pastime Athletic Club. 

Three mile walk—24§ 
minutes, 56 seconds, S. Lieb- 
gold, Pastime Athletic Club. 

Standing high jump—5 3 
feet, 7 inches, R. C. Ewry, 
New York Athletic Club. 

Standing broad jump—10 | 
feet, 8 inches, R. C. Ewry, 
New York Athletic Club. 


“Copyright, Jamestown O Photograph Corporation. 
Eh COOK yr: 
New York Athletic Club 


Putting the sixteen pound shot—49 feet, 61/4 
inches, Ralph Rose of the Olympic Club of 


RALPH ROSE 
Oe Gofal: 


a Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


FORREST SMITHSON, WINNING ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY YARD HURDLE RACE 


California. This broke the record which had 
been made by Rose—46 feet, 10 inches, and 
two weeks later this remarkable athlete broke 
his own record at the games of Montreal, 


Canada, hurling the iron 49 feet, 71% inches. 


Running hop, step and jump—44 feet, 9 
inches, P. Adams, New York Athletic Club. 
Pole leaping for distance—28 feet, M. J. 


Sheridan, Irish-American Athletic Club. 
Throwing fifty-six 


M. J. SHERIDAN 
1A. A.C 


263 


Throwing the sixteen pound 
hammer—171 feet, 34 inch, 
J. J. Flanagan, Irish-Amer- 
ican Athletic Club. Previous 
record 166 feet, 61/2 inches, 


OF made by the same athlete. 


Throwing fifty-six pound 
weight for distance—38 feet, 
8 inches, J. J. Flanagan, 


f Irish-American Athletic Club 


—a record superseding his 


© own previous best figures, 35 


feet, 7 inches, made in 1906. 


This throw was made under 


_the rule of a seven foot circle 
‘ without follow. 


Throwing the discus weigh- 
ing 414, ibs. from a seven foot 
circle without follow, 129 


pound weight for height 
—15 feet, 3 inches, M. 
J. McGrath, New 
York Athletic Club. 

Frequently the an- 
nual Senior and Junior 
Championships of the 
Amateur Athletic 
Union are held cotem- 
poraneously. This was 
the case in 1907. 

One hundred yard 
run—!0 2-5 seconds, 
P. C. Gehrardt, Olym- 
pic Club of Califor- 
nia. 
Two hundred and 


twenty yard run— 


22 1-5 seconds, W. J. 


M. J. McGRATH 
Ne YaAs G: 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


lila ssi 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 
P. C. Genrarpt, WINNING 100-yaRD JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP 


Keating, Irish-American Athletic Club. Previ- Running high jump—) feet, 9!/y inches, F. 
ous record, 22 4-5 seconds. F. Risley, Irish-American Athletic Club. 

Four hundred and forty yard run— 
51 2-5 seconds, G. B. Ford, New York 
Athletic Club. 

Eight hundred and 
eighty yard run—|1 
minute, 56 2-5 seconds, 
F. C. Sheehan, South 
Boston, Mass.  Pre- 
vious record, | minute, 
59 2-5 seconds. 

One mile run—4 
minutes, 304-5 sec- 
onds, J. J. Sullivan, 
Boston, Mass.,  clip- 
ping four seconds off of 
the previous record. 

Five mile run—27 
minutes, 101-5 sec- 
onds, A. R. Welton, 


Lawrence, Mass. Pre- 


A . vious record, 2/ . 
Tene minutes, 15 seconds. 
One hundred and _ 
re ; 
twenty yard hurdle—I6 1-5 seconds, C. (22 
Brinsmade, New Y ork Athletic Club. Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 
, James E. SuLiivan James M. Barr Bartow S. WEEKS 
Two hundred and twenty yard hurdle Pres. A. A. U. Dir.-Gen. Exposition Chair. Com. A. A. U. 


—25 2-5 seconds, W. S. Lee, New York 
Athletic Club. Previous record, 26 seconds Running broad jump—22 feet, 41/2 inches, 
flat. P. Adams, New York Athletic Club. 


Saget i ; Fue toes 
Photograph Corporation. 
F. C. SHEEHAN, WINNING 880-YARD JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP 


Copyright, Jamestown Official 


264 


Diary—September. 


se . eS 


- aos be la —— < 
notograph Corporation. 


Mumrorp, Seitz, Bettars, Kear, Forp, ApDAMs, Price, FIELDING, BrINSMADE, 


Burscu, Ropcers, Horcan, MAHOoNneEy, 


McGratH, DEARBORN, PEABODY, O'CONNELL, FARRELL, Lyons, Pitcrim, WALTHER, ZINK, BalLey, SCHAFFER, HausoLp, 
Septey, Moore, McEntee, McCuttocn, HERTBERG 


NEW YORK ATHLETIC CLUB TEAM AT A. A. U. CHAMPIONSHIP CONTESTS 


Pole vault for height—12 feet, E. T. Cook, 
Jr., Irish-American Athletic Club. 

Putting sixteen pound 
shot—43 feet, | 11/4 inches, 
W.Gilmore, Olympic Club 
of California. Previous 
record, 43 feet, 414 
inches. 

Throwing sixteen pound 
hammer — 161 feet, 2 
inches, M. J. McGrath, 
New York Athletic 
Club. 

Throwing fifty-six pound 
weight—37 feet, 34 inch, 
P. McDonald,  Irish- 
American Athletic Club. 
Previous record, 32 feet, 
2\4 inches. 

Throwing the discus— 
113 feet, 61% inches, L. J. 


4 oe he Talbott, Irish - American 
W. J. KEATING Athletic Club. 
LALA C Throwing the discus, 


Greek style—72 feet, 2144 
inches, W. W. Zeig, W. U. P. 


F 


ON Setecsted 
wet Ne 


ray. Je a eS ae 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporati 


The day’s meet was marred by an unfortu- 
nate accident. Brawny John J. Flanagan was 
making his final throw in the hammer event 
when the 
iron slipped 
from his 
hands and 
struck the leg 
of Charles J. 
Walsh of 
New York. 
Mr. Walsh’s 
sufferings 
were _ hardly 
greater than 
those of the 
giant athlete, 
who walked 
around with 
his hands ner- 
vously twitch- 


ing and his L. J. TALBOTT 

face showing [eAMAS GC 

the agony 

which he was enduring. After a _ few 


minutes he put on his hat, picked up his coat 


1, McLeop; 2, Cotuins; 3, Bacon; 4, NortHripce; 5, ELLter; 6, Newcoms; 7, Werers; 8, FRANK; 9, KEATING; 

10, Bonnac; 11, Taytor; 12, ArcHer; 13, LANGHAN; 14, ALLEN; 15, Bromitow; 16, Daty; 17, SHEPPARD; 18, SUL- 

LIVAN; 19, SHERIDAN; 20, Conway; 21, FLANAGAN; 22, Meyer; 23, McDona.tp; 24, TEEVAN; 25, RisLey; 26, RILEY; 
27, TaLBoTtT; 28, CLouGHEN; 29, Cook 


TRACK AND FIELD TEAM IRISH-AMERICAN ATHLETIC CLUB, NEW YORK 


265 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


and announced that he had thrown his last 
hammer. 

These championship events indicated that 
the /rish-A merican Athletic Club of New Y ork 
was the premier association of America. Of 
the sixteen events they were first in ten. In 
field trials they were invincible, but were beaten 
by other clubs on the track in the short distance 
runs. In the total number of points scored the 
Olympic Club, which had crossed the continent 
from San Francisco came in second and the 
New York Athletic Club third. 

September 8.—Two baggage cars, a day 
coach, five tourist sleepers and a standard Pull- 
man car formed the special train of the Corps 
of Engineers, Ohio National Guard, who 
ys : arrived at the Expo- 
sition on that even- 
ing. The routine 
observed during the 
encampment included 
a morning drill at 
7:30, guard mount 
at 9:15, and parade 
at 4:30 in the after- 
noon. The total 
strength of the bat- 
talion while in camp 
was thirteen officers 
and one hundred and 
seventy-eight enlisted men under the command 
of Major J. R. McQuigg. On Tuesday, Sep- 
tember 10, the Governor of Ohio, accompanied 
by his staff, General John C. Speaks and other 
officers, visited the corps. The battalion had 
been formed and the Commander-in-Chief of 
the State troops was received with fitting hon- 
ors. The officers of the corps attended a recep- 
tion that evening given by the Governor of 
Virginia, Governor Harris of Ohio, and Gov- 
ernor Higgins of Rhode Island. Wednesday 
morning the battalion was inspected and mus- 
tered by Major Duffy of the Adjutant-Gen- 
eral’s Department. In the afternoon the corps 
participated in the military review which was a 
part of the ceremonies of Ohio Day. In the 


MAJOR J. R. McQUIGG 
Corps of Engineers O. N. G. 


oe 


CORPS OF ENGINEERS OHIO NATIONAL GUARD AT DEEPWATER PIER 


evening the officers attended a reception given 
by Governor and Mrs. Harris at the Ohio 
Building. On this occasion eight non-com- 
missioned officers of the corps acted as ushers. 
Thursday evening, Lieutenant-Colonel Alfred 
C. Sharp of the General Staff, U. S. A., joined 
the command and remained with it in the 
capacity of government inspector until Colum- 
bus was reached on the return trip. Colonel 
Sharp observed the battalion drills in the morn- 
ing and made numerous valuable suggestions 
as to the execution of the movements. After 
the drill the officers were assembled at head- 
quarters for two hours. Colonel Sharp gave a 
most interesting and instructive talk on paper 
and record work and company and battalion 
administration and discipline. The last bat- 
talion parade of the encampment was held at 
5:00 p. M. on Friday, and was viewed by a 
large number of people. The corps broke 
camp Saturday morning, September 14, at 
7:30, and embarked at Deepwater Pier for 
Newport News where they boarded their 
private train. 

This Ohio Corps which was organized May 
30, 1898, was mustered into the United 
States service July 7 of that year. After 
serving nine months in the Spanish-American 
War it was mustered out of the service and 
returned to take its place in the Guard. It is 
a distinct organization; is not a part of any 
regiment, nor in any way attached or connected 
with a regiment; complete in itself and subject 
only to the orders of the President of the United 
States and the Governor of Ohio. All clothing, 
arms and equipments are furnished by the 
United States Government, and in appearance 
the corps exactly resembles the engineers of the 
Regular Army. To the uninitiated these men 
seemed like regulars and when they first ap- 
peared at the Exposition it was thought that 
another branch of the United States Army had 
joined the forces under General Grant. Major 
McQuigg and his fellow officers were the 
recipients of many compliments. 

September 9.—Delegates from sixteen states 


266 


Diary—September. 


were present at the High Tent of the Independ- 
ent Order Rechabites held at the Auditorium. 
It was their fifty-fifth annual meeting. This old 
English order in America chose the Jamestown 
Exposition for their convention place because 
the fair commemorated the first English settle- 
ment in the country. The historic facts of the 
order relate principally to the sailing of the 
early English to America. ‘‘ Our British 
Order ” was the subject of the address of Past 
High Chief Ruler S. W. Willis of Pittsburgh, 
Pa. ‘ Crime Caused by Drink ”’ was discussed 
at some length by J. T. Rolfe of the Washing- 
ton police force. Colonel J. C. Lee of Wash- 
ington delivered an address on “ The Future 
of Our Order.” The final speech of the day 
was delivered by Mr. Golden of the Soldiers 
and Sailors’ Club at the Exposition. He told 
of the work being done for enlisted men at the 
Exposition and of the success which he had met 
in trying to inculcate the ideas of higher 
morality as taught by the Rechabites. 
September 10.—Rhode Island Day. Cele- 
brating their State day on the anniversary of 
the victory which the famous Rhode Islander, 
Commodore Perry, gained over the British 
fleet on Lake Ene in the War of 1812, Goy- 
ernor J. H. Higgins and a large party from 
“ Little Rhody ” gathered at the Exposition. 
Rhode Island had played an important part in 
the celebration. “The Commissioners of that 
State were the first to visit the Exposition, they 
first broke ground for a building and they were 
among the first to install their exhibits. These 
facts had received full recognition and the Vir- 
ginians were especially eager to welcome the 
Rhode Islanders. The exercises in the Audi- 
torium began at 11:30. The Governor and his 
party were welcomed by President Tucker for 
the Exposition and Lieutenant-Governor Elly- 
son for Virginia. Justice John Taggard Blod- 
gett, the President of the Commission, occupied 
the chair. In his brief introductory speech he 
sketched some of the early history of the State 
and in presenting the speakers continued to 
weave a fabric of historic interest. When Gov- 
ernor Higgins was presented he received an en- 
thusiastic ovation. Really young, he looked 
younger than he was, and he proved to be one 
of the most magnetic speakers who visited the 


Exposition. He said: 

The friendship existing between Virginia and Rhode 
Island is of no recent origin. From the early stages of the 
civilized colonization of this hemisphere our interests, our senti- 
ments and our tendencies have been very much along similar 
lines. Our march along the path of progress has been simul- 
taneous and mutual. It was only a few years after the historic 
settlement of John Smith at Jamestown, which this Exposition 
is now commemorating, that our own Roger Williams, fleeing 
from the unprogressive spirit of intoleration, blazed his way 
through the wilderness of the Narragansett territory, and founded 
the settlement of Providence. Through the dark days of the 
succeeding century and a half, our trials and struggles were 
kindred in their nature. Both carried the torch of civilization 
with undying devotion in spite of adversities of every kind, 
including the attack of the Indian and the terror of disease. 

In the stirring times preceding the Revolution our opposi- 
tion to the tyranny of George III was no less marked than 
that of the Old Dominion. The thrilling tones of Patrick 
Henry, voicing the indignation of a wronged people in Vir- 
ginia, were ably seconded by our Stephen Hopkins, Samuel 
Ward, our Browns and Ellerys and others of like vigorous 
patriotism. 

In the great conflict for independence which followed, our 
boys fought hand in hand and shoulder to shoulder in a com- 
mon cause. Second to your Washington only, in ability, tact 
and glory, was our own immortal Nathaniel Greene. 


267 


We meet to-day to celebrate Rhode Island Day at this 
Exposition under peculiarly auspicious circumstances. It is 
a day upon which history was made for America and eternal 
glory for Rhode Island. It is a day upon which the reputation 
and valor of the American se‘lor were placed upon an endur- 
ing and noble basis. In the consummation of these happy 
results Rhode Island played a leading role. Ninety-four years 
ago to-day the British fleet was soundly trounced on Lake Erie 
by the American forces, with Oliver Hazard Perry of Rhode 
Island in supreme command. We, therefore, take particular 
pride in every September 10th, and, with Virginia, we claim 
an honored place in the making of American history by furnish- 
ing the second greatest soldier of the Revolution and the great- 
est naval hero of the War of 1812, perhaps the greatest in all 
American history. 


Concluding his speech the Governor said: 

And now, sirs, our gratitude and appreciation to the Lieu- 
tenant-Governor of the old Dominion, who, speaking for his 
thousands of fellow citizens, has welcomed us here to-day: That 
your distinguished Commonwealth may continue to grow in 
wealth, numbers and patriotism, is our greeting of to-day, and 
the sincerest wish from your sister State of Little Rhody, which, 
although not like Virginia, the Mother of Presidents, is, never- 
theless, like Virginia, the Mother of Patriots. 


President, William H. P. Faunce, D. D., 
LL.D., of Brown University, was the orator 


WM. H: P/ FAWNCE, D.D;, LL.D. 
President Brown University 


of the occasion, and he made a distinctly bril- 
liant address. Referring to pre-English at- 


tempts at civilization, Dr. Faunce said: 

The Spaniards had previously colonized the Pacific slope 
and penetrated far into Mexico and South America. But their 
memorials to-day are names on the map, the crumbling ruins of 
the famous missions, and the thrillingly, heroic story of a light 
that failed. The French dominated at one time large sections 
of North America, and still the French language is the ver- 
nacular of millions in the United States and Canada. But 
the dominant temper of our civilization is not French or Span- 
ish, not Latin or Celtic; it is the temper of the English-speak- 
ing race. 


Dr. Faunce quoted the opinion of the Right 
Honorable James Bryce that Rhode Island 
was the most interesting corner in the Republic. 
He said that Rhode Island was in some respects 
far more closely related to Virginia than it was to 
the northern States which immediately adjoin 


its and that Rhode Island had always had a 


life of its own with a flavor that was distinctly 


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Sn AER AG. tite 


Diary—September. 


individual. He recited as the principal defect 
of American life in general, from the viewpoint 
of Europeans, that it was monotonous, that 
dialects were similar and that costumes, modes 
of life, standards, ideals, currency, advertise- 
ments and architecture all were practically 
identical, and he claimed that we need in 
America more “ provincialism’’—more of a 
resolve to maintain historic traditions and land- 
marks, among the flood of meaningless novel- 


ties. He continued: 

In any such attempt to conserve and compare traditions, we 
at once become conscious of the kinship of Rhode Island and 
Virginia. It is with no disrespect to the noble State of Massa- 
chusetts that we of Rhode Island acknowledge that even to-day 
our little State fronts southwards. It understands Washington 
and Jefferson far better than it understands Cotton Mather and 
John Winthrop. Our people visit New York and Philadelphia 
far more naturally and easily than they visit Boston and Spring- 
field, and they do this not because they still cherish colonial 
grievances, but because they are dimly conscious of a sympathy 
with some ideals more fully expressed by the Cavaliers than by 
the Puritans. Twice has the English race found permanent 
expression on this continent—in 1607 at Jamestown, and in 
1620 at Plymouth. It would take us far afield to attempt to 
elaborate the extraordinary contrast in those two settlements. 
Suffice it to say that Rhode Island, beyond any other section of 
New England, is by its history and tradition qualified to 
appreciate the temper and motives of the southern colony. 


The speaker said that while it would be 
foolish to indulge in local Pharisaism, for every 
part of our broad land has produced men of 
unswerving principle and lofty character, 
Rhode Island had contributed to the national 
life in the exaltation of personal honor and in- 
tegrity in private and public life, and the finest 
example of a moral and religious pioneer. As 
to the latter he instanced Roger Williams, 
whose claims to primacy it were hard to dis- 
pute. As to the former he said: “ It has been 
remarked that what orthodoxy was for a cen- 
tury in Massachusetts, financial solvency was 


in Rhode Island. The fear of heresy in the 


one colony was paralleled by the scorn for dis- 
honesty in the other.’’ Referring to the fathers 
of the Nation, Dr. Faunce said: 


The founders did not contemplate a sheer and unmitigated 
democracy. hey feaed on the one hand an_ individual 
military dictatorship and on the other hand they feared the 
power of the mob. They were as afraid of Demos as of 
Cesar. Consequently they carefully balanced their govern- 
mental system, centralizing certain powers in a federal govern- 
ment, localizing certain powers in the various states, and resery- 
ing all other powers for the sovereign people. They estab- 
lished a mediate government through representatives, rather than 
the immediate government of pure democracy. 


The speaker showed that these ideals were 
still potent in his State and that the restless 
desire for experience which characterizes some 
other commonwealths, is particularly unwel- 


come to Rhode Island. He did not unduly 
exalt tradition and frankly admitted that adher- 
ence to the past might become thoughtless and 
blind, but he said that loyalty to their traditions 
had been more beneficial. In conclusion he 
said a strong word for co-operation: 


In the twentieth century the individual is helpless if he 
stands isolated. Only as we find our fellows do we find our- 
selves. Independence is a noble word, provided it conducts us 
to interdependence which is nobler still. To stand apart from 
one’s fellows when they are wrong is the elementary courage 
of the reformer and the pioneer; to stand with one’s fellows 
in order to set them right is the loftier courage and sounder 
philosophy and nobler citizenship to which we now aspire. 
If Rhode Island, true to its historic emphasis on the dignity 
and yalue of personality, shall perceive more and more clearly 
that only through social coherence and civic co-operation can 
personality be achieved and expressed, then the smallest State 
in our national territory may be the largest in the value of its 
message, and from our “lively experiment’ shall issue streams 
of hee water for the refreshment and rejuvenation of the 
world. 


269 


Following a lunch which was tendered by 
the Exposition Company to the distinguished 
visitors there was a review of the troops, in 
which all the regulars participated, and subse- 
quently an exhibition drill by the ‘Twelfth Cav- 
alry. A reception at the Rhode Island Build- 
ing, given by the Commission to Governor Hig- 
gins and his party, took place in the afternoon, 
and in the evening Governor Swanson, who had 
just arrived from Richmond for the ceremonies, 
entertained with Mrs. Swanson at the Virginia 
Building. 

In the Convention Hall of the Exposition 
the Jamestown Dental Convention was called 
to order by the chairman of the organization 
committee, Dr. Burton Lee Thorpe of St. 
Louis. In an opening address, Dr. Thorpe 
spoke of the good work which has been accom- 
plished by Drs. F. W. Stiff, H. W. Campbell 
and R. H. Waller, representing the Virginia 
State Dental Association, in their efforts to 
secure a meeting of the national body at James- 
town. Dr. Thorpe represented the National 
Dental Association and Dr. Thomas R. Hin- 
man represented the Southern Branch of that 
association on the committee which was com- 
posed also of the three gentlemen representing 
Virginia. President Mason of the Southern 
Branch, afterwards by request, added Dr. J. 
E. Chase of Ocala, Florida, and Dr. C. J. 
Grieves of Baltimore, to the committee. ° The 
speaker paid a tribute to the Virginia State 
Dental Association, who had emptied their 
treasury in financing the convention, to the 
Southern Branch which gave substantial aid, 
to the Maryland State Dental Association and 
the North Carolina State Dental Association, 
and to Drs. J. Y. Crawford, V. E. Turner, 
Charles L. Alexander, E. J. Tucker and C. A. 
Bland, who made personal donations to aid the 
work of organizing. Hon. Harry St. George 
Tucker followed the speaker and delivered an 
extremely cordial address of welcome. Among 
other things he said: “* You know an exposi- 
tion is useless unless it demonstrates the advance 
of the people in some directions. I want you, 
before your adjournment—and I have offered 
myself as a victim—to demonstrate to the world 
that a tooth may be extracted and that a nerve 
may be killed without pain. I have seen adver- 
tisements to that effect in newspapers, but I am 
not altogether willing to be- 
lieve them, and I offer 
myself for the benefit 


of human Tty an age 
J We-Es gleston of 
Richmond, addressed 
the conven tion on be- 
half of the profession 
in Virginia. He likened 
the welcome which the 
V ir ginians extended to 
their visit ing broth- 
ers to the Dr. Epwarp EccLeston greetin cf 
which the Pres. Va. State Dental Acen. A 1 k aN) gr 
sawyer ex tended to 


the visitor who could play the violin: ‘‘ Git 
down, stranger, and come in. Boy, take the 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition, 


stranger's hoss and put 
him in the cornhouse 
and stop the door with 
a stack of fodder. 
Come right in, stran- 
ger, and set down. 
Take a cheer, take 
two cheers. Pull up 
to the table and pour 
out your coffee in two 
cups, sweeten it twice, 
and stir it with two 
spoons. Durn the ex- 
pense.” And he said, |° 
“That is the way we | will | 
feel toward you.” i eae on 
Dr. Edward Egglee da 

ston of Richmond, ~~ 
President of the Vir- 
ginia State Dental 
Association, was next 
introduced, and was 
especially happy in his 
greeting. Dr. W. G 


a "DR 
H 


— 


-— 


Mason, President of is 


the Southern Branch 
of the National Dental Association, also wel- 
comed the visitors, and Dr. J. Y. Crawford of 
Nashville, Tenn., delivered an eloquent and 
scholarly address brimful of historic facts and 
logical deductions from records. To the 
various addresses of welcome, Dr. J. D. Pat- 
terson of Kansas City, Mo., responded. He 
said: 

“We feel that our hearts warm to the South; to Virginia; 
to the Jamestown Exposition; to the organizers of the Dental 
Congress; to every association assisting, and to every individual 
who has brought his mite and his presence. Little they thought 
who first made their settlement on this shore that one day—our 
day—would see a congress of dentists here, but in the enroll- 
ment of the world’s beneficences, dental surgery, by inherent 
right, occupies a prominent position as one of the professions 
which administer to the comfort and advancement of the indi- 
vidual and of the world. 

We are proud to be here at 


the opening exercises of the 
present great convocation.” 


r. V. E. Tumer 
of Raleigh, N. C., the 
President of the Con- 


vention, next spoke. 


Among other things 
he said: 


“We know that perma- 
nent advance in any science 
is incomplete, and to a cer- 
tain extent ineffectual, with- 
out a record of the means 
and the men who have been 
factors in that advancement. 
As no country can progress in 
all that makes a nation great 
without keeping in mind the 
previously existing conditions 
and the means employed to 
improve these conditions, so 
it is necessary for a scientific 
calling like dentistry to record 5 
and preserve the various steps 
in its upbuilding. In this way | 
the scientific gathering fur- \| 
nishes the opportunity for \\ 
putting on record and _ pre- \ 
serving the new facts which 
have been ascertained, and all 
the verified steps which have 
been taken in the labor upon 
the yet unsolved problems of 
dental science.” 


Referring to the de- 
velopment of dentistry 


SA 
waned 
Fe 

ne) 


Wat Ker VA ioe 


Y. CRAWFORD 
on. PRES. TEN. 


OFFICERS JAMESTOWN DENTAL CONVENTION 


Bueror, q ol 
a oe TH 
7 CHAIRMAN. 

Gane 


COMMITTEE OF ORGANIZATION 
THE JAMESTOWN DENTAL CONVENTION 


in this country, he 
said : 

“With hardly more than 
a dozen practitioners a cen- 
tury ago, we have now in this 
country over forty-five thou- 
sand, and those men who 
spend their lives in the effort 
to ameliorate human suffering 
are ever on the alert for en- 
lightenment and truth, and 
to such what can be more 
attractive than this _histor- 
ical and educational exposi- 
tion, celebrating the birth 
of this the greatest of all 
nations.” 


Dr. Etcheparabor- 
da of Buenos Ayres, 
Argentine Republic, 
who came to the con- 
vention as a delegate 
from lEcole Den- 
taire, of Paris; Dr. 
A. J. Wright — of 
Perth, Australia; Dr. 
Karol Jakubowski of 
Lemberg, Austria; 
Dr. Ernesto Paz of 
Mexico City, Mexico; 
and Dr. Robert N. 
LeCrone of London, England, were made hon- 
orary Vice-Presidents of the convention, and 
each of these gentlemen spoke briefly. 

The convention was in session three days, 
holding two meetings each day, and after the 
first meeting subjects of scientific interest to the 
profession only were discussed. 

In connection with the Dental Convention 
there was an exposition of dental goods which 
elicited the admiration and wonder not only 
of the visiting laymen but of hundreds of den- 
tists. [he main feature of the exhibit, which 
cost so much money and labor to assemble, was 
the United States Dental Exhibit, in charge of 
Naval Dental Sur- 
geon, Richard Grady. 
As a part of this there 
were included hun- 
dreds of charts show- 
ing the teeth of young 


men, and _ indicating 
hi how the teeth were 
jaye filled, crowned and 
Pease treated, etc. The 


progress of recording 
was so perfect that a 
subject could be com- 
pletely identified after 
death, no matter how 
mutilated otherwise his 
Ge Ss body might be so long 
= . — as the jaws remained 

intact. Dr. William 
Bebb, the naturalist, 
brought from Los An- 
geles a most remarka- 
ble collection of com- 
parative anatomy 
specimens, and Drs. 
V.H. Jackson, C. S. 
Case and Martin 
Dewey made a full 


INC ec: Me. 
PRE AREWCE ita = 


270 


Diary—September. 


orthodontia exhibit demonstrating the advance- 
ment of dental science in regulating teeth and 
resetting jaws. The two casting outfits, new 
inventions which have revolutionized dentistry, 
used in the filling of teeth with gold, replacing 
the old method of using the mallet, were exhib- 
ited by Drs. Taggart and Jamieson. Other 
exhibits showed the latest models in dental 
machinery, material used in dentistry, medicines 
recommended by dentists for the preservation 
of the teeth, and powders, washes and tooth 
pastes. The commercial exhibit was particu- 
larly strong. While the dentists were in session 
clinical demonstrations were daily given. 

The Seventh Annual Convention of the 
American Veterans of Foreign Service met at 
10:00 A. M., Commander Charles H. Devereux 
presiding. ‘T. B. Forster was appointed Act- 
ing Adjutant-General. Three meetings were 
held daily during the three days they were in 
session. As has been customary, following all 
wars in which the United States had a part, 
semi-military organizations have been formed. 
This association is one of the most important of 
those connected with the War with Spain. It 
was organized in Philadelphia and chartered 
under the State laws of Pennsylvania, with 
subordinate posts in almost every State east of 


D. T. Nevin 


Quartermaster-Gen’l. Nat'l. Commander 


The Veterans are all 


H. H. WaLton 
Adjutant-Gen’l. 


P. CLIFTON WEsT 


the Mississippi River. 
honorably discharged soldiers, sailors and 
marines who saw service either in Cuba, Porto 
Rico, China or the Philippine Islands during 
the period from April, 1898, to July 4, 1902. 
They have held annual conventions since the 
first in the fall of 1902; and the one at James- 
town was the most successful. D. T. Nevin of 
Philadelphia, Pa., was elected National Com- 
mander; Levi Huber, Senior Vice-Commander ; 
T. B. Forster, Junior Vice-Commander; J. B. 
Teagarden, Judge Advocate Generai; Dr. A. 
B. Gloninger, General Surgeon; R. S. Hans- 
bury, F. Herold and J. E. Thorne, Inspector- 
Generals; H. H. Walton, Adjutant-General ; 
P. Clifton West, Quartermaster-General, and 
G. Kerslake, Chaplain. 

The Children’s School Farm entertained a 
number of the exhibitors from the Social 
Economy Building. More than thirty of them 
gathered under the awning which surrounded 
the farm house and were served with luscious 
vegetables picked from the farm and ice tea 
flavored with home grown mint. Mr. Parsons 
presided at the entertainment and was assisted 
by Miss King and Miss Pickett. 

September 11.—Ohio Day. Honorable 


Claude A. Swanson, Governor of Virginia, 
271 


extended a hearty welcome to the delegation 
from the ‘‘ Buckeye State.’’ He expressed 
the pride that Virginia takes in the record of 
her great daughter whose pioneers and settlers 
were for the large part Virginians. He in- 
stanced among these venturesome spirits, George 
Rogers Clark, who was one of the really 
great heroic figures of America’s heroic age. 
Briefly referring to the time when Virginia and 
Ohio had been divided in opinion and the sons 
of each had faced in bloody war the sons of 
the other, he declared that it was two sons of 
Ohio who had been most largely instrumental 
in bridging the bloody chasm carved by the 
Civil War—General U. S. Grant, the gener- 
ous victor at Appomattox, and Major William 
McKinley, the kindly President of the United 


States, chief executive of no section. 

For the Exposition, Mr. Tucker gave a 
greeting no less hearty. He complimented 
Ohio and Ohioans, and referred to the vastly 
disproportionately large number of important 
public men that Ohio was giving to the Nation. 

Governor Harris, of Ohio, responded to 
these words of welcome and declared that he 
regretted that more Ohioans were not present 
to see the great Exposition and assist him and 
his party in telling the people at home what 
had been achieved here and how grossly the fair 
had been misrepresented. 

The orator of the occasion was former 
Attorney-General, Judge Judson Harmon of 
Cincinnati, who eulogizing his native State, paid 
a high compliment to Virginia whom he called 
the mother of Ohio. His speech, remarkable in 
many ways, was especially notable as an argu- 
ment for State’s nghts. He reviewed Virginia’s 


cession of the northwest territory and said: 


That there might be no question about the political future 
of the country she gave up, Virginia made and Congress 
accepted her grant on the express condition that “ the territory 
so ceded shall be laid out and formed into states, not less than 
three nor more than five, to be distinct republican States and 
admitted members of the Federal Union, having the same 
rights of sovereignty, freedom and independence as the other 
States.” 

The people of Ohio cherish still, as they always have 
done, the “ rights of sovereignty, freedom and independence ™’ as 
well as the membership in the Union, thus secured to them. 
They might have gained these otherwise, but are none the less 
grateful for the precaution taken by Virginia which assured 
them. And they have justified her by the use they have made 
of those rights. 

They realize that for a people who have set out to govern 
themselves to look to some one else, no matter whom, to help 
govern them, is a confession of unfitness. They are proud of 
the Governor who, when pleaded with to call for Federal 
troops, said Ohio could take care of herself, as she did. 

They know that authority once surrendered or qualified is 
never regained, no matter how bitter the regret. They have 
learned that encroaching power is sometimes well meant and 
always strews its path with attractive present benefits. And 
they have that sovereign virtue of a free people—patience to 
endure tor a time, if need be, while they work out through 
their own agencies the difficulties which changing circumstances 
are ever presenting. 

And the people of Ohio have no excuse for lapsing from 
the virtue of self-reliance. They have shown that they know 
how to deal with trusts and combinations organized and con- 
ducted in defiance of the laws of trade and the rules of fair 
dealing. They are sure they better than others can control with- 
out crippling the corporations they create, and fix the condi- 
tions on which those created by other sovereignties may do 
business within their borders. And they are not willing to 
yield the right to do this to any other power, or to have it 
qualified save by the condition, to which they have given irre- 
vocable consent that they must act justly with respect to rights 
lawfully acquired. 


He concluded by saying: 


The people of each State can best decide for themselves, 
fiom time to time, what mcasures to adopt and judge their 
operation and effect. They can better and more promptly 


repebett 


oncenptiteenl sameoepeonaeennte 


ALYVd TWIOISAO GNV OIHO 


dO 


ST 


YVH YONYAAOD 


Diary—September. 


HONORABLE JUDSON HARMON 


correct or change them to suit their case, as trial may suggest. 
And each State will have the benefit of the experience of the 
other States as well as its own. If a measure prove wise it will 
promptly be adopted wherever conditions require it. If it 
prove unwise the less scope it has the better. 

What higher hope can | express, in conclusion, than that 
when Virginia and Ohio meet from century to century, as no 
doubt they will, to celebrate their origin on this spot, they may 
greet each other as they do to-day, as ° free, independent and 
sovereign; States whose dignity is magnified and glorified, not 
reduced or obscured, by the Union to whose greatness they 
contribute and in whose glory they share. 


At the close of Judge Harmon's address, 
Miss Martha Worthington, of Washington, 
D. C., a great granddaughter of the first Gov- 
ernor of Ohio, whose historic old home 
“ Adena,” at Chillicothe, was reproduced at 
the Exposition as the State Building, read an 
ode to the Old Mansion written by her sister, 
Miss Anne Worthington. 

After luncheon Governor Harris reviewed 
the United States Troops, the Second Ohio 
Regiment and the Ohio State Corps of Engi- 


BN Se 


neers. Following the parade the Third Artil- 
lery, U. S. A., gave an exhibition drill. The 
day’s ceremonies closed with a reception ten- 
dered by the Ohio Commissioners to the Gov- 
ernor and his party at the Ohio Building. 
Several hundred people were present. 

The Second Battalion of the Fourth Infan- 
try, Maryland National Guard, commanded 
by Major Harry C. Jones, left Baltimore on 
the morning of September 11, and went into 
camp at the Exposition grounds on the evening 
of that day. Next day they acted as escort to 
His Excellency, Governor Warfield of Mary- 
land, receiving him at the Government wharf 
with military honors and heading the line of 
march to the Auditorium where the Maryland 
Day exercises took place. By express permis- 
sion from Major General Frederick Dent 
Grant, U. S. A., the battalion took part in the 
garrison review given at 4 P. M. on that day in 
honor of the Governor of Maryland. The regi- 
mental band of the Fourth, which had accom- 
panied the battalion, furnished the music at the 
reception to the Governor of Virginia given at 
the Maryland Building. On Major Jones’ 
staff were Second Lieutenant John J. Carlin, 
Acting Battalion Adjutant; Major W. Guy 
Townsend, Surgeon; First Lieutenant D. N. 
Rittenhouse, Acting Battalion Quartermaster 
and Commissary, and Captain E. B. Gootee and 
First Lieutenant Henry E. Lupus, Aides. The 
Battalion returned to Baltimore September 14. 

Food Products Day. This celebration was 
a great success. From nine o'clock in the morn- 
ing until six in the evening the Foods Building 
was crowded as never before in its history. 
About eleven o’clock the enclosure was packed 
and shortly after it became almost impossible 
for the crowd to move one way or another. 
For more than an hour this congestion was un- 
relieved. More than two thousand prizes were 
given away and after one o'clock each booth 
served as a free lunch samples of its products. 
It was one of the best attended days at the 
Exposition and the details of the various dis- 
plays made in the building were subjects of 
exceedingly favorable comment. 


es i 
cas we 


OFFICERS OF SECOND BATTALION, FOURTH INFANTRY, MARYLAND NATIONAL GUARD 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


September I] to 20.— 
Cup Races. ‘To add inter- 
est in the yacht races sched- 
uled for the Exposition four 
fine loving cups were offered 
as prizes. The King’s Cup 
donated by His Majesty, 
King Edward VII; the Pres- 
ident’s Cup donated by Pres- 
ident Roosevelt; the Sir 
Thomas Lipton Cup donated 
by that distinguished sports- 
man, and the Jamestown Ex- 
position Cup, were the tro- 


Donated By Kine Epwarp VII 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


JAMESTOWN YACHTING TROPHIES 
By Sir Tuomas LipToN 


With ideal weather 


conditions, a smooth 
sea and a ten mile 
breeze the first of the 
yacht races was started 
just at noon, Septem- 
ber 11. “Iwo boats en- 
tered in competition for 
the President's Cup— 
the ““Sue’’ and_ the 
“Regina.” The for- 
mer won. Half an hour 
later six yachts began 
their struggle for the 


By PresiDENT ROOSEVELT 


phies. The races were held under rules King’s Cup. The boats raced twice around a 


adopted by the Atlantic Coast Conference in 
1906, and measurements were according to the 


universal rule. 


almost fifteen miles. 


wie: 


triangular course, each leg of which was about 
two and one-quarter miles and the total distance 


They finished in the fol- 


JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION YACHT RACING COMMISSION 


J. F. Duncan 
Dr. J. F. De Munp 


Cuas. P. Tower 


J. van B. Metts 


Myron B. Vorce 


AEMILIUS JARVIS 


R. H. Sexton 
T. J. HERRMANN 


274 


Diary—September. 


lowing order: “* Manhasset,’ ‘‘ Dorothy,” 
PLattless Rhody; as. ilanor,...- Capsicum, 
and “ Dorothy Q.” Under the rules govern- 
ing these contests each boat that entered was 
entitled to one point and each received an 
additional point for every boat beaten. Thus 
the “ Manhasset’ which finished first, was 
credited with six points, the “ Dorothy ”’ five, 
the “Little Rhody” four, the “ Elanor”’ 
three, the “ Capsicum ’”’ two, and the “ Dor- 
othy OF one. 

The second and concluding race for the 
President’s Cup occurred on September 13 and 
was won by the “ Sue”’ owned by Edwin R. 
Luckenbach of New York. The same yachts 
which had competed two days previously for 
the King’s Cup again raced. The “ Capsi- 
cum’ won, followed by the “ Little Rhody,” 
‘““ Manhasset,” “Elanor,’’ ‘‘ Dorothy,’ and 
“Dorothy Q.” in the order named. Under 
the point system this race resulted in two ties, 
the “ Capsicum” and “ Manhasset,’’ who had 
scored a total of ten points each, tied for first 
place, and the “ Little Rhody,” and “ Doro- 
thy,” the score of each being seven points, tied 
for third position. 

The third and deciding race for the King’s 
Cup was run on September 16. The boats 
finished in the following order: “ Elanor,” 
“Manhasset,” “* Dorothy,”  ‘‘ Capsicum,” 
“Dorothy Q.,” and “ Little Rhody.” This 
gave to the “ Manhasset ’’ owned by Clarence 
Robbins of the Manhasset Yacht Club of 
Long Island, first place and the trophy. The 
“Capsicum ’’ was second in the totals and 
“ Dorothy ” third. 

With the wind blowing fitfully, a free-for-all 
regatta for yachts of forty feet or less in length 
was conducted on September 17. The trophy 
was offered by the Jamestown Exposition Com- 
pany. ~ Little Rhody ” of Providence, Rhode 
Island, was the winner; “ Capsicum” second, 
and “ Dorothy Q.”’ third. At the conclusion 
of this race the Regatta Committee announced 
that having failed to get any Class H. or Class 
K. Schooners to race for the Cup offered by 
Sir Thomas Lipton, they had determined to 
offer the trophy to yachts of P. and Q. Classes; 
the course to be fifteen miles, three races, one 
of which would be to windward and return, 
one to leeward and return and the other over 
a triangle. 

The first race for the Lipton Cup was run 
over the triangular course on September 18 and 
was won by “ Dorothy Q.,” “ Dorothy ”’ sec- 
ond, ‘“ Capsicum’”’ third, “‘ Elanor”’ fourth, 
and “ Sue”’ fifth. On the following day the 
second race, seven and a half miles to windward 
and return, was won by the “ Elanor,”’ “ Dor- 
othy ”” second, ‘‘ Dorothy Q.”’ third, “ Capsi- 
cum” fourth, and “‘Sue’’ fifth. Under the point 
system the result of these two races was that 
“Dorothy” and ‘ Dorothy Q.” tied with 
eight points; “ Elanor’’ was third with seven, 
“Capsicum ” fourth with five, and “‘ Sue ”’ last 
with only two. On September 20th the con- 
cluding race for the Lipton Cup resulted in a 


27 


5 


second victory for the “ Elanor.”” This yacht 
was followed by the “ Capsicum,” “‘ Dorothy 
Q.,”’ ~ Dorothy ” and ~ Sue.”’ The “ Elanar,” 
owned by F. W. Fabyan of Boston won the 
trophy with twelve points, ““ Dorothy Q.”’ sec- 
ond with eleven, “ Dorothy ” third with ten, 
“Capsicum” fourth with nine, and ‘ Sue”’ 
last with only three—the points given for en- 
tering. 

September 12.—Marvland Day was cele- 
brated in a most dignified manner. The Gov- 
ernor of the State, Honorable Edwin Warfield, 
came to the Exposition and with him were a 
large number of distinguished Marylanders. 
Adjutant-General Clinton L. Riggs and Col- 
onel Joseph L. Wicks of the Governor’s Staff 
accompanied the State’s Chief Executive on 
the journey from Baltimore. ‘The official par- 
ticipants included all of the State Commission- 
ers, a number of leading State officials, the 
mayors of many Maryland municipalities and 
in addition to General Riggs and Colonel 
Wicks the following members of the Gover- 
nor’s military staff who had preceded Gov- 
ernor Warfield to the Exposition: General N. 
Winslow Williams, Colonel John L. G. Lee, 
Colonel W. Hopper Gibson, Colonel E. A. 
Baughman, Colonel M. Gillette Gill, Jr., and 
Sergeant Robert McClellan. 


The official party entering the Auditorium at 
eleven o'clock were greeted with “ Maryland, 
My Maryland,” played by Phinney’s Band 
and the great Exposition organ. Captain Fred- 
erick M. Colston, Chairman of the Maryland 
Commission, presided at the meeting. Presi- 
dent Tucker and Governor Swanson delivered 
characteristic addresses of welcome and Sena- 


HONORABLE WILLIAM PINCKNEY WHYTE 
Appointed U. S. Senator 1868-1869—Governor of Maryland 
1871-1874—United States Senator 1875-188!1—Mayor of Bal- 
timore 1882-1883—Attorney-General of Maryland 1887-1891 
—City Solicitor of Baltimore 1900-1903—Appointed United 
States Senator January, 1908, to fill an unexpired term of 

Arthur Pue Gorman, deceased. 


APUHdWAH “VW ‘f ‘NYOHXNL 'D ‘VW ‘saWv{ “f GNaWay ‘Yq ‘NaINIG YONYFAOD ‘NAAN “S$ ‘SVHD ‘sup] ‘NYOHXA]L ‘D ‘VY ‘SU 

AFUHAWAH “YW “ff ‘SU ‘AGUACTOFY aITTAN SSI, ‘FING “SUT ‘NOXIG “YJA] ‘NOXIG] “su 
NIIND ‘SU ‘AGUIGTIOH{ WINVHLVN ‘NOP{ ‘HONvaIssaq Hdasof 

ONIC TING SION CNV NA3ANA4d YONYAAOD 


‘uolzeiodioy ydeiso} 
Sees es : at 


Oud [ROYWO uUMojsowel ‘ys11AdoD 


2 mee ee rm 


Diary—September. 


tor William Pinckney Whyte, Maryland’s 
“Grand Old Man,” made the first speech for 


the visitors. He said: 

The object of all these expositions, which have preceded 
this at Jamestown, has been to show the wonderful industrial 
advance our country has made; its capacity for growth and 
expansion in all the liberal arts and commercial, manufactur- 
ing, agricultural and scientific pursuits. 

History and tradition have their part, but vision to mortal- 
ity has some special charm. Our eyes behold proof, that, no 
matter in what climate of the country or in what soil of the 
land, the march of progress and the wheels of industry are 
constantly in motion. Here you can observe the achievements 
of the past; and here too, you can foretell to what marvelous 
size the work can be extended in the future. It needs no 
prophet to portray it. 

The common mind can grasp the situation and realize that 
there is still in store for the people riches by far greater than 
any yet acquired in this land of promise. The Exposition be- 
fore us seems to have surpassed all others in the discriminating 
selection of its exhibits and their orderly arrangement for 
inspection. 

Senator Whyte, relating the points of con- 
tact between Virginia and Maryland, recited 


an incident: 

It was my good fortune to be a Senator from Maryland 
in the Fortieth Congress, and to my sorrow Virginia, the mother 
of States, who had given to her country in the Revolutionary 
War the immortal Washington and in the civil conflict the 
peerless Lee, was absent from her home there. The Civil War 
was over, but Virginia had not been rehabilitated, according 
to the fashion of the times. It was my delight, when and how 
I could, to represent in that body her exiled citizens. I felt 
that I was only performing a duty which my own State would 
have laid upon me in her affection for her beloved sister Vir- 
ginia. 

Colonel James R. Randall, the author of 
“Maryland, my Maryland,” was the next 
speaker. He was fol- 
lowed by Governor E:d- 
win Warfield, who said 
that the greatness of a 
State depends not only 
upon agricultural — sec- 
tions, the products of 
her soil, her waters, her 
forests, her minerals and 
her mines, but upon the 
thrift, energy and pro- 
gressive spirit of the 
dwellers within her 
cities, towns and vil- 
lages. ‘Therefore, he stated, that while the State, 
as a whole, was hailing her day at the Fair, the 
anniversary was so closely and sacredly asso- 
ciated with Baltimore City that he had con- 
cluded to use “ Baltimore, the Gateway to the 
South” as a text. He referred to the September 
twelfth during the War of 1812 when the 
citizens of Baltimore repulsed Wellington’s 
veterans of the Peninsula. He traced Balti- 
more’s growth from the survey of 1730 and, 
claiming that it was a Virginia City, continued: 


By the census of 1900, Baltimore numbered among her 
citizens one-third as many native-born Virginians as dwell in 
Richmond, the historic capital of the Old Dominion; within 
ten thousand as many as are in the City of Norfolk, and more 
than there are in any other Virginia city. 


Cot. J. R. RANDALL 


He related the tale of Baltimore’s commer- 
cial progress and standing, and concluded: 


The great rule of success in modern business economy is to 
do bigger things to-morrow than to-day, and it is a plain propo- 
sition that the South must keep on increasing her transportation 
facilities and adding to her railroad mileage if she wishes to 
continue her commercial growth and prosperity. Baltimore has 
contributed of her capital and her enterprising men in. this 
great development of the South and has invested more than 
two hundred million dollars in Southern railroads, Southern 
cotton mills, Southern street railways, Southern coal mines, 
timberlands and factories. 


September 12th was chosen as Maryland 
Féte Day because it was the anniversary of the 


277 


““ Star Spangled Banner,” Francis Scott Key’s 
stirring poem, that is now our National Anthem. 
A pleasing episode of the programme was the 
singing of this ode by the Honorable George 
Edward Smith, Mayor of Frederick, Mary- 
land. ‘The audience joined in the chorus and 
the band and organ accompanied the song. 
Immediately after the Auditorium exercises 
a luncheon was served at the Maryland Build- 
ing to Governor Warfield and the guests of the 
State. Then the Governor held a reception. 
In the afternoon Governor Warfield reviewed 
the troops. With him were Governor Swanson 
of Virginia, President Tucker of the Exposi- 
tion, Rear-Admiral Harrington, Mayor Ma- 
hool of Baltimore, members of the Governor’s 
Staff and the Maryland Commission. ‘The re: 
view was an exceptionally fine one. After the 
military exercises most of the members of the 
Commission returned to Old Point Comfort, 
at which place they took the steamer “Vir- 
ginia”’ for Baltimore. Many, however, re- 
mained over for the reception given to the 
Governor of Maryland by the Governor of 
Virginia and Mrs. Swanson that evening. Re- 
ceiving with Governor and Mrs. Swanson were 


Governor Warfield, Mrs. John Ridgely, Mrs. 
J. Barry Mahool, Mrs. Henry W. Rogers 
and Mrs. Douglas H. Gordon. 

September 14.—At 11:30 President A. C. 
Tuxhorn of the I]linois Commission opened the 
Illinois Day ceremonies. In the absence of 
Governor Swanson and Lieutenant-Governor 
Ellyson, President Tucker welcomed the visit- 
ors on behalf of the Exposition and the State 
of Virginia. Governor Deneen, a man of 
splendid appearance and personality, respond- 
ing for Illinois, declared that his people were 
modest to a fault, that even Chicago was a 
distinctly modest city, that he, the Chief Exec- 
utive of the State, was a modest man, and 
that he could not exploit his State or its people, 


but that he was glad to be at the Exposition, 
and he said: 


We shall return to our homes and to our business refreshed 
by this contact with each other and with the place in which 
was forged the first link of the chain which has bound us into 
one mighty republic, a republic which, everywhere in the world 
to-day, is esteemed the highest achievement in human govern- 
ment, a government of equal opportunities, a government of the 
people, by the people and for the people. 


Edward J. James, LL.D., Ph.D., President 
of the University of Illinois, was the principal 
speaker. During the hour in which he held the 
stand, he riveted the attention of every thought- 
ful man in the audience. He bravely asserted: 


My proposition to-day is that we must have a new Federal 
Constitution adapted to the needs of the twentieth Century State 
before we can be sure that our industrial, social and political 
system may continue to advance peacefully along the pathway 
toward that marvelous development in things material, moral 
and intellectual which is opening before us. 


He did not attempt to undervalue the present 
Constitution of the United States—to the con- 
trary, he declared that it was among the most 
wonderful instruments ever frarned by the mind 
of man; he maintained that our experiments in 
free government had so fixed the attention of 
the world that it had made the absolute gov- 
ernment of the old type impossible, and that 
to-day, more than ever before, the example of 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


our great Republic was a living, moving force 
which was working in all European nations to- 
wards freer and better government, but he 
claimed that our Constitution would not permit 
us to reach the greatest heights. He asserted: 


We have one of several choices. First, we may do nothing. 
Drifting along. Letting things slide. Leaving private initiative 
to absorb such portion of our national wealth as may endanger 
national welfare; letting private individuals seize the stragetic 
points in our industry and commerce from which they may bleed 
their fellow citizens to any desired extent; permitting them to 
lay under contribution their less fortunate competitors, build- 
ing up monopolies to feed and fatten on the industry of the 

ation. 

Second, we may leave the matter to the States with the 
hope that they may undertake the task. This can only be a 
temporary solution—for they will fail in the task and all that 
we shall have done will be to postpone the earnest and real 
consideration of measures. Along this road we should be grasp- 
ing at a shadow and in the meantime lose the substance. 

Third, we may go on as we have been going. In this case, 
after long deliberation and many turnings and twistings, muc 
discussing of constitutionality we shall pass tentative laws— 
weak and ineffective because of fear that the courts may upset 
them—and wait for the courts to uphold them as they surely 
will—if Congress is persistent enough—bringing them all under 
a few general clauses of the Constitution which were never in- 
tended to cover such subjects. This method will distort the 
Constitution out of all possibility of recognition; undermine 
popular belief in the possibility of constitutional guarantees. 

% % * % % # * 


Our political machinery is in many respects as unequal to 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


FIREWORKS AT DEDICATION OF GOVERNMENT PIER 


the tasks we must require of it as would be the old-fashioned 
plow and cradle and flail, to the work of a modern Dakota 
wheat farm; or the stage-coach and prairie schooner to the 
work of the modern railway. 

Our people can never solve the gigantic problems of com- 
merce, industry, education and social welfare without using, to a 
larger extent than at present, the instrumentality of the Federal 
Government. 


In the afternoon Governor Deneen re- 
viewed the troops from the Grand Stand on 
Lee’s Parade and in the evening there was a 
brilliant reception at the I]linois Building. 

National Maga- 
zine Readers’ Dav. 
Under the auspices 
of Joe Mitchell 
Chapple, the distin- 
guished Editor of the 
National Magazine, 
the readers from all 
sections of the coun- 
try enjoyed a special 
day at the Exposi- 
tion. Promptly at 
one o'clock the doors 
of the large com- 


Joe MitcHeLt CHAPPLE 


mittee room in the Auditorium opened and 
the guests of the editor sat at great tables laden 
with flowers and decorated with immense punch 
bowls holding iced tea and fruit punch. One 
hour was spent at luncheon then the crowd filed 
into the main hall of the Auditorium, where 
William Wall Whiddit, the Official Organist 
of the Exposition, played National airs. After 
speeches by Mr. Tucker and Mr. Chapple the 
latter announced that soon would be heard 
famous words which had echoed down the cor- 
ridors of time and through the pages of history, 
and a Columbia phonograph repeated oratori- 
cally that great speech of Patrick Henry, which 
concluded with the immortal words: ‘‘ Give 
me liberty or give me death.”’ 


The date selected for this reunion was the 
anniversary of President McKunley’s death, 
and a notable feature of the ceremonies was a 
tribute to the martyred President. Phinney’s 
Band played softly “ Nearer My God to 
Thee,” and a boy clad entirely in pink and car- 
rying a large bouquet of pink carnations 
walked on the stage and drew 
from an easel a large flag that 
covered the portrait of William 
McKinley. On the opposite end 
of the platform Mrs. Blanche 
Armstrong Weinschenk sang 
“Lead Kindly Light.” Mr. 
McKinley had named the Na- 
tional Magazine and was one 
of the editor’s closest friends. 

On this evening, with the end 
of the Exposition only two 
months and sixteen days dis- 
tant, the Government Pier was 
dedicated. At seven o'clock 
the contractors, the engineers of 
the United States, and the Ex- 
position officials gathered on the 
beautiful arch where the cere- 
monies of delivering the struc- 
ture to the Exposition were 
conducted. C. W. Gaylord, representing the 
Scofield Company, transferred the property 
to Captain Wheeler, United States Engineer- 
ing Corps, who formally delivered it to Mr. 
Tucker for the Exposition. Receiving the 
gift, Mr. Tucker said that this was the last 
great architectural triumph for the Exposi- 
tion and that its completion would be joy- 
ful news to thousands of the Ter-Centennial’s 
well wishers. His speech was brief and at its 
conclusion a powerful rocket was fired—a 
signal that the Pier was public property and 
that the crowds might take possession of it. 
Immediately following the discharge of the 
rocket a long shower of fireworks poured from 
the arch to the water line, and no sooner had 
this ceased than the lights for the first time 
circled Smith’s Basin. The current was given 
gradually, the first light being faint with a 
delicate orange hue, then through the shades 
until all shone brilliantly, and fifteen minutes 
to eight o'clock the lights on the Pier were 
suddenly extinguished and a signal rocket an- 


278 


Diary—September. 


nounced that the fireworks would begin. This 
pyrotechnic display was the most elaborate 
which the Exposition gave. Among those who 
witnessed the ceremonies of the Pier were Gov- 
ernor Deneen and the other distinguished visit- 
ors from Illinois who had just come from the 
reviewing stand on Lee’s Parade and who, 
later, went to the Illinois Building to attend a 
reception given by the I[I|linois Commissioners to 
the Governor and to President James. 

It was unfortunate that the Pier had re- 
mained so long incomplete. This contribution 
of the United States Government was a magnifi- 
cent gift and added wonderfully to the beauty 
of the Exposition. The plans of its construc- 
tion were drawn by the Jamestown Exposition 
Board of Design and approved by the United 
States Engineers. More than thirteen thousand 
piles were driven; more than a mile of sea wall 
was built; about three hundred thousand yards 
of filling, and about four hundred and fifty 
thousand yards of dredging were demanded 
in the plans, three million, five hundred thou- 


Copyright, Jamestown Official ogra 


NORFOLK YOUNG 


sand feet of lumber were required. The Pier 
was double and enclosed an enormous water 
basin one million, two hundred and eighty thou- 
sand square feet in area, and the most excep- 
tional feature of the entire construction was an 
arch at the outer ends of the piers connecting 
them. This arch was a veritable triumph of 
engineering skill. It measured one hundred and 
fifty feet between sides at the water line, was 
built entirely of reinforced concrete, and was 
the largest archway of this material that had 
ever been constructed. In order to place the 
great mass securely, two hundred and twenty 
piles were driven in the abutment on either side 
and concrete was placed in large cofferdams. 

September 16.—The official exercises of 
Mexico Day began at 10:30 in the morning. 
President Tucker for the Exposition and Lieu- 
tenant-Governor Ellyson for Virginia warmly 
greeted Mexico which was the first nation to 
celebrate a day at the Fair. . Aside from 


the welcoming addresses the principal speeches 
were delivered by Luieutenant-Colonel José 
Manterola, the President of the Mexican Muili- 
tary Commission to the Exposition and by 
Senor Don José F. Godoy, E.E. and M. P., 
Chargé d’Affaires ad interim during the 
absence of Senor Don Enrique C. Creel, the 
Mexican Ambassador. Miss Lee Eure of Nor- 
folk recited an ode composed for the occasion 
by the Honorable Veloz-Goiticoa, eulogizing 
Mexico and President Diaz. Upon the stage 
were General Frederick Dent Grant, Rear-Ad- 
miral Purnell F. Harrington and Senor An- 
tonio Leon Grajeda, Vice Consul-General of 
Mexico at New York. Acting Ambassador 
Godoy briefly sketched the struggle of Mexico 
for life and liberty, and said: 


It is not my purpose to sound the praises of those in power; 
it is not my design to bring before your eyes a picture of the 
prosperity and advancement which my country has attained, but 
it is my privilege, it is my duty to state that for the past twenty 
years Mexico has forged forward in the pathway of progress 
and that the wonderful development of her resources is due to 
the foresight of her Chief Executive—to the able statesmanship 
of President Porfirio Diaz. 


President Diaz has considered that peace is the corner- 


stone upon which a nation’s greatness must rest and has devoted 
all his energies to that end. One of your greatest generals, 
and one whose name is revered in my country, for he is classed 
among its best friends,* once said: ‘Let us have peace,’ and in 
those words there is more statesmanship and wisdom than can 
be imagined. 


Lieutenant-Colonel José Manterola who 
had expressed himself with great difficulty in 
English when he first arrived at the Exposition, 
made an interesting speech, every word of 
which was clear to the audience that was eager 
to hear the President of the Mexican Commis- 
sion, for no one connected with the Exposition 
was unappreciative of Mexico’s cordial friend- 
ship and aid, and at every mention of President 
Diaz’s name the audience applauded and 
cheered just as if he had been an American 
instead of a Mexican Executive. Colonel 
Manterola told of the exhibit which Mexico 
was making and said that it showed the state 
of advancement attained by his country. “ Ex- 
positions,” he declared, “have no boundary 
lines and their visitors have no special national- 


* Senor Godoy referred with reason to the Mexicans’ friendship for General Ulysses S. Grant, who after the Civil War, 


strongly urged President Johnson to send him and an army to Mexico if the French would not leave that country. 


This incident 


also did much to add to the reverence with which General Grant was held in the South, for he suggested to the President that 


his army might well be composed largely of Southerners.—Eb. 


279 


SENOR DON JOSE F. GODOY, MEXICAN MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY, AND THE OTHER CELEBRANTS OF MEXICO DAY 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Diary—September. 


ity. These are all brethren, tied by identical 
desire, that of getting acquainted with each 
other and loving each other. Referring to the 
two great North American Republics he said: 


Besides the similar form of government by which Mexico 
and the United States are ruled, which is a powerful element of 
good will, our two Presidents have, as chief characteristic traits, 
their constant endeavor toward securing the well being of their 
fellow citizens and the enforcement of the laws which tend tc 
such end, with serene purpose, honest conscience and indomitable 
will. 


He brought the Audience to their feet by 
exclaiming: 

May God Almighty preserve the lives of two beings so be- 
loved by their fellow countrymen, Roosevelt and Diaz. 


There was a luncheon after the Auditorium 
exercises and in the afternoon military parades 
andreviews. Immediately preceding the parade, 
automobiles carrying twenty young ladies typi- 
fying various nations passed in review be- 
fore the representatives of Mexico and the 
United States. Miss Jean Cooke wore the tni- 
color of Mexico, Miss Lelia Hobson represented 
the United States; Miss Alice Hunt, Argen- 
tine; Miss Julia Veloz, Venezuela; Miss 
Louise Tucker, Chile; Miss Mary Sharp, 
Cuba; Miss Carolista Sanford, Salvador; Miss 
Lee Eure, France; Miss Cornelia McBlair, 
England; Miss Hannah Eure, Italy; Miss 
Mary Payne, Greece; Miss Guenllyan Mor- 
gan, Turkey; Miss Claire Wigg, Portugal; 
Miss Virginia Tucker, Spain; Miss Etta Sharp, 
Japan; Miss Mary Scherrer, Sweden; Miss 
Eloise Bohannan, Switzerland; Miss Louise 
Quimby, Russia; Miss Margaret Gill, Austria; 
and Miss Mary Booth, Germany. Following 
the review of the automobiles, the young ladies 
returned to the Grand Stand and were received 
in the President’s box at the reviewing stand 
where they witnessed the march of the United 
States troops. After the review the Mexican 
Commission entertained at dinner at the Inside 
Inn and a formal ball closed the day. The 
Mexican National Band rendered the music 
at this function and it was as brilliant a social 
event as any of the great Exposition features. 
Exceeding in interest any cotillion figure was 
a march executed by these young ladies who 
had represented the various countries. 

September 18.—The Green Mountain Boys 
with appropriate ceremonies celebrated V er- 
mont Day. The visitors were cordially wel- 
comed to the Exposition by President Tucker 
and to Virginia by Lieutenant-Governor Elly- 
son. lo these expressions of good will Gov- 
ernor Proctor of Vermont responded. The 
oration of the day was delivered by Honorable 
Joseph A. DeBoer, of Montpelier. His ad- 
dress was most scholarly, reviewing entertain- 
ingly and instructively the struggle which his 
State had made to preserve its identity in the 
fight which it had waged against New York, 
New Hampshire and Massachusetts, each of 
whom had wished to absorb the territory. He 
told of the final triumph which had come in 
1794, when the district became a State, and de- 


clared: 

Vermont is able to take care of itself, as of yore, upon the 
old doctrine of self-dependence and the new doctrine of self- 
development, asking for itself no other prerogative than its 
rights as a State and no other honor than that of its full share 
in the burdens of the Nation and in the opportunities to sustain 
its honor in the competitions of the world. It feels to-day the 


281 


impulse of new thoughts and new ideas, but | am confident that 
it also yields filial affection to the days of the ancient, whose 
devoted, heroic, unselfish labors made the State. There comes 
to-day no sentiment from the Green Mountain save one of 
united affection for all of the States and no prayer more fervent 
than that God in His love may continue to bless the State of 
Vermont with honor and peace. 


President Tucker entertained the Vermont- 
ers at luncheon; and the official party, after 
sight-seeing, returned to the reviewing stand 
where the regulars passed before Governor 
Proctor. The little Vermont house was 
crowded during the evening at a_ reception 
tendered by the Vermont Commission to the 
Governor of their State. 

September 19.—Promptly at two o'clock 
the visitors began to crowd the headquarters 
of the Ladies of the Maccabees of the World, 
where Mrs. Lillian M. Hollister, Supreme 
Commander of the order; Miss Bina M. West, 
Supreme Record Keeper; Mrs. Melva J. Cas- 
well, Supreme Sentinel and State Commander 
for District of Columbia, Maryland and Dela- 
ware; Miss Etta M. England, State Com- 
mander for Virginia; and Mrs. A. J. West, 
Sr., mother of Miss West, acted as hostesses. 
Luncheon was served to the guests at four 


Miss Bina M. West 
Supreme Record Keeper 


Mrs. Lituian M. Ho .uisTer 
Supreme Commander 


o clock and immediately thereafter the high 
officials repaired to the reviewing — stand, 
where one of the most interesting drill con- 
tests of the Exposition occurred. Two sets 
of the Uniform Guards, one from the Rich- 
mond Hive of the Ladies of the Maccabees, 
and the other from the Mt. Vernon Hive 
at Washington competed in the drill contest. 
The evolutions performed by the young 
ladies, their precision of step and_ erect 
bearing, received much praise and through the 
most involved and difficult movements they 
passed with a precision and correctness showing 
careful training. ‘The work was done without 
music and with no word of command.  Lieu- 
tenants Bagby, Copp and Waddill of the 
United States Army were the judges and they 
awarded the first prize to the Richmond Hive, 
of which Mrs. Mary E. Robinson is Captain. 
The “ Ladies of the Maccabees of the World ” 
is perhaps the most important fraternal and 
beneficial order of women that exists. Under 
the name there are one hundred and fifty thou- 
sand women banded together. It was organ- 
ized in October, 1892, and has branches in 
fifty-four states, territories and provinces. 

An important city celebration took place in 


i 
j 
; 


ONIGTING LNONYAA LV ALYVd TVIOIdAO GNV YOLOOYd YONYAAOD 


“UOL}E. 


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ole 


982 


Diary—September. 


D. E. HEINEMAN 
Pres. Com. Council 
Detroit 


B. F. Weapock E. R. ScHREITER, JR. 


Sec. Com. Council 
Detroit 


Asst. Corp. Counsel 

Detroit 
the Auditorium. A large delegation of officials 
from Detroit, Mich., and a number of citizens 
of that city celebrated Detroit Day. The fea- 
ture of the occasion was the address of Assist- 
ant Corporation Counsel, Bernard F. Weadock 
of Detroit. Mayor William B. Thompson, 
who was unable to attend the ceremonies, dele- 
gated Mr. Weadock to act as his representa- 
tive, and besides that gentleman there were 
Aldermen Weiber, Kingsley, Gutman and 
Rose, City Clerk Gaston, Deputy City Con- 
troller Nagle, City Accountant Griggler, Sec- 
retary Mabee of the Department of Public 
Works and Council Secretary Schreiter. Hon- 
orable H. E. Sargent of the Michigan Com- 
mission presided. Mr. Tucker welcomed the 
visitors and then Mr. Weadock spoke. In his 
speech he pictured early Detroit with its trading 
posts, pack sacks for transportation and other 
primitive customs, and contrasted it with the 
Detroit of to-day with its four hundred thou- 
sand people and its vast commerce. Honorable 
Edward L. Walbridge, Secretary of the Mich- 
igan Commission, also spoke. He reviewed the 
great advance which had been made in the 
northwest territory and added that Virginia 
was not only responsible for the State of Mich- 
igan, but for her first Governor, Stephen B. 
Mason. 

September 20.—In order to attract visitors 
to the building of Mines and Metallurgy spe- 
cial inducements were offered for Mines Build- 
ing Dav, and so great was the enthusiasm of 
those in the building that they contributed many 


valuable premiums, among which were a beau- 
tiful blue beryl, a handsome piece of pot- 
tery, a marble statue, an oil painting, and a 
number of extremely attractive but less expen- 
sive souvenirs. [he day’s programme began 
with a lecture on radium and a demonstration 
of the generation of ozone; at 10:30 the Ty- 
rolean singers entertained the crowd and an 
hour later the Fisk Jubilee singers occupied the 
stage. During the afternoon there was a band 
concert and again the Tyroleans sang and Miss 
d’Arville, the violinist, gave an interesting 
recital. 

The flag on the IIlinois Building was at half- 
mast as a tribute of respect to Thomas Nowers, 
the President of the Commission from that 
State. He had just died at his home in Atkin- 
son as he was preparing to leave with his wife 
and daughter to visit the Exposition. He was 
succeeded by Dr. R. W. McInnes. 

Senator T. B. Dunn, President of the New 
York State Commission, entertained over one 
hundred persons at an elaborate banquet given 
at the New York Building in the evening. It 
was purely an official function and only those 
connected with the Exposition, the Army and 
Navy Officers and the visiting State officials 
were present. Among those who responded to 
the toasts were Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson of 
Virginia, First Vice-President Alvah H. Mar- 
tin of the Exposition, and Rear-Admiral R. M. 
Berry, Commandant of the Norfolk Navy 
Yard. Among the guests were Colonel D. C. 
Dupont of Wilmington, who had supplied in 
principal measure the deficit in Delaware's ap- 
propriation. Colonel Dupont, a Delaware 
Commissioner, was stopping at the Delaware 
State Building. 

September 21.—The address of Governor 
Joseph W. Folk was the feature of Missouri 
Day. Several hundred members of the 
League of American Municipalities, which had 
been holding a three days’ session in Norfolk, 
attended the Missouri exercises. [hey were 
headed by former President of the League, 


GOVERNOR FOLK OF MISSOURI AND MRS. FOLK 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Mayor E. FE; 
Dunne of Chi- 
cago. The In- 


surance Commis- 
stoners’ Assocta- 
tion which had 
been holding its 
sessions in Rich- 
mond was also 
represented at 
the exercises. At 
eleven o'clock 
the Governor 
and the official 
party arrived at 
the Auditorium. 
escorted by a de- 
tachment of 
Cavalry. Commissioner Kent of Missouri 
presided and the exercises were inaugurated by 
Archbishop Ireland, of St. Paul, who delivered 
a most impressive invocation. After the dis- 
tinguished prelate had ceased and the audience 
were seated, Hon. J. Taylor Ellyson, Lieuten- 
ant-Governor of Virginia, extended the Old 
Dominion’s welcome to Missounr. Mr. Tucker 
then expressed the appreciation of the Exposi- 
tion for the opportunity which had been af- 
forded to greet and entertain the notable visitors. 

Governor Folk spoke extemporaneously and 
delivered a very strong political sermon cover- 
ing the most important questions of the day. 
At the conclusion of the exercises the Governor 
held a public reception on the platform of the 
Auditorium. Luncheon was served to the visit- 
ors at 1:30 o'clock. Among the Exposition’s 
guests on this occasion were Inspector-General 
J. L. Hanley of St. Louis and the Honorable 
George Creel of Kansas City, together with a 
number of State Commissioners. Promptly at 
4:30 Governor Folk, Lieutenant-Governor E]- 
lyson and Admiral Harrington arrived at the 
Grand Stand, where they reviewed the Iwenty- 
third U. S. Infantry, Twelfth Cavalry and 
Third Artillery. After the parade the Artil- 


HON. E. F. DUNNE 
Mayor of Chicago 


MOST REVEREND JOHN IRELAND 
Archbishop of St. Paul, Minn. 


lery and Cavalry commands gave exhibition 
drills in honor of Missouri. At nine o'clock the 
doors of the Missouri Building were thrown 
open to the guests of the Commissioners who 
had tendered a reception to the Governor of 
their State and to Mrs. Folk. 

September 23.—Robert Fulton Day. 1907 
being the centennial of the invention of the 
steamboat, an effort which revolutionized the 
commerce of the world, the Robert Fulton 
Monument Association, organized for the pur- 
pose of providing a permanent memorial to the 
genius who first successfully applied steam to 
boat propulsion, resolved to celebrate at the 
Exposition and pay tribute to the memory of 
Fulton and his achievement. Though the debt 
which the Nation owes to Robert Fulton has 
generally been acknowledged, only recently has 


ROBERT FULTO 


ROBERT FULTON DAY EXERCISES AT AUDITORIUM 


Diary—September. 


WILLIAM H. FLETCHER 


Secretary 


there been any concerted action looking toward 
the erection of a suitable monument. Some 
prominent Americans became interested in the 
subject and they organized and elected tem- 
porary officers. Major-General Frederick Dent 
Grant was President; Dr. Samuel L. Clemens, 
Vice-President; Robert Fulton Cutting, Chair- 
man Auditing Committee; Hugh Gordon Mil- 
ler, Secretary, and Richard Delafield, Treas- 
urer. ‘This organization was only temporary 
and later the following permanent organization 
was effected: Cornelius Vanderbilt, President; 
Dr. Samuel L. Clemens, Vice-President; 
Hugh Gordon Miller, Second Vice-President; 
Robert Fulton Cutting, Chairman Auditing 
Committee; Colonel H. O. S. Heistand, Chair- 
man Executive Committee; Walter Scott, Vice- 
Chairman Executive Committee, and H. W. 
Dearborn, Secretary. Mr. Dearborn later re- 
signed and gave as his reason for such action 
his belief that a man more prominent in the 
ship building world should occupy the position 
of Secretary. William H. Fletcher of Hobo- 
ken was elected permanent Secretary and he 
accepted this office with the understanding that 
Mr. Dearborn should act as Assistant Secre- 
tary. 

On the Executive Committee are some of 
the most distinguished men of the country, in- 


CORNELIUS VANDERBILT 


President 


DR. SAMUEL L. CLEMENS 
Vice-President 


cluding among others, Colonel John Jacob 
Astor; Andrew Carnegie; Nicholas Murray 
Butler, LL.D., President of Columbia Uni- 
versity; William Bayard Cutting; Gerard 
Beekman; former Vice-President Levi P. 
Morton; former Ambassador to England 
Joseph H. Choate; John Claflin; Cleveland H. 
Dodge; the Most Reverend John M. Farley, 
Archbishop of New York; Thomas P. Fow- 
ler; Richard Watson Gilder; George Jay 
Gould; the Right Reverend David H. Greer; 
I. A. Hall; Charles R. Lamb; Goodhue Liv- 
ingston; William A. Power; William Rhine- 
lander Stewart, and S. M. Vauclain. ‘The 
New York State Legislature gave to the Asso- 
ciation a tract of land extending from 114th to 
116th Street under water, in the North River 
at the foot of Riverside Drive, New York 
City, and the Association purposes to build up 
this land three hundred feet from the shore line 
and erect thereon a water gate to be used as 
a landing place for distinguished visitors, or as 
a reviewing stand for the Nation’s high officials 
who may use it as a point of vantage as war 
vessels file by. Back of the water gate and at 
the top of the hill, the Association purposes to 
erect a tomb near the mausoleum in which lie 
the remains of General Ulysses S. Grant. 
Notwithstanding the inclement weather, for 


RICHARD DELAFIELD 


Treasurer 


bo 
ioe) 
On 


H. W. DEARBORN 


Assistant Secretary 


COOLS] OPSaHEISTAND Uns eA. 


Chairman Executive Committee 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Isaac GUGGENHEIMER I 2Ne JEUNE WaLter Scott 
Chairman Finance Committee Chairman of the Association Vice-Chairman Executive Committee 


at times a gale was blowing, a line of vessels 
three miles or more in length trailed over 
Hampton Roads in honor of Robert Fulton. 
In this long parade were craft of widely vary- 
ing shapes, ancient and modern, large and 
small, and many prominent yachts were an- 
chored in the Roads during the review. 
Among these were Cornelius Vanderbilt’s 
““ North Star” and the “* Kanawha,” Henry 
H. Rogers’ great steam yacht. On board the 
former vessel were Colonel H. O. S. Hein- 
stand, U. S. A., William H. Fletcher, Walter 
Scott and Mrs. Scott, Martin W. Littleton and 
Mrs. Littleton. The “Kanawha” was in 
Wo, Runszanoen STEWRE charge of Dr. Samuel L. Clemens who had He%.,&: Fextoy Come 
with him a number of distinguished guests. 
‘The exercises were announced for three o'clock 
in the Auditorium but the heavy weather de- 
layed the landing of the launches from the 
‘“ Kanawha’ and the “ North Star.” The 
postponement was, however, overlooked or for- 
gotten when the programme began. : 
At a quarter to four in the afternoon the | 

procession formed in the rotunda of the Audi- 
torium and filed down the aisle to the platform. 
Robert Fulton Cutting of New York presided — 
at the meeting. President Tucker and Lieu- 
tenant-Governor Ellyson greeted the descend- 
ants of Fulton and the Association formed to 
honor his memory. Then Mark Twain entered 
Most Rev. Joun M. Fartey the hall. The great crowd in the Auditorium — Cot. Joun Jacos Astor 
Chairman N. Y. City Com. arose and cheered while the distinguished hu- Executive Committee 


R. Futton LupLow Wma. Bayarp CUTTING Major W. H. WILeEy Rear-Apm. G. W. MELvILLE 


Grandson of Fulton Executive Committee Executive Committee Executive Committee 


286 


Diary—September. 


GEORGE L. RIVES 


Executive Committee 


JOHN CLAFLIN 


Executive Committee 


morist marched to the stage. Certainly no Ex- 
position visitor had received such a welcome, 
and Mr. Clemens, though accustomed to en- 
thusiastic greetings, was visibly touched. For 
almost a minute after the applause ceased he 
tried to speak and the audience rightly estima- 
ting the reasons for his hesitation, again began 
to cheer. His speech was ostensibly an intro- 
duction of Admiral Harrington. He said that 
the application of steam to sea navigation was 
peculiarly an American event and should be 
celebrated, and that there are not many Amer- 
ican holidays. All the great efforts that led up 
to the Fourth of July were made by English 
subjects and not Americans, and subjects of 
the King did most of the fighting; but “ It was 
an American who applied steam successfully. 
There are not many great world events but we 
have our full share. The telegraph, telephone 
and the application of steam navigation are 
American.” 

The humorist described Robert Fulton’s 


boat: 


You probably do not know a great deal about that boat. 
It was the most important steamboat in the world. I was there 


and saw it, and the Admiral was there at the time. It need 
not surprise you, for he is not as old as he looks. That little 
boat was interesting in every way. The size of it? The boat 


was (he consulted Admiral Harrington) ten feet long. The 


breadth of that boat (again he consulted Admiral Harrington) 
You 


was, according to Admiral Harrington, two hundred feet. 
see the most important detail is the length, then the 
breadth, then the depth. The depth—the Admiral 
says it was a flat boat. Then her tonnage—you 
know nothing about a boat until you know 
about two more things—her speed and her 
tonnage. We know the speed she made. 
She made four miles and sometimes five 

miles. It was on her initial trip when 

she went from Jersey City to Chicago 

by way of Albany. Now comes the 

tonnage of the boat. The tonnage of 

a boat means the amount of displace- 

ment; displacement means the amount of 

water a vessel can shove in a day. The 

tonnage of a man is estimated by the 
amount of whiskey he can displace in a 
day. 

The Admiral and myself have 
held public office and have been also 
together a great deal in a friendly 
way since the time of Pocahontas. 
The incident where Pocahontas saves 


the life of Smith from her 
father, Powhattan’s club, was 
gotten up by the Admiral 


and myself to advertise James- 
town. 


Mark Twain said he 
did not care to compli- 
ment Admiral Harring- 
ton: 

Because there is nothing you 
can say in answer to a compliment. | 
have been complimented myself many times 


and it always embarrasses me—lI feel that they 
have not said enough. I have known Admiral 


287 


ROBERT 


FULTON 


EDW. T. BATES 


Executive Committee 


THOMAS T. FOWLER 


Executive Committee 


Harrington in all kinds of situations, in public service, on the 
platform and now and then in the chain gang, but it was a 
mistake—a case of mistaken identity. [| do not think it is at all 
necessary to tell you Admiral Harrington's public history. You 
know that it is in the histories. I am not here to tell you any- 
thing about his public life, but to expose his private life. 

I am something of a poet. When the great poet laureate, 
Tennyson, died, and | found that the place was open, I tried 
to get it; but I did not get it. Anybody can write the first 
line of a poem, but it is a very difficult task to make the second 
line rhyme with the first. When I was down in Australia there 
were two towns, named Johnswood and Par-am. I made this 
rhyme: 

The people of Johnswood are pious and good; 
The people of Par-am, they don’t give a damn. 

1 do not want to compliment Admiral Harrington, but as 
long as such men as he devote their lives to the public service, 
the credit of the country will never cease. I will say that the 
same high qualities, the same moral and intellectual attainments, 
the same graciousness of manner, of conduct, of observation and 
expression have caused Admiral Harrington to be mistaken for 
me and | have been mistaken for him. 


Admiral Harrington was the next speaker. 
He said: { 

For National purposes a navy is necessary, precisely in 
the nature of a State militia, the county constabulary and the 
metropolitan police. But more than those conservative bodies 
of the peace, a navy, which will insure the safety of a nation 
against foreign aggression and wrong, must be well built, fully 
equipped and thoroughly trained. 

The work of Robert Fulton has to-day its fruits in the 
navy. With them go the invention of the turret by Ericsson 
and the devolopment of the naval gun. Of the latter it may 
be said that when the marine engine takes it to a suitable 
position, it is a most effective peacemaker with a potential 
energy of about forty-eight thousand foot-tons. One gun of 
the battleship Delaware as designed, could strike a blow whose 
force, suitably applied would lift the ship of twenty thousand 
tons about two feet and a half; and if the force of the whole 
gun battery of that ship was similarly employed it would raise 
the ship entirely out of the water. 


Speaking of the intersectional friendships en- 
gendered by the Exposition, the Admiral 


continued: 


Never has there been more hope in the solu- 
tion of all questions upon just and enduring 
foundations. Never has there been shown a more 
intense and united patriotism. Here, on this his- 
toric ground, the visitor, whether coming from the 
rock bound coast of New England, from the 
sunny fields of the South, from the glowing 

West, or from the vine clad hills of the Pacific, 
has seen everywhere the glorious ensign of the 
Republic and felt that his foot was on his native 
soil. It is to this scene that you have come, to add 
your part to the great stream of unity and patriotism 
which flows under the Star Spangled Banner, the 
symbol of the power of the Nation, the emblem 
of an indivisible Union. 


Martin W. Littleton, one of the 
most eloquent orators in America, 
held the audience spellbound 
for nearly an hour. Mr. 
Littleton said: 


We meet under the aus- 
pices of a patriotic committee to 
celebrate a great event. Looking 
backward, the years that reach from 

now to then have worked a miracle 
in men and things. The swelling host 
of men and women forsook the fringe of 
eastern shore and poured their ever increasing 
generations into the valley of the Mississippi, 
scattered their children over the untouched plain 
and sent their stalwart sons to the Pacific slope; 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


MARTIN W. LITTLETON 


and then the valleys became white and gold with the ripening 
harvest, the plains resounded with the tramp of countless herds, 
and mountains gave up their riches to the quest of the miner. 

Beneath and _ behind advancing developments, was the 
powerful inspiration of a great free, constitutional government. 
And still behind and still beneath this government was the 
enkindling genius of a new civilization, which in its own good 
time was sure to shed its light wherever dwelt the sons of men; 
a civilization whose deep dynamic force, whose wide and 
widening energies, whose complex ambition required a gov- 
ernment free enough for the play of all its forces, firm enough 
to hold in wholesome check its lawless elements, and broad 
enough to embrace within its freedom and stability, the certain 
growth and changing conditions which surely come with the 
development of a new Nation. 


He spoke of Hamilton and Madison: 


Not as philosophers and scholars, but as men whose prac- 
tical genius construed conditions and interpreted events, rose 
above the constricting limitations of the Articles of Confedera- 
tion, defied the fatal restraint of the written law and translated 
the resistless growth of the country into the vital language of 
its organic constitution. 


Speaking of Fulton’s achievement he said: 


The United States conceived in the glorious genius of a 
righteous revolution, brought forth as the joint product of the 
chivalric Cavalier and the persevering Puritan, sprang into the 
arena of the world’s conflict and the reach and range of her 
influence has touched and quickened the conscience of the 
world. Chief among those who gave her the position of un- 
doubted supremacy in the world was Robert Fulton. Until 
his genius wrought its wondrous miracle over wind and wave, 
the commerce of the world was but a senseless slave of every 
storm and the idle drift of every tide. Until he fused the 
fragile heat and made it master of the insensate iron and 
made the two work together in tireless rhythm, the man upon 
the sea sought every shore where restless winds could blow. 
Until he turned the glistening blades of burnished wheels into 
the stubborn sea and held the elements captive in the cabin 
room, the clouds were masters of our ocean course and the 
storms dictated our destiny. Until he caught the idle wind 
within the swelling sail and smote its confused elements into 
orderly force, the world stood still in the midst of every calm 
and frightened fled in front of every storm. 


On the stage in the Auditorium were a num- 
ber of Robert Fulton’s descendants: Mrs. H. 
H. Cammann, his only granddaughter; C. 
Franklin Crary, of Merrick, L. I.; Edward C. 
and H. Schuyler Cammann, and R. Fulton 
Ludlow, grandsons of the inventor, and the 
Misses Alice and Cornelia Fulton Crary, great 
granddaughters. On the rostrum there were 
also practically all of the officers of the Associa- 
tion, a large number of the Executive Commit- 
tee, the principal officers of the Exposition and 
a distinguished representation of the army and 
navy officers. 

Following the day made memorable by rea- 
son of the noted assembly and the remarkable 
speeches which had been delivered, the New 
York State Commissioners tendered to the rep- 
resentatives of the Robert Fulton Monument 


Hucu Gorpon Mitver, Mrs. Donatp McLean, SAMUEL L. CLemeNs, Litt.D., Mrs. HucH Gorpon MILLER 


Diary—September. 


hee 


aa = 
= ‘i ant me eS 


HENRY H. ROGERS’ “KANAWHA” 


Association a banquet at the New York State 
Building. Hugh Gordon Miller, a New York 
Commissioner, and Second Vice-President of 
the Robert Fulton Monument Association, 
acted as toastmaster. Mrs. Donald McLean, 
one of the New York Commissioners, and the 
President-General of the Daughters of the 
American Revolution, spoke briefly, as did Mr. 
Littleton; Henry C. Bayer, Special Commis- 
sioner in the United States of the International 
Maritime Association; John S. Wise, of New 
York, and Colonel H. O. S. Heistand, Chair- 
man of the Robert Fulton Executive Commit- 
tee. The guests of the occasion were, in addi- 
tion to the members of the Robert Fulton 
Memorial Association, the most prominent 
United States and State representatives and 
Exposition officials with their wives. 

The Congress of Horticulture was in session 
at the Exposition during the week beginning 
September 23. Warren H. Manning presided 
at the opening session. A number of affliated 
organizations participated in this Congress, 
chief of which were the American Pomological 
Society, the Society of Horticultural Science 
and the Maryland Horticultural Society. In- 
teresting papers were read during the meeting. 
Professor P. H. King, of Madison, Wis., dealt 
with ““ Soils;’?> Dr. A. F. Woods, Assistant 
Chief, Bureau of Plant Industry, read a paper 
on “ Plant Pathology.” “* Insect Enemies ”’ 
were described by A. L. Quaintance of the 
Bureau of Entomology. An essay on “ Breed- 
ing and Propagating Florists’ Flowers ’’ was 
read by W. N. Rudd. Professor F. W. Rane 
of Boston talked on the subject of “ Forest 
Trees,’ and showed that thousands of acres of 
land lying idle could be made extremely valu- 
able in years to come if only seeds of pine trees 
were planted. 


L. A. GOODMAN 
President 


JOHN CRAIG 


Secretary 


AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


289 


aa Benes 


CORNELIUS VANDERBILT'S “ NORTH STAR” 


The American Pomological Society held its 
thirteenth biennial session in the Court of the 
States Exhibit Building. All the papers that 
were read treated of technical conditions or were 
reviews of fruit growing in various states. The 
ofhicers of the previous terms were re-elected. 
President L. A. Goodman, Kansas City; Sec- 
retary, John Craig, Professor of Horticulture 
of Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.; Treas- 
urer, L. R. Taft, East Lansing, Mich.; Assist- 
ant Secretary, L. B. Judson, Ithaca, N. Y. 
Colonel C. L. Watruss of Des Moines, Iowa, 
responded to the several addresses of welcome 
delivered by Mr. Tucker for the Exposition, 
by Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson for Virginia, 
and by Samuel B. Woods on behalf of the 
Virginia State Horticultural Society. The ses- 
sions were successful and the exhibit of fruit 
was attractive and emphatically educational. 
The Society enjoyed a watermelon luncheon 
and later inspected the Garrett Wine Cellars. 
Then, as the guests of the Norfolk and South- 
ern Railway, they visited the home of the Scup- 
pernong grape. 

September 24.—The Maryland Horticul- 
tural Society held its summer meeting. Pres- 
ident Orlando Harrison occupied the chair. 
The Honorable W. McCullough Brown re- 
sponded to Mr. Tucker’s address of welcome 
and Captain R. W. Silvester, President of the 
Maryland Agricultural College, made the prin- 
cipal address. Eloquently and with convin- 
cing force he described the benefits which might 
be derived from annual meetings of associa- 
tions such as the Horticultural Society, and ex- 
pressed his conviction that societies similar to 
the Maryland Association should be organized 
in all the States. He cited the results which 
had been obtained by State societies in various 
parts of the country so far as related to secur- 


LAL 


Treasurer 


L. B. JUDSON 
Assistant Secretary 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ing their just rights in the sale of their products, 
and he tellingly directed attention to the great 
work that the agricultural colleges and experi- 
ment stations are doing. 

Julius J. Heinrich, Superintendent of the Ex- 
position’s Landscape Department, spoke on 
“The Troubles of a Landscape Gardener at 
an Exposition.”” Professor L. R. Taft of the 
Michigan Agricultural College discussed “‘ The 
Possibilities of the Peach—Mlichigan versus 
Maryland.” Professor H. E. Van Deman of 
Maryland spoke on “ The Possibilities of Nut 
Growing in Maryland,” and Professor C. P. 
Close described “‘ Some of the Newer Straw- 
berries in 1907.”’ The Secretary of the Asso- 
ciation, Professor I. B. Symons, of the Mary- 
land Agricultural College, urged the Society 
to prepare for the succeeding winter session to 
be held in Baltimore during December. 

Colonel Thomas J. Nottingham of the Sev- 
enty-frst Regiment Virginia Volunteers, gave 
a dinner to Colonel Philip Reade, command- 
ing the [Twenty-third Infantry, U. S. A., and 
to the members of his Staff on the eve of their 
departure. Speeches were made by Colonel 
Nottingham, Colonel Reade, Rear-Admiral 
Berry, Major J. E. Kuhn, U. S. Engineer in 
charge at Norfolk; Colonel Waller, U. S. M. 
C.; Paymaster W. W. Galt, of the Navy; 
Chaplain Sullivan of the Twenty-third Infan- 
try, and Colonel L. C. Hudgins, Colonel of 
the old Fourth Virginia Regiment. 

September 25.—Joseph Bryan of Richmond 
presided over a meeting of the Society of 
Colonial Wars and the gathering though small 
was enthusiastic and successful. “The members 
met at the Massachusetts State Building and 
after their session enjoyed an informal lunch. 
The officers of the General Society were Arthur 
J. D. Sowdan of Boston, Governor-General ; 
Howland Pell, of New York, Vice-Governor- 
General; Samuel F. Hoffman, of New York, 
Secretary-General; Guy Van Amringe of New 
York, Deputy Secretary-General; Walliam 
McPherson Horner, of Byrn Mawr, Deputy 
Treasurer-General. 

The representatives from Kalamazoo, Mich., 
joined with the people of Staunton, Va., and 
jointly celebrated. President Justin Muffley 
of the Kalamazoo City Council spoke briefly 
of his home city, and he extended to Virginians 
a welcome as cordial as that which had been 
tendered to the Michiganders by President 
Tucker and Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson. 
Then Hon. William Alden Smith, a veteran 
newspaper man whom the people of Michigan 
had selected to represent them in the United 
States Senate, spoke for his progressive Com- 
monwealth. He said that the country would 
be better and greater only as the citizenship be- 
came greater and better, and he urged more 
rigid qualifications for naturalization and 
stronger evidences of loyalty before a vote 
should be given to a foreigner. 

Mayor Landes, of Staunton, talked about 
his little city which he termed the “‘ Queen of 
the Valley,” and Captain R. S. Parks, a well 


known orator and Confederate soldier, deliv- 


ered an eloquent and poetic speech, eulogizing 
the Shenandoah Valley, whose beauty he de- 


scribed in the following words: 

When the great Architect first smote upon the anvil of 
creation, and flaming worlds took their places in space, were 
these mountains then formed, or are they the result of some 
great upheaval of nature or some volcanic action? ‘Their sides 
are covered with virgin forests, and we watch the tiny leaf as 
it springs from the expanding twig, we see it change color from 
summer beauty to autumnal loveliness, and fall in withered 
worthlessness to the ground to teach man who treads upon it a 
lesson of his own destiny. 


Captain Parks closed his address with an 
eloquent tribute to the Stars and Stripes. 

Following the exercises at the Auditorium 
a luncheon was tendered to the prominent visit- 
ors. President Tucker acted as host at the In- 
side Inn. Later a review of the soldiers sta- 
tioned at the Exposition formed a feature of 
the afternoon exercises. 

Among the aides of Colonel Reade, the 
Grand Marshal, were Captain Henry W. Car- 
penter, U. S. M. C., the Commandant of the 
Powhatan Guards, and Lieutenant H. N. 
Cootes, U. S. A., the Military Secretary of the 
Exposition, both of them natives of the Shenan- 
doah Valley. 

September 26.—The Congress of Peanut 
Growers was called to order by President C. 
W. Mitchell. Mr. 
Tucker welcomed the . 
delegates. Messrs. 
Jones and Poole from 
the Tennessee Peanut 
Growers’ Association | 
were introduced and | 
made speeches. J. E. | 
Evans represented the | 
North Carolina Farm- 
ers’ Alliance, and Mr. 
Sherman, of Greens- [ 
burg, Ind., organizer of ~ 
the American Society 
of Equity, addressed 
the meeting. The subject of establishing a 
great co-operative Peanut Cleaner was dis- 
cussed but nothing definite was decided on 
the subject, which was referred to a future 
meeting. Professor L. C. Corbett, of the U. 
S. Agricultural Department, spoke on “ Pea- 
nut Culture,’’ and Professor W. F. Masse dis- 
cussed “ Crop Rotation.” Colonel L. R. Ed- 
wards, of Franklin, Va., delivered an address 
on “ The Uses of the Peanut.’’ Honorable B. 
B. Winborne of Murfreesboro, N. C., also 
spoke. C. W. Mitchell was re-elected Pres- 
ident and E. Stephenson Askew, of Windsor, 
N. C., was elected Permanent Secretary to suc- 
ceed Gilbert T. Stevenson who had resigned. 

The Sixth Annual Convention of the Na- 
tional Nut Growers’ Association met at the In- 
side Inn. Mr. Kirkpatrick, of Texas, spoke 
on the future of the nut industry. Dr. Van 
Duzee and Dr. Morris, of New York, Profes- 
sor Close, of Maryland, and Professor Van 
Deman made able addresses. Francis Hiram 
Burnett, Professor of Horticulture at the 
Louisiana State University, and Chairman of 
the Louisiana State Committee of the Amer- 
ican Pomological Society, was re-elected Pres- 


ident of the Association, and Dr. J. F. Wilson, 


290 


E. STEPHENSON ASKEW 
Secretary 


Diary—September—October. 


Dr. J. F. Witson 


Secretary 


Pror. Francis H. Burnetr 
President 


the Manager of the Piney Park Nursery of 
Poulan, Ga., was re-elected Secretary. Dr. 
Wilson advocated a system of nomenclature 


and standards, and said: 

Something more is needed in order to register the name, 
protecting the originator in his claim for a name and giving 
full publicity to the fact. Incidentally other than a commercial 
standard of scoring varieties is needed for there will no doubt 
be varieties introduced, not of commercial value, that may be 
valuable for home use. 


September 27.—Three battalions of the 
Twenty-third U. S. Infantry, under the com- 
mand of Colonel Philip Reade, and the Third 
Squadron of the Twelfth U. S. Cavalry, under 
the command of Captain C. J. Symmonds, left 
Camp Captain John Smith to take part in the 
McKinley Memorial exercises at Canton, O. 
Before going it was announced that the entire 
Cavalry force and two of the Infantry bat- 
talions would return to the Exposition after the 
dedication of the mausoleum. The Third Bat- 
talion of Infantry was ordered to Annapolis 
for target practice. 

October 1.—Several hundred of the St. An- 
drew Brotherhood, the largest organization of 
men in the Protestant Episcopal Church, visited 
the Exposition. The members of the Brother- 
hood came from Washington where the annual 
gathering of the organization had just been 
held. They had no official session at the Ex- 
position but spent the greater part of the day 
in the History Building. 

October 2.—Japan Day. Welcoming the 
Japanese, who were the second nation to cele- 


brate at the Exposition, Mr. Tucker said that 
the Americans admired them for their triumphs 
in fine arts, for their intelligence and because 
“the people of this country always like a good 
scrapper.” He proclaimed that the Japanese 
Constitution was a monument to the greatness 
of the nation. It made the Empire a monarch- 
ical republic with a constitution handed down 
from the throne—a constitution which guaran- 
teed to the people of Japan civil and religious 
liberty, the two great principles incorporated in 
the Constitution of the United States. 
Vice-Consul-General, S. Suzuki, was the 
next speaker. He said that the Consul-Gen- 
eral, C. Kioke, could not be present on account 
of pressing official engagements but had sent a 
written speech which the Vice-Consul would 
read. ‘This speech called attention to the great 
interest which Japan had taken in the Exposi- 
tion as was shown by the fact that His Im- 
perial Majesty had sent Field Marshal Kuroki 
and Vice-Admiral Ijuin to take part in the Ter- 
Centennial of Jamestown. Referring to Gen- 


eral Kuroki, the Vice-Consul said: 


His merits are known to everybody, and of his importance 
to Japan, it will suffice to say that he is holding the post of 
Military Councilor to His Majesty, the Emperor; and of the 
ships which Vice-Admiral [juin commands, I take pleasure in 
reminding you that these powerful boats represent a happy 
combination of American and Japanese industry. The Chitose, 
one of the cruisers, was framed with steel from the soil of the 
nation most friendly to us and riveted with the hands of sym- 
pathy of the people most friendly to Japan. 


The feature of the ceremonies was the ad- 
dress of IT. Fukushima, of Tokio Academy. 


An alumnus of Cornell, the Professor's manner 
of speaking was decidedly American and his 


pronunciation perfect. He said: 


Fifty years ago, Japan was asleep and it was the American 
people who coming had found a great people and introduced 
them to civilization, and the friendship between the two power- 
ful nations, which then began, has continued and will con- 
tinue forever. 

What other nations may be doing, may be called progress 
but what Japan is doing can only be called phenomenal. The 
schools of Japan are splendid and they teach obedience to the 
calls of the country and obedience to parents, and, American 
children may learn something along this latter line from the 
little Japs. 


From a spectacular standpoint the Feast of 
Lanterns and the Water Carnival which took 
place on the Government Pier and the Grand 
Basin at 7:30 o'clock, was the greatest feature 


JAPANESE OFFICIALS AND PARTY 


291 


pepe a HUHA ¥ Hit 3] UH 

ea ne 

Mute Mee Gp 
ae uae 


Copyright, Jamestow 


GOVERNOR STUART OF PENNSYLVANIA, HIS STAFF AND OFFICIAL PARTY, IN FRONT OF THE AUDITORIUM 


Diary—October. 


of the day. The lights on the Pier were ex- 
tinguished at seven o'clock and three thousand 
people carrying red lanterns marched around 
the arm of the structure and then across the 
arch. From there, headed by the band from 
the U. S. S. “Chicago” playing “ Dixie,” 
the lantern bearers wended their way to the 
Auditorium where they were checked by the 
signal for the fireworks display. During the 
parade eight motor boats decorated with scores 
of lanterns strung around their superstructure 
maneuvered over the basin. ‘The reflection of 
the red upon the water was beautiful and the 
whole carnival was unsurpassed by any previ- 
ous Exposition spectacle. A number of Nor- 
folk girls dressed in Japanese costumes were 
seated in the boats but the basin was so large 
and the boats so far from shore that their iden- 
tity was well hidden. In the pyrotechnic dis- 
play the flags of Japan and the United States 
were outlined and then the photographs of 
President Roosevelt and the Mikado were 
shown in the same element. At 8:30 there 
was a reception at the Japanese Tea Garden 
and several hundred invited guests had tea and 
rice cakes served to them. 

At various times throughout the day bal- 
loons were released and each of these carried 
some numbered coupon entitling the finder to a 
handsome prize. The premiums had been of- 
fered by the Japanese Industrial Commission- 
ers and were vases, plaques and other art work 
in porcelain or bronze. 

October 3.—The Ninth Regiment Infantry 
National Guard of Pennsylvania arrived at 
10:30 in the evening, and after supper at the 
Swiss Alps went into camp. Everything was 
in readiness for the men. There were modern 
tent walls, cots and mattresses in profusion. 
The camp was astir early the next morning for 
Wilkes-Barre Day, and at noon a delightful 
reception was given by Harry St. George 
Tucker and Mrs. Tucker, a former Wilkes- 
Barre girl. Colonel Asher Minor was in com- 
mand of the three hundred and eight enlisted 
men and thirty-four commissioned officers. The 
second day of their visit, October 4, was Penn- 
sylvania Day at the Exposition and the regi- 
ment arrived at the Deep Water Pier at 10:15 
A. M. to act as escort to Governor Edwin S. 
Stuart. The Commander-in-Chief of the Penn- 
sylvania forces was received with proper mili- 
tary honors. ‘The regiment then moved in col- 
umns and squads, headed by their regimental 
band, and escorted the party to the Auditorium 
where the salute to the Governor was repeated 
and the regiment was dismissed. In the after- 
noon the Pennsylvania troops participated in 
the parade in honor of Governor Stuart. The 
regimental band under the direction of the prin- 
cipal musician, J. I. Alexander, gave a concert 
in the Virginia Building on the afternoon of 
the fifth and another the same evening to the 
Governor’s party at the Hotel Chamberlain, 
Old Point Comfort. On the morning of the 
sixth the Regiment left the Exposition. 

The members of the Photographic Assocta- 
tions of Virginia and the Carolinas who were 


293 


holding their biennial session in Norfolk, visited 
the Exposition grounds in a body. No cere- 
monies attended their visit but they inspected 
all the buildings and looked at the principal 
attractions. 

October 4.—Celebrating Pennsylvania Day 
at the Exposition and also the anniversary of 
the famous battle of Germantown, more than 
one hundred Pennsylvanians headed by Gov- 
ernor Stuart and his Staff, reached the Exxposi- 
tion in the forenoon and participated in the 
elaborate ceremonies which had been arranged 
for the occasion by the Pennsylvania Ter-Cen- 
tennial Commission. The official party headed 


by the Ninth Regiment Pennsylvania National 
Guard reached the Auditorium promptly at 
11:30. Honorable Henry F. Walton, ex- 
Speaker of the Pennsylvania Senate and a 
member of the State Commission, called the 
body to order and presented Governor Stuart 
who was received enthusiastically. He said 


LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR ROBERT F. MURPHY 


that he had not come to deliver an address but 
as the Governor of one great State to show the 
people of another great State his feeling for 
them and to testify to the interest which Penn- 
sylvanians felt for Virginia’s great Exposition. 
The Governor paid an eloquent and sympa- 
thetic tribute to the memory of the late General 
Fitzhugh Lee. 

Lieutenant-Governor Robert F. Murphy, of 
Pennsylvania, was the orator of the day. He 
paid a high compliment to Governor Swanson 
and Mr. Tucker, each of whom had delivered 
a salutatory address, and said that Pennsyl- 
vania was grateful for the welcome so elo- 
quently extended. 


To-day, we gratify our own hearts in complimenting the 
first of Virginians and the first of Americans—Washington, the 
patron saint of our country. Men of Pennsylvania and Virginia 
will ever recall with feelings of pride the memory of German- 
town’s battlefield, where, just one hundred and thirty years ago 
this day, the soldiers of the two Commonwealths, standing side 
by side, struck boldly for liberty, and where the immortal soul 
whom I have named, whose life and services are and will ever 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


be the most valued heritage of this Republic, stood in supreme 
command. Pennsylvanians and Virginians shoulder to shoulder 
then—Pennsylvanians and Virginians hand in hand now upon 
the anniversary of that eventful day. A representative State 
of the North glad to be the guest of a representative State of 
the South, and both proud and happy to recall what together 
they have wrought; and even more glad that day by day and 
hour by hour dissolves the imaginary line which would mark 
you as of one section and us of another. 


The history of Virginia, its battlegrounds 
and its epic of Civil struggle, the lives of its 
great men and its historic scenes were vividly 
recalled. He pictured Pennsylvania and Vir- 
ginia traveling with clasped hands along the 
high road of independence for many years, in 
peace, happiness and contentment, and de- 
scribed the time when the States were torn 
asunder by differences of opinion originating 
with the fundamental law. He paid tribute 
to the soldiers who had fought their way “ to 
the admiration of a world, under a leadership 
typified in the immortal Lee and his great Lieu- 


tenant, Stonewall Jackson,”’ and continued: 
We of Pennsylvania recall with grateful hearts the great, 
gentle and masterful Meade, who stood crowned with the laurel 
of victory upon the Gettysburg hills of his native State. We 
are all alike thankful for that noble son who paid the price of 
devotion with his life upon that memorable occasion, the brave, 
chivalrous Reynolds—and we shall ever fondly cherish the 
deeds of that heroic figure, the incarnation of courage, who 
upon the field of battle was known as “ Hancock, the Superb.” 


Of the history of Pennsylvania he said: 


It is filled with materials that will ever delight the his- 
torian; that will arouse the ardor and courage of her people; 
that will ever stimulate her to higher and nobler endeavor along 
the lines cast by the men whose eyes with prophetic vision 
foresaw the future of a great people and rose equal to the 
opportunity to make them forever free. The hardships and 
difficulties, with the danger even of death, that was the legacy 
of the other Colonies, was also the part of Pennsylvania. Her 
valleys were fertile and her landscape beautiful, but to capture 
the fruits of the soil and to wring from the bosom of Mother 
Earth first a livelihood, then comfort, then a competence, under 
the circumstances and conditions of the times, subjected every- 
one to the strongest test of courage. In due time, however, 
changed conditions gave birth to new ideas, and there was 
distilled that spirit of independence so natural to a country of 
such illimitable size and so richly endowed with the blessings 
upon which mankind depends. The very character of the people 
was of an ardent and independent type. They believed in 
civil and religious liberty. They believed in the largest indi- 
vidual freedom consistent with the good of all. But to be ruled 
from abroad ever results in criticism, suspicion and impatience. 
Almost imperceptibly came the resultant irritation, and upon 
its heels traveled dissatisfaction, until a strong and growing 
desire for independence became apparent in Pennsylvania and 
her sister Colonies. 


Leaving the Colonial times, he described the 
peace and progress ensuing after the Revolu- 
tion. He spoke of Pennsylvania and the many 


able men, who served her: 

The names of Morris, Mifflin, Dickinson, Franklin, Cad- 
walader, Rittenhouse, Wilson, and others equally distinguished 
decorate her pages. She gave to the Nation the best that was 
within her. She supported and advanced in every way the 
conception of government of which the realization is found in 
the present indissoluble Union. In maintaining it she has 
never hesitated for an instant and has been ready to defend 


$ 
ie SY. 


SQUADRON “A,” NATIONAL GUARD NEW YORK 


it at any cost, in legislative hall, at the polls, or when sterner 
measures became necessary. 


The speaker described the industrial growth 
and opportunities of Pennsylvania, the fertile 
soil of the district between the Delaware and 
the Ohio, the richness of her mineral resources, 
her primacy in the production of iron and steel, 
her vast coal treasures, her manufactures of 
silk, woolens and textiles—in all of which she 
led the Nation. He spoke of the enviable 
place occupied by Pennsylvania in the repro- 
duction of leather, in the furnishing of lumber, 
in the refinement of petroleum, in the making 
of glass. He stated that in her railroad equip- 
ment, in cars, in armor plate and in locomo- 
tives, Pennsylvania was ahead of all other 
States, and the splendid vessels built in her 
yards sailed over every sea. He concluded: 


When to this impressive testimony of wealth and achieve- 
ment is added the statement that the chief of all industries 
of the State is agriculture, surely the greatness of the province 
of William Penn is splendidly illustrated. 


In the afternoon the United States and 
Pennsylvania troops were reviewed by the Gov- 
ernor, and the Twelfth U. S. Cavalry gave an 
exhibition drill. Late in the afternoon there 
was a reception in the Pennsylvania Building 
and at night Governor and Mrs. Swanson en- 
tertained the visitors at a brilliant and well at- 
tended reception at the Virginia Building. 

October 8—The National Funeral Direc- 
tors’ Association which had convened in the 
morning held their 
second session in the 
Auditorium at 3:00 
P. M. President D. 
B. Quinlan presided 
and introduced the 
Hons ehlarrygeot 
George Tucker. Mr. 
Tucker made unques- 
tionably the wittiest 
speech that he had 
delivered at the Ex- 
position, and kept his 
auditors laughing from 
the moment he began. 
William J. Phelps of 
New York responded, and at the conclusion of 
his address by a rising vote the members of the 
Association thanked Mr. Tucker for his splen- 
did welcome. 

Major Oliver B. Bridgeman of Squadron 
“4,” National Guard of New York, com- 


D. B. QUINLAN, President 


Diary—October. 


manded the portion of the squadron which had 
been designated by the Adjutant-General for 
duty as escort to Governor Hughes while he 
was attending the Jamestown Exposition. On 
the afternoon of October 8 the horses were 
loaded on cars and in the evening the men left 
Jersey City for Norfolk. The troopers arrived 
at Cape Charles early on the morning of the 
ninth and the horses and baggage were then 
transferred to the waiting boat. The Exposi- 
tion was reached shortly after nine o'clock and 
Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson of Virginia made 
a very gracious address of welcome when the 
command landed at the Deepwater Pier. 
After disembarking the horses were led by the 
men in columns of twos directly to the camp 
assigned, the baggage and kits following in 
wagons. At four o'clock in the afternoon, in 
service uniform, the Squadron formed for re- 
view with the soldiers of the United States 
Army and took position on the left of the 
Twelfth U. S. Cavalry. On the following 
morning, October 10, New York Day, the 
squadron in full dress uniform, preceded by its 
mounted band, marched to the New York 
State Building and reported to the Adjutant- 
General at 11:45. At twelve it escorted Gov- 
ernor Hughes and party to the Auditorium 
where the exercises of the day were held. At 
four o'clock it again joined the United States 
Troops and the Twelfth Infantry, N. G. N. Y. 
for a review by Governor Hughes on Lee’s 
Parade, afterwards escorting the Governor 
back to the New York Building. On the third 
and last day of the visit, early calls were 
sounded as on the preceding day, reveille at six 
o'clock and first call for mess at seven. At 
nine in the morning the Squadron formed in 
service uniform and proceeded to Lee’s Parade 
where a drill of one and one-half hours was 
held, the commanding officer of the Twelfth 
United States Cavalry withdrawing his men in 
order that ““ A” might have the whole field. 
Then only did the men have a chance to see 
the Exposition as a whole and Major Bridge- 
man marched the Squadron at “ Route Order ” 
around the grounds and back to camp. At four 
o'clock in the afternoon camp was broken and 
Squadron formed for the march to the boat, 
which left the dock about 5:30 p.m. No 
militia troop that visited the Exposition made a 
more splendid impression than did this crack 
New York Cavalry command. 

October 9.—Rear-Admiral P. F. Harring- 
ton, U. S. N. (Retired), Chairman of the 
Naval Board, was a conspicuous figure on 
Delaware Day. He is a native Delawarean 
and loves his State, and to him it was largely 
due that Delaware was represented at the Ex- 
position. In full uniform he met Governor Lea 
and the other official guests upon their arrival 
to the grounds and escorted them in automo- 
biles and carriages to the Auditorium where the 
opening exercises of Delaware Day took place. 
The Hon. John W. Causey, Vice-President of 
the Delaware Commission, presided. This gen- 
tleman had served in Congress both with Gov- 
ernor Swanson of Virginia and President 


295 


Tucker of the Exposition. Unfortunately the 
Chief Executive of Virginia could not be pres- 
ent but Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson, in a most 
admirable way, acted as his substitute. In his 
address of welcome and also in the address de- 
livered by President Tucker high tributes were 
paid to Admiral Harrington. When Governor 
Lea arose he was greeted with tumultuous ap- 
plause. The Governor’s review of the early 
history of Delaware was most instructive. He 
said in part: 

The Colonial period was marked by friendly relations and 
cordial interchange of interests and commerce between Vir- 
ginia and Delaware. A large number of prominent early 
settlers of Delaware first landed in Virginia, then joined a 
movement northward seeking to settle the hospitable and in- 
viting region along the Delaware River and Bay. They were 
met and welcomed by the sturdy Quakers from Pennsylvania; 
the Churchmen from Virginia and the quiet followers of Fox 
joined forces to subjugate the soil and establish a righteous 
and stable government. Dissimilar in thought and manner of 
life, at variance in beliefs and practices, these colonists were 
united in real purposes and aims. Tolerant of the beliefs and 
methods of worship of others, bigotry found no lodging place 


with them, and persecutions for religious opinions was un- 
known to our people. 


HONORABLE JAMES PENNEWILL 


The orator of the day was Hon. James 
Pennewill, Associate Judge of the Supreme 
Court of Delaware. His speech was both elo- 
quent and scholarly. He said: 


I have often thought that the religious persecutions of the 
Old World were the best things that could have happened for 
the New. Because of such persecutions untold numbers of the 
best blood of Europe left their native lands and came to this, 
where they hoped to worship according to their own belief 
and live according to their own faith. Intolerance and bigotry 
prevailed here for a time but the day of religious freedom had 
dawned, and the New World was the first to welcome the 
morning beams. 


Urging respect and regard for the law the 


speaker declared : 


The greatest element of strength in the Japanese during 
their late war consisted in the absolute surrender of the in- 
dividual will to an authority higher than self. You may call 
it obedience to the voice of the elder statesmen, worship of 
the Emperor, reverence for the spirits of their ancestors, patriot- 
ism or what you will. Nevertheless, it was something as sacred 
as law; something for which they had respect; something in 
which they believed; something which made splendid citizens, 
and soldiers and sailors as brave and true as the world has 
ever seen. And so I say in order that the law may be 
effective the body of the people must believe in and respect the 
law—the public mind must be assured that those who occupy 


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Diaryv—October. 


the highest positions are no more above the law than the 
humblest citizen in the State. 

* * * there is nothing more necessary in a constitu- 
tional government, and especially in our own, than an honest, 
capable and fearless bench. Men of Virginia! if your State 
had never done anything else it would be an everlasting honor 
that she furnished for the country and the world Chief Justice 
Marshall. * * * The fame of Marshall will be as endur- 
ing as the principles of law he interpreted. Let us trust that 
the Constitution he so ably expounded may live and be cher- 
ished as fondly and long as his illustrious name. 


A pleasing feature not on the programme 
was a short talk by Admiral Harrington, who 
complimented his fellow Delawareans upon the 
success of their meeting and the creditable 
showing which had been made by the State. 

The official party and a number of other 
guests were entertained by the Exposition at 
luncheon. Judge Pennewill, Judge R. T. 
Duke, Jr., of Charlottesville, Va., and Hon. 
John W. Causey made after luncheon speeches. 
At 2:30 o'clock Governor Lea and Lieutenant- 
Governor I. Thomas Parker, of Delaware, re- 
viewed all the troops on the grounds, and the 
day’s festivities ended with a delightful recep- 
tion given in the evening by the Delaware Com- 
missioners to Governor Lea at the Delaware 
Building. 

The Eleventh State Conference of the Vir- 
ginia Daughters of the American Revolution 
was called to order by Mrs. Samuel Jamieson, 
the State regent, at half past ten o'clock. 
President-General Mrs. Donald McLean oc- 
cupied a seat on the stage. The address of 
welcome was delivered by Mrs. Charles N. 
Nash, Fort Nelson Chapter, and Mrs. Edward 
W. Finch, the regent of Frances Bland Ran- 
dolph Chapter responded. Mrs. Jamieson de- 
livered the State regent’s annual address and 
offered reports from State officers and secre- 
taries of the Chapters. 

At the second day’s session held October 
10, Mrs. Samuel W. Jamieson was re-elected 
State regent, Mrs. William A. Smoot was 
elected Vice-President-General for Virginia, 
Mrs. W. W. Harper Vice-State regent, Mrs. 
James R. Shick re-elected Secretary, and Mrs. 
Frederick Effinger elected Treasurer. After 
the completion of the routine business Mrs. 
Jamieson presented to the Conference a silver 


W. H. SARGEANT 


Secretary of Committee 


297 


W. J. HUBBARD 
Grand High Priest 1906-7 


mounted gavel made from four pieces of wood, 
each of which possessed rare sentimental inter- 
est. I'wo pieces were taken from trees which 
had been planted by George Washington and 
the Marquis de la Fayette at Mount Vernon 
shortly after the close of the Revolutionary 
War, one piece came from Thomas Jefferson’s 
desk and the last from a tree which shades the 
grave of Patrick Henry. Miss Alexander, of 
Roanoke, delivered a stirringly patriotic address 
urging regard for the Nation’s flag and recom- 
mending that respect for the country’s emblem 
be inculcated in the minds of the country’s 
young people who as school children should be 
taught to reverence the Stars and Stripes. Mrs. 
Charles R. Nash, of Portsmouth, successfully 
advanced a plea that the Virginia branch of the 
Society request the other State conferences to 
join in a petition to Congress that the Govern- 
ment provide a monument to the memory of 
Commodore Matthew Fontaine Maury. Mrs. 
Donald McLean delivered a characteristically 
fine address in which she expressed officially 
the cordial feelings of the general Order toward 
the Virginia Conference. 

At 8:30 in the morning the Grand Royal 
Arch Chapter of Virginia met at the Masonic 
Temple in Norfolk and proceeded in a body 
to the Jamestown Exposition as the guests of 
Norfolk Chapter No. 1. W. H. Sargeant, 
Jr., introduced the speakers. Addresses of 
welcome were delivered by the Honorable J. 
Taylor Ellyson, Hon. H. St. George Tucker, 
and Hon. James G. Riddick, Mayor of Nor- 
folk. Companion J. E. Thacker on behalf of 
the Norfolk United Royal Arch Chapter No. 
1 also greeted the visitors. “Io these addresses 
the Grand High Priest of Virginia replied, and 
the oration of the day was delivered by R. T. 
W. Duke, Jr., Past Grand Master A. F. and 
A. M. of Virginia. Of his Order Mr. Duke 
said: 

The Fraternity of Free Masons is of course known all the 
world over. It has given words to the language, ideas to 
humanity and its works are beheld, as well as mentioned by 
men. aster Masons are seen in public processions—now en- 
gaged in the last remnant of operative work—the laying of 


corner-stones—and now in solemn train accompanying the body 
of a deceased brother to his lasting resting place. The organ- 
Pr SOR ee 


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JOHN R. CHARLETON 


Treasurer of Committee 


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GOVERNOR HUGHES AND OFFICIAL PARTY AT THE AUDITORIUM 


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Diary—October. 


ization of Knights Templar, with its plumed and belted hosts, 
is no strange sight in our cities, and its uniformed, well-drilled 
commanderies give to the world an opportunity to become ac- 
quainted with the outward form and ceremony of Christian 
knighthood. But Capitulary Masonry, as it is called—the 
degrees under the control and rule of the Royal Arch Chapters, 
standing midway between the Blue Lodge and the Commandery 
—is never seen outside of its own temple. It has no work to 
do that the world may see; no procession to form; no drill 
to catch the eye. Unseen and quietly it goes on its way, and 
what it does is alone for the eyes of its own members and 
the eye of God. What reason it can give for its existence; 
why it has a right to exist, to do its work and to-day to gather 
its companions together to celebrate the end of a Century, 
is for itself alone. It has no apology to offer; no explanation 
to give. It is, because it is. It could not be where it is, 
between the Lodge and Knighthood, were not its aims noble, 
its intent for good. More secret in many ways than either its 
mother or its child, it stands accountable to no earthly master 
and asks no earthly applause. 


The officers elected by the Grand Chapter 
for 1907-8 were, John S. Fisher, Grand High 
Priest; William B. Chesney, Grand King; E. 
L. Guy, Grand Scribe; James B. Blanks, 
Grand Secretary. This meeting celebrated the 
one hundreth anniversary of the foundation of 
the Royal Arch Masonry in the Common- 
wealth of Virginia. 

The twenty-fourth convention of the Asso- 
ciation of Official Agricultural Chemists was 
attended by about one hundred delegates. ‘The 
Presidential address by John Philip Street, of 
New Haven, Conn., dealt especially with sug- 
gestions for the improvement of the efficiency of 
the work of the association. A number of in- 
teresting papers were read at this meeting and 
later the delegates were the guests of the Na- 
tional Fertilizer Association, then holding its 
session in Norfolk. Dr. H. W. Wiley, Chief 
of the Bureau of Chemistry, United States De- 
partment of Agriculture, delivered an interest- 
ing address, during the course of which, speak- 


ing of fertilizers, he said: 

There is a general consensus of opinion which is shown 
alike by the farmers and manufacturers, that large crops can 
only be secured, in most cases, by properly feeding the soil. 
The growing plant takes certain nourishing elements from the 
soil and puts them into the ripened crop. No matter how 
large the store may be of these nutritious elements, if they be 
continually drawn upon the time will come when they are no 
longer available. * * * Many philosophers have looked 
with pessimistic doubt upon the future of the human race. 
Malthus who lived a hundred years ago was a philosopher 
of events and saw nothing but starvation for the increasing 
population. The very British Isles on which he lived and for 
which he saw so black a future, now stand in greater comfort 
than in his day and with more than twice the population which 
then existed. Why should we be longer pessimistic while ex- 
pecting still greater development? Not so long as scientific 
agriculture and scientific manufacture of fertilizers exist need 
we fear the future in so far as the supply of food is con- 
cerned! 


October 10.—At eleven o’clock the Twelfth 
New York Regiment drew up before the New 
York Building to escort the Governor to the 
Auditorium, and with the Infantry was the 
famous Squadron “ A’”’ of New York, whose 
men were clad in light blue with skin tight 
trousers and looked like Continental soldiers. 
It was New York Day and the New Yorkers 
owned the Exposition. Virginia and the whole 
South has always been grateful to the Empire 
State for the generous help which that great 
Commonwealth extended to the survivors of the 
Lost Cause when at the close of the Civil War 
the people of the South were impoverished, and 
both Governor Swanson and Mr. Tucker made 
a point of this tie in the addresses of welcome 
which they delivered. Governor Charles Evans 
Hughes received an ovation when he arose to 
reply. His speech was brief but interesting. 


299 


Among other things he said concerning our 


country : 

We turn from our eager searching of the future to gather 
confidence and to learn wisdom from the record of the past, 
and once again we scan the ever fascinating pages of the 
wonder-book of American history. In contrast to an old world 
ravaged by greed and unprincipled ambition, where for cen- 
turies the toil and blood of the people had been given to the 
service of privilege and of the rivalries of despotic rulers, lay 
this broad land of matchless resources, enshrouded by its vast 
and silent forests, awaiting the fulness of time when it should 
become the domain of a nation dedicated to freedom, and the 
scene of the greatest triumphs of humanity. 


The Governor maintained that the Nation 
had largely fulfilled its promise and he claimed 
that New York State was in itself a world: 


It presents the most conflicting problems of modern times. 
In striking contrast it has the greatest wealth and the most 
abject poverty. Side by side with thrift and education and 
virtue may be found the depths of squalor, ignorance and vice. 
While in rural communities and small cities may be found 
American life at its best, in the congested quarters df the great 
metropolis humanity huddles in poverty, distress and shame. 
Government, State and municipal, is put to the severest tests, 
and to the thoughtful mind the emotions of just pride and the 
thrill of pleasure at our material and moral advances must 
stimulate the sense of obligation and of the most serious 
responsibility. 


JACOB GOULD SCHURMAN, D.Sc., LL.D. 


The address of Dr. Jacob Gould Schurman, 
President of Cornell University, was most in- 


structive. He began: 

To Virginia, the oldest of our States and the nursery of 
our great statesmen, honor and affectionate greeting from New 
York! 

The people of New York rejoice to share with you in 
these celebrations of the three hundredth anniversary of the com- 
ing of your English ancestors. We cannot survey the scene 
of the first settlements of the English in the New World without 
pride and admiration for their enterprise, their heroism, and 
their sublime endurance of every hardship to which mortal man 
may be exposed. It was no accident that from this stock and 
from this soil should have sprung those illustrious Virginians, 
Washington, Jefferson, Madison and Monroe, who for thirty- 
two years guided so successfully the destinies of the young 
republic of the United, States of America. 


Dr. Schurman said that it was a dozen years 
after Madison withdrew before a son of New 
York became President, but that latterly the 
Empire State was imitating with more success 
the example of Virginia and that during the 
last twenty-six years the presidency had been 


held for eighteen years by citizens of New 
York; and 


The only living ex-President is a New Yorker, and all 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


America delights to honor the good sense, the ardent patriotism, 
the sturdy independence, the fine courage and firm resolution, 
and the simple straightforward honor and integrity of Grover 
Cleveland. 


Then the crowd went wild. Cheer after 
cheer rang out for the sage of Princeton who no 
longer regarded as a political factor in the coun- 
try, was reverenced as perhaps no politician ever 
will be. Then the distinguished orator paid 
tribute to the present incumbent, Theodore 
Roosevelt, whose name was greeted with equal 
enthusiasm. The speaker told what had con- 
tributed most to the material growth of New 
Y ork and said the figures which to-day represent 
the wealth of the State baffle comprehension 
and almost imagination. ‘The estimated true 
value of all property in the United States was 
in 1904 one hundred and seven billion, one 
hundred and four million dollars. And of this 
unimaginable total between one-eighth and one- 
seventh belonged to the State of New York, 
namely, fourteen billion, seven hundred and 
sixty-nine millions. Of this wealth the larger 
portion—nine billion, one hundred and fifty- 
one millions—consisted of real property and 
improvements. 

The Doctor spoke of the great farming 
wealth of the State and of the dairy interests, 
and gave the figure of the previous year’s dairy 
output: Thirty-six million dollars for milk and 
nearly ten million for butter. He said that 
New York enjoyed an undisputed primacy in 
manufactures and gave as reasons for this emi- 
nence, the location of the State, its great harbor 
and its means for interior transportation. He 
declared that the State was now spending one 
hundred and one million dollars on an enlarge- 
ment of the Erie Canal, and fifty million dollars 
for the macadamizing of highways. He showed 
that in finance also, New York was the first 
State in the Union and that after London New 
York City was the greatest financial center in 
the world, that the resources of its National 
banks amounted in 1900 to one billion, three 
hundred and twenty-two millions, and of the 
trust companies and saving banks to seven hun- 
dred and ninety-six million additional. Dr. 
Schurman continued : 


I have been speaking of the marvelous wealth and pros- 
perity of our State. Let me now turn to the people who create 
that wealth and for whose sake the wealth exists. As the dif- 
ferentiating features of our State on the physical side are its 
unsurpassed location, its Atlantic harbors, its interior water- 
ways, its water-powers culminating in the irresistible might of 
Niagara, and its varied agricultural resources, so in the char- 
acter of its population our State has always been distinguished 
by a great diversity of nationalities. I have already spoken of 
the Dutch, French and English in the early days. There is no 
time to trace the multiplication of foreign streams which now 
compose the volume of our population. But it will be instruc- 
tive to take the figures as we have them in the last census. 
Of a total population in the United States, New York has a 
population of 7,268,000—nearly one-tenth of the whole. No 
other state has so large a population. Now of these 7,268,000 
more than one-fourth were born in foreign countries. If we 
should add to them the children born in New York of parents 
one or both of whom were born in foreign countries the com- 
bination would make more than one-half the population of the 
State of New York. Of the 1,900,000 persons in New York 
State who were born in foreign countries 602,000 came from 
the United Kingdom, 425,000 of them being from Ireland, 
Germany sent 480,000 of them, Italy 182,000, Russia 165,000, 
Canada 117,000, Austria 78,000, the Scandinavian countries 
64,000, Poland 47,000, Hungary 37,000, Roumania 10,000, 


and many other countries still smaller numbers. 

The speaker gave the reasons for the mag- 
netism of New York; the attractions it offered; 
its wealth; its business opportunities; its social 


enjoyments; its literary, artistic and professional 
pre-eminence. He said that a result of the 
mixed population was its spirit of cosmopolitan- 
ism which bred catholicity of sympathy and 
independence of judgment. ‘The orator con- 


tinued: 


We respect individuality, with all its idiosynscrasies; and 
nothing human is so outlandish as to escape the reach of our 
sympathy. And this is true not only in religion, but in politics. 
Hence political organizations are constantly arising in our State 
which are unknown to the “ regular” parties. They assert some 
right, they voice some aspiration, they demand some good. 
Between Niagara and the Atlantic we feel we have room 
enough for thera, even though they roar as loud as the one 
and rage as furiously as the other. Nor is this all. Our State 
is the home of the mugwump—the man who has no party, the 
man who votes solely with reference to the good of the country 
whichever party may promote it. And these independent voters, 
unattached to party, are now so numerous in our State that the 
“yegular”’ parties are obliged to take account of them in writ- 
ing their platforms and nominating their candidates. 

* New York stands not only for individualism in 
ae ie for individualism in business. We give our business 
men a free hand, not hampering them by unnecessary legis- 
lative restrictions, and we see them making the most of their 
opportunities and demonstrating the wisdom of the policy of 
individual freedom. e recognize that politics is one thing 
and business is another and we have a profound conviction 
that if politics is injected into business the result will be either 
corruption or bankruptcy or probably both. We make no at- 
tempt, therefore, to appropriate for public uses, by means of 
exorbitant taxes, the vast fortunes which our merchants and 
financiers accumulate. We give them freedom to make their 
fortunes and freedom to dispose of them. And in spite of 
many discouraging phenomena, on the whole, no fair-minded 
judge can doubt that experience justifies our procedure. 


Following the exercises a public reception 
was tendered to Governor Hughes and prob- 
ably three thousand people passed across the 
stage and shook hands with the distinguished 
reformer. Subsequently a buffet luncheon was 
given by the management and then the New 
York militia escorted the official party back to 
the New York Building where they remained 
until four o’clock when the military feature be- 
gan. The United States troops and New York 
soldiers were reviewed by Governor Hughes 
and his party. The famous Squadron “A”’ 
attracted most attention. ~The men were well 
attired, splendidly mounted and rode their 
horses as easily as the troopers of any of the 


TIMOTHY L. WOODRUFF 


HON. 


Lieut.-Gov. of New York 1896; re-elected 1898 and 1900 


300 


Diary—October. 


world’s best cavalry corps. In the evening 
President Thomas B. Dunn of the New York 
Commission and his fellow Commissioners gave 
a reception in honor of the Governor and the 
other distinguished New Yorkers. Hon. Tim- 
othy L. Woodruff, former Lieutenant-Governor 
of New York, stood in the receiving line with 
Governor Hughes on this occasion when more 
than a thousand guests came to greet the visitors. 

The seventeenth anniversary of the National 
Society of the Daughters of the American 
Revolution was celebrated at the Exposition 
with a birthday feast made notable by a char- 
acteristically sparkling speech brimming with 
humor delivered by President Tucker of the 
Exposition and eloquent addresses by Governor 
Claude A. Swanson of Virginia and Governor 
Charles E. Hughes, of New York. Mrs. 
Donald McLean, the President-General of the 
Order, whom Mr. Tucker designated as the 
most eloquent woman in America, made a 
splendid address. Her speech was intensely 
patriotic and kept her audience on keen edge. 
Interspersing periods of fervid national senti- 
ment, Mrs. Mclean interjected bits of humor 
which convulsed her audience. The Exposi- 
tion entertained the ladies with a luncheon, at 


which Mrs. Harry St. George Tucker, Mrs. 
J. Taylor Ellyson, Mrs. Hugh Nelson Page 
and Mrs. J. L. Hubbard acted as hostesses for 
the Exposition. 

The Disciples of Christ, who had been 
meeting in Norfolk, convened during the after- 
noon in the Auditorium and J. H. Garrison, 
the Editor of the Christian Evangelist, pub- 
lished in St. Louis, delivered a most impressive 
address in which he showed the parallel be- 
tween the founders of Jamestown and the es- 
tablishers of the Disciples and a similar har- 
mony between the Declaration of Independence 
and the “ Declaration and Address”’ by the 
Campbells. It was a distinctly fine speech 
which was received enthusiastically. A great 


many of the audience were not affiliated with 
the religious order and knew little or nothing 
about the principles and objects of the move- 
ment, yet they listened attentively and seemed 


301 


ASSOCIATION OF MILITARY SURGEONS 


to be impressed. R. E. Steed, City Clerk of 
Norfolk, and a prominent Disciple, presided at 
the meeting. 

The National Congress of Mothers, Mrs. 
Frederick Schoff, President, held a convention 
in the Auditorium Building and effected plans 
for the organization of the Virginia Congress. 
Mrs. Edward C. Bryce, the National Secre- 
tary, was secretary of the meeting. Mrs. Schoff 
called attention to the fact that the Indian child, 
Pocahontas, was the first to give a kindly wel- 
come to the weary wanderers from foreign 
shores, and it was “ fitting that the Ter-Centen- 
nial of the settlement of Jamestown should in- 
clude in its celebration the promotion of organ- 
ized effort throughout the Nation to surround the 
children with the influence of environment 
which would develop their highest possibil- 
ities.” She deemed it especially proper that 
Virginia women should take a part of this work 
which the National Congress of Mothers had 
begun. 

October | 1.—About twenty members of the 
“Windy City Brain Trust,” whose alias is the 
Chicago Press Club, were entertained by the 
Jamestown Press Club. “They were guided by 
Colonel Humphrey, Secretary of the Illinois 
Commission, and were also entertained at the 
Illinois Building. While in the vicinity the 
Virginia Pilots’ Association took the members 
on a yachting trip out through the Capes. On 
their way back to Chicago they stopped off at 
Richmond where the freedom of the city was 
tendered to them. 

October 14 to 17.—The annual meeting of 
the Association of Military Surgeons of the 
United States convened at eight o'clock in the 
evening. Thursday, October 15, was Military 
Surgeons’ Day and at 9:00 a. M. the doctors 
gathered to hear the reports of the Executive 
Council, of the various officers and the Chair- 
men of Committees. A public meeting was held 
in the Auditorium at eight o’clock in the even- 
ing. Surgeon Charles Poindexter Wertenbaker, 
P.H. and M.H.S., was in the chair. The ad- 
dress of welcome was delivered by Mr. Tucker, 


to which Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Albert H. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Asst. SurGc.-GEN. VAUGHAN 
President 1907-8 


President 1906-7 


Briggs, N. G. N. Y., responded. The annual 
address of the President of the Association, 
dealing with the “ Ideal Medical Department 
in the Field,’ was delivered by Colonel Valery 
Havard, U. S. A. Next came the installation 


of Foreign Delegates as corresponding mem- 
bers by Major James Evelyn Pilcher, Secre- 
tary, and responses by the several representa- 
tives of foreign nations who were present. Music 
was interspersed between the speeches. “There 
were about one hundred prominent surgeons 
present, and among them a number of foreign- 
ers. Surgeon W. B. Leishmann, Lieutenant- 
Colonel of the Royal Army Medical Corps 
represented England; Surgeon Arthur More- 
head, Major in the Indian Medical Service, and 
Surgeon MacLean MacLarren, Lieutenant- 
Colonel of the Canadian Medical Corps, rep- 
resented English colonies; S. Y. Ho, Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel of the Imperial Japanese-Chinese 
Army, represented China. At 9:00 A. M., 
October 16, the Surgeons again convened and 
a number of extremely interesting papers were 
read: 


“Notes from the Summer Encampments of the National 
Guard of Pennsylvania,” by Major Herbert A. Arnold, N. G. 
Pa. “An Efficient Method of Disposing of Garbage and 
Kitchen Refuse by Incineration Under the Camp Spider,” by 
Major Herbert A. Arnold, N. G. Pa. “The Sanitation of 
Modern Military Camps,” by Major Charles E. Woodruff, 
U. S. A. “Sanitation Requirements for the Navy, Ashore 
and Afloat,” by Medical Director Manly H. Simons, U. S. N. 

“Camp Sanitation,’ by Captain Percy L. Jones, U. S. A., and 
Passed Assistant Surgeon William Colby Rucker, P. H. and 
M. H. S. “The Purification of Drinking Water in the 
Field,” by Captain Carl R. Darnall, U. S. A. “ The Sanita- 


tion of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition,” Passed 
Assistant Surgeon Rupert Blue, P. H. and M. H. S., and 
Passed Assistant Surgeon 


William Colby Rucker, P. 
lab chyel IMG IER Si ie 
United States Naval Station 
at Olongapo, Philippine 
Islands; Its Location, Cli- 
mate and Diseases,” by 
Surgeon Charles Poor Kin- 
dleberger, U. S. N. “ The 
Disabled Foot in the Muili- 
tary Service,’ by George 
H. Richardson, U. S. A. 
“The Etiology of Inguinal 
Hernia and its Relation to 
the Question of Line of 
Duty,” by Surgeon George 
Rothganger, U.S. N. ‘* Ob- 
servations on the Standard 
of Vision for Recruits,” by 
Major Henry A. Shaw, U. 
“The Prevention of 


Lizut.-Cot. A. H. Brices 
Former President SieAc 
Disease in the _Army and 


the Best Method of Accomplishing That Result,” 
Frederick Smith, R. A. M. C., D. S. O. 


At eight o’clock in the evening of the six- 
teenth a second session was held and the fol- 


lowing papers were read: 
“The Effects of the Sun and Artificial Heat,” 


by Major 


by Dr. 


Cot. Vatery Havarp, U.S.A. 


Rear-Apm. Rixey, U.S.N. 
First Vice-President 1906-7 


Mayor Pitcuer, U.S.A. 


Secretary 


Harold D. Corbusier, late U. S. A. “* The Psychic Phenomena 
of Intestinal Toxemias and Their Treatment,’ by Captain 
Joseph Carlisle De Vries, N. G. N. Y. “ Plague in India— 
Sketch of its Cause and Spread; Methods Adopted to Combat 
the Disease by Officers of the Indian Medical Service,” by 
Major Arthur Henry Moorhead, I. M. S. “ The Conquests 
of Preventive Medicine,” by Major Louis Livingston Seaman, 
U.S. V. E. “Notes on the Epidemic of Typhoid Fever at 
Iloilo,” by Lieutenant Earl H. Burns, U. S. A. “ Heat Ex- 
haustion on Men-of-War,’ by Surgeon Middleton Stuart 
Elliot, U.S. N. “A History of the Typhoid Cases Occurring 
on Board the U. S. S. Connecticut,” by Passed Assistant Sur- 
geon Paul E. McDonnold, U. S. N. “ Typhoid Fever in the 
Philippines,” by Lieutenant Henry J. Nichols, U.S. A. “A 
Study of Tuberculosis in the United States Navy,” by Surgeon 
General Presley Marion Rixey, U. S. N. “ Relation of Immi- 
gration to Insanity,” by Assistant Surgeon Thomas W. Salmon, 
le Vek, Ehavel WE JGI, SE 


Thursday, October 17, the first session was 
as usual at nine o'clock. ‘The papers read on 
the occasion were: 


“Some Facts About the Army Canteen,” by Dr. Anita 
Newcombe McGee, late U. S. A. “Amebic Dysentery 
(Chronic) a Surgical Disease,” by Passed Assistant Surgeon 
John Milton Holt, P. H. and M. H. S. “Atropine as a 
Hemostatic,’ by Dr. William Francis Waugh, formerly U. S 
N. “Ethyl Chloride as a General Anesthetic in Minor Sur- 
gery,” by Passed Assistant Surgeon Edward Maurice Black- 
well, U. S. N. “ Smokeless Powder Burns,” by Surgeon Rand 
Percy Crandall, U. S. N. “A New Operation for Vari- 
cocele,” by Passed Assistant Surgeon George Franklin Free- 
man, U. S. N. “Inflammation of the Tendo-Achilles as a 
Military Affection,” by Major James Evelyn Pilcher, U. S. V., 
Captain U. S. A. “A Report of Four Operations on the 
Stomach,” by Surgeon L. L. Williams, P. H. and M. H. S. 


Thursday evening at eight o'clock the last 
session was held and the doctors listened to 
other papers: 


“The Correspondence School as a Means of Instruction for 
Medical Officers of the State Forces,” by Lieutenant-Colonel 
Homer I. Jones, N. G. Indiana. “ The Hospital Ship—The 
Only Adequate Solution of Properly Caring for the Sick and 
Wounded of the Fleet,” by Medical Director John C. Wise, 
U.S. N. “The Work of the Medical Corps in the Care of 
the Wounded at Gettysburg,” by Captain Edwin L. Bebee, 
N. G. N. Y. “The Medical Service of the United States 
Marine Corps—A Sketch of its History, Organization and 
Work,’ by Surgeon Frederick Leslie Benton, U. S. N. “ The 
Organization and Instruction of the Medical Department of the 
State Forces,” by Major C. T. Dulin, Utah, N. G. “ Proposal 
for a National Medical Service or Department of Public 
Health,” by Surgeon Sheldon Guthrie Evans, U. S. N. “ The 
Organization of the Medical Department of the State Forces 
with Special Reference to the State of New York,” by Cap- 
tain S. J. Kopetzky, N. G. N. Y. “ The First Aid Packets 
of the Armies of the World,” by Major Edouard Laval, 
French Army. “ A Method of Transporting Disabled Soldiers 
in the Field,” by Captain George P. Peed, U. S. A. “ The 
Training of Medical Officers of the State Forces, from a 
Regular Amy Sy ey by Major Frederick P. Reynolds, 

SrA he Military- Medical Service of the Sovereign 
Order. of tie Knights of Malta in the Austro-Hungarian 
Army,” by Stabsarzt Dr. Johann Steiner, Austro-Hungarian 
Army. “ The New German Army Sanitary Regulations,” by 
Major Paul F. Straub, U. S. A. “An Improvised Horse- 
Litter for Two Patients, ” by Captain Gideon McD. Van 
Poole, U. S. A. “A Method of Instruction in the Physiology 
of the Circulation,” by Major Robert S. Woodson, U. S. A. 

“Tropical Diseases as They Exist in the Philippine Islands,” 
by the Army Medical Research Board. “The United States 
Army Board for the Study of Tropical Diseases as They 
Occur in the Philippine Islands,” by Captain Percy M. Ash- 
burn, U. S. A. “Observations Upon Treponema Perteunis 
(Castellani) of Yaws and the Experimental Production of the 
Disease in Monkeys,” by Captain Percy M. Ashburn, U. S. 
A., and Lieutenant Charles F. Craig, U. S. A. “ The Hono- 


302 


Diary—Octoher. 


lulu School of Tropical Medicine—The Life History of an 
Idea,” by Acting Assistant Surgeon E. S. Goodhue, P. H. and 
M. H. S. “ The Teaching of Tropical Medicine, as Exempli- 
fied by the London School of Tropical Medicine,’ by Captain 
James M. Phalen, U. S. A. “ Ipecacuanha in Amebic Dysen- 
tery,” by Major Henry I. Raymond, U. S. A. “ The Treat- 
ment of Amebic Dysentery,” by Captain Robert M. Thom- 
burgh, U. S. A. “ The Effects of Tropical Climate on the 
White Race,” by Lieutenant William A. Wickline, U. S. A. 


While at the Exposition several side trips 
were taken. Fortress Monroe was visited one 
afternoon and the next day launches carried the 
surgeons to visit the vessels which were anchored 
in Hampton Roads. 

The officers of the Association were Colonel 
Valery Havard, U. S. A., President; Rear- 
Admiral Presley N. Rixey, U. S. N., First 
Vice-President; Major James Evelyn Pilcher, 
U. S. A., Secretary. Dr. George Tulley 
Vaughan, Assistant Surgeon-General, P. H. 
and M. H. S., was elected President for 
1907-8, and Major Pilcher re-elected Secre- 
tary of the Association. 

October 15.—Nearly three thousand miles 
across the continent came the official party from 
the State of Utah, headed by Governor John 
C. Cutler, and the addresses of the Virginians 
at the ceremonies attending Utah Day reflected 
forcibly how thoroughly the hosts appreciated 
the distinguished courtesy which had been paid 
to the Old Dominion by the visitors who had 
come so far to do her honor. Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor Ellyson who welcomed them for Virginia 
and Director-General Martin who delivered 
the greeting for the Exposition, did not fail to 
emphasize this sentiment. Governor Cutler 
spoke for more than an hour and discussed the 
various questions with which his State had to 
deal. He told of her resources, her wealth and 
her promise for the future. Once only did he 
speak of Mormonism and then proclaimed 


HONORABLE JOHN C. CUTLER 
Governor of Utah 


that Mormons were good citizens—just as 
good as could be found in the country. He 
said: 

I am impressed with the parallel existing between Virginia 
and Utah, the State which I am proud to represent here to-day. 
Virginia was the pioneer among the colonies, the first in which 
a permanent settlement was formed. The success of this settle- 
ment, the ter-centenary of which we are celebrating, led other 
adventurous spirits to brave the dangeis of the sea and the rigors 
of the shore in search of a new home. ‘The effect of success 
here achieved was that others sought places of settlement and 
rest along the Atlantic coast. If failure had attended the at- 
tempt at colonizing Jamestown, we have no assurance that the 
colonization of other places would not have been long delayed. 

% * * * * % * * * 


Utah has received a large portion of its population from 
the strong independent middle classes of America and central 
and northern Europe. Coming from the farms and work shops, 
from the professional and business pursuits of the best countries, 
they are a peculiarly sturdy, intelligent, industrious, self-reliant 
people, well fitted for the work of conquering the desert and 
making a new country. Nearly all the people of Utah are as 
desirable citizens from the standpoint of industry, intelligence, 
uprightness, morality and religious and social integrity as one 
will find anywhere. The line between Mormons and non- 
Mormons is rather sharply drawn by certain people who have 
an object to gain by so doing; but so far as business, and 
political and social matters are concerned the tendency is gradu- 
ally to depart from this classification. We think the distinction 
really needs to be made only in a religious sense, and we 
deplore the application of it in other directions. 


Utah’s first Governor, Honorable Arthur L. 
Thomas, was the last speaker of the day. He 
sald: 


It is interesting to read that not even the great men of the 
early days of our country could realize the greatness of the 
national development that was to come. In the Senate of the 
United States, Daniel Webster referred to that portion of our 
national territory known as the Far West as a desert land fitted 
only to be the home of the wild beasts, where there would never 
be settlements established and as a territory which was un- 
attractive and unnecessary to have. He regarded it as a 
menace and not as a factor in our national development. In 
the face of the marvelous history of our country during the 
three hundred years since the Jamestown settlement, it is almost 
incredible to believe that such a statement could have been 
sincerely made on the floor of the United States Senate less 
than eighty years ago and not have been challenged by some 
observing man who could with prophetic vision unfold the mag- 
nificent panorama of the future. The State which is celebrating 
this day at this Exposition is situated in the heart of the section 
which was characterized as forbidden territory—forever to be 
uninhabitable to man. 

It is said that the philosopher of old had a crystal which, 
when placed to the eye, revealed the treasures of the earth. If 
one of the settlers of the early days of our nation could have 
looked through such a crystal upon the future national develop- 
ment which was to make the fo'bidden western land the most 
inviting of our country, and had related to his fellowmen what 
he had seen, it is a question whether he would have been be- 
lieved. Our western country is a land of clear atmosphere, 
fertile soil and unrivaled climate, holding within its bosom in 
untold measure mineral riches to give dignity, power and glory 
to an empire. It is a notable fact that the first Anglo-Saxon 
cultivation of the soil by irrigation in this western land was 
made at Salt Lake City, the capital of the State of Utah, and 
upon the success or failure of this first irrigating experiment on 
American soil depended the life or death of this supposedly 
desert country as a place of human habitation. While James- 
town will forever be famous as the place of the first permanent 
English-speaking settlement in America, Salt Lake City, Utah, 
will forever be famous as the place of the first permanent 
English-speaking settlement in the arid west, where it was 
demonstrated that the desert region could be made habitable 
and productive. 


Accompanying the party as the guests of 
Governor Cutler and the Utah Commission 
were two artists regarded in the West as the 
leaders in their particular lines, Professor John 
J. McClellan, the organist of the Mormon 
‘Temple, and Professor William Weihe, violin- 
ist. During the ceremonies these artists played. 
Following the exercises the party were escorted 
to the Army and Navy Club where a delight- 
ful luncheon was served. On the following day 
they were the guests of the Connecticut Com- 
missioners and on the third and last day of their 
visit they were entertained by the New Jersey 
Commissioners. In the Governor’s party were 
former Governor Arthur L. Thomas, Judge 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Hon. ArtHur L. THomas 
First Governor of Utah 


Hon. WeEsLey K. WALTON 
State Senator, Utah 


Henry B. Henderson, Senator Wesley K. 
Walton and Mrs. Walton, Representative Ed- 
ward H. Tolton, John C. Sharp and Mrs. 
Sharp. 

Brooklyn Day was also celebrated. Lieu- 
tenant-Governor Ellyson of Virginia welcomed 
the Brooklyn delegation and Chairman St. 
Clair McKelway, LL.D., Edward M. Bas- 
sett, Frank Harvey Field, William Berri and 
Edward C. Blum, spoke briefly for the visit- 
ors. Hon. William J. Gaynor of Brooklyn, 
a member of the Supreme Court of New York, 
delivered a logical and oratorical masterpiece. 
He said in part: 


We are on the soil of the South, where government is 
pure, where statesmanship is high, where greed and corruption 
are not and never were uppermost, where politics and govern- 
ment have never been debauched by the use of money and the 
greed of private interest. Nowhere is the American stronger 
and more patriotic than here in the new South. The new 
problems before the country it is meeting in that high spirit 
and with that high aim which alone in government as in re- 
ligion, in science and in all that goes to human advancement, 
can achieve good results, however slowly and gradually. 


Judge Gaynor spoke of the commerce of the 
country typified in the Exposition and how it 
had been shackled by tariff and centered in 
monopolies by favoritism in freight rates. He 


declared: 


We cannot too often talk about this. Our commerce should 
be absolutely free; competition in it must be free and not 
destroyed by privilege or favoritism. 


He showed how advantages in transporta- 
tion throttled competition and said that this re- 
bating and discriminating had been done for 
many years and it was being done now. The 


speaker continued: 

Some think that because a penal law was passed against 
this practice that it was stopped. They did not know the im- 
measurable distance between the passing of the laws and their 
enforcement. 


Judge Gaynor praised the President in his 


efforts to stop the rebate evil and said: 
In my part of the country, which is under the eaves of 


Wall Street and partly debased and debauched by the gambling 


yas q 


Dr. St. Crain McKet_way 
Chairman Brooklyn Day 


Hon. Wn. J. Gaynor 
Orator of Brooklyn Day 


of that place, there are many, some wickedly and falsely, some 
stupidly, as mere parrots, denouncing President Roosevelt for 
bending the energies of the government to stop this great evil. 
They call his course a general attack on corporations and on 
business. Yet, this effort to make the railroad companies obey 
the law and charge the same rate to every one, is called an 
attack on corporations and on business. It is pitiful to see 
some stockholders join in this false cry. A monopoly is a 
curse, both immoral and law-abhorrent and no free people will 
submit to it. It is the means of depression and debasement of 
many for the aggrandizement of the few. It enables private 
fortunes to be accumulated, so vast and so dishonest that they 
provoke general discontent and moral protest. 


The exercises were held in the New York 
State Building and were markedly successful. 
After the formal ceremonies the Brooklyn dele- 
gates were the guests of the New York Com- 
mission and the rest of the day was spent by 
the Brooklynites going through the various 
State buildings and viewing the War Path 
attractions. 

The Supreme Grand Commandery, Ancient 
and Illustrious Knights of Malta, held their 
twenty-fourth Convocation beginning on the 
fifteenth and continuing on the sixteenth and 
seventeenth of October. The Supreme Com- 
mander, Sir Robert Keenan in his report stated 
that the year which had passed had been a 
prosperous one for the Order and a most har- 
monious one, but notwithstanding all opposition 
on the part of the schismatists, who had, in 
former years, used their best exertions to dis- 
rupt the Order, it had withstood every assault 
and its jurisdiction reached from the Atlantic 
to the Pacific and from Manitoba to the Gulf 
of Mexico. The report of the Supreme Re- 
corder, Sir Frank Gray, P. S. M. covered in 
detail the minutes of the Supreme Commander 
for the fiscal year ending 1907, and showed 
that the total number of Commanderies was 
two hundred and fifty-five with a total mem- 
bership of twenty-eight thousand, seven hun- 
dred and one. Reports of all the Committees 
were read, including a report of the Senodacia 
Dames of Malta. 

The principal officers elected for the year 
1907-1908 were Supreme Commander, Sir 
George W. Welsh, of Pennsylvania; Supreme 
Generalissimo, Sir Benjamin M. Bartilson, of 
Philadelphia; Supreme Captain-General, Sir 
W.M. Macomber, of Massachusetts; Supreme 
Prelate, Sir David I. Robinson, of Massa- 
chusetts; Supreme Recorder, Past Supreme 
Commander Sir Frank Gray, of Pennsylvania; 
Supreme Treasurer, Past Supreme Commander 
Sir W. J. Rugh, of Pennsylvania. 

October 16.—Occupying a position similar 
to no other military organizations of the United 
States, the Guards of the Governor of Con- 
necticut form no part of the military system of 
the State but are attached personally to the 
Chief Executive. There are two battalions of 
these, Horse and Foot and both accompanied 
the Governor to the Exposition. The cavalry 
were commanded by Major Gilbert P. Hurd 
and with him were Captain H. M. Barton, 
Lieutenant William A. Hinds, Cornet F. L. 
Purrinton, Quartermaster L. J. Sylvester, Cap- 
tains Joseph Hopper and Gideon C. Segur; 
Lieutenants Alfred M. Greenbaum, Herbert 
L. Switzer, Charles H. Whiting, Charles H. 
Dillings, George H. Wells and William Sand- 


304 


Diary—October. 


land, and forty-five men. The Horse Guards 
arrived at the Exposition seve~al days in ad- 
vance of the Connecticut ceremonies and en- 
camped on the grounds. The uniforms of the 
men were © a helmet with yellow plume, coat 
of dark blue trimmed with yellow, dark blue 
pants with yellow stripes, gauntlets, black belt 
and breast plate.” The officers wore “ a cha- 
peau with black and yellow feathers, coats 
trimmed with white, buff breeches with high 
topped boots.” “The Governor’s Foot Guards 
were commanded by Major Louis R. Cheeny 
and under this officer were eighteen commis- 
sioned officers, twenty-five non-commissioned 
officers and sixty-fivemen. ‘Their uniforms were 
of the Continental period with high fur helmets, 
red coats and yellow trousers. “The “‘Feeters,”’ 
as they are called in Connecticut, stopped at 
the Pine Beach Hotel while visiting the Ex- 
position and did not encamp with the cavalry. 

Connecticut Day. Escorted by his Guards, 
the Governor of Connecticut, Honorable Rol- 


Copyright, Tasseatoun ‘Official Photograph Corpor ation. 


GOVERNOR WOODRUFF, OF CONNECTICUT, AND HIS STAFF 


lin S. Woodruff, paid an official visit to Gov- 
ernor Swanson at 9:30 in the morming. A 
little later the Governor of Virginia returned 
the call and accompanied the Connecticut 
party to the Auditorium where the exercises 
of the day began. On the stage with the visit- 
ing Governor and his staff were Governor 
Swanson and Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson of 
Virginia; Governor Cutler and former Gov- 
ernor Thomas of Utah; President Tucker of 
the Exposition and Director-General Alvah H. 
Martin. Seated before the platform were the 
Governor’s Guards in full dress and they lent 
a picturesque color to the .cene. 

President Samuel A. Eddy of the Connect- 
icut Commission, chairman of the meeting, 
presented Chaplain Watson L. Philips of the 
Second Company Governor’s Foot Guards and 
the clergyman delivered an invocation. Mr. 
Tucker then made an address of welcome on 
behalf of the Exposition and was followed by 
Governor Swanson for Virginia. The latter 
stated that the infusion of New England blood 
had produced in the South a very thrifty race 


305 


of people and he said that the Connecticut 
woman was one of the finest types of Amer- 
icans, and her good sense was illustrated when 
she wrote to her mother that her husband was 
dead. She said “ Dear John died last night— 
but the loss is fully covered by insurance. 

Governor Woodruff, when he arose to reply, 


received an ovation. He exclaimed: 

What a mighty civilization have the Americans achieved 
out of the little settlement of Jamestown—a composite popula- 
tion of eighty millions of people made out of the blended 
nations of the world, governing themselves and working out their 
own destiny! The germ of the Constitution came out of Con- 
necticut. It was one of her earliest inventions. And that law 
has been made by the people of our country ever since they 
determined to be free, and in making the law we have learned 
the value of power and self-reliance. 


The feature of the day was the address of 
President Flaval S. Luther of Trinity College, 
Hartford. He began: 


There are many places on our continent where romance 
and history meet together, many annals which read like the 
chronicles of knighthood or the tales of mythical chivalry. Till 
these later days men read the records of the remote past when 
they would be thrilled by hearing of adventures; possible it 
was supposed, only when the world was a child. The period 
of settlement on these shores changed all that. Only ten gen- 


erations ago young and old met in what was to be America. 
Maturity rejoiced in a new and splendid youth. Opportunity 
came again. Mankind turned over a new leaf. No wonder, 
then, that romance blossomed and that here and there on our 
fair new earth were gathered memories of special heroism, of 
hours that were big with fate, of racial movements determinative 
of future civilization. 


The orator spoke of the by-path through 
Massachusetts, the mountain road in the valley 


of the Ohio, the Plains of Abraham, the Santa 
Fé trail, the Rock of the Pilgrims, and how all 
of those names thrilled; but more suggestive 
than all was the Virginia region where the first 
settlement was effected, and he said: 

We come here thinking of Captain John Smith and of the 


stories of him that we read when we were children. We look 
for the Indian maid and old Powhatan, her father. We call 
to mind the many brave men and braver women who knew this 
place and unconsciously gave up their lives in building the 
foundation of a nation. We also remember that it was here 
nearly two centuries later that was reached the final decision as 
to our political independence. Here a mother nation, forgetful 
that children grow and that a young nation would be its own 
master, found that parting was sure to be. 


Dr. Luther said that our forefathers did not, 
nor could they, feel the tremendous sense of 
responsibility to posterity which was so marked 
a feature of the best political thought and action 
in America to-day; that John Smith and 


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306 


Diary—October. 


Thomas Hooker and their companions were too 
busily engaged in the actual struggle for main- 
tenance; but, he said “it is the great glory and 
unceasing boast of us Connecticut men that our 
fathers came nearer to a vision of the future 


than did most others.”” And he recalled that 
the State of Vermont, through its general as- 
sembly, once voted: ‘Resolved, That the 
laws of God and Connecticut be adopted until 
we have time to frame better ones.” ‘The 
speaker said that the past could not be taken 
as in all respects a pattern for present copying; 
that even if it had been wholly good it was the 
product of conditions which are now largely 
superseded; that what we could learn from the 
history of our three hundred years was not 
political dogma, nor mercantile methods, nor 
national policy, but that we might profitably 
learn what sort of men they are who count in 
the growth of a people toward a higher destiny 
and what principles are safe-guides among the 
changing policies dictated by varying needs and 


ambitions. He continued: 


Questions change, human tendencies take on new forms, 
men alter the very environments that have helped to make them 
what they are. They build electric roads and several commu- 
nities are bound into one community. They string wires and 
the business methods of centuries are thrown into the waste 
basket. Some of them work together and individual isolation 
becomes the mark of failure. They stop to look at themselves 
in the cosmic mirror and self-dissatisfaction breeds reformation. 
This is what is happening now in this great country into which 
we have grown. We have somehow caught a glimpse of our 
real selves, perhaps not a complete reflection but enough to set 
us thinking. We see ourselves rich, powerful and progressive. 
Do we see ourselves sordid with low ideals, with false am- 
bitions? No; this last is too severe, we are not that surely. 
Look again in the mirror. It is perplexity that is marked on 
the national countenance. We are troubled because some things 
are going wrong. We are surprised and some of us are angry 
ecause old ways will no longer answer. Some of us are re- 
sentful because our pet doctrines are becoming evidently un- 
pore We see great evils and are uncertain how to correct 
them. 


In no vague way and without hesitation the 


speaker gave his idea of State activities: 


Beyond the occasional election of a senator what political 
question, in the larger sense, does any State legislature discuss 
or vote upon? ‘The legislatures are busy, or ought to be, in 
providing for the education of the children, the maintenance of 
good order, the protection of the weak, the control of the 
strong. Now these problems are substantially the same in every 
State, though the means for dealing with them vary widely. 
Hence our need to learn from each other, to copy good laws 
from each other, and if we would do both, we would achieve the 
highest good. Among the chief rights of the States is the 
adoption of uniform laws to fit like conditions. And yet we 
hesitate and proceed along our forty different ways because 
long ago, knowing little of each other, we were obliged to work 
separately and independently. We of Connecticut need to 
learn this lesson of the wisdom of the people. We may fairly 
claim to have done more than our sister States in devising a 
practical scheme for a constitutional democracy. We have not 
excelled others in building a statutory scheme, based upon the 
principles which we were first to formulate. 


Further he said: 


A great step toward economy and efficiency would have 
been taken if the several States would endeavor to work to- 
gether in matters of legislation. And this way lies the preserva- 
tion of much that is historic and very dear to the citizens of 
every State. This way lies the preservation of State autonomy 
and original State rights. Believe me; it is not because State 
governments are weak but because they are discordant that 
demand has arisen for a larger measure of national control 
than has hitherto been thought desirable. And if legislatures 
continue to conduct their affairs as if independence were non- 
existent, except when demonstrated by laws differing in each 
State from those of other States, then indeed will national weak- 
ness set in, unless radical constitutional amendments work funda- 
mental changes in our relations to the national government. 


Illustrating the close association between the 
States, he said: 


Did John Smith dominate your first settlement? He also 
named New England and mapped its coast-line. Did you take 
a leading part in establishing the great republic? We, also. 
Is Virginia the mother of Presidents? Connecticut is the 
mother of a goodly array of sons of presidential size and at- 


307 


tributes. Are you proud of your history? So are we. Do 
you mean to press forward to further triumphs, loyal to Vir- 
ginia, greatly loyal to the great republic? Our purpose is not 
less than yours. So, together, march we toward the unknown 
future that lies beyond the horizon’s utmost verge. 


The Connecticut Commission entertained the 
visitors later at a luncheon which was one of 
the most elaborate ever served at the Exposi- 
tion. The military exercises followed this 
function, the party going immediately from the 
Swiss Village to the Reviewing Stand, where 
three Governors occupied the President’s box: 
Governor Woodruff of Connecticut, Governor 
Cutler of Utah and Governor Swanson of Vir- 
ginia. Followingthe United States troops came 
the soldiers from the Nutmeg State, looking 
gorgeous in their bright uniforms and shining 
epaulets. Both the Foot and Horse Guards 
brought their bands with them and the Putnam 
Phalanx brought a drum corps. Following the 
parade, the Third Artillery gave an exhibition 
drill. The day’s official functions closed with 
a brilliant reception at the Connecticut State 
Building given in honor of Governor Woodruff 
and his party. Four Governors were present 
in the evening, Governor Stokes of New Jersey, 
having arrived late in the afternoon. 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts Day. Rep- 
resentatives of firms whose exhibits were classi- 
fied under the title of Manufactures and Lib- 
eral Arts had formed a strong association at the 
Exposition, and this was their day. In order 
to arouse interest in the occasion a large number 
of prizes were offered as premiums. To the 
sum total of these practically every exhibitor 
contributed, some of them giving single prizes 
of considerable value and others a number of 
small pieces, altogether about four thousand 
premiums were offered: Sewing machines, 
typewriters, fountain pens, cutlery, statuary, 
books, jewelry, shoes, corsets, laces and furs. 
Each admission ticket sold at the gates had a 
detachable coupon which was numbered. The 
exhibitors who donated prizes displayed con- 
spicuously in front of their several booths a 
chart containing numbers to correspond with 
the prizes which they had offered. “They were 
not posted until after three o’clock and no ex- 
hibitor knew what number would draw _ his 
prize. [he day was successful and the Manu- 
factures and Liberal Arts Building was 
thronged during the afternoon by holders of 
coupons searching for a number to correspond 
with the one which they held. Curiously 
enough it was found more than a week later 
that less than half the prizes had been de- 
manded, a condition due perhaps to the fact 
that many of the tickets were held by visitors 
who were strangers and who kept the coupons 
as souvenirs of their visit. 

October 17.—New Jersey Day. Replying 
to the welcome extended by Governor Swan- 
son and President Tucker, Governor Edward 
C. Stokes of New Jersey made a very happy 
speech, in which, mentioning Woodrow Wil- 
son, he declared that if Virginia had any more 
sons of this type to send North, New Jersey 
would gladly assimilate them. He remarked 
that New Jersey had never produced a native 


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308 


Diary—October. 


President, but that if by his moving to Virginia 
she could gain such a distinction he personally 
would gladly emigrate and he promised to 
bring a large part of the colony of New Jersey 
with him. He spoke of the laws of New Jer- 
sey, especially those relating to corporations, 
and declared that the corporation tax netted 
the State so many million dollars yearly, that 
it paid all the expenses of the government and 
then turned back to the tax payers five million 
dollars annually as a dividend, assisting munici- 
palities and counties in their local government 
and improvements. 

The appearance of United States Senator 
John Kean was a pleasurable surprise. He had 
not been expected and had prepared no speech, 
but talked briefly and most entertainingly. 
Among other things he said: 


The success of the Revolution made it necessary during 
the first century of the country to make the generalities of the 
Declaration of Independence living realities on every part of 
American soil and under one flag. The discordant views of 
Hamilton and Jefferson in the first generation, of Webster and 
Calhoun in the second, and of Lincoln and Davis in the third, 
led to the controversies as to the civil rights of individuals and 
to the extent of the power of the Federal Government. For 
seventy years the people were inclined to put away war and 
rely on the ballot as the means of political grace. 

Their experiment culminated in the convulsions of the 
Civil War, and no part of that struggle was more creditable to 
both sides than the disbanding of both armies after Appomattox, 
and the return of the veterans to the arts of peace. 

The course of civilization is a perpetual controversy. We 
can now see quite clearly that the supposed rights of individuals, 
even in a republic, cannot be fully delivered to them by any 
plan of government yet devised; that zealous efforts to do so 
tend strongly, and perhaps certainly, to destroy civilization 
itself, and we are beginning to see that a consolidated national 
government tends to degrade the States to the position of munici- 
palities, and to minimize the political influence of the in- 
dividual. 

Virginia and New Jersey have not always agreed in all 
respects in the years that have gone, but conservative citizens of 
both States are more harmonious in our day than at any time in 
the past. They keep step to the music of the Union. They 
proudly remember that Washington, of Virginia, won his 
brilliant victories on the soil of New Jersey. They are glad 
that the Federal Government which he founded is able and 
willing to protect the lives, liberty and property of the people 
anywhere under the flag. It is that government, with all its 
power and all its limitations, which they wish to preserve. 

It is said that hard cases make bad law that in the form 
of precedent plagues the future. When the people are excited 
or angry they struggle at the restraints of government and 
ascribe new meanings to old principles. I believe there is 
virtue and power enough in the Constitution and laws as they 
stand, and have stood for many years, to cure the evils under 
which the people have been exasperated, inciting action that 
threatens the guilty and innocent alike with vast disaster. In 
no period of our history has there been more urgent necessity 
for the exercise of conservative good sense than now. Let us 
all, as our forefathers did in the early days of the republic, not 
fail to exercise a wholesome influence in the solution of the 
problems of the present and the future. 


W. H. S. Demarest, D.D., President of 
Rutgers College, was the orator of the day. 
This fine type of the American college pres- 
ident was one of a distinguished line of orators 
selected by their several commonwealths to de- 
liver State addresses, and he well upheld the 
reputation of New Jersey as well as the credit 


of his class. He said: 


Amid the display of modern achievement, the erections of 
a most recent art and industry around us, the central display 
and the central theme of the year's celebration is the kernel of 
history that through three hundred years has grown into ever 
larger harvest, the grain of mustard seed that has become the 
great tree of spreading branches. New Jersey, with its ancient 
origin, its distinguished history and its present-day values, may 
also well pay her share of praise to Virginia's makers of the 
State. It may also well be that our hosts on this occasion, the 
administrators of this great Exposition, in creating New Jersey 
Day, have had it in mind to recognize and display the glories 
ot our State as part of the latter glory of the house in which the 
pioneers rejoice, if the privilege of witnessing it is now vouch- 
safed to them. Beyond this the occasion naturally suggests that 
we take thought not simply of the past and present but of the 
future as well, that we remind ourselves of truth that lies in 


309 


W. H. S. DEMAREST, D.D. 


history and achievement and which must underlie all true and 
noble progress. 


Speaking of Colonial Virginia the speaker 


continued : 

The study of origins is fascinating. A discovery of origins 
must be an unspeakable joy. Just to look at the remnant tower 
of Jamestown Church stirs the springs of the soul; to read a 
monument standing thus out of the past, decaying, deserted 
through the many years, but telling of early faith and zeal. 
Still more to look at the outline of the Government house, to 
think of voices sounding there where so long has been but the 
stillness—and more, to think that until but half a decade ago 
even those lines lay hid—What a treasure hid in a field! | 
envy the engineer whose Providence led him to the field and 
moved him to discovery. So the more than remnant survivals 
of early, though not so early, time at Williamsburg. They are 
monuments of life, of personality; of society and of learning 
and statecraft; of simplicity and of courtesy in a virgin com- 
monwealth. Memories of brave men and fair women throng 
our souls, and names to conjure with troop past in high parade. 
But that day of vigor even of courtly custom, was born of the 
men and movement which this year especially exalts. The pic- 
ture in strong lines stands before us of the pioneers indeed, 
sailing up the James in 1607, of them and their swift successors 
in the storm and travail of the primal settlement, in the endur- 
ance and energy of a dauntless ambition. 


Of New Jersey, Dr. Demarest remarked: 


It was not very long after 1607 that her soil was first 
settled, since which day her people have never stayed their 
steady growth. How different the earliest days there from the 
days here! No awful story of famine and pestilence and 
massacre comes down to us. A very peaceful, promptly pros- 
perous community is born beside the Hudson, and in the valley 
of the Hackensack, of the Passaic and of the Raritan and 
beside the Delaware. Life from the first forms itself and goes 
its way in strangely facile sort for the ready, hardy settlers. 
There was the Englishman indeed ere many years with his 
pervading, dominant strength. There before him was _ the 
Dutchman, the Hollander, with his cleverness to till the soil 
or make a trade. There was the Frenchman, the Huguenot, 
with his fineness of spirit and alertness of mind. There was 
the Scotch-Irishman with his eager brain and aggressive step. 
There were the German and the Swede with their virtues to 
blend in the new-rising race. If anywhere there be a State that 
singularly displays in its original and enduring character the 
nature of our national commonwealth, it surely is New Jersey 
within her narrow borders. She seems in her springs of life to 
be at the very heart of the Union. 


The speaker reviewed the history of New 
Jersey and told of her resources, the adaptabil- 
ity of her soil, the variety of her products, her 
efforts in the line of the cause of education, and 
her contribution to the public life of the nation, 


and said: 

It is in no boasting spirit that so much of New Jersey’s 
history and value is displayed; it is in the spirit simply of an 
honest self-respect and of a deep desire to make our word of 
congratulation to others to-day mean as much as it may. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


The speaker emphasized the instinct for law 
which marked the early times and how the 
Colonists all magnified at once law and its 
sanctions, and declared that liberty must be best 
secured in allegiance to law—law that will 
direct and really protect the welfare of com- 
munal life against the ill of individual license. 
And he marked the zeal for education that had 
individualized our nation from its very start, 
how schools and colleges had from the earliest 
times been a hope and pride of the people. And 
with the instinct for law and the zeal for educa- 
tion he emphasized the spirit of religion which 
had been a part of the colonies, and how in all 
the colonies the zeal of God’s house was the 
first zeal of the people, and how with devoted 
reverence early shrines had been established, 


and concluded: 

Are we to preserve just government, are we to keep men 
and classes of men at peace with one another, are we to stay 
the sweep of a brazen and wasteful luxury, are we to save the 
family from uncertainty and wreck, are we to uplift society, 
are we to keep the American man clean and honest? Then 
let us not forsake the old land-marks nor count the fear of 
God an idle or needless thing. The great sanction of a divine 
sovereignty lies in an inspired word and in a sacred day and 
in a holy house and in a heavenly Lord; and well for us if 
we be not disobedient to the heavenly vision. 


The official party from New Jersey was 
exceptionally representative. The Governor 
was accompanied by his entire staff: Generals, 
R. Heber Breintnall, John D. McGill, Joseph 
W. Congdon, Q. O. M. Gillmore, P. Farmer 
Wanser, Edward A. Campbell; Major Leon 
Manton; Captains, George IT’. Vickers, H. C. 
Kramer, Walter E. Edge, Mahlon Margerum; 
United States Senator John Kean; former 
Governor George T. Werts; President W. H. 
S. Demarest of Rutgers College; Congressmen 
W. Wayne Parker, Ira W. Wood and Wil- 
liam Hughes; State Senators Bloomfield 
Minch, Edward S. Lee, John Hincliffe, O. H. 
Brown, Samuel K. Robbins, William Plum- 
mer, Jacob C. Price and Edmund W. Wake- 
lee; Assemblymen, J. Willard Morgan, Rob- 
ert H. McCarter, Nelson B. Gaskill, David 
O. Watkins, Charles J. Baxter, Winton C. 
Garrison, Henry B. Kummel, E. C. Hutchin- 
son, Charles R. Bacon, Henry J. Irick, Eckard 
P. Budd, Stephen J. Meeker, Reverend 
George B. Wight, William Cloke, John C. 
Payne, Michael F. McLaughlin, Robert Wil- 
liams, Colonel Charles W. Filler, John H. 
Capstick, William H. Chew, Dr. Frederick C. 
Jacobson, H. M. Herbert, John W. Wese- 
man, Francis B. Lee, Edward Burke and E. 
M. Applegate; and the following members of 
the New Jersey State Commission: Lewis T. 
Bryant, C. E. Breckenridge, D. Harry 
Chandler, Alfred Cooper, Richard W. Herb- 
ert, A. B. Leach, Harry W. Leeds, James T. 
MacMurray, Wallace M. Scudder and Dr. E. 
L. Stevenson. Besides this official party there 
were a half hundred prominent New Jersey- 
men in attendance. A parade of the troops 
in the afternoon and a well attended reception 
tendered by the New Jersey Commissioners in 
the evening, concluded the features of the day. 

October 18.—The Virginia Convention of 
the Christian Endeavor Society observed a day 
at the Exposition. The convention had been 


holding its meeting at Newport News and the 
delegates crossed the Roads for the public cere- 
monies. Reverend E. T. Wellford, Pastor of 
the First Presbyterian Church of Newport 
News, and President of the Virginia Christian 
Endeavor Union, presided. President Tucker 
and Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson welcomed 
the delegates. Reverend J. E. Thacker, Pas- 
tor of the Second Presbyterian Church of 
Norfolk, responded. The orator of the day 
was the Rev. J. McPherson Hunter, of New 
York. This speaker had done magnificent work 
among the sailors of the country and his address 
was almost entirely along the line of his chosen 
pursuit. [he eloquent divine praised the worth 
of the American sailor, referring to his record 
in the Revolutionary War, in the War of 1812, 
in the Civil War and in the War with Spain, 
which last, he said, was a sailors’ war, and 
from it the sailor had reaped his just glory. 
Dr. Hunter declared that there could be no 
great city which was not a port and for this 
reason the sailor was a great economic factor, 
and so long as sailors left their homes and fam- 
ilies to go to sea and engage in a hazardous 
pursuit, just so long would the world associate 
them with romance. But he denied the popular 
conception that the sailor is always a prisoner 
with a single privilege—that of being drowned, 
and he described the life of the modern sailor 
and how different it was from the haphazard 
conduct of the seamen in the past. 

October 19.—Yorktown Day was cele- 
brated under the joint auspices of the Thomas 
Jefferson Memorial Association and the Asso- 
ciation of the Descendants of the Signers of the 
Declaration of Independence. It was the 
one hundred and twenty-sixth anniversary of 
the surrender of Lord Cornwallis to General 
Washington at Yorktown, Virginia. Secre- 
tary McKean of the Thomas Jefferson Me- 
morial Association presided. Mr. Tucker wel- 
comed the celebrants, and read a letter written 
by Arthur St. Clair to the Hon. James Wilson, 
of Philadelphia, and carried to that gentleman 
by Colonel Tilghman, the officer who bore 
also the articles of capitulation to Congress. 
This letter dated October 19, 1781, began: 
“ Dear Sir:—I have just time to inform you 
that the business with Lord Cornwallis is over,” 
etc., etc. Following the reading of this letter 
Mr. Tucker presented Dr. Thomas Nelson 
Page as “the great grandson of Yorktown,” 
since he was the great grandson of Thomas 
Nelson, a Governor of Virginia, whose house 
was, during the siege, occupied by Lord Corn- 
wallis. Dr. Page eulogized the victor of York- 


town. He said: 

The military genius of Washington has probably never 
had justice wholly done to it. Shallow criticism of late, gauging 
his abilities largely by the smallness of the forces which he 
commanded have been given to belittling that genius because his 
armies were so small as compared with the vast aggregation of 
men who within our time have met and clashed upon the same 
ground. Be this said, that it is not the numbers of an army which 
display a captain’s ability, but the manner in which he handles the 
forces at his disposition, whether they be many or few. Had 
Washington had a great army, it is inconceivable that he would 
not have handled it with the same supreme ability which he dis- 
played in handling his ragged continentals, and yet more ragged 
militia. His gifts were not those of the mere soldier of the battle- 
field, but were rather those of the great Captain who compelled men, 
created forces and dealt with the grand strategy as a master. 


310 


Diary—October. 


HONORABLE JOHN E. REYBURN 


The Honorable John E. Reyburn, Mayor 
of Philadelphia, spoke briefly, but most patriot- 
ically. He said that to be a citizen of the 
United States was a greater privilege than to 
be a citizen of any other country on the face 
of the earth. He praised the Exposition that 
was being held and said that the event it cele- 
brated, just as their celebration of the York- 
town victory, should serve to teach the coming 
generation to revere the memory of the men 
who made this country, who established it as 
a land of liberty and dedicated it to the free- 
dom of mankind. Of his own city Mayor 
Reyburn said that Philadelphia was the great- 
est municipality in the Union and that he was 
glad to bring greetings from her people to 
those of Virginia, whom Philadelphians knew 
and loved. 

October 21.—At ten o’clock A. M. Supreme 
Washington, Charles H. Morrow, called to- 
gether the Fifty-seventh Annual Session of the 


eater aaties Jamestown Official pancourache Corporations ; 


Supreme Circle, Brotherhood of America. 
Reverend Brother J. W. Porter, D.D., deliv- 
ered the address of welcome. In this address 
the reverend gentleman urging his brothers to 
be loyal to the principles of their order, said: 


The foes that you combat are secret ones, therefore the 
most dangerous. The eagle gives its scream before it seizes the 
little lamb; the tiger gives its growl before it pounces upon its 
prey; the rattlesnake gives its deadly rattle before it places its 
venom in its victim; but the foes with which you have to do, 
work without warning in their attempt to destroy the founda- 
tions of this government. “Eternal vigilance is the price of 
liberty,” and deathless devotion and ceaseless effort the only 
security for our heritage. 

The heathen nations made gods of their idols, but America 
makes her idols of gold, and let us beware lest we soon worship 
at the shrine of the god of gold. We are fast commercializing 
Christ, and making the dollar-mark the index of character. 


G. E. W., Charles M. Bacon, spoke briefly, 
thanking Dr. Porter for his address. The re- 
port of the Supreme Washington was read. 
Then followed the report of the Supreme 
Trustees. Sessions were held also on the twenty- 
second and twenty-third. The principal officers 


for 1907-8 elected at the convention, were: 


Past Supreme Washington, Charles H. Morrow, Wilming- 
ton, Del.; Supreme Washington, George W. Dannenhauer, 
Philadelphia, Pa.; Supreme Jefferson, Julius Viebahn, Houtz- 
dale, Pa.; Supreme Franklin, William J. Schafer, Atlantic City, 
; Supreme Scroll Keeper, H. B. Walter, Philadelphia, 
Pa., and Supreme Treasurer, H. T. Sergeant, Wilmington, Del. 


A large crowd witnessed the Flower Car- 
nival at the Exposition, and the vehicles which 
paraded were most artistically decorated. For 
three hours the judges debated the merits of 
the various contestants, and even then were un- 
able to agree upon a definite first choice. When 
they made their announcement at the Flower 
Ball in the evening, it was to the effect that 
Miss Adelaide Williams of Berkley, Mrs. 
Charles H. Consolvo and Mrs. J. R. Speight 
of Norfolk had made equally fine displays and 
were entitled to receive the first prize. Lieuten- 
ant H. N. Cootes, U.’S. A., driving with Miss 
Cooke, won the second prize and Miss Sarah 
Frances Bonner with Miss Cornelia McBlair, 
won third. The judges were E. Leslie Rey- 
nolds of Washington, D. C., William Shields 
McKean of Washington, D. C., Mrs. C. A. 
Everhart of Fargo, N. D., E. L. Walbridge 
of Michigan, and Miss Edith Little of New 


Jersey. It was half past three in the afternoon 


before the line of decorated carriages moved 


MRS. CHARLES H. CONSOLVO, OF NORFOLK, FIRST PRIZE FLOWER CARNIVAL 


311 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


‘Copy right, Jamestown “Official Photograph Corporation. 


MRS. J. R. SPEIGHT, OF NORFOLK, FIRST PRIZE FLOWER CARNIVAL 


from the Auditorium to Lee’s Parade. The 
Exposition Band and Grand Marshal, Lieu- 
tenant Bagby, headed the line. ‘The fine array 
of gorgeously decorated vehicles passed before 
the grand stand and each carriage was care- 
fully examined by the jury until a big water 
wagon bearing the sign of ““ Press Club” was 
reached. This entry was declared by the 


judges to be entitled to the booby prize and 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 
IRS Ole tiaNs COOTES mu oat 


Second Prize Flower Carnival 


promptly a half score of newspaper men fell 
off the ‘ water wagon.” 


B.¢ 


| ET ay 


aiagst iter shgee, 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


In the early evening a Venetian Water Car- 
nival was successfully held and later there was 


; CEpTrightajaniecoqn Of caer entea Corparations 
MISS SARAH FRANCES BONNER 
Third Prize Flower Carnival 


a Flower Ball at the Inside Inn. A hundred 
young ladies dressed in fantastic costumes, each 
representing a different flower, or similar flow- 


SAA ers of different styles, made the scene in the 


huge ball room unique and exceptionally bril- 
liant. There were poppies, carnations, Amer- 
ican Beauties, violets, pansies, sun flowers, 
heliotropes, chrysanthemums, lilies, daisies, dah- 
lias and morning glories among the scores of 
blossoms represented on the floor. A prize 
was offered for the most convincingly dressed 
girl and Miss Ethel Hardy, of Norfolk, clad 
as a morning glory, won the trophy. Miss Ser- 
pell representing a lily, Miss Mary Simmons 


MISS ADELAIDE WILLIAMS, OF BERKLEY, VA., FIRST PRIZE FLOWER CARNIVAL 


312 


Diary—October. 


a poppy and Miss Laura Kirk a pink rose, re- 
ceived special mention. 

October 22.—The chief event of Southwest 
Virginia Day was a speech delivered by L. E. 
Johnson, President of the Norfolk and West- 
ern Railway. Mr. Tucker welcomed the visit- 
ors and a first class musical programme was 
arranged. Mr. Johnson had always been a 
loyal, consistent and valuable friend of the Ex- 
position, and whatever support the undertaking 
had received from the railways was in large 
measure due to his sympathetic attitude. He 
was an especially welcome guest and he made 


an exceptionally fine speech. He said: 
Everything desirable in life is the lawful inheritance of 
Virginians, and if proper use is made of this inheritance this 
State will never be a laggard in industrial progress or in intel- 
lectual and political leadership. For my part, I feel that, in 
all these matters of personal counsel with Virginia people, [| 
may speak as one to the ‘manor born,’ for, although born and 
reared in that giant State of the West, Illinois, I always re- 
member that my native soil was once a part of the Old Do- 


L. E. JOHNSON 
President Norfolk & Western Railway 


minion and was, by the unselfish generosity and self-sacrifice 
for the interests of the general welfare of the Union, sur- 
rendered to form five of the largest and most densely populated 
States of this Union. Even if this were not so, still | am a 
convert, an adopted Virginian, if I may be permitted to say so, 
and all the world knows that a convert is frequently of firmer 
faith than one born to a creed. 

Ten years ago, while in the vigor of mature manhood, | 
accepted a post which required me to become a citizen of this 
commonwealth, and I| did not feel that I was coming among 
strangers, but rather felt that I was, in fact, coming back to the 
old homestead to enjoy with others the common inheritance. 
The cordial welcome which I received from this community has 
so endeared to me the people of Virginia that I have felt it 
a privilege and duty to devote as much of my time as the exact- 
ing responsibilities of my position will permit to aid in every 
way in my power in upbuilding this State—a State with such a 
background of splendid history and the opportunity for such 
expanding and ever-increasing prosperity. In this work, I only 
ask the privilege of working with you in a common effort to 
the end that the commonwealth as a whole may enter into a 
full enjoyment of its perhaps unexampled resources, and that 
this generation may witness a career of vigorous but conserva- 
tive progress, with no backward step. Nor should we be content 
until we have put in motion forces for progress and development 
which will once more put Virginia in her natural place of indus- 
trial, intellectual and political leadership among her sister States. 


Then reviewing the history since Jamestown, 


he continued: 
The early settlers were drawn from all classes in Great 


313 


Britain, and on the whole were, as I believe, better than repre- 
sentatives of each class. To the virtues of each class many of 
these settlers added the adventurous spirit which made them of 
particular value in developing the new country. 

At the end of the first one hundred years of our history, 
the work of these men had been accomplished. Their possession 
of the land was undisputed. Civilization had followed the 
waterways of the new territory and a prosperous and contented 
colony had spread over a large portion of what is now Vir- 
ginia, peacefully engaged in agriculture and manufacture, and 
with the professions highly developed, all the conditions and 
difficulties considered. 

A second century had hardly begun before the prosperity 
of the colonies in America seemed to excite the cupidity of the 
government in England, and oppressive exactions soon brought 
home to the colonies the fact that, unless they resisted aggression, 
they would lose many of those benefits which had come to them 
as the result of the struggles and labor expended by them and 
their fathers in founding and building up a new civilization 
in a newly discovered Jand. 

Under these circumstances this people addressed themselves 
to the study and solution of this new political problem with 
which they were confronted. They did not approach the sub- 
ject with the nervous haste or excitement or hysteria which is 
too common nowadays in movements for reform, but they 
thought over and studied the situation and came to conclusions 
which were wise and far-reaching. When neither petition nor 
protest availed they did not shrink from asserting their rights 
with arms and on the field of battle. The world knows the 
result, and the United States of America became a separate 
nation toward the close of the second century after the settlement 
at Jamestown. 


The third century, said the speaker, marked 
the building of a great republic, and during 
its years the people were confronted with the 
grave questions of the relation of the States 
to the Union, involving the question of seces- 
sion, of the existence of slavery as an institu- 
tion, of the acquisition of vast areas of new 
territory and many other perplexing questions, 
but that all those great problems, some of them 
jeopardizing the very life of the Republic, had 
been met and solved; that we were now enter- 
ing on the fourth century of our existence as a 
people and would have to face new problems 
and bear new burdens peculiar to the times. 


And he concluded: 


In the solution of these problems it is my hope and firm 
belief that the people of Virginia will assume an important 
place. The character of this people for reasonableness and con- 
servatism, recognized through the generations gone by, is a part 
of our inheritance, and these are the qualities now most needed 
in the regulation of the affairs of this government and people. 


The Jamestown Poultry Show, which 
opened on the twenty-second of October and 
continued until November | inclusive, was 
conceded to be the greatest quality exhibition 
ever held in America. . Winning in the Exposi- 
tion was recognized to mean primacy, and 
this significant fact induced poultry fanciers 
and breeders from all over the United States 
to send their birds to the show. Thirty-three 
different States were represented in the exhibi- 
tion and the competition for honors was very 
keen. John A. Murkin of Nashville, Tenn., 
had charge of the exhibit as Superintendent 
and was assisted by Theodore Hewes of In- 
dianapolis and E. L. Doal of Nashville. The 
judges, each a prominent and representative 


fancier, were: W. C. Denny of Rochester, 


N. Y.; J. H. Devenstedt of Red Bank, N. J.; 
R. E. Jones of Nashville, Tenn.; F. J. Mar- 
shall of Atlanta, Ga.; A. F. Kummer of 
Butler, Pa.; George Ewald of Cincinnati, 
Ohio; T. Reed Parish of Nashville, Tenn., 
and W. S. Russell of Ottumwa, Iowa. 


In connection with the exhibition an institute 
was held under the auspices of the American 
Poultry Association, and daily lectures were 
given by competent authorities. Visiting poul- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


‘ 
ci Sas 


trymen were in attendance from nearly every 
State in the Union and a large quota of the 
American Poultry Association were present 
during the entire period of the show.  Cer- 
tainly no exhibit of this kind ever held in the 
country resulted in more strongly cementing 
the friendly relations between breeders, and to 
all the participants the results were gratifying. 

Prizes were awarded for single specimens of 
cocks, hens, cockerels and pullets and for 
breeding pens, which consisted of one male and 
four females, age not to count. Mr. Murkin, 
the Superintendent, arranged the official pre- 
mium list according to the American Standard 
of Perfection. 

Specimens of the following varieties were 


exhibited: 


BarreD PrtymMoutH Rocks, CoLUMBIAN PLYMOUTH 
Rocks, Si-veER PENcILED PLyMouTH Rocks, WHITE PLyM- 
OUTH Rocks, PARTRIDGE PLymMoutTH Rocks, Burr PLYMOUTH 
Rocks, WHITE WYANDOTTES, SILVER WYANDOTTES, GOLDEN 
Wryanpottes, Burr WyanpotTtes, BLack WYANDOTTES, PAR- 
TRIDGE WYANDOTTES, COLUMBIAN WYANDOTTES, SINGLE ComB 
Ruope IsLaAnpD Reps, Rose Comp Ruobe IsLanp Reps, LIGHT 
BrauMmas, Burr CocHIns, PartRIpcE CocHins, BLAck 
LANGSHANS, WHITE LANGSHANS, SINGLE Coms Brown LeEc- 
HORNS, RosE Comp Brown LeEcHorNs, SINGLE Comp WHITE 
LecHorNs, Rose Comp Wuite LecHorns, SINGLE ComB 
Burr LecHorns, Rose Comps Burr LecHorns, SINGLE ComB 
Brack Mrnorcas, Rose Comp Brack Minorcas, SINGLE 
Coms Burr OrpincToNs, SINGLE Coms BLack ORPINGTONS, 
SINcLE Comp WHITE OrpINGToNS, RosE Coms Burr OrPING- 
TONS, Ros—E Comp WHITE OrpiNncToNs, Rose Coms Biacx 
OrpincTons, Houpans, CornisH INDIAN GAMEs, BLUE ANDa- 
LusIANS, WHITE Facep Biack Spanisu, MottLep ANconas, 
FrizzLes, LAKENVELDERS, BLacK SUMATRAS. ENGLISH SAL- 
MON FAVEROLLES, RHopE IsLAND Bugs, Buckeyes, Pit 
Games, SHERWooDS, GREY, SPANGLE, WHITE Py Le, RED 
Pye, Brack Pyrite, W. C. Brack Potisnu, Non-BearDED 
PotisH Bantams, BLack Tait JAPANESE, WHITE JAPANESE, 
Rose Coms Wuite Bantams, Rose Comps Brack BaNTAMs, 
Wuite CocHin BanTAMs, PARTRIDGE CocHIN BANTAMs, 
Burr Cocuin Bantams, SILVER SEBRIGHT Bantams, BLack 
BreasteD Rep GAME BANTAMs. 

exhibits 


Among the miscellaneous were 
Pekin, Rouen, Gray, Indian Runner and 
White Muscovy Ducks; Bronze, White Hol- 
land, Buff and Wild Turkeys, and White 
Guineas. 

October 24.—The feature of Nova Scotia 
Day was the address of Honorable Duncan 
C. Fraser, Governor of Nova Scotia. The 
Chief Executive of the Canadian Province ex- 
pressed his appreciation of the cordial welcome 
extended by Mr. Tucker and said that while 
the exhibit made by Nova Scotia was small, 
yet in the character of the material shown by 
the Province as well as in the abundant re- 
sources of that land, they did not fear gener- 


ous competition. He said: 


I do not feel I am among strangers in coming to Virginia. 
My native Province was settled two years earlier than “ Old 


EE a Nm ‘ a << 


OFFICIALS OF JAMESTOWN POULTRY SHOW AND THE PRINCIPAL EXHIBITORS 


Virginia,” but you had a representative government before us. 
Our first Parliament met in 1758, and to you we are indebted 
for many of our statutes, which, despite any law of copyright, 
we appropriated. The high character and learning of your first 
settlers were a guarantee to our forefathers that any legislation 
you enacted would be of such a high character as to make its 
adoption by other countries safe and advantageous. There was 
another thing that endeared you to us. The French in 1605 
made a permanent settlement at Port Royal, now Annapolis, 
Nova Scotia. Your first settler reached your shores in 1607. 
Seven years afterward they sent ships and men and drove out 
the French at Port Royal under the claim that as Cabot had 
previously landed in Nova Scotia the country belonged to 
Britain. How sad that the Motherland should by unwise legis- 
lation have driven away the noble children of such gallant 
ancestry ! 

But since coming here, through the courtesy and personal 
attentions of the President of this Exposition, who is such a 
noble type of the Southern gentleman, I have learned that not 
only have we historically much in common but that socially you 
are able to win men’s hearts and confirm the belief that the 
brotherhood of man is highly exhibited in the bearing and 
actions of the good people of your commonwealth. 


Speaking of Nova Scotia, he declared: 


Our Province is rich in minerals of all kinds, varied in 
forest wealth, highly suited for raising fruits, particularly apples, 
as also in other farm products, unsurpassed in fisheries, and as 
a summer resort, we are not afraid of competition with any part 
of the world. Our bracing winter is followed by what you 
would call a cool summer. A sea coast of nearly one thousand 
miles with numerous harbors and inlets, most of them accessible 
by railways and steamboats, where travelers can enjoy the 
luxury of bathing, cheap fare and abundant fishing and hunting, 
furnish excellent opportunities for health to those who desire a 
summer outing. 


Feelingly, Governor Fraser continued: 
I see in the happy relations now existing between Great 


HONORABLE DUNCAN C. FRASER 


Governor of Nova Scotia 


314 


Diary—Ocltober. 


Britain and the United States, the guarantee of the future peace 
of the world. Old animosities, too long continued, are fast 
passing away. I see in the complete harmony of the boys in 
gray and the boys in blue, a lesson of the advanced progress of 
the great races from whom we both sprang. If you can do so 
between brave men who fought honestly, however mistaken, 
cannot two great nations the more easily cultivate the grace of 
forgiveness and the virtue of concord? 

I shall return to Canada with broader views' and kindlier 
sympathy toward this mighty land. You have been narrow in 
your trade relations and we unfortunately retaliated. You 
looked at us away in the frozen north with rather a cynical 
glance, and felt our trade unimportant and our presence as 
unworthy of notice. We, in turn, look at you as a big 
blustering brother and we determined we would work our destiny 
on different lines. Cannot we now calmly and wisely look over 
the ground lost, and the opportunities disregarded, as people 
with a mission for the world’s betterment and humanity's uplift- 
ing, learn that the future under God has unlimited opportunities 
for us both to combine our energies in helping the less fortunate 
of all lands in enjoying the blessings of freedom in life, trade 
and moral worth, with which we in part at least have been 
originally endowed ? 


The distinguished representative of the Ca- 
nadian Province received an ovation when he 
concluded his speech, and it was doubtful if 
the governor of any American state made a 
more lastingly pleasing impression, or did more 
to interest people in his Commonwealth. 

October 25.—Greater Norfolk Day. From 
early in the morning until long after dark 
crowds poured through the Exposition gates. 
Though this was peculiarly a local celebration 
the visitors came from all sections of the State 
attracted by the numerous features which had 
been advertised and the large number of prizes 
which had been offered. From a standpoint 
of total attendance Greater Norfolk Day 
ranked seventh in the Exposition’s records and 
it held sixth place in the column of the days 
showing the greatest number of paid admis- 
sions. 24,226 bought tickets to the grounds 
and only 7,146 entered on passes. In other 
words more than 77 per cent. of all those on 
the grounds paid their way at the gates. This 
showing contrasted most favorably with most 
of the other big days, notably Virginia Day 
when there were 18,338 paid admissions to 


WM. T. ANDERSON 
President Norfolk Board of Trade and General Chairman of 
Norfolk Day 


EUGENE D'AVIGNEAU 


Exposition Commissioner 


20,153 passes. On Georgia Day, the principal 
event of the Exposition and the one most 
largely attended, 26,049 paid admissions were 
recorded against 20,488 free entrances The 
immense number of prizes offered for the 
occasion probably contributed to this result but 
the most influencing factor undoubtedly was 
the general comprehension that the Exposition 
needed every dollar it could secure in order 
to continue until closing day. 


William T. Anderson, President of the 
Board of Trade and Business Men’s Associa- 
tion of Norfolk, was Chairman of a strong 
committee who worked assiduously and most 
intelligently to create local enthusiasm and 
create conditions which would insure success. 
Serving with Mr. Anderson were Miss Vir- 
ginia Gatewood, Mrs. Inman H. Payne, Mrs. 
James Y. Leigh, Mrs. J. Leighton Hubard 
and Mrs. D. E. Levy, representing the Ladies’ 
Auxiliary of the Citizens’ Commission of Nor- 
folk; John R. Walker, R. A. Wainwright, 
Dr. Southgate Leigh, J. E. Hough and E. H. 
Hyman, from the 200,000 League; P. Mor- 
gan Fussell, S. B. Stanfield, Louis Drewry, 
J. Victor Abramson and J. C. Gorsuch from 
the Retail Merchants’ Association; J. A. Hall, 
J. F. O’Connell, E. B. Hodges and B. R. 
Bunting from the Board of Trade. To co- 
operate with this Citizens Committee the Ex- 
position appointed Eugene d’Avigneau and C. 
R. Keiley as Special Commissioners. 

The day offered a continuous succession of 
features. Band concerts beginning soon after 
the gates opened were repeated at frequent in- 
tervals until the gates closed. Drills and re- 
views were executed in the morning and in the 
afternoon. All of the military forces stationed 
at the Exposition accompanied the Confederate 
Veterans when they marched past the review- 
ing stand. Each concessionaire on the War 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


* Ee 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


CROWD IN FRONT OF AUDITORIUM, NORFOLK DAY 


Path gave several hundred free tickets to his 
show. Hundreds of prizes were offered by 
exhibitors in the various buildings, notably in 
the Food Products Palace. The 200,000 
League offered a cash prize of $500.00. As 
usual on such occasions each admission ticket 
carried a detachable numbered coupon and the 
prizes were awarded by numbers on a schedule 
which had been arranged in advance but not 
displayed until long after the gates opened. 
The cash prize of $500.00 was the sole excep- 
tion. This was a lottery, all of the tickets 
having been placed in a receptacle and after 
these were well shaken one was withdrawn. 
Through the efforts of Mr. Anderson and his 
associates the schools of Norfolk were closed 
for the day, the street railway company con- 
veyed children at half rates and the Virginia 
Railway and the Norfolk & Southern Railroad 
jointly ran excursion trains from the city to the 
Exposition. ‘To induce a large attendance of 
the little folk the Exposition Company reduced 
the price of children’s tickets to fifteen cents and 
a parade of these children organized by Miss 
Gatewood was by no means the least interesting 
event of the occasion. At four o'clock in the 


i 


afternoon formal exercises were held in the 
Auditorium. Judge Theodore S. Garnett pre- 
sided and Mr. Tucker delivered a very feeling 
address of welcome to which the Honorable 
James G. Riddick, Mayor of Norfolk, responded 
with a most optimistic speech declaring that the 
Exposition was Norfolk, for soon the city limits 
would comprehend the site; and he predicted 
that Norfolk after shaking off the lethargy of 
years would grow until its bounds would reach 
from Virginia Beach to Ocean View. Judge 
Garnett, who was to have been the orator of 
the day yielded to His Excellency, Duncan J. 
Fraser, Governor of Nova Scotia, who said 
among other things: 


For your greater Norfolk, if a stranger may so quickly 
form an opinion, I see a great and glorious future, since Nature 
has bestowed upon her priceless gifts, which no other city that 
I know can challenge. I have heard of the sunny South from 
the lips of sons and daughters of the Southland and I| have 
heard of the indolent South from those who were prejudiced, 
but I now have seen your land and it is all that the poets have 
described and more, but I have failed to find the indolent 
Southerner, and if I may be allowed to judge, indolence is not 
a characteristic of your people. We may never meet again but 
at some future time I am sure some of you will be seated around 
a festive board celebrating the wonderful advancement of your 
greater Norfolk, and when you have shown the world your 
marvelous advantages over other harbors and other sections [| 
would ask you to think of me and remember that you have my 
best wishes. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


CROWD ON LEE’S PARADE, NORFOLK DAY 


Diary—October. 


John R. Walker made an address on behalf 
of the 200,000 League, explaining the purposes 
of the organization and describing the efforts 
that it was making to cause Norfolk to reach 
that coveted mark in population which was 
blazoned in the title of the League. The 
meeting closed with an address delivered by 
Honorable E. W. Gaines, a member of the 
State Legislature who told of the great good 
which had been accomplished by organized 
labor and pointed with pride to the building 
of the Exposition as an evidence of labor’s 
sincere desire to co-operate with friendly cap- 
ital. An excellent musical programme was 
rendered in connection with the speeches. Vocal 
solos, piano solos and quartette singing enter- 
tained the audience. “Two football games were 
played in the afternoon. Shortly after sunset 
there was a fine display of fireworks, imme- 
diately after which all of the War Path attrac- 


HONORABLE JAMES G. RIDDICK 


ayor of Norfolk 


tions joined in a monster parade which drew 
the crowd toward the amusement section where 
the drawing for the grand prize was held. 
Later at the Inside Inn there was a beautiful 
Colonial ball. To insure the success of this 
feature President Anderson had appointed 
Miss Virginia Gatewood as Chairman of a 
committee of chaperones and patronesses with 
authority to choose her associates and she se- 
lected most able assistants. He also appointed 
a men’s committee with Alvah H. Martin as 
Chairman. Both of these bodies worked effect- 
ively, but naturally the larger share of the bur- 
den was borne by the ladies and the ball was an 
unqualified success. Matrons and maids with 
powdered hair and puffs, with patches on their 
faces and gowns of old embroidery made the 
big ball room beautiful and the brilliant uni- 
forms of the army and navy officers who at- 
tended lent dashes of color which offset the 
gloomy black of the civilian dress suit. 


317 


The Grand Camp Confederate Veterans of 
V irginia celebrated their day contemporaneously 
with the Greater Norfolk celebration. The 
Veterans being members of the Grand Camp 
of Virginia, Pickett’s Camp, A. P. Hill Camp, 
Stonewall Camp, Thomas Smith Camp, Nei- 
meyer-Shaw Camp, Pickett-Buchanan Camp, 
and Veterans from various other Camps 
throughout the State. The Sons of Confed- 
erate Veterans, Hope-Maury Chapter of the 
United Daughters of the Confederacy, and the 
Confederate Choir of the Hope-Maury Chap- 
ter were in the parade. The Seventy-first Reg- 
iment of Infantry, Virginia Volunteers, com- 
manded by Colonel Nottingham, was in line 
and all were under the command of Colonel 
O. H. Perry, the Marshal of the Day. . This 
line formed at Deep Water Pier and after 
reaching the Auditorium were joined by an 
escort of United States Troops composed of 
three Companies of the Twenty-third Infantry, 
a detachment each from the Twelfth Cavalry 
and from the Third Artillery. The line con- 
tinued its march to Lee’s Parade and passed 
in review before the Grand Commander of the 
Grand Camp and the officials of the Exposi- 
tion who occupied the grand stand. The 
Veterans then marched to the Auditorium 
where they were addressed by Grand Com- 
mander Stewart, President Tucker and Ad- 
miral Harrington. The Committee of Ar- 
rangements from Pickett-Buchanan Camp con- 
sisted of D. H. Burroughs, R. A. Dobie and 
W. R. Drummond, and admirably they 
planned and executed the work which they 
had in charge. The gray-haired Veterans who 
haltingly dragged across Lee’s Parade were 
almost the entire remnant of that great Virginia 
Army that followed Lee and Jackson. <A 
striking feature of the march was the number 
of women who were in the line. Not as per- 
sonal participants did these daughters of the 
South follow the troop of soldiers but they 
were there to aid their tottering, aged and weary 
fathers who unassisted, could not have gone 
the course. It certainly was the last review on 
this earth for many of the veterans and to help 
them enjoy it and make their march easier, the 
young women folk trooped with them, some 
half carrying the feeble survivors of the great 
legions. 

Before the date of the Norfolk celebration 
was set, October 25 had been officially desig- 
nated as Fuel and Alcohol Day, and so far 
as that affair formed part of the day’s events, 
the real feature of the occasion was the meeting 
of the Government Advisory Board of En- 
gineers and the members of the American Peat 
Association at the Fuel Testing Plant. Dur- 
ing the day thousands passed through the struc- 
ture, being attracted by prizes which had been 
offered by the Alcohol people, and it was prob- 
able that the attendance in the building that 
day was as great as it had been during any 
month of the Exposition. "The Government 
Board was headed by Prof. J. A. Holmes, 
of Washington, and in the party were 
mining, electrical, civil, army and navy 


The. Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


engineers, many of them of international 


fame. 

October 26.—Free School Day. Com- 
memorating the anniversary of the establishment 
of the first free school on the American con- 
tinent, President E. A. Alderman of the Uni- 
versity of Virginia and President Charles W. 
Needham of the George Washington Univer- 
sity, made addresses. J. A. C. Chandler, 
LL.D., presided temporarily and introduced 
Mr. Tucker as the Chairman of the meeting. 
Mr. Tucker’s address reviewed the results upon 
civilization of the establishment of free schools 
in Henrico County, Virginia, and he then in- 
troduced Dr. Needham who selected as _ his 
themes, Environment, Enrichment and Refine- 


ment, and said: 


The great underlying foundation of truth is, that in the 
general education of all people there is found the way—the only 
way, to virtue, happiness, security, and liberty. There are no 
exceptions or provisos in this law. Religion, race, material, 
social and political conditions do not lessen its importance or 
vary its operation, or impose any conditions. The presence of 
a large body of ignorant people renders a nation weak and less- 


CHARLES WILLIS NEEDHAM, LL.D. 


ens its influence among the nations of the earth. To be highly 
civilized requires power to observe actual conditions and to com- 
pare these conditions with ideals; and to have ideals there must 
be knowledge, reflection and imagination. 

% * # * % # # % # 

The laws controlling the development of life are divine. 
We cannot change them, we can only obey and adapt ourselves 
to them. The men and women who are intellectually and 
spiritually ill-fitted, who have no true ideals toward which they 
are aiming and struggling, must ultimately go down in the battle. 
The man who is conscious that he cannot support himself, who 
feels that he is dependent upon some other person for daily 
bread and clothes and shelter, is miserably in bondage. He is 


not and cannot be free. 
% % * * % * » % * 


Of environment, John Stuart Mills said, “ Whatever helps 
to shape the human being—to make the individual what he is, or 
hinder him from being what he is not—is a part of his educa- 
tion.” Our environment is of prime importance in the process 
of mental and spiritual training. Our associates, the modes of 
social life, the form of government and municipal laws under 
which we live; the commercial and industrial life and the fine 
arts with which we are surrounded—are both soil and climate 
out of which and by which we are consciously or unconsciously 
influenced and formed. Many of these are beyond our power 
to change, but in the patience with which we bear them and the 
extent to which we absorb or become absorbed by them, we 
determine our characters; while the triumphal spirit with which 
we overcome the adverse tendencies around us determines our 
capacity to make a better environment. This power to change 


an environment which is poorly adapted to produce good results 
is not wholly dependent upon ability to remove to another and 
better association. 


On the subject of “ Enrichment ”’ the speak- 


er said: 

Knowledge is the mind’s nutriment. It grows upon it by 
transforming it, through the process of assimilation, into mind 
and character; into the power to choose, to resist; to act in 
obedience to truth, and not from mere animal impulse or desire. 
Our knowledge determines our power. You cannot build large 
structures upon weak or narrow foundations; and as the design 
in the mind is, so will the structure be. Strength and beauty in 
outward forms and conduct are the product of sound knowledge 
and beautiful thinking. 

Everywhere, in every activity, man is trying to discover the 
causes of things, and to put himself in right relation with natural 
laws, that he may have greater power. There is no more 
important science than that which determines conduct; the 
knowledge of those principles of life out of which has sprung 
all that is best in our present civilization. A knowledge of 
human actions and relations; of successes and failures, are the 
facts out of which we develop a science of conduct. The 
weakness which yesterday caused men to fail will repeat failures 
to-morrow. [he elements of success in individual life, and the 
things which make for peace in the community, are the same 
for all time. Whatever have proven to be fundamental factors 
in the progress of the individual and of nations in the genera- 
tions gone will be the necessary factors for future prog- 
ress and growth. To know these forces, and the laws govern- 
ing them, and to put oneself in right relation to them, is 
to multiply a hundred fold one’s power for good action and 


enjoyment. 
Dr. Needham 


Concerning “ Refinement,” 


declared: 


The refining process is pruning, cutting off excrescences 
and useless growths, thereby turning the purple flood of life into 
the channels most valued, and developing a few fine flowers and 
fruits. It is polishing, rubbing away some marble and gold to 
give finish and beauty to the statue and the ornament. One of 
the greatest artists of France was called upon to examine the 
drawings of a young artist. The old man was noted for his 
absolute truthfulness when speaking of art. Looking at the 
drawing he said: “ Yes, he knows what he wants to do; he has 
talent; the only question is, will he endure training.” That is 
the great difference after all in people. There are great num- 
bers who have talent. That's a gift; the question is whether 
they have enough of the precious ore to amount to anything after 
the digging and refining is done. It will not do to carve 
veneered wood. Rubbing soon wears away gold plate. To 
stand refinement one must be genuine and the rich materials 
must be solid all through. The refinement of the mind is per- 
fected by the control of its activities. If there is one thing more 
than another which seems self-evident it is that the will counts 
for much in determining the course of events. 

His 


Dr. Alderman was the next speaker. 
topic was “ The Growth of Public Education 


in America.” He said: 

If attempt were made to make an enumeration of the 
heroic men and the sagacious States, which saw the necessary 
connection between republicanism and free education, we should 
have to compile a glossary of the thoughtful men of the 
eighteenth century; and if we were to attempt to enumerate those 
who saw that education was co-extensive with sovereignty, we 
should have to go back a thousand years and mention Charle- 
magne, and following the ages, single out John Nassau, William 
the Silent, Gustavus Adolphus, John Knox and John Calvin. 
Indeed parts of Plato’s Republic and Laws would seem almost 
as modern in our ears as a recent school report. 

The large point in the matter, however, is this: The 
American colonies were builded by rare men, who were the 
heirs of the best thought of the world, whether they were 
Churchmen and Cavaliers in Virginia, or Puritans in Massa- 
chusetts, or Dutchmen in New York. They had all been to 
school in the vigorous air of the seventeenth century. ‘Their 
spirits had been tempered in the fire of revolutionary feeling, 
and they had an almost equal conception of the value of po- 
litical liberty and its relation to universal enlightenment. 


Conceding a certain pre-eminence to Massa- 
chusetts in the actual establishment of the com- 


mon school, the speaker declared: 


A search of the colonial recérds and the constitutional 
happenings of the Southern States, exhibits as sincere and de- 
termined an effort for general education as the thought of that 
age could express. Now and then, as in the constitutions of 
Georgia and North Carolina, ringing statements issue, which 
have stood as incentives to generations; and among the writings 
of the founders of the Southern States, and in their local and 
state records, are found noble expressions of insight into the 
supreme need of universal training. 

It was in accordance with the genius of its life that New 
England should first actually build and develop a working 
system of public education. I see a certain philosophical fitness 
in the fact that Virginia and the Scuth should produce at the 
close of the eighteenth century the most philosophic and far- 
seeing educator of his country. Thomas Jefferson was the first 
authoritative world voice to divorce education from particularism 


318 


Diary—October. 


and localism and religious motive, and to think of it as a great 
elemental force, moulding the character and destiny of nations. 
His conception of a perfectly correlated educational system, free 
to all, stretching from the primary school to the university, 


enunciated in 1779, is still the goal of all educational effort in 
America. 
Ps * % * * % * % * 


In a general way, the steps in the evolution of the perfectly 
free public school conducted by the State may be enumerated 
as having passed through the following phases: 


First. Schools were encouraged and public funds might 
be contributed to their support. In other words, taxation was 
permissive ; 


Second. Schools were supported here and there from 
public funds; 

Third. Schools were made common schools supported by 
taxation on the property of everybody and managed by the 
representatives of everybody. 

It is interesting to recall that the Constitutional Convention 
did not discuss education, nor did the Declaration mention it. 
Six out of the thirteen States referred to it in their constitutions. 
The democratic mind simply had not expanded to the belief 
that it was a function of the State to maintain at public cost, 
and manage by public officers, schools for all the people. This 
is simply another way of saying that great institutions unfold 
slowly and gather strength as need for them appears to the eyes 
of those who aspire and reflect. The resolve to establish schools 
for distinct social and national ends, under the control of goy- 
ernment and the development of a great system of education 
by the people, in their separate States and not national in its 
results, is the work of the latter half of the nineteenth century; 
and even then it did not immediately become the common school 
for every rank and class of the people. There were still people, 
and there are still people who think of the public school as a 
free school for poor children. 

* % % % % % % % % 

The common school has made the newspaper, for good or 
for ill, perhaps the greatest single power in the land, by making 
of the American people a reading people. It has helped to 
displace ugliness in the homes of men, and to set up ideals of 
civic cleanliness and beauty. It has somehow managed to put 
into forty millions of foreign-born people, a conception of the 
meaning of Americanism. 

What the American scene, as Henry James has called it, 
will be at the close of the century no man can tell. The mass- 
ing of millions of men in a few square miles; the immigration 
of whole peoples of foreign birth to our shores; our own age— 
old racial troubles; the social changes still to be wrought by 
natural forces—all these we may be sure will remake this 
Republic in the century before us, as they have done in the half 
century past. 


He pleaded for the teacher who can teach, 
and asked ““ How many of these are trained 
for their work in college and normal schools: 
How many of them hold first grade certificates, 
and how many of them second and third grade 
certificates? How many of them lack sufficient 
training?” And concluded: 


The most pathetic and tragic misuse of money is afforded 
by the spectacle of a room full of children under the guidance 
of a teacher who can’t teach. If I could control the educational 
destiny of any great State, striving to develop a school system 
adequate for the needs of democracy; if there were given to 
me the vast sums of money as necessary for the building of such 
a system, the first use I would make of such power would be to 
plant in every county an ideal county supervisor at any cost in 
the world; for there lies the practical heart of this question. 


Hon. John Sharp Williams, of Mississippi, 
Democratic leader of Congress, also spoke. 


He said: 


It is not our vast domain which constitutes our greatness. 
It is not the number of our people nor our mines holding rich 
treasures of gold, silver, copper and iron, nor our soil, potentially 
holding vastly more valuable treasures. The sun has risen and 
set and now rises and sets on empires as vast and on populations 
as great and on wealth per capita greater. And this being 
“Education Day,” it is perhaps well to say it is not to our 
educational system that we owe our greatness. There are other 
people with better educational systems than ours. All these are 
factors, but they are results, not causes. 

It is the character of our population—in a word, the 
race itself and the institutions evolved out of the inherent and 
inherited ideals and purposes of that race. The great central 
cause of our greatness lies in the policy and sentiment of our 
branch of the white race—in the proud semi-conscious instinct 
of its mission, which has made it preserve its purity and racial 
integrity—scorning as no other division of the white race ever 
has scorned: 

“To herd with narrow foreheads, vacant of our glorious gains, 
Like a beast with lower pleasures, like a beast with lower 
pains. 


He dilated upon the Messianic mission of 
the white race which, he averred, was the obvi- 
ous instrument that would bring a period when 
there could be “‘ peace on earth to men of good 


319 


Copyright, Harris & Ewing 
HONORABLE JOHN SHARP WILLIAMS 


Delegate National Democratic Convention 1892-1894—Tem- 
porary Chairman St. Louis Convention 1904—Member Congress 
from Fifth Mississippi District 1893-1903—from Eighth Mis- 
sissippi District 1903-1909—Recognized as Minority leader of 
the House—Democratic Candidate for Speaker 58th and 59th 
Congresses—Democratic Nominee for United States Senator 
1907—E lected by Legislature January 21, 1908 to succeed 
Honorable H. D. Money—Term expires 1911 


will,’ an era of brotherhood when men neither 
would shiver nor starve, yet a time when men 
would not accept raiment or food that was 
unearned. 


Of international peace, he said: 

It is not a dream. After fifty years of present growth 
the English-speaking peoples will be strong enough to impose it 
on the world, if they but will. The number of people who 
speak the English language has increased in one hundred years 
—from A. D. 1800 to A. D. 1900—by five hundred and 
seventy-five per cent., the number speaking one or another of the 
dialects of Russia by two hundred per cent., of German one 
hundred per cent., of Spanish fifty per cent., of French forty 
per cent. When they do, if they do, impose peace on earth, 
then men can be, for the first time, really “ free to regulate the 
pursuit of their own industry, improvement and happiness, free, 
with slightest governmental handicap to earn comfort and cul- 
ture, and for the first time in a condition of heart and mind to 
learn that luxury is a crime against man and a sin against 


God.” 

October 29.—The opening feature of Mich- 
igan Day was the exercises in the Auditorium, 
over which former Governor John T. Rich, 
President of the Michigan State Commission, 
presided. Mr. Tucker welcomed the citizens 
of Michigan most cordially and during his ad- 
dress, just as he was emphasizing the thorough 
reunion of the country, Judge James A. Mar- 
shall, a Confederate Veteran, formerly a mem- 
ber of Congress, walked down the aisle and 
noticing him Mr. Tucker said, “* And there is 
a veteran of the ‘ Lost Cause’ who seconds my 
hearty welcome to you people of Michigan.” 
Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson delivered an ad- 
dress on behalf of the State, and then Governor 
Fred M. Warner, of Michigan, spoke: 


From that early day now nearly three-quarters of a cen- 
tury ago, when the budding commonwealth chose as its first 
chief executive that brilliant young Virginian, Stevens Thompson 
Mason, to this year of grace, the history of Michigan has been 
one of progress and development in all those things y.nich make 
for material betterment and the improvement of mankind. 

Since that early day when Virginia gave to Michigan a 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Governor whose name and fame are a part of the sacred pos- 
sessions of our people, the Peninsular State has witnessed many 
wonderful changes. From a sparsely settled territory of forests 
and prairies, manifesting very few signs of human industry, with 
its few wagon roads, scarcely worthy of the name, and with not 
a single completed line of railroad, with such crude postal facili- 
ties that correspondence was a decidedly expensive luxury, with- 
out a city within its borders, and with widely scattered and 
struggling schools and churches, the sturdy pioneers who braved 
and endured the hardships and privations of those days, and 
their energetic successors, have wrought so wondrously, that 
Michigan now boasts a population of nearly three million 
people. 


Speaking of the opportunities that Michigan 


offers to its citizens, her Chief Executive said: 

In the work that Michigan has done for higher education 
through its great universities, its normal schools, which are ex- 
celled by no other institution of their kind, in its agricultural 
college, the pioneer in this field of education, in its school for 
the blind and the deaf, in the superior provision it has made 
for its grievously afflicted ones, in its asylums and charitable 
institutions, in its splendid soldiers’ home, and in its institutions 
for the care of its homeless and helpless children, Michigan is 
not equaled by any other State. 


Honorable Henry C. Smith, of Adrian, 


. 


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° 
6 
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Copyright, Taestowa Official Photograph CTE 


General O. L. Spalding, of Michigan, former 
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury of the 
United States, was the last speaker of the day. 
He referred to Virginia’s cession of Michigan 
territory to the Union and expressed his hope 
that “the mother is as proud of her daughter 
as the daughter is proud of the mother.’” Many 
of those in the Michigan party were veterans 
of the Civil War and often there was brought 
before the audience the name of some famous 
leader. With equal fervor General Robert E. 
Lee and General U. S. Grant were cheered, 
and no less hearty enthusiasm was evoked at the 
mention of Fitzhugh Lee than was caused when 
the name of George A. Custer was pronounced. 

Upon the platform were Governor Warner, 


former Governor Rich, Colonel Walter G. 
Rogers, Brigadier-General Charles W. Har- 


GOVERNOR WARNER, OF MICHIGAN, STAFF AND PARTY AT MICHIGAN BUILDING 


Mich., who followed Governor Warner, re- 
ceived an ovation. He was one of the most 
popular State Commissioners at the Exposition. 


He called himself half Virginian because he 


had married a Virginia girl. After Senator 
Smith had spoken, Chairman Rich called upon 
Judge Marshall for a few remarks: He said: 


It is a pleasing surprise to be permitted to welcome you 
people of Michigan to sunny Virginia, but nevertheless I assure 
you that it is an honor of which I am justly proud. I am 
going to welcome you in a little different manner, though, than 
some forty years ago, and my welcome is none the less cordial, 
only not quite so hot. I welcome you as a citizen of the Old 
Dominion, most heartily, and as a Confederate Veteran | 
second that thought in welcoming to this great commonwealth 
our foes of forty years ago who are our brothers of to-day. 


General James H. Kidd, of Michigan, form- 
erly an officer of the Union Army, responded 
to Judge Marshall, and declared that he had 
never failed to pay a tribute of admiration to 
the noble soldiers of Virginia. It was distinctly 
a love feast for the veterans of both sides. 


rah, Major Joseph Walsh, Colonel Thomas 
G. Morgan, Brigadier-General Carl A. Wag- 
ner, Commander Frederick D. Standish, 
Brigadier-General James H. Kidd, Major 
William H. G. Hardy, Brigadier-General 
William T. McGurrin, Colonel Watson, Col- 
onel Cox, Colonel Holmes and Majors Chap- 
man and Leach, and the entire Michigan Com- 
mission, together with Admiral Harrington, 
President Tucker, Judge Marshall and Lieu- 
tenant-Governor Ellyson. 

Shortly after three o’clock in the afternoon 
Governor Warner and his staff assembled in 
front of the Auditorium and reviewed a parade 
of all the troops then stationed at the Exposi- 
tion. In the afternoon there was a very bril- 
liant reception at the Michigan Building and 
the house was crowded by those who wished to 
pay honor to the Wolverine Chief Executive. 


320 


Diary—October. 


EDWARD C. BALZHISER) JOHN GLENN COLLINS 


National Chairman National Secretary 


National Ice Carnwwal. ‘The national meet- 
ing of [ce Producers was held at the Exposition 
for four days beginning October 29. ‘Their 
special day was Wednesday, October 30. At 
11:30 a. M. the National Chairman, Edward 
C. Balzhiser, of Cleveland, O., called the 
meeting to order and introduced Mr. Tucker. 
The scene of the exercises was the Assembly 
Hall at the Inside Inn. Mr. Tucker delivered 
a very hearty welcome, reviewing the history 
of Virginia and telling the visitors what they 
might see at the Exposition and in the territory 
contiguous thereto. The principal address of 


the day was delivered by Mr. Balzhiser, who, 


after responding to Mr. Tucker’s greetings, 
spoke of the benefits for humanity traceable to 


modern 1ce making, and said: 

The incomparable development of the great American 
cities, established in southern latitudes and low altitudes, would 
have been impossible but for the sustaining virtues of the prin- 
ciples of ice and refrigeration; and the commissarying of a 
New York City, a Philadelphia, Chicago, Pittsburg or New 
Orleans of to-day, all depending upon local supplies, would 
have been out of the question in 1850. Previous to the intro- 
duction of ice and refrigeration, Mississippi valley land was 
valued at from nothing to fifteen dollars per acre. With the 
introduction of these agencies, however, came a period of de- 
velopment never before equaled, principally through the estab- 
lishment of the dressed beef and live stock industries, together 
with cold storage, and refrigerated transportation facilities for 
the transmission of perishable supplies to the markets of the 
world. 


Speaking of the work of the “ Reclamation 
Bureau’ Mr. Balzhiser said: 


Now that the great lowlands of the West have been re- 
claimed, and since irrigation of the western plateaus is well 
under way, it has recently occurred to us that we have in the 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


United States more than seventy-five million acres of the most 
fertile soil in all the world, distributed in thirty-nine States of 
the Union, lying in the nature of vast swamps. When we 
understand the startling fact that the average cost per acre of 
all land reclaimed by process of irrigation has been thirty 
dollars, and since we know from United States surveys that 
seventy-five million acres of swamp land can be effectively re- 
claimed by process of drainage at an average cost of from five 
to six dollars per acre, and that the land so reclaimed will 
support ten million inhabitants profitably, we gather some ideas 
of the vast possibilities placed within reach of our people 
through the instrumentality of ice and refrigeration. 


John E. Starr read a paper on “ The Influ- 
ence of Refrigeration on the World’s Work.” 
He defined refrigeration as “‘ the useful appli- 
cation of temperatures below those in which we 
ordinarily live and move and have our being.”’ 
He traced the process of refrigeration from the’ 
days when the snows from the Alps and Pyre- 
nees were carried down to Rome and Pompeu 
to cool the wines that graced the banquets of 
the ancient aristocracy. About the Christian 
Era he stated that crude ice houses were built 
in ancient Rome. Later on came the storage 
of natural ice in northern localities and _ its 
subsequent use as a luxury, and he carried the 
subject down to the present time when ice is 
regarded as a necessity. 

Thomas A. Shipley read a paper on the 
““ Compression Ice Plants Using Ammonia as a 
Refrigerant,’ and Heywood Cochran discussed 
‘The Absorption Ice Plant.’’ After the read- 
ing of these papers the chairman introduced J. 
F’. Nickerson, of Chicago, American Secretary 
cf the International Congress, to be held in 
Paris, June, 1908, and Mr. Nickerson gave 
an outline of the general plans for the Interna- 
tional Congress of Refrigerating Industries. 

At 2:30 in the afternoon the Ice Carnival 
began. The first contest was team work for 
two men who had to take a 300-pound block 
of ice from the ground, place it on shoulder, 
carry it twenty-five feet and deposit on the plat- 
form—tongs only to be used. John Davis and 
W.H. Wingart performed the trick in five and 


one-half seconds. On account of the ease and 


neatness with which A. H. Laippley and A. 
G. Robinson accomplished the feat in six sec- 
onds, the prize money was evenly divided. 


ICE CONTEST ON LEE’S PARADE 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


The second contest consisted of taking five 
pieces of ice from the ground, without cutting, 
carrying them thirty feet and depositing them on 
a platform five feet from the ground, the pieces 
to weigh 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 pounds, 
respectively. A. G. Robinson won in forty- 
five seconds; John Doelcher was second in 
sixty-five seconds. 

The third contest was to cut a 300-pound 
block of ice into twenty equal parts and a 100- 
pound block into ten equal parts. “The contest- 
ants were permitted to use their favorite tools. 
A. H. Laippley won in one minute, forty-four 
seconds. 

Fourth contest—Three tons of ice to be 
taken from a covered wagon and stored in an- 
other covered wagon twenty-five feet away, ice 
to be loaded in the first covered wagon in 300- 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MEMBERS OF VIRGINIA CONFERENCE OF CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS 


pound blocks, but contestants in transferring 
same had the privilege of cutting it to any size 
they saw fit. Three teams entered and the 
prize went to A. H. Laippley and C. L. 
Chavanka. ‘Their time was six minutes and 
twenty-three seconds. 

Fifth Contest—A 300-pound piece of ice 
was to be taken from an ice wagon, carried 
three hundred feet and deposited on a plat- 
form—a one man contest. C. L. Chavanka 
won. ‘Time twenty-three and one-fourth sec- 
onds. John Davis was second in twenty-three 
and one-half seconds, and A. H. Laippley 
third in twenty-three and three-fourths seconds. 
This contest was extremely exciting. 

Sixth contest—To take 300 pounds of ice 
from a wagon, carry it thirty-five feet and de- 
posit it on a platform about ten feet above the 
ground, using a step-ladder for the purpose. 


A. H. Laippley and C. L. Chavanka won in 
ten and three-fourths seconds. 

Seventh contest.— Taking the heaviest piece 
of ice from a platform five feet above ground 
and carrying it one hundred and fifty feet and 
replacing it on the platform. C. L. Chavanka 
won in twenty-two seconds. 

Eighth contest—Placing 1,050 pounds of 
ice in a cooler 45 x 23 x 40 inches inside, the 
bottom of the box to be five feet above ground, 
ice to be taken from a wagon twenty-five feet 
away and weighed on the wagon scales. John 
Davis and L. M. Bradley won in two minutes 
and three seconds. 

The National Ice Carnival Day was fittingly 
brought to a close by what was probably 
one of the most enjoyable functions held at the 
Exposition. Through the hearty co-operation 


of the Norfolk Board of ‘trade and _ its 
President W. A. Anderson, together with a 
local ladies’ committee and a local men’s com- 
mittee headed by Nimmo Old, the ball at the 
Inside Inn was a notable success, and the dan- 
cing continued far into the morning. For those 
who did not dance, a card contest with prizes 
was provided. 

October 30.—After having tried vainly to 
secure an over-water flight with his aeroplane, 
Israel Ludlow made a trial on Lee’s Parade. 
A team of Artillery horses from Battery “ D,”’ 
under the direction of Captain Horn, provided 
the motive power. The aeroplane was manned 
by Captain T. T. Lovelace. Two attempts 
were made by the aeronaut and the result of 
each was discouraging. At the first trial the 
machine rose several feet, then deflected and 
fell. “The damage was slight as the perfectly 


322 


Diary—October-November. 


trained horses immediately halted. The sec- 
ond venture was, however, disastrous. The 
aeroplane arose much higher but the aeronaut 
seemed unable to maintain an_ equilibrium 
and when the machine fell it was_ totally 
wrecked. 

The Virginia Conference of Charities and 
Corrections met in the lecture room at the Social 
Economy Building at 10:00 A. M., and again 
at 8:45 p.m. Burnett Lewis, President of 
the Ex-Prisoners’ Aid Society with head- 
quarters at Richmond, was Chairman of the 
meeting and the addresses which were delivered 
by local and national authorities dealt with sub- 
jects affecting reformation or reclamation of ex- 
convicts, or the betterment of the convict’s con- 
dition while in prison. 

November |.—WNorfolk County Day. Judge 
W.N. Portlock of the Norfolk County Court, 
presided at the exercises. The feature of the 
day was a big tournament of the old Virginia 
type in which twenty knights met and tilted for 
the honor of crowning the “‘ Queen of Love 
and Beauty.” The tournament was held on 
Lee’s Parade and was won by R. C. Sinclair 
of Hampton after a very close struggle with 
H. S. Sinclair and William C. Smith, all of 
whom had tied for first honor in the capture 
of the larger rings and later had to contest for 
primacy with the smaller ones. The successful 
knight crowned Miss Bessie Curtis of Hampton 
as Queen. 

For two hours or more people crowded into 
the Auditorium in the evening for the purpose 
of bidding farewell to the ‘‘ Mexican National 
Band.” The Exposition officials and the 
people of Norfolk took advantage of this 
opportunity to show their appreciation of the 
band which had been sent as a personal and 
national compliment by President Diaz. At 
the conclusion of several of the numbers the 
applause was almost deafening. Not content 
with hand clapping and waving of handker- 
chiefs men and women cheered the musicians. 
The Secretary of the Exposition presided at 
the exercises, during the course of which com- 
memorative medals were given to the leader 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Phorseraph Corporation. 


KNIGHTS AT THE “OLD VIRGINIA TOURNAMENT" 


and to each member of the band. Lieutenant- 
Colonel José Manterola, the President of 
Mexico’s Military Commission, presented the 
medals to the musicians in turn. In addi- 
tion to his gold medal the leader received a 
baton. 

November 4.—The National Council of 
Jewish Women was a development of the at- 
tendance at the Jewish Women’s Congress of 
the Parliament of Religions at the Columbian 
Exposition in 1893, During the fourteen years 
intervening between 1893 and 1907, the 
Council had been engaged in a wide sphere 
of activities, principally dealing with philan- 
thropy of a preventive sort. Establishment of 
vacation schools; summer playgrounds; juve- 
nile courts; social settlements; homes for way- 
ward and delinquent girls; employment classes; 
anti-tuberculosis measures; tenement house re- 
forms; civic regulations affecting health and 
decency; child labor regulations; homes for 
working girls, and other measures generally 
of a protective nature or co-operative with 
movements made for the betterment of human- 
ity, engaged the attention of this Order. 

The officers were: President, Pauline H. 
Rosenberg (Mrs. Hugo), Pittsburg, Pa.; 
Honorary President, Hannah G. Solomon 
(Mrs. Henry), Chicago, III.; First Vice-Pres- 
ident, Lizzie T. Barbe (Mrs. Martin), Chica- 
go, Ill.; Second Vice-President, Melida Pappe 
(Mrs. Julius), Sioux City, Ia.; Executive Sec- 
retary, Miss Sadie American, New York City; 
Recording Secretary, Hennie Strouse (Mrs. 
Eli), Baltimore, Md.; Treasurer, Rebecca 
Judah (Mrs. J. B.), eatiailes Ky.; Auditor, 
Marion L. Misch (Mrs. Caesar), remience: 
Reh 

The record of the New York Section read 
at the meeting is fairly typical of what the 
sections generally were doing. In their spheres 
of activity they showed that in 1894 they had 
one religious school with one hundred pupils; in 
1907 four schools with three hundred and fifty 
pupils. In 1894 they had one girls’ club, 
which was their only philanthropic establish- 
ment. In 1907 they had a girls’ club; three 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Miss Sapie AMERICAN 
Secretary 


Mrs. Huco RosENBERG 
President 


home libraries; a compilation of directories of 
Jewish charities; they employed a_ visiting 
teacher who weekly went to the Children’s 
Hospital at Randall’s Island, and another to 
the House of Refuge at the same place; a pro- 
bation officer for the care of girls; a woman 
agent at Ellis Island for the protection of immi- 
grant girls and women; a board of visitors to the 
New York Almshouse; a visiting teacher for 
the Bedford Women’s Reformatory, and active 
workers attending to the proper regulation of 
tenement houses, child labor and employment 
agencies. [hey had established a home for 
wayward girls and unmarried mothers; they 
had a teacher in the Hudson Training School 
for Girls; they cared for the indigent Jewish 
blind and were represented on the Visiting 
Committee to Bellevue Hospital of the State 
Charities Aid Society. During 1895 they 
spent about one hundred and fifty dollars on 
philanthropy; in 1906-7 they spent nearly eight 
thousand. Miss Sadie American was Presi- 
dent of the New York Section. 

Responding to the cordial welcome extended 


by the Norfolk Council, Mrs. Rosenberg, the 
National President, said: 


America has ever been the trusted home of Jewish citizens 
—the Jews, whose ancestors struck the first blow for religious 
liberty and proclaimed the first declaration of independence on 
their exodus from Egypt. To understand life as it is to-day, 
we need but to look at the times of the feudal Barons, when all 
was cruel, and but little thought given to the needs of the 
retainers. It is also a far cry from the days of Dickens, when 
poor Joe, the little crossing sweeper, was told to ‘move on— 
move on, to the present Ibsen, Hauptman types wallowing in 
the mire, leaving an ugly after-taste, but probably pointing to 
moral conditions needing remedy. From the Dickens sentiment 
we have evolved our Juvenile Courts, our Child Labor agitations 
and other broadly humanitarian works. May we then not hope 
for an improved moral standard of society as a result of the 
problem fiction of to-day? 


Speaking of the Jewish faith, Mrs. Rosen- 
berg declared: 


Ours is not that religion which is so busy with its own soul 
and the worship of God that it is guilty of cruel neglect of those 
around us—of the demands of daily being. We have en- 
deavored through the study of our history, literature, and es- 
pecially the Bible, which is the Jews’ contribution to civilization, 
to inculcate in our members a deeper knowledge and under- 
standing of our place in the world’s work and our duty to our 
fellow beings. Through our work in philanthropy we have 
tried to bring to our members the benefit of the most enlightene 
thought in their dealings with the social problems. In our fifty- 
seven sections our members are engaged in all fields of philan- 
thropic endeavor, primarily that of Preventive Philanthropy, 
and co-operating with other existing agencies for the good of 
the community at large. * e recognize the duty of 
the strong to protect and aid the weak; of the enlightened to 
spread knowledge to the ignorant. Civilization: owes it to’ man 
to give each citizen equal chances. In this age of greater and 
more searching knowledge along all lines, we recognize that man 
owes it to his brother to give that brother the benefit and practice 
of his knowledge. 

The last century went down in history seeing the emancipa- 
tion of Woman; this country will record her progress and show 
how she uses her freedom. Young as the century is, it has 


launched notable movements for the emancipation of the child, 
and it is along the line of what woman will do for the benefit 
of future generations that woman’s work will be known. 


The executive session of the Council was 
preceded by a special meeting of its Committee 

‘Immigrant Aid.” The room in the Audi- 
torium was filled by members and delegates 
who sat through the four hour session listening 
to reports without the least flagging of interest. 
In New York alone two thousand one hundred 
and sixty-five girls had been visited during the 
preceding year. Work had been procured for 
many. Special English classes had been 
formed. Some cases had been referred to the 
Child Labor Committee and placed in the 
Needle Craft School. Medical service was 
given gratis. Lodgings were changed, trans- 
portation procured, and one case was sent to 
the Bedford Sanitarium for Tuberculosis. It 
was reported that during the summer Miss Car- 
rie Wise, Chairman of the New York Im- 
migrant Aid Committee, had procured the co- 
operation of societies in England, France and 
Germany so that organizations there could look 
after the emigrant women before they left 
their native country, and Miss Sadie Amer- 
ican, the National Executive Secretary, had, 
while abroad, established the same kind of co- 
operation with Ger- 
many, Belgium and 
Holland, while 
through the German 
organization a _ con- 
nection with Russia 
had been promised. 
A feature of the meet- 
ing of the Council was 
an address delivered 
by Professor Samuel 
McCune Lindsay, 
Vice-Chairman of the 
National Child Labor 
Committee and Dv- 
rector of the New York School of Philan- 
thropy. His topic was “ What America is 
Doing for Her Juveniles.” 

November 6.— The  Pickett-Buchanan 
Chapter, United Daughters of the Confederacy 
cordially welcomed the Virginia Division when 
at | 1:30 A.M. they convened in the Auditorium 
for the first session of their three days’ con- 
vention. Mrs. W. R. McKenny, of Peters- 
burg, President, called the meeting to order. 
Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson welcomed the 
Convention to the Exposition and Mrs. James 
Y. Leigh, President of the Pickett-Buchanan 
Chapter delivered an address of greeting. She 
said: ‘‘ We welcome you because of the bond 
of sympathy and of purpose which actuates the 
United Daughters and which controls our work 
throughout the entire South, down to the very 
smallest chapter—that sentiment of patriotism 
and purpose of sacred charity.” She told 
what had been planned for the entertain- 
ment of visitors and in conclusion said: 
“Welcome, thrice welcome to our beautiful 
Jamestown Exposition. May our meeting 
be so peaceful, so harmonious, so fraught with 
interest and enjoyment as to cause it to stand 


S. McC. Linpsay, PH.D. 


324 


Diary—November. 


forever apart in our memory while life shall 
lasts 

Mrs. McKenny replied feelingly on be- 
half of the Virginia Division. At the con- 
clusion of the address the ritual was followed. 
This ceremony is a beautiful embodiment of 
the Daughters’ sentiments toward Providence 
and toward the heroes whom they honor. Dur- 
ing the exercises the Confederate choirs of the 
Norfolk and Portsmouth chapters sang a num- 
ber of old Southern melodies and Phinney’s 
band played. The feature of the musical pro- 
gramme was the rendition of ‘The Lost 
Chord,” by the band accompanied by Mr. 
Whiddit on the organ. Those on the stage 
during the ceremonies were Mrs. C. B. Tate, 
of Pulaski; Miss Nellie Preston, of Seven 
Mile Ford; Miss Annie Mann, of Petersburg; 
Mrs. J. E. Robinson, of Richmond; Mrs. 
James Y. Leigh, of Norfolk; Mrs. W. R. Mc- 
Kenny, of Petersburg, and Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor J. Taylor Ellyson. 


November 8.—Exposition Makers’ Dav. 


Enter pene. Leake eS Rs 
Copyright, Tamentatas Official PHEtGEr ap 1h Corporation. 
“PENNSYLVANIA ”" AND “ CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO” OFFICIALS AT THE EXPOSITION 


The employees of every Department at the 
Exposition participated in this celebration. The 
festivities began at seven o'clock in the evening 
and several hundred of the “ Makers” gath- 
ered in front of the Auditorium and led by 
Colonel C. A. Wood, riding a Streets of Cairo 
donkey, they marched around the War Path 
and made for the Convention Hall. Silas E. 
Snyder, Director of Publicity, presided at the 
meeting, and President Tucker, Colonel 
Wood, Director-General Martin, General- 
Counsel Wool and Mr. Geddes, the Secretary 
of the Government Board, delivered addresses. 
But the hit of the evening was made by Miss 
L. E. Pfeiffer, who insinuated broadly how an 


Exposition should be conducted. She said: 

Why did not the officials take our advice? Any of us 
could have told them exactly how it all should have been done. 
We know how Gwynn Shepperd could have handled cere- 
monies and amused diplomats without giving them so much exer- 
cise; we know how Steve Bolles or Snyder could have increased 
the attendance from three hundred to five hundred a day; we 
know how Sherwood, Wakefield and Davidson might have 
extracted a small percentage from the concessionaires without 
creating a riot; we know how Southgate could have filled the 
Marine Appliances and Transportation Buildings with some- 
thing besides atmosphere, and we know how Crown, Essary and 
Steele could have inserted something in the newspapers besides 


B25 


hot air. We know how Sexton could have pulled off a few 
successful special events on the Exposition Grounds instead of 
on paper; we know how Tucker and Barr could have elimi- 
nated themselves without the use of artillery; we know how 
Cottrell could have made a parade ground instead of a mill 
pond; we know how Wool and Batchelor could have collected 
a few stock assessments; we know how the Press Club could 
have given a Seeley dinner and kept it dark; we know how the 
Board of Directors could have done something besides pass 
resolutions, and we could have told Dixon how to prevent love 
making on the parade ground without wasting electricity; we 
also know how the Jury of Awards could have satisfied every- 
body and prevented the attempts to lynch Jim Farmer; but they 
did not consult us and we are now too charitable to heap coals 
of fire upon their devoted heads. 


There was to have been singing, but the 
crowd wanted to dance and dance they did. 
After a light supper the ball started and kept 
up until early in the morning. 

November 9.—President James McCrea 
and Passenger Traffic Manager Wood, of the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, President George W. 
Stevens and General Manager C. E. Doyle, 
of the C. & O. Railway, visited the Exposition. 
With them were the following directors of the 
Pennsylvania System: D. H. Starnes, E. F. 
Brook, T. DeWitt Cuyler, George F. Dixon, 
Thomas M. Ely, John C. Greene, C. A. Gris- 


com, J. B. Hutchinson, George V. Massey, 
Louis Nelson, D. S. Newhall, C. S. Patter- 
son, William A. Patton, Charles E. Pugh, 
Samuel Rea, Percival Roberts, J. G. Searles, 
A. C. Shand, N. P. Shortridge, Henry Tat- 
nall, George Wood, William Shaw, J. H. 
Speakmore and George F. Ege. 

President McCrea said of the Exposition: 


If on the first of June it had been in the shape that it is 
to-day, it would have been the greatest success in the history of 
expositions. 


November 11.—American Federation of 
Labor Day. Moore than a thousand delegates 
to the annual convention of the American Fed- 
eration of Labor met in the Auditorium of the 
Exposition. At no previous gathering had so 
many orators appeared on the programme. ‘The 
President of the Exposition, the Governor of 
Virginia, the Mayors of Norfolk and Newport 
News, James O’Donnell, President of the Vir- 
ginia Federation of Labor, A. ‘T. Scott, Pres- 
ident of the Norfolk Central Labor Union, and 
W. T. Anderson, President of the Norfolk 
Board of Trade, all spoke and extended a 


welcome. To these Samuel Gompers, Pres- 


Jamestown Official Photogra 


Copyright, 


OFFICIALS AND MEMBERS AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR IN FRONT OF AUDITORIUM 


Diary—November. 


ident of the American Federation of Labor, 
responded. ‘The exercises were opened by an 
invocation by the Rev. Calvin S. Blackwell, 
of Norfolk. In the course of his speech, Mr. 


Gompers said: 


I am sure that no man could have been within hearing 
distance of the magnificent addresses that have been delivered 
to us this morning without being affected so deeply by them as 
to cause an impression that would last so long as life might 
remain, and listening I was for a moment transported back 
a third of a century and it seemed to me that again I could 
see the doors of decent society closed against the men who had 
the intelligence and courage to face antagonism, bitterness and 
prejudice, the men who had the power to associate themselves 
with the few in the labor movement who proclaimed the rights 
of labor and who pledged themselves and their lives to the task 
of trying to bring about the knowledge and conception among 
the toilers of our country that union was essential to their 
common uplift. In those days, to speak in the language of to- 
day, the men who upheld united labor were regarded as having 
a‘ brainstorm.”” Passing through the years since, | look further 
back into the days when men not only had their foreheads 
branded with red hot irons to designate their contumacy against 
their masters, but were sent to the jails and to the gibbets. We 
find ourselves here in old Virginia with a transformation that 
has not only honored labor but in turn honors the intelligence 
of the men who have come here and welcomed us by their 
presence and in their speeches. * * # J abor to-day stands 
erect, looking the whole world in the face, insisting upon equal 
treatment and equal opportunity, and it resents any attempt at 
injustice or wrong. 


he American Federation of Labor held a 
two weeks’ session in Norfolk, but this was 
their day at the Exposition. 

November 15.—President Tucker greeting 
the United Daughters of the Confederacy paid 
a high tribute to the bravery of the Southern 
soldier, but no more sincere or eulogistic than 


the one he paid to the women of the South who 
had been forced to bear the brunt of the War 


waiting at home and hoping against hope. 
“Their courage,” he declared, “is the pride 
of the South to-day, and the South owes it to 
its women that monuments in cemeteries on bat- 
tlefields and in public squares of almost every 
Southern city have been erected, and it is their 
love for their noble dead which has made these 
testimonials possible.” 

Rear-Admiral Purnell F. Harrington, U. S. 
N. (Retired), followed Mr. Tucker. Among 
other things he said: 


In all ages love of country has been held a noble sentiment, 
and when men have offered their lives in defense of their 
homes and country their names and deeds have been cherished 
by their people and the praises of all mankind have been 
given to them. In our times and country the life in peaceful 
homes and among kindred and friends is dearer to man than 
ever in the history of the world. The part of the warrior of 
old, his business in life, was to fight and at last to die. In our 
time, to resign the cherished life of peace and family in order 
to buckle on the sword requires a noble courage and higher de- 
votion to patriotic duty. To send forth to battle the husband, 
father or son demands from a woman a consecration which has 
no parallel in any other act of renunciation. Such were .the 
fate and deeds of those of our men and women during the 
Civil War. The heroic action of those men and women, 
whether of the North or South, shall be the theme of tribute 
through the ages. Patriotic associations which cherish their 
fame will always be a part of the life-blood of the Nation, 
and among them to-day the United Daughters of the Confed- 
eracy holds the respect, the sympathy and the praise of every 
true American heart. 


Mrs. James Y. Leigh, President of the 
Pickett-Buchanan Chapter, welcomed the visit- 
ors on behalf of the hostess organization, and 
Mrs. William R. McKenny, of Petersburg, 
the President of the Virginia Division, ex- 
tended a welcome for the Daughters of the 
State. Mrs. Lizzie G. Henderson, President- 


General of the United Daughters of the Con- 
federacy, responded to the greetings. She said: 


This welcome from Virginia does not surprise me, for is 
not this visit somewhat in the light of a homecoming week to 
most or us? Cannot most of us point to a time when our an- 


327 


cestors were among the patriot rebels of Virginia, fighting for 
the God-given right of freedom of thought, of speech and of 
action, and are not those same ancestors held lovingly in Vir- 
ginia’s bosom, waiting for the end of time? 


After the meeting at the Auditorium a recep- 
tion was tendered to the visitors at ““ Beauvoir,” 
the house erected by the Virginia Daughters of 
the Confederacy. Mrs. W. W. Old, of Nor- 
folk, a member of the Pickett-Buchanan Chap- 
ter, was the Beauvoir official hostess. 

Princess Ann County, the Eastern Shore of 
Virginia, Albemarle Sound and the Virginia 
Firemen’s Association jointly celebrated. “The 
exercises in the Auditorium consisted of 
speeches made by Congressman W. A. Jones 
of the First Virginia District, Director-Gen- 
eral Alvah H. Martin of the Exposition, and 
Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson of Virginia. 
There was a tilting tournament in the afternoon, 
which was won by F. S. Sinclair, of York 
County, Virginia, and subsequently a test run 
between a fire company of Newport News and 
one belonging to the Exposition, the former 
winning by one second. ‘The contestants ran 
one hundred and fifty yards, laid three lengths 
of hose, made connections and turned on water. 
The Newport News Company performed the 
feat in thirty-five and one-half seconds. ‘The 
Firemen gave a ball in the evening at the Con- 
vention Hall. 

November 18.—Suffolk, Smithfield and Isle 
of Wight Day was 
celebrated. The 
Rev. W. Thoburn 
Clark, of Carrsville, 
Va., pastor of the 
Beaver Dam Baptist 
Church, presided at 
the meeting and in- 
troduced the speak- 
ers. For the Expo- 
sition Mr. Tucker 
delivered the address 
of welcome and for 
the State Lieutenant- 
Governor Ellyson 
gave a greeting. Dr. 
Gavin Rawls, Superintendent of Schools of Isle 
of Wight County, replied with an able address, 
and Attorney E. H. Williams of Smithfield, 
responded for his town. Dr. Rawls in his 
speech wittily referred to the beneficent climate 
of his county and claimed that it militated 
against the health of physicians and Mr. Wil- 
liams indicted his locality for its peacefulness 
which was equally fatal to the success of law- 
yers. The chairman closed the meeting with 
a benediction, saying that it was his custom at 
meetings, over which he presided, to dismiss 
his congregation with a blessing and that he 
saw no reason why upon the present occasion 
he should deviate from that custom. 

November 19.—Dr. Stephen S. Wise, 
Rabbi of the Free Synagogue of New York, 
was the orator on Civic Improvement Dav. 
Following a brief but hearty introduction by 
Mr. Tucker, the distinguished visitor began his 
theme—* The Pillars of the Republic.” He 


said: 


Rev. W. THosurn CLARK 
Carrsville, Va. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


The checking of political corruption and the fostering of 
political purity are unqualifiedly ethical in their influence upon 
the life of the individual and the State alike. In keeping with 
the principle which goes back to the days of ancient Athens, 
politics, whether in theory or practice, is a branch of morals. 

The first condition of the purifying of politics, city, State, 
national, is the re-birth of patriotism. Patriotism, the higher 
patriotism, I take to mean, not a ranting and mischievous 
Chauvinism, explosive, short-lived and meaningless as Fourth 
of July fireworks, but a sincere and abiding love of country, 
Vaterlandsliebe—for patriotism signifies that,—the love of 
country as a father. I shall not voice the demand of Socrates 
that our country is more to be valued and higher and holier 
far than mother or father or any ancestor, but I base my plea 
upon the truth that either patriotism is nothing more than a 
name, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing, or else it is a 
love for one’s country similar in kind, if not in degree, to a 
man’s love for his home. 


He urged Americans to take pattern and in- 
spiration from the Greeks and Romans who 
looked upon interest in the affairs of State as 
the highest duty of man. He referred to the 
Athenian custom of marking with red the togas 
of those who did not appear at the voting place 
and the custom of fining such as enemies of the 
State, and quoted the law of Pythagoras which 


REV. STEPHENS) WISE} Ph: D: 


pronounced every man infamous, who, in ques- 
tions of public moment, did not take sides. Our 


duties to the State he summarized as 

Continuous, intelligent and disinterested devotion to the 
highest interests of city, state and nation, and the paramount 
necessity is that such devotion be perennial and unwearying, 
rather than fitful and unstable. We concern ourselves with 
politics, so-called, for a few days or weeks in the year and 
always prior to elections as if there were no country to be 
served and safe-guarded save around the election season, 
whereas the politicians are untiring in devotion to their own 
interest every day in the year and every hour in the day, in 
much the same way as the churches are open a few hours in 
the week, while the grog-shop and the brothel alone obey the 
injunction to keep the gates standing open continually. 

Parties are believed to be necessary to the political life 
of a democracy, but partisanship forgets that parties are but 
means to effect the national good and comes to look upon party 
as an end in itself,—an error comparable to the notion of those 
who hold religion to be a matter of ritualism rather than 
righteousness. Partisanship, in a word, substitutes means, the 
party, for the end, which is country. As a result of this perver- 
sion of judgment, parties have come to assume an unreasoning 
and overmastering position in political life. The party caucus 
is the destroyer of political independence and not unseldom of 
moral courage. Parties make too many measures their own 
especial cause, and thus, in the words of Emerson, sacrifice the 
man to the measure. Nearly every bill of consequence before 
either House of Congress is made a party measure, with the 


result that men are either gagged or read out of the party. 


* * * * * * * * * 


I have heard scores of men say with much show of pride 
and self-approval, “I am a lifelong Republican,” or “I am a 
lifelong Democrat.” I think it finer and nobler to be a life- 
long American, that is, to set country above party. 


He quoted William Pitt, who, dying, said 
not: ‘‘ Oh! save my party!” but, “ Oh, save 
my country, Heaven!” 

As one of the inevitable results of political 
corruption, Dr. Wise mentioned unjust and in- 
equitable taxation, and he claimed of every 
large city in the country it might safely be said 
that civic corruption obtains with the consent 
of large real estate holders and men of wealth 
generally. Inequality of taxation was, how- 


ever, only one of the results, for he said: 


Political corruption not alone raises taxes unjustly and 
needlessly, but lowers the standards of civic and public honor, 
and in its train there follow a multitude of equally baleful 
effects. Political conditions to-day pervert the standards of 
young men who are ambitious of entering politics; many clean 
young men are either repelled or else ruined; the vicious and 
unprincipled are attracted, and a profitable field for action is 
afforded to them; while among the evils incident to political 
corruption are the crippling of police efficiency, in order to serve 
the machine in power, and the creation of unrest in relations be- 
tween labor and capital brought about by politicians who coddle 
and flatter and humbug and own the laboring classes; they 
humor the workingman in order to gain his vote, but capital 
generally owns the politician and office-holder. When once the 
Sugar and Steel Trusts have given a very large sum of money 
to the national committee of a party in order to elect a Presi- 
dent and a Congress, it is hardly to be expected that either 
President or Congress will be wholly free to act in accordance 
with the dictates of conscience. 


As a cure for these evils the speaker claimed 
that we must realize the sacredness of the duty 
of voting only for a man who would well 
measure up to the standards of honesty and 


worth. He continued: 

Worth, character and fitness ought to be the possessions of 
any man who presents himself for the suffrages of his fellow- 
citizens, and a party which nominates the unfit and the unworthy 
should be rebuked at the polls. The character of the people, 
thought the Greeks, is known by the character of those whom 
they delight to honor. This might well give us pause, for you 
and | would hardly wish to be judged by some of those whom 
our votes placed in public office. 


He deplored the appeal to racial, religious 


or fraternal loyalty, and said: 


The German-American or the Jewish-American or the 
Irish-American or the Zulu-American vote is an absurd and 
unwarrantable anomaly. I am not an American Jew, but an 
American and a Jew, an American without adjectives in all 
matters affecting the welfare of my country, a Jew in the matter 
of my religious belief and moral training. 


Dr. Wise’s speech was heard by a large and 
distinctly attentive audience who _ listened 
eagerly and thoughtfully as the speaker em- 
phasized point after point of his splendid and 
telling argument. 

November 24.—A constant downpour of 
rain destroyed the potential success of Child- 
ren’s Day at the Exposition. Of more than 
five hundred babies who had been entered for 
the infants’ contest, scarcely a dozen appeared, 
but a thousand of the older children were on 
hand and celebrated in a manner entertaining 
to themselves. At one o'clock a luncheon was 
served to the little ones, but all the other func- 
tions were postponed until the closing day. 

November 25.—It was most appropriate to 
celebrate an Army and Navy Day at the Ex- 
position since these branches of the Government 
service had been the chief contributing factors to 
the success of the Ter-Centennial. Rear-Ad- 
miral Winfield Scott Schley, U. S. N. (Re- 
tired), was a prominent figure in the day’s exer- 
cises. President Tucker was chairman of the 


328 


Diary—N ovember. 


REAR-ADM. WINFIELD SCOTT SCHLEY (Retirep) 


During War with Spain commanded Flying Squadron 1898— 

Was in immediate command in battle of Santiago de Cuba 

July 3, 1898, which resulted in the destruction of Cervera’s 

fleet-—Commander-in-Chief South Atlantic Squadron 1899- 
1901—Retired October 9, 1901 


meeting and Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson was 
the first speaker. He emphasized the gratitude 
of the people of Virginia to President Roose- 
velt for his deep and abiding interest in the 
Exposition, and said: “He has been our 
friend in every hour of need—the silver lining 
to the darkest cloud of our troubles.” The 
speaker paid a tribute to General Grant, 
Colonel Reade, Major Mallory, Captain 
Hines and all the executive officers of the mili- 
tary camp, and to Rear-Admiral Harrington 
who had endeared himself to all Virginians. 
Admiral Schley received an_ ovation. 
Speaking of the colonial days, the Admiral said: 


Since those primitive times the colony founded in_ this 
vicinity has grown to a great nation and we cannot avoid the 
thought that it has been under the guiding hand of Providence 


Copyright, Harris & Ewing 


BRIGADIER-GENERAL GEORGE B. DAVIS 
Judge-Advocate-General U. S. A. 


329 


that our prosperous growth has been stimulated, our desert 
places and our wildernesses from sea to sea have been made to 
blossom as the rose, and our happiness as a people, such as the 
world has never known, reigns everywhere. 


He struck the keynote of the Exposition 


when he proclaimed: 

I admit that my patriotism is refreshed by contact with 
the spirit influencing the object of this great Exposition upon 
the grounds so hallowed and historic, and it would be well for 
all of us who come to this vicinity, Mr. President, if we catch 


a little of the spirit commemorated by this great Ter-Centennial 
anniversary of the birth of our great and free nation, and better 
still if when we return to our home we should lay to our own 


souls the lesson taught by these heroic, fearless and God-fearing 
founders at Jamestown, in the days of Auld Lang Syne. 


Brigadier-General George B. Davis, Judge- 
Advocate-General of the United States Army, 


next spoke. After remarking that it was only 
just that those charged with the direction of the 
Exposition should set apart a day commemora- 
ting the services of the Army and Navy, thus 
extending some visible and tangible recognition 
of the forces into whose hands was committed 


the question of national defense, he said: 


It was wisely determined at the beginning of our constitu- 
tional history, that the institution of the new republic should be 
entirely civil, that the strength of its military and naval estab- 
lishments should be measured by its defensive needs, and that 
the forces as were maintained on land and sea should be al- 
ways and everywhere, save in the emergency of actual war, 
subordinate to the constitutional civil authorities. First, the 
peace officer; afterward the soldier. 

To this sound and wholesome order of civil subordination 
of the Army and Navy we have always loyally adhered. The 
commonwealth has, upon more than one occasion, been in 
danger, but never from military or naval aggression. The stand- 
ing army, more than a million strong, at the close of the Civil 
War, was as little dangerous to republican institutions as the 
standing army seventy-five thousand strong which existed at the 
adoption of the Federal Constitution. 

To a majority of our people the Army is as little known as 
our battleships and commerce-destroyers are to the farmers of 
the Middle West or the miners of Montana and Idaho. They 
follow its achievements with interest and approval, but by per- 
sonal contact with either branch of the combatant service they 
know little or nothing. It is well that this should be so. The 
Army and Navy, avoiding all political questions as matters with 
which, as a class set apart, they have no concern, are expected 
to hold themselves in constant readiness for the summons to 
duty. Whenever it comes, in whatever shape or form, they 
must be ready to meet it. Constant preparation, incessant drill 
and toil, drudgery without ceasing—all must be endured not 
only with patience and fortitude, but with abiding cheerfulness, 
that the time and occasion may find them ready. 

So wherever the armed forces find themselves scattered 
over one hundred and eighty degrees of longitude, from the 
snow-laden mountains of Alaska to the palm-fringed coast of 
the Spanish Main, in the long silence of the Arctic night or by 
seas where endless summer reigns, they stand at their posts of 
duty ready for the call; ready to do, to suffer, to die, if need be 
under the shining folds of the flag which floats over them, and in 
defense of the State whose history they have made illustrious. 


November 26.—Fitzhugh Lee Day. ‘The 


memory of General Fitzhugh Lee was appro- 
priately honored with Memorial services held 
in the Auditorium. Colonel Joseph Bryan, of 
Richmond, presided, and Major R. W. 
Hunter, a life-long friend of the dead warrior 
and statesman, was the orator of the day. 
He began with the quotation: “* Ulysses has 
gone down to Hesperides and there is no one 
left in Ithaca to bend his matchless bow,”’ and 


continued : 

Fitz Lee was rather a lively youth; he never was good enough 
to go into the missionary box. While a cadet at West Point, 
unlike his distinguished uncle who never received a demerit, Fitz 
managed to get the maximum allowance just short of dismissal. 
His name was not very near the head of the list of graduates 
but he was the most popular cadet at the Academy and took 
first honors for horsemanship, which secured for him a com- 
mission in the famous Second Cavalry, of which Albert Sidney 
Johnston was Colonel and Robert E. Lee, Lieutenant-Colonel, 
Hardee and Thomas Majors. Nearly every one of the officers 
of that regiment became distinguished soldiers in the Confederate 
or Union Army. 


He told of General Lee’s protest against 
sending the Maine to Havana, his common 
sense convincing him that the visit of a war 
vessel would, in the then excited state of the 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


populace, lead to disaster. He told of the 
appointment of Fitz Lee as Major-General of 
volunteers commanding the Seventh Corps, and 
of the applications which poured in upon him 
from all parts of the country for places upon 
his staff, one coming from Mr. Roosevelt who 
was then Assistant Secretary of the Navy. 
Major Hunter continued: 


President McKinley had promised General Fitz if Havana 
was attacked he should lead the forces, but the politicians feared 
if such a chance was given him that the presidency would follow 
in the wake of the glory he would gain as the hero of the war, 
and he was side-tracked in Florida.* 


Concerning General Lee’s services in ce- 


menting the Union, the speaker said: 

My idea is that General Fitz Lee is entitled to fame by 
reason of his brilliant reputation, as a soldier, both at home and 
abroad; his eclat as the representative of the United States in 
Cuba, when the hearts of the people went out to him with 
enthusiastic admiration and warmest approval; his widespread 
popularity, co-extensive with the bounds of the country; his 
extraordinary personal magnetism, which drew all hearts to him; 
and the fact, perhaps the most important of all, that through his 
agency and the epoch-making events in our recent history with 
which he was so closely connected, and was so large a part, the 
relations between the sections became more cordial, and the 
people are more united by the bonds of mutual respect and 
friendship than they had been for more than half a century. 


He reviewed Fitz Lee’s service as instructor 
of cavalry at West Point; the part he played 
in the campaign against Pope; his relief of 
Hill’s pickets at South Mountain Pass; the 
time when after the battle of Sharpsburg, Fitz 
Lee’s brigade was the only force confronting 
the entire army of McClellan; the contest be- 
tween General Averill’s division and Fitz Lee’s 
brigade at Kelly Ford; the battle of Chancel- 
lorsville; the fierce fight at Hanover, Pa.; his 
good work at Gettysburg; the important assist- 
ance he rendered at Spottsylvania Court-House; 
the battle of “* Yellow Tavern,” when he suc- 
ceeded the superb Stuart; Ream’s Station; the 
battle of Winchester, and Appomattox. 

Referring to him as the chief executive of 
Virginia, Major Hunter said: 


Fitz Lee was one of the very best of our Governors. He 
proved himself wise in counsel, upright and tactful in civil ad- 
ministration, as he had been among the bravest of the brave in 
those terrible days “when the grapes were of iron and the 
vintage was of blood.” Thus civic renown supplemented his 
firmly established military fame. 

o one who saw the grand procession down Pennsylvania 
Avenue, or rode on the staff of General Fitz Lee, as I did, 
when Cleveland was first inaugurated, need be told that there 
was that indescribable magnetism in our Fitz, which captivated 
the crowding thousands who lined the sidewalks and stirred the 
multitude there gathered from all parts of the country with 
wildest enthusiasm. 

What a glorious thing it would be if the Jamestown Ex- 
position Company could issue a clearing house certificate, pay 
off the paltry million or so that remained unsatisfied, sell the 
plant to the government for a grand naval station, and then 
erect a magnificent equestrian statue upon the parade ground 
named in honor of its first President. It would be a “ thing of 
beauty,” of inspiration “and a joy forever.’ Then, indeed— 
when the taps are sounded and its lights put out—it could be 
said, “ Finis coronat opus.” 


In conclusion Major Hunter remarked: 


His life was so full of great and brilliant exploits in the 
outer world, so brimful of all that was charming in the inner 
social world, where heart goes out to heart and smile answers 
smile and the sweet offices of genial humor and heartfelt sym- 
pathy prevail, that the task was impossible within and upon so 
short a notice. A volume of no small dimensions would be 
needed for a career so eventful and so picturesque. 

Let me say in conclusion that it was not because of Fitz 


Lee's fame as soldier, diplomat or eminent civilian, not because 
of his high birth and rare distinction, that we love him most, 
but because his noble life and nature gave new meaning to 
noblesse oblige—the finest illustration that 

“Kind hearts are more than coronets 


And simple faith than Norman blood.” 

November 27.—In the evening a farewell 
banquet was given by the officials of the James- 
town Exposition to the National and State 
commissioners and to the Army and Navy off- 
cers stationed at the Exposition. It was the most 
brilliant stag social function of the entire Ex- 
position. More than one hundred guests sat at 
the table in the Marine Restaurant from seven 
to twelve o'clock: Wailliam M. Geddes, Sec- 
retary of the U. S. Government Board; the 
Mexican National Commissioners, Lieutenant- 
Colonel José Manterola, Captain Lugo, Lieu- 
tenant Corzo, the Honorable M. Veloz-Goiti- 
coa; Commissioners Bryant of New Jersey, 
Batchelor of Rhode Island, Humphrey of Illi- 
nois, Eddy of Connecticut, Ousley of Ken- 
tucky, Hamlin of New York, Trumbaugh of 
Missouri, Baughman and Meekins of Mary- 
land, Bolin of Ohio, and Secretary Curtis of 
Connecticut; Captain Jenks, U. S. A., Captain 
Reinberg, U. S. R. C. S., Lieutenants Cootes, 
Waddell and Bagby, U. S. A., Brigadier- 
General C. C. Vaughan and Adjutant-General 
Clinton L. Wnight, First Brigade Virginia 
Volunteers; Colonel Philip Reade, Twenty- 
third Infantry, U. S. A., Captain John L. 
Hines, Adjutant-General “‘Camp Captain John 
Smith ’”’; Captains Julius Kilian and Charles J. 
Symmonds, Twelfth Cavalry, U. S. A., Cap- 
tains T. N. Horn and John M. Morgan, Third 
Field Artillery, U. S. A., Captain Hugh A. 
Dunn, and Lieutenants McCannon, Cass, 
Dagen, Jacobs, Beck, Turner and Huntley, 
Twenty-third Infantry, U. S. A.; Captain E. 
M. Talbot, Chaplain Father O’Keefe, First 
Lieutenant Harry G. Humphries, Veterinary 
Surgeon Robert J. Foster of the Twelfth 
Cavalry. The principal officers and directors 
of the Exposition Company acted as hosts. 

November 28.—A most impressive unde- 
nominational, rather inter-denominational, relig- 
lous service was celebrated in the Auditorium. 
This was Thanksgiving Day and the opening 
prayer was delivered by the Rev. E. B. 
Booker, of Norfolk. The Right Reverend 
Dennis Joseph O’Connell, D.D., President of 
the Catholic University of Washington, was the 
first speaker. ‘This distinguished educator and 
eminent churchman with telling eloquence 
appealed to his hearers that they demand in 
season and out of season character, sober 
habits, observance of the laws of the land, and 
an absolute inviolability of the Constitution. He 
said that the first name spoken on Jamestown 
Island was Christ and the settlers, dying, be- 
queathed religion as a priceless heritage to their 
children, and that the American people would 


* General Lee once told the Editor and several times repeated in his presence that it was generally believed by naval 


and military men that Cervera’s fleet would try to reach Havana. 
avana was the objective point. 


lead the army of invasion if 


Mr. McKinley had promised General Lee that he should 


The deflection of the fleet to Santiago altered the conditions. 


Whatever opposition there might have been to the appointment of a volunteer general as head of an army corps which would play 
the leading role in a war had vanished in the case of General Lee so far as it might have existed in regard to the attack on 


Havana; but dissatisfaction would certainly have been manifested if he had been sent to the new point. 


General Lee did not 


doubt the sincerity of the President and always regarded his detention in Florida as a misfortune for which fate alone could be 


blamed. 


This note is not intended to reflect upon the sincerity of the speaker, which 1s not only unquestioned but unquestionable. 
li merely states as a fact that General Lee’s opinion and the speaker’s were opposed.—Eb. 


330 


Diary—November. 


Buck. 


Copynght, G. V. 


RIGHT REV. DENNIS J. O'CONNELL, D.D. 
President Catholic University, Washington, D. C. 


build their government and power in vain unless 
they placed first, foremost and above all else 
the absolute sovereignty of God and recognized 
man’s complete and entire dependence upon 
Him. As reasons for gratitude to the giver of 
all benefits, Monsignor O’Connell expatiated 
upon the material prosperity of the country and 
the unlimited civil and religious liberty which 
the people enjoyed; and he said that the James- 
town Exposition itself was a favor for which 
the country should be grateful since the fair 
was a national home coming. Referring briefly 
to the Civil War the speaker said that the birth- 
place of the nation came unfortunately near 
being also the nation’s grave, but the country 
reunited after the fraternal struggle now was 
not only more prosperous as a whole but that 
the South, itself the loser in the cause, was 
arrayed in power and greatness never dreamed 
by those who lived before the Civil War. As 
a peroration Monsignor O’Connell expressed 
not only his hope but conviction that our great 
country would never stray off after false gods 
nor worship above all silver and gold, but that 
the people of America would grow in faithful- 
ness to the real God and faithfulness to the laws 
of enlightenment, while they would love more 
and more the grand old flag. 

Rev. W. W. Moore, D.D., LL.D., Pres- 
ident of Union Theological Seminary of Rich- 
mond, Va., was the next speaker. He des- 
ignated as his text “ The Palladium of Amer- 
ica,’ mentioning that after the building of Troy 
the founder of the City prayed that the place 
might be taken under the special protection of 
the gods, and the same night there fell from 
heaven a wooden image of Pallas. The people 
of Troy placed this Palladium in their citadel, 
believing that so long as it remained, their town 
would be invincible, and not until the crafty 
Ulysses stole the figure did Troy fall. 


331 


All a superstitious fancy, you say; and so it was; but 
in modern times and in our own land we have, at least, a 
partial parallel in historic fact. The foundation of this 
country was laid by our fathers in the fear of God. Many 
of them, indeed, came from their native lands to these shores 
solely for the purpose of securing liberty to worship God 
according to their own understanding of His requirements. In 
the very beginning of their work in the New World they prayed 
that the Almighty would have this country under His special 
care. Their Palladium was not a wooden image, but an 
inspired book, a precious gift of God which had, indeed, come 
down from heaven through the men whom he had chosen to 
record His will; and this book these early settlers and patriots 
had brought with them from beyond the seas. They were 
convinced that so long as this Palladium was preserved, so long 
as this book was honored, so long as its instructions were obeyed, 
their work as nation-builders would endure; but that, if this 
word of God were ignored or neglected, the commonwealth 
would perish. That, I say, was their profound conviction, and 
it will be the profound conviction of any intelligent, earnest, 
and unprejudiced man of the present time, who will thoughtfully 


consider all the facts in the case. 
The speaker enquired: “ What is the real 


guarantee of our civilization and culture and 
character, our freedom and prosperity and 
power?’ Answering the query he denied that 
it was our geographical isolation, advantageous 
though it was. He refused to believe that our 
national solidarity gave such a guarantee al- 
though it was an advantage that our States stood 
compact in contradistinction with the nations 
of the Old World whose large colonial posses- 
sions were at the same time elements of power 
and weakness, but he showed that our vaunted 
solidarity was now a thing of the past for 
Alaska, Hawai, the Philippines and Porto 
Rico were outlying points of vulnerability. Ad- 
mitting the immensity of our material resources 
he denied that even that was a guarantee, 
though he said that the great United States 


with its area of three million square miles, stretching from 
ocean to ocean, embraces more material wealth, wider range of 
climate, and a greater variety of products than any other coun- 
try under the sun, all of which combined to justify our appli- 
cation to this country of the statement made by an ancient singer 
concerning another land: “The Lord hath not dealt so with 
any nation.” 


Some claim that the maintenance of our lib- 
erty and the preservation of our prosperity are 
due to our wonderful system of popular educa- 
tion, and Dr. Moore showed that more money 


REVeWaw- MOORES ID: Die li. D: 
President Union Theological Seminary, Richmond, Va. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


was spent for educational purposes in_ the 
United States than in any country in the world, 
twice as much per capita as was spent by Eng- 
land, three times as much as was spent by 
France and nearly five times what Germany 
spends, but, he said, that a system of merely 
secular education cannot save this country, and 
he called the attention of his audience to the 
Bible, saying: 

The Palladium of America is the Bible; the only guar- 


antee of our civilization and culture, our freedom and pros- 
perity and power is the word of God. Allow me to state at 
once that this is no merely ministerial or professional or con- 
ventional view. It has been clearly recognized and strongly 
stated by many able men who, however eminent they may have 
been in civil or military or scientific affairs, were not peculiarly 
distinguished for spirituality and piety. 

Therefore, fellow citizens, as you value the civil liberty 
and the material prosperity of the American people and as you 
value their character and culture, to say nothing specifically of 
their deliverance from sin and their consecration to God in 
righteousness, I charge you earnestly to make it your definite 
and steady endeavor to saturate the minds and hearts of our 
whole people with the emancipating, enlightening, uplifting and 


saving Word of God.” 


REV. EDWARD N. CALISCH 
Richmond, Va. 


Bishop Charles D. Galloway, D.D., LL.D., 
of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, tall, 
powerful in frame, imposing in appearance, 
without any preliminary introduction launched 
into a fiery sermon on patriotism, which, he 
said, 1s a deep passion, as deep as the sea, and 
a duty as solemn as Sinai where God wrote 
his commandments in lightning. Said the 


Bishop: 

This country must be as faithfully served as it is ardently 
loved, if it is to continue to make that history which shows our 
greatness, that history of which every day is an epoch and 
every year an era. Our soldiers have ever won the admiration 
of the world on the field of battle, and our naval prowess has 
been proven, for in one hour we gave Spain the greatest sub- 
marine navy in the world. 

* * % # * % * % % 

The South and the North are united in one country to-day 
as never before since the Constitutional Convention of 1789, 
and while I come from a far Southern State, which gave the 
Confederacy its only President, I rejoice in the unity of a 
reunited nation. 


The Bishop said that the courts must be just 
if they would be respected, that crimes must be 
punished and the innocent protected, and that 


lawlessness of the mob would then be sup- 


pressed. 


We must enthrone and maintain the law. When its sanc- 
tity is disregarded and its mandates become powerless, there 
is no safety or security of life and property. The readiness of 
the individual citizen to take the law into his own hands is a 
menace to our government, and | have no respect for the spirit 
of the mob which would smash even a Kansas saloon, for the 
Kingdom of Heaven is not to be redeemed by these methods. 


The Reverend Edward N. Calisch of Rich- 
mond had been invited to deliver an address, 
but unfortunately that distinguished Rabbi and 
firm advocate of the Exposition could not be 
present. 

The Star Spangled Banner, sung by a choir 
and the entire audience, closed the ceremonies 
after which the distinguished churchmen held 
an informal reception on the platform of the 
Auditorium. 

One of the most brilliant functions of the 
entire Exposition was the ball given by the 
Sigma Phi Epsilon Fraternity in the large Con- 
vention Hall at the Exposition grounds on 
Thanksgiving night. Norfolk’s Senior German 
Club was invited as a whole, and, under the 
chaperonage of the following ladies, local so- 
ciety turned out en masse: Miss Virginia 
Gatewood, Mesdames Floyd Hughes, C. B. 
Ryan, Randolph Hicks, Junius F. Lynch, J. 
A. C. Groner, Howard Shield, H. St. George 
Tucker, J. Taylor Ellyson, P. F. Harrington, 
Inman Payne, George C. Cabell, James Y. 
Leigh, Barton Myers, Holt Page, E. Tatter- 
son and J. A. Neugebauer, of Norfolk; Mrs. 
R. M. Berry, Mrs. Yates McAlpine Wilson, 
Mrs. L. W. T. Waller and Mrs. J. Griff Ed- 
wards, of Portsmouth; Mrs. Edward L. Wal- 
bridge of St. Johns, Michigan; Miss Emma 
Little of Plainfield, New Jersey; Mrs. Mabel 
Wolcott Brown of Boston, and Mrs. James W. 
Shaffer of Wilmington, Delaware. Led by 
Ellery’s Band, the beautiful affair opened with 
a grand march promptly at 9 o'clock and 
ended shortly after midnight. The committee 
who had charge of the ball were D. Tillar 
Anson, T. A. Tatterson, C. B. Shaffer and 
G. L. Doughty. 

November 30.—The people of Tidewater 
Virginia crowded to the Exposition for Clos- 
ing Day. ‘The center of early interest was the 
Auditorium where a baby show was progress- 
ing. Hundreds of very small children and 
many slightly larger tots and half grown lads 
and lassies entered for the prizes. Where 
children were not in the Auditorlum women 
were. It was about noon when the Carnival 
started with a spelling bee and contest for the 
talented children; then “ Buster Brown and 
his dog Tige’’ amused the audience, and the 
babies were judged. ‘There were as usual a 
few proud mothers and a great many dissatis- 
fied. In the exhibit buildings there was the 
beginning of chaos. Several auctions were go- 
ing on and many exhibitors were packing. The 
sound of the hammer was everywhere—for the 
time, it had taken the place of the barker’s 
cries and the demonstrator’s calls. “There was 
a medley of noises in the Transportation Build- 
ing where steel clashed and bells tolled and 
engines puffed, and the ubiquitous small boy 
added his consequential quota. 


332 


Diary—November. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


THE CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW 


During the last week of the Exposition, a 
Chrysanthemum Show attracted visitors to the 
southeastern end of the Machinery Building. 
More than a thousand blooms, sent by fanciers 
and growers from many cities, competed for the 
cups offered as prizes. Among the exhibits 
sent from a distance were a number of Chicago 
flowers, and these were unhurt during their 
journey. 

All of the blooms were transferred to Con- 
vention Hall on the evening of Closing Day. 
Julius J. Heinrich, the Landscape Superinten- 
dent of the Exposition, conducted the show and 
directed the decorations of the Hall for the last 
social function—a Chrysanthemum Ball. The 
costumes of the participants attracted much at- 
tention, many of them were suggestive of Japa- 
nese flowers and most of the ladies wore chrys- 
anthemums in their hair. About an hour before 
midnight the dancing stopped and all of those 
who could, got inside the Auditorium doors. 
Director-General Martin made a brief state- 
ment which was purely a business accounting, 
showing how he had administered the affairs 
of the Company, and very much delighted those 
who were on the Exposition’s pay roll, by say- 
ing that he had just signed checks to pay all 
the salaries. He showed that the indebtedness 
of the Exposition had not increased during his 
incumbency and that to the contrary he had 
liquidated all current bills and had paid out 
fifty-five thousand dollars in addition. 

President Tucker delivered an excellent ad- 
dress in which he explained what had been the 
purpose of the Exposition builders and what 
they had accomplished, and he claimed that 
the Exposition, financial failure though it might 


333 


be, was actually a gigantic success of which 
every American, and especially every Vir- 
ginian, might well be proud. He told of the 
great men who had visited the Exposition and 
delivered speeches and of the effect, on the 
people of the whole Union, of this celebration 
which had been held in commemoration of the 
first settlement. 

The ceremonies concluded. Vale et plau- 
dite! The curtain was about to descend on the 
finished play. A great undertaking had reached 
its climax and was to be no more. As solemnly 
as if they were participating in some religious 
ritual, the crowd in the Auditorium slowly filed 
outward and met the crowd which had gath- 
ered from all parts of the grounds. The Pres- 
ident of the Exposition was to extinguish the 
lights which had served alike for illumination 
and adornment. Bareheaded stood Mr. Tucker 
on the broad steps and slowly he turned the 
switch that was to cast darkness like a pall 
over the erstwhile scene of gaiety. “The lapping 
of the tiny waves of Hampton Roads were dis- 
tinctly audible, no other sound broke the per- 
fect silence. It was the end. To many the 
close of the great fair brought relief; there were 
burdens lifted, which had rested heavily, but 
a mist of sadness yet enveloped all and those 
whose duties had been most arduous thought 
of the effort that had grown and waxed great 
under their fostering care, while, to the gen- 
eral, whose interest less direct had yet been 
keen and personal, the scene was solemn, and 
reverentially it was enacted. On the still night 
there floated the music of bugles sounding taps; 
the pageant was over; the life was ended, and 
military honors were being tendered. 


JOON WAIYOLIGNV WOUs Yald LNANNYAAOD UNV 3YVNOS HOIATVWY JO AIA 


‘uoljeiodiey Yydeisojou BIouy uMolsoute( ‘yysr1A4do 
t yeas! Id [2IWO ot 2 


“ pM DANN T.g4> WROLERRTF 42 108i ANDMAEOO 


SE alate deeaiacarat oreo 


Fades Aneta ance NTR ete |S aitaea camera sos 


eat eC LANE. RMR TIANT AS 


334 


LAWN AROUND STATE BUILDINGS 


CHAPTER IX 


STATE PARTICIPATION 


PALATIAL MANSIONS ON SHORE LINE—VIRGINIA, HOSTESS OF THE STATES, VARIOUS APPRO- 
PRIATIONS, PLAN OF STATE BUILDING, LAYING CORNER-STONE, HOSTESSES, BUILDING AND 
FURNITURE, ENTERTAINMENTS, DISTINGUISHED GUESTS—CONNECTICUT, DESCRIPTION OF 
BUILDING—DELAWARE, ENABLING ACT, COMMISSIONERS, CURIOUS HOUSE, RECEPTIONS— 
GEORGIA, PUBLIC SUBSCRIPTIONS, PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT’S INTEREST—ILLINOIS, ATTRACT- 
IVE HEADQUARTERS, NOTABLE FUNCTIONS, POPULARITY OF THE HOUSE—KENTUCKY, STATE 
DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, PUBLIC SPIRITED KENTUCKIANS, FORT BOONESBORO, LARGE REG- 
ISTRATION — LOUISIANA, TYPICAL CREOLE MANSION, PICTURES, ENTERTAINMENTS — MARY- 
LAND, GENEROUS APPROPRIATION, SOCIAL FEATURES, FURNITURE, PAINTINGS AND RELICS— 
MASSACHUSETTS, OLD STATE HOUSE, COLONIAL EXHIBIT, MEETINGS AND RECEPTIONS—MICH- 
IGAN, LATE OPENING OF STATE BUILDING, MICHIGAN DAY BANQUET — MISSOURI, LOCATION 
OF BUILDING, LUNCHEONS, RECEPTIONS AND DINNERS — NEW HAMPSHIRE, BUILDING OPENED 
EARLY, ENTERTAINMENTS—NEW YORK, LARGEST APPROPRIATION, IMPOSING HEADQUAR- 
TERS, HANDSOME FURNISHINGS, ELABORATE SOCIAL FEATURES—NEW JERSEY, EARLY INTER- 
EST WELL SUSTAINED, NEW JERSEY’S PAINTINGS, SPLENDID RECEPTIONS—NORTH CAROLINA, 
LARGE NUMBER OF VISITORS, ELABORATE FUNCTIONS, NORTH CAROLINA DAY—OHIO, LARGE 
APPROPRIATION, DISTINCTIVE BUILDING—PENNSYLVANIA, STRONG COMMISSION, INDEPEND- 
ENCE HALL, COLONIAL FURNITURE, ENTERTAINMENTS — RHODE ISLAND, FIRST COMPLETED 
STATE BUILDING, NOTABLE SOCIAL FEATURES, DEDICATION OF BUILDING—VERMONT, DAINTY 
HEADQUARTERS—WEST VIRGINIA, DIGNIFIED BUILDING, FINE RECEPTIONS, HANDSOME DECO- 
RATIONS—NORTH DAKOTA, SINGLE COMMISSIONERS-STATE COMMISSIONER'S ASSOCIATION. 


ACING on Willoughby Avenue, the great mile-long boulevard which bor- 
dered Hampton Roads, or standing on squares adjacent to the harbor, 
were the various State headquarters, over whose porticos were written the 
names “ Connecticut,” ““ Delaware,” ““ Georgia,” “ I]linois,” “ Kentucky,” 
“ Louisiana,” “ Maryland,” “‘ Massachusetts,” “ Michigan,” “ Missouri,” 
““ New Hampshire,” ““ New Jersey,” “ New York,” “ North Carolina,” 
““ North Dakota,” “‘ Ohio,” ‘‘ Pennsylvania,” ““Rhode Island,” ‘“ Vermont,” “ Virginia” and 
“West Virginia ’’—uncommercial were these and each established as a sentimental testimonial 
rather than a show place. 

Most of these States had collective commonwealth exhibits* in the various departments of 
the Exposition and three whose names do not appear in the list of house builders maintained at- 
tractive commercial displays. South Carolina made a direct appropriation. Oklahoma through 
its Chambers of Commerce raised funds for an exhibit and the Counties of San Diego and 
Los Angeles presented an array of wonders which did ample credit to California. 

The liberal participation of the States was directly attributable to the original conception 
of the Exposition creators. The efforts to interest the general Government and the State legis- 
latures were based alike upon appeals to sentiment rather than to the commercial instinct. It 
was at all times obvious that some means would have to be afforded to the States through which 
they might receive an opportunity to display their resources, but the commissioners of each State 
were urged to divorce commerce from the headquarters and in no case was the request denied. 

*In this chapter only pre-Exposition matters and details connected with State buildings will be treated. Whenever the 
States made separate displays such will be described in the chapter dealing with the subjects illustrated. The details of celebra- 


tion in connection with State Days and other events of special importance even when closely related to some particular common- 
wealth are described each under its proper date in the “ Diary of the Exposition.”—Eb. 


335 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Some of the commonwealths grouped all of their exhibits in the States Exhibit Palace, some sep- 
arated them, placing displays in practically all of the exhibit palaces, but no State building con- 


tained an industrial show. 


VIRGINIA 


IRGINIA, which had authorized the Ex- 
position, jealously exercised a watchful 

care over the undertaking from its very inception. 
When a charter was granted to the Exposition 
Company the State demanded a representative 
not only in the directorate of the Company but 
on each standing committee, and twelve Com- 
missioners, ten of these from the several Con- 
gressional Districts of the State and two repre- 
senting the Association for the Preservation of 
Virginia Antiquities, were appointed by Gover- 
nor Andrew J. Montague to represent the Com- 


pyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corpor 


monwealth. These Commissioners were J. 
Taylor Ellyson, Richmond; J. W. McCar- 
rick, Norfolk; E. D. Cole, Fredericksburg; 
H. D. Ejichelberger, Richmond; Thomas N. 
Williams, Clarksville; J. H. Spencer, Martins- 
ville; Roy B. Smith, Roanoke; Walter B. 
Richards, Front Royal; S. R. Donohoe, Fair- 
fax; William H. Aston, Abingdon; and W. 
C. Barker, M. D., Buchanan. The Right 
Reverend A. M. Randolph, Episcopal Bishop 
of Southern Virginia, was requested by the 
Governor to serve as a Commissioner but de- 
clined; and, in his stead, Colonel W. Gordon 
McCabe was appointed; Captain James W. 
McCarrick represented the State on the Ex- 
ecutive Committee, and Honorable J. Taylor 
Ellyson was a member of the Board of Goy- 
ernors. 

When the Legislature appropriated two hun- 
dred thousand dollars to aid in the celebration 


of the Nation’s birthday, it was a direct gift to 
the operating Company. It was intended that 
the money should be spent in such a way as 
would add attractiveness and importance to the 
Ter-Centennial, and the Legislators considered 
that the State’s interests were sufficiently safe- 
guarded by the Commission already appointed. 
At the same Legislative Session each County 
of the State was authorized to appropriate fif- 
teen hundred dollars for the purpose of exploit- 
ing its specific history or resources through the 
medium of the Ter-Centennial. 


Breese & Mitchell, Architects, Norfolk, Virginia. 


THE VIRGINIA BUILDING 


When, however, the General Assembly 
made a direct appropriation for Virginia’s 
participation the Governor was authorized to 
appoint six Commissioners who, with himself 
as Chairman, should constitute the Virginia 
Board. Governor Claude A. Swanson named 
Colonel W. W. Sale, of Norfolk; Colonel C. 
Fenton Day, of Smithfield; Colonel A. M. 
Bowman, of Salem; Captain W. W. Baker, 
of Hallsboro; Hon. Robert W. Withers, of 
Suffolk; and Hon. N. B. Early, Jr., of Daw- 
sonville. Their first meeting was held in Rich- 
mond on April 9, 1906. One hundred thousand 
dollars had been placed at their disposal and 
with only this,sum at their command the Com- 
mission was directed to erect a dignified head- 
quarters and to collect a worthy historical, edu- 
cational and commercial exhibit. “The expenses 
of the State soldiery when at the Exposition 
were chargeable against this fund. An ap- 


336 


State Participation. 


GOVERNOR SWANSON AND MRS. SWANSON OF VIRGINIA 


parently unimportant but actually a great item 
of expense to be defrayed by the Commission 
came under the caption of entertainment; for 
to Virginia necessarily would fall the honor of 
playing hostess to all Government and State 
representatives who should visit the scene of 
the Exposition. 

Some of the counties were sure to take ad- 
vantage of the permission accorded by the 


Legislature and appropriate sums for agricul- 
tural displays. Hundreds of individual farm- 
ers, fruit growers and planters might also be 
counted surely as contributors; but the immense 
mineral and timber interests of Virginia seemed 
most likely to be ignored, or at least inadequately 
treated if the Commission were compelled to 
defray the expenses of collection and installa- 
tion. Governor Swanson, unwilling to allow 


Standing: 
Sitting: 


337 


GOVERNOR SWANSON AND THE VIRGINIA COMMISSIONERS TO THE EXPOSITION 


CotoneL A. M. Bowman, Honorasce Rospert W. WITHERS, CoLoNeEL W. W. SaLe 
CoLoneL C. Fenton Day, Governor CLaupE A. Swanson, Captain W. W. BAKER 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


this difficulty to daunt him, converted an ob- 
stacle into an instrument of triumph, and aided 
by his Commission and other patriotic, energetic 
Virginians, notably L. E. Johnson of Roanoke, 
William j. Payne of Richmond and General 
Rufus Ayres of Big Stone Gap, organized the 
Virginia Mineral and Timber Association, 
whose splendid exhibit is described elsewhere. 

While all lines of commercial and industrial 
effort were represented and the Commissioners 
through their appointed agents diligently gath- 
ered representative specimens of the State’s re- 
sources, the chief object of their personal in- 
terest was the State Building, where Virginia 
was to receive. On May 23, 1906, they met 


in Norfolk to consider a large number of plans 
which had been submitted as designs for the 
Among these were several faithful 


building. 


itll ine 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Gaxporstions 


begin his State Building. Missouri’s represent- 
atives were on a similar mission for their Com- 
monwealth, and the Travelers’ Protective Asso- 
ciation were breaking ground for their club 
house. Each of these events attracted, and all 
on the site of the Exposition crowded around 
Mrs. Swanson. 

Colonel W. W. Sale was made Chairman 
of the Building Committee and the burden of 
the detail work fell upon him. Assiduous in 
the discharge of his duties the construction pro- 
ceeded rapidly under his direction. “The keys of 
the now historic Virginia Building were given 
to the Commissioners early in April, 1907. 
From the eve of the Opening Day until taps, 
after midnight on the first day of December, 
some member of the Commission was always 
on duty at the building and he exercised a gen- 


INTERIOR OF VIRGINIA BUILDING 


reproductions of famous historic mansions. 
Sentiment probably would have dictated the 
choice of some house hallowed by associations 
with a great man or a great family, but there 
were basic objections to all the reproductions 
which had been submitted, and the Commission 
decided that it was preferable to portray an 
ideal old Colonial home, the type of the period 
rather than to reproduce one example. The 
design of Breese & Mitchell of Norfolk was 
the choice of the majority of the Commission 
and either the first or second choice of all. 
Henry Monk was the builder. Ground was 
broken for Virginia’s headquarters in Septem- 
ber, 1906, and on the nineteenth day of that 
month the corner-stone was laid by Mrs. Claude 
A. Swanson, wife of the Governor. The cere- 
mony was witnessed by hundreds of people. 
Maryland’s Governor was at the Exposition to 


eral supervision over it while he was in charge. 
Each Commissioner had the privilege of invi- 
ting three assistant hostesses during his term of 
office. ‘The seven months and few odd days of 
the Exposition’s open period were divided 
among the Commissioners in this manner: 
Captain Baker was in charge until the first of 
June; Colonel Sale had June and July; Mr. 
Withers, August; Colonel Day, September; 
Mr. Early, October, and Colonel Bowman, 
November. The incumbency of each of these 
gentlemen was marked by the presence of choice 
examples of Virginia’s finest young woman- 
hood. ‘The assistant hostesses were ever ready 
with a gracious welcome for all who came to 
accept the State’s generously offered hospitality. 

In her beautiful and hospitable mansion Vir- 
ginia welcomed every Governor who visited 
the Exposition, giving to each a memorable re- 


338 


State Participation. 


ception. At the re- 
quest of the Virginia 
Commissioners, Mrs. 
Swanson acted as 
chief hostess and evi- 
denced the distin- 
guished ability needed 
for the proper dis- 
charge of her mani- 
fold duties as the first 
lady of Virginia. 
During the months of 
May and June she 
was ably assisted by 
Mrs. Preston Beale 
of Buchanan County, one of the most distin- 
guished women in the State. After the first of 
July, Mrs. George McIntosh succeeded Mrs. 
Beale and the atmosphere of culture, refinement 
and hospitality for which the Virginia Building 
was famous, in no small part was due to this 


COL. W. W. SALE 
Chairman Building Committee 


Ser 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA AND COMMISSIONERS AS HOSTS AT THE VIRGINIA BUILDING 


tactful and resourceful woman who was a 
prominent figure in the best social circle of 
Tidewater Virginia. 

Though the Virginia Building was of mas- 
sive proportions and formal outlines, the effect 
of homelike comfort was excellently preserved. 
Constructed of brick, with gray stone quoins con- 
trasting with the white woodwork, the coloring 
was typically Colonial. ‘The artistic and digni- 


339 


fied front portico was approached by a series 
of stone steps running straight across its entire 
width of thirty feet, while uncovered piazzas 
on either side connected the front entrance with 
the smaller porticoes at the eastern and western 
faces of the building. ‘The rear approach was 
through a massive porte cochére, supported on 
giant Corinthian columns, duplicates of those 
which adorned the sea face. Dormer windows 
attractively relieved the severity of the roof and 
tall chimneys afforded an imposing finish to the 
picture. A look at the interior proved that dis- 
pensing hospitality was a point most largely in 
the mind of the Colonial designers, for every- 
thing was spacious. The great square entrance 
hall was in the center of the building and 
through its ceiling a well opened, permitting 
the visitor to view sections of the upper and 
lower floors at a single glance. The hall walls 
were paneled with buff, silk-finished paper and 
the wooden wainscoting and plastered pilasters 


itil 
i i 
| 


oN 
Lor 


Ene 
As 


were enameled white, while the cornices were 
tinted a pale cream. All the floors on the first 
story were covered with rich Oriental rugs; 
and, adorning the hall and its circumjacent 
rooms, was rare old furniture, rich in historic 
associations, which had been loaned by some 
of the oldest families of the State. Where the 
woodwork was not enameled white it showed 
mahogany. ‘The entrance doors were of leaded 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


glass in mahogany casements and the brass 
knobs bore the seal of Virginia. All of the 
other doors throughout the building were like- 
wise made of mahogany but instead of brass 
knobs they carried heavy crystals. Back of the 
great hall a narrow passage-way extended from 
side to side of the house, opening at either end 
on a porch. ‘To the left of the hall was a 
reception room trimmed in gleaming white with 
dull blue hangings. Colonial gilt and Wash- 
ington mirrors reflected the light from wall to 
wall. Candle stands, Empire sofas, Heppel- 
white tables and Chippendale chairs carried the 
visitor back through a century and a half. A 
quaint and curious harpsichord graced a corner 
of the room and historical paintings adorned the 
walls. ‘To the right of the hall was the dining 
room with antique landscape paper and a heavy 
mahogany sideboard with a massive table and 
generous chairs. A stairway with two angles 


ascended from the rear of the hall. This was 


eer 


tes 


If 


confined by a mahogany railing and a white 
balustrade that was repeated as an enclosure 
to the overhead well. A graceful antique table 
stood on the first landing and nearby ticked a 
grandfather’s clock. Antique low-boys and 
Sheraton desks, roomy old sofas and heavy 
chests of drawers made the upper hall a treasure 
place for the visitor who delighted in old time 
grandeur—the inheritance of an age and a civil- 
ization that have passed. 

The surroundings of the building were equally 
typical of pre-Revolutionary Virginia. Great 
clumps of rhododendrons from the slopes of the 
Blue Ridge stood closely massed near the walls 
of the house and in season their blooms were 
gorgeous. Pyramid box bushes surrounded the 
columns of the balustrade. A thickly turfed 
lawn sloped gently to the boulevard in the fore- 
ground and toward the Pennsylvania and 
Maryland Buildings on either side. Tubs of 
blue blossoming hydrangeas outlined the broad 


HON. R. W. WITHERS AND A GROUP OF ASSISTANT HOSTESSES OF THE VIRGINIA BUILDING 


concrete walk that led from the roadway to- 
ward the entrance steps and stately magnolia 
trees stood sentinel at the house front. Spotted 
here and there were locust and wild cherry trees 
which had been left to grow where nature 
planted them. The rear driveway, winding 
under the porte cochere was bordered by ever- 
green shrubs. Pink crape-myrtle adorned the 
spaces next to the house and a forest of wild 
plum bushes carpeted the rear lawn with snowy 
petals and lent a delicate, pleasing aroma to 
the air. 

Everything was in bloom when, on the night 
of April 25, Governor Claude A. Swanson 
and Mrs. Swanson inaugurated the series of 
famous receptions and opened the social season 
by entertaining twenty Governors of States, 
who with their staffs were to participate the next 
day at the opening of the Exposition. A stu- 
dent of the past, whose imagination might per- 
mit him to disassociate the differences in cos- 


CSRs AARON ANOS Nie cease ERLE 


Sere ati 


tumes, might well have fancied himself back in 
the days of Colonial glory, had he entered the 
Virginia Building that night. Old tunes were 
played; native flowers decorated the rooms; 
sconces and candelabra bore multitudes of 
candles that served to lend antiquity to the 
scene. Right nobly did the “ Old Dominion ” 
begin entertaining and nobly did she con- 
tinue. 

Among the many distinguished guests who 
during the life of the Exposition honored with 
their presence the Virginia Building were: 
President Roosevelt; H. R. H. Prince Luigi 
of Savoy, Duke d’Abruzzi; H. R. H. Prince 
Wilhelm of Sweden; Admiral Neville, com- 
manding the detachment of the English Fleet; 
Field Marshal Baron Kuroki of Japan; Am- 
bassador and Mrs. Bryce and Lady Lister- 
Kaye of England; His Eminence, Cardinal 
Gibbons; Monsignor O’Connell, President of 
the Catholic University; Rear-Admiral Robley 


340 


State Participation. 


D. Evans, U. S. N., and Governors Warfield 
of Maryland, Hughes of New York, Wood- 
ruff of Connecticut, Lea of Delaware, Brow- 
ard of Florida, Smith of Georgia, Deneen of 
Illinois, Wilson of Kentucky, Blanchard of 
Louisiana, Guild of Massachusetts, Warner of 
Michigan, Johnson of Minnesota, Folk of Mis- 
sourl, Floyd of New Hampshire, Stokes of 
New Jersey, Glenn of North Carolina, Harris 
of Ohio, Stewart of Pennsylvania, Higgins of 
- Rhode Island, Ansel of South Carolina, Patti- 

son of Tennessee, Cutter of Utah, Proctor of 
Vermont and Dawson of West Virginia; and 
the Honorable William Jennings Bryan, the 
Honorable William Randolph Hearst and the 
Honorable Alton B. Parker. Each visiting 
Governor was the guest of Virginia at a re- 
ception given especially in his honor, and 


other notable visitors were recipients of the 
same courtesy. 

One of the most notable social functions in 
the list of Exposition entertamments was the 
dinner given by Governor and Mrs. Swanson 
in honor of Prince Wilhelm of Sweden, the 
son of the present King. ‘Though this was not 
given at the Virginia Building, or at the Ex- 
position proper, it was distinctly a State enter- 
tainment, and covers were laid for one hundred 
at the Chamberlin Hotel, Old Point, the guests 
including the most distinguished and representa- 
tive people then at the Exposition. Virginia is 
entitled to take pride in the part she played 
in the Jamestown Exposition, and those to 
whom she entrusted the care of her interests 
at the celebration of her three hundredth birth- 
day gallantly discharged the trust. 


CONNECTICUT 


ONNECTICUT * had one of the hand- 
somest State buildings at the Exposition. 

It was constructed after the general plan of the 
old Talmage home at Litchfield, built in 1775, 
the architectural style of the exterior being al- 
most identical and the interior was changed only 
in such details as were necessary to permit the in- 


Been < Cilio 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation 


staff of General Washington. He is famous 
in history as the officer to whom was entrusted 
the execution of Major André. The Building, 
therefore, was an historic reminder and within 
its walls were many articles of great sentimental 
value. Chief, perhaps, among these was the 
famous “ Constitution Tablet,” on which was 


Rossiter & Wright, Architects, New Haven, Connecticut. — 


THE CONNECTICUT BUILDING 


clusion of modern ideas and conveniences. The 
prototype of this building was the first Colonial 
mansion erected in the colony of Connecticut; 
and its owner at the time of the Revolution, 
Benjamin Talmage, was a valiant officer in the 
American army, for a long time serving on the 


engraved the Connecticut Coat-of-Arms and 
beneath which were the words ‘‘ Connecticut 
State.” On either side of the tablet were 
quotations from famous historians and_ other 
writers. 

The great entrance hall of the Connecticut 


* The Publishers of this History endeavored strenuously to obtain official information regarding Connecticut's participa- 


tion, but their efforts were unavailing. 


missioner, did not contribute a single item, although repeatedly urged so to do. 


Samuel A. Eddy, the Chief Commissioner, and 


George D. Curtis, the Executive Com- 
The record of Connecticut in the States Exhibit 


Palace was compiled from unofficial sources because J. C. Fanton, the Superintendent of the Exhibit, emulated the example 
set by the President of the Commission and the Executive Commissioner.—Ep. 


341 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


HON. ROLLIN S. WOODRUFF 


Governor of Connecticut 


Building was hung with soft old Venetian red 
and the furniture was of the Seventeenth Cen- 
tury pattern. A quaint old grandfather’s 
clock occupied the place of honor on the stair- 
way landing and dainty chairs of Heppelwhite 
design lent a delicate attractiveness to the pic- 
ture. [he handsome drawing room was dec- 
orated with green and contained a valuable 
collection of heavy Eighteenth Century furni- 
ture, including some exquisite mirrors of Re- 
naissance design and a gorgeous Queen Anne 
sofa. A dainty tea room with furniture of the 
First Empire and a large dining room with 
Chippendale and WHeppelwhite chairs and 
tables were two attractive places. The bed 
rooms had some old carved bedsteads and 
other antique pieces. Above stairs the Colonial 
colors of buff and blue were everywhere in 
evidence. George D. Curtis was manager of 
the house and Mrs. Charles E. Munson and 
Miss Munson of New Haven were the host- 
esses. [he Connecticut Commission consisted 
of three representatives, Samuel A. Eddy, of 
Canaan, President; William J. Barber, of 
Harwinton, Secretary; and Thomas Hamilton, 
of Groton, Treasurer. 


DELAWARE 


EALIZING the historical importance of 
the Jamestown Ter-Centennial, the Gen- 
eral Assembly of Delaware, by an Act passed 
January 21, 1907, made provisions for the 
State’s proper representation. Unofficially, the 
matter had been under consideration for some 
time previously, and on January 7th Hon. 
Harry St. George Tucker, the President of the 
Exposition, and Rear-Admiral Purnell F. Har- 
rington, U. S. N. (Retired), visited Wilming- 
ton and addressed a public meeting. In their 
speeches they gave much information concern- 
ing the aim and the objects of the Exposition, 
matters which prior to that time had not been 
generally known. ‘This meeting encouraged 
_those who had been advocating a State par- 
ticipation and the enthusiasm aroused at that 
time shortly afterwards became general. On 
the following day Mr. Tucker and Admiral 
Harrington together with Mr. Shepperd, the 
Secretary of the Exposition Company, accom- 
panied a delegation from Wilmington and 
other sections of the State and appeared before 
a joint session of the General Assembly, then 
sitting at Dover. The advantages which might 
accrue to Delaware by her participation were 
presented to the attention of the legislators and 
the remarks of the speakers were received in a 
kindly spirit. 

As a matter of fact, the project was launched 
officially as soon as it was possible for the State 
to do so. On January Ist, the opening day of 
the session, Senator Sparks introduced a Bill 
creating a Commission from Delaware to the 
Exposition and appropriating money for the 
purpose of representation. A week was re- 
quired for perfecting the preliminary work on 


the measure, and on January 8th a finished Bill 
was introduced, given two readings and re- 
ferred to the proper committee. As soon there- 
after as possible the measure was passed and 
presented to Governor Preston Lea, who on 
January 21st, by his approval, made it a law. 

The Act created a Commission to consist of 
nine residents of the State of Delaware, one of 
whom should be the Governor of the State, and 
the other eight to be appointed by the Goy- 


HON. PRESTON LEA 


Governor of Delaware 


State Participation. 


213% 
< ail es li ti Oe ae cas ee aT 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


ap oe 


ed 


illiam raper. Brinckle, Architect, Wilmington, Delaware. 


THE DELAWARE BUILDING 


ernor, one from each house of the General As- 
sembly and two from each of the three counties 
of the State. To this Board, or Commission, 
was delegated the charge of the interests of 
Delaware and its citizens in the preparation and 
exhibition of the natural industrial products of 
the State and in the illustration of its history 
and progress. 

An appropriation of ten thousand dollars 
was made to provide for the necessary expenses. 
Governor Lea appointed as his colleagues on 
the Commission: Hon. John W. Causey, of 
Milford, a former member of Congress from 
Delaware, who served as Vice-President of 
the Commission; Hon. John Hunn, of Wyo- 
ming, a former Governor of the State, who was 
elected Treasurer; General T. Coleman Du- 
Pont, of Wilmington; Hon. William H. 
Hilles, of Wilmington; Hon. David C. Rose, 
’ of Newark, State Senator; Hon. Oliver A. 
Newton, of Bridgeville, member of the State 
House of Representatives; Hon. Joshua A. 
Ellegood, of Ellendale, and Hon. J. Dallas 
Marvil, of Laurel. Shortly after the organiza- 
tion, Hon. George H. Dick, of Smyrna, a 
former State Auditor, was appointed Secretary 
of the Commission. No changes were made in 
the personnel of the Board from the time of its 
organization until its labors ended, and their 
work was executed satisfactorily and success- 
fully. 

On March 9, 1907, Hon. John W. Causey, 
Hon. Oliver A. Newton and Hon. David C. 
Rose accompanied by State Senator A. B. 
Connor, Adjutant-General I. Pusey Wickers- 
ham and Representative C. P. Holcomb visited 
the Exposition Grounds and selected a site 
for a State Building. This building was pre- 
pared from plans drawn by architect William 
Draper Brinckle, of Wilmington, Delaware. 
It stood at the extreme eastern end of Will- 


343 


oughby Avenue and was the oddest structure 
on the grounds. The best description that 
might be given of the building would be a pen 
picture of two chimneys. ‘These practically 
constituted the building; they were enormous, 
and the small house lay between them. The 
building represented an old time Delaware 
homestead and it incorporated the ideas of the 
Colonial days, when wood was plentiful and 
furnaces were unknown. All of the State pic- 
tures in the Capitol at Dover were shipped to 
Norfolk and hung on the walls of the Diamond 
State headquarters. These included portraits 
of many of the Governors of Delaware from 
George Reed, 1777, to Preston Lea of one 
hundred and thirty years later. Over the man- 
tel in the reception room was Delaware’s coat- 
of-arms, and there were three fine oil portraits 
of John Clayton, Commodore MacDonough 
and James A. Bayard, who with Albert Gal- 
latin negotiated the Treaty of Ghent, the cul- 
minating episode of the War of 1812. 

The building was two stories high, but the 
second floor was built only over the western 
end, making the reception room at the east 
exceptionally lofty. In one corner of the large 
reception room there was suspended the historic 


MR. AND MRS. GEORGE E. SMITH OF LAUREL 
Custodians of the Delaware Building 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Hon. JoHN W. Causey 
Vice-President Delaware Commission 


bell brought by 
Thomas Rodney 
from England to Del- 
aware in 1763. This 
bell was hung in the 
State House at Dover 
and was used to call 
the people together 
for meetings. It was 
rung in | 774 to notify 
the citizens of Dover 
that the Bnitish had 
closed the port at 
Boston, and again in 
1787 it announced that Delaware had rati- 
fied the Federal Constitution. The official 
document of the first ratification of the Con- 
stitution of the United States, framed, hung 
in the Delaware Building. In the sitting 
room there was a portrait of Lord de la 
Warre, in whose honor the State was named. 
There were three old wall settees in this room, 
taken from the ancient Swede church at 
Wilmington. 

The appropriation made by the legislature 
was not sufficient to permit the plans of the 
Commission to be carried through successfully, 
but private subscriptions supplied the necessary 
funds. Throughout, the house was equipped 
with Mission furniture, simple in pattern and 
very attractive. From the shore boulevard the 
building was reached by terraces, and the house 
garden was exceptionally fine. Flowering 
plants were massed in profusion about the en- 
trance and the paths were bordered with grace- 
ful ornamentation. Senator Rose, one of the 
landscape gardeners of the Pennsylvania Rail- 
road, designed the lay-out of the grounds 
around the building. 

Shortly after the Exposition opened the 
Delaware Building was completed. George 


Hon. Oxiver A. NEWTON 
Commissioner 


Ex-Gov. JoHN HuNnN 
Treasurer 


Hon. Georce H. Dick 


Secretary 


E. Smith of Laurel 
and Mrs. Smith were 
selected by the Com- 
mission to act as_ its 
custodians. They at 
once took charge and 
remained until — the 
building was closed, 
on November 16. 
There were a number 
of distinctive func- 
tions at the Delaware 
Building, the chief 
perhaps being on 
“Delaware Day,” September 18th. In ad- 
dition to keeping open house on that occasion, 
the Jamestown ‘Ter-Centennial Commission 
from Delaware gave a reception in the evening 
in honor of Governor Lea. Among those who 
assisted in receiving the guests were Mrs. Lea, 
Mrs. Swanson, President and Mrs. Tucker, 
Admiral and Mrs. Harrington and Mr. and 
Mrs. George E. Smith, the host and hostess. 
The Governor’s Staff were present and aided 
in dispensing Delaware’s hospitality and in 
giving a distinct color to the occasion. Over 
six hundred guests attended. 

Delaware’s participation was entirely his- 
torical and sentimental. No commercial or in- 
dustrial object was displayed under the State’s 
zgis; but the building was largely for the 
time being the State Museum and contained 
many more valuable and important relics and 
mementoes than those which have been men- 
tioned. Though small in area, Delaware is 
large historically, a natural consequence of be- 
ing “ The First State ”’—a title earned by 
Delaware when it, first among Amer- 
ican Commonwealths, ratified the Constitu- 
tion which has served to bind the States in a 
compact federal Union. 


Hon. 


Davin C. Rose 


Commissioner 


GEORGIA 


EORGIA’S headquarters was one of the 
most imposing structures on Willoughby 
Avenue. It was near the western limit of great 
Shore Boulevard and commanded an excel- 
lent view of Hampton Roads. The State ap- 
propriated thirty thousand dollars for defraying 
the costs of an exhibit, but failed to provide any 
funds for the erection or maintenance of a State 


building. The Georgia Commissioners de- 
termined that the Empire State of the South 
should not be unrepresented in the social phases 
of the Exposition and inaugurated a_ public 
subscription toward a building fund. Georgi- 
ans generously responded to the appeal. 

A peculiar sentiment attached to the fine old 
Colonial replica which stood for Georgia. It 


344 


State Participation. 


was the only Ter-Centennial structure that was 
dedicated by the President of the United 
States, and Georgia’s day was the scene of the 
greatest Exposition splendor. By an inspira- 
tion, which was near akin to genius, the 
Georgia commissioners chose, as a model for 
the State house, the old Bulloch home at Ros- 
well. There was the birthplace of President 
Roosevelt’s mother and in the parlor of the 
fine old mansion, Miss Bulloch was married to 
her Northern suitor. The Nation’s Chief Ex- 
ecutive, moved by this personal tribute of affec- 
tionate regard, departed from the usual prece- 
dent and twice visited the Exposition officially. 

The act creating a Georgia commission 
made the Governor of the State ex-officio 
Chairman; therefore, the Honorable Joseph 
M. Terrell was nominally the presiding officer. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


GEORGIA STATE BUILDING 


W. N. Mitchell of Atlanta was president; 
Martin M. Calvin of Augusta, Secretary; 
Commissioner of Agriculture, Thomas G. 
Hudson of Atlanta, Treasurer; and State 
Geologist, W. S. Yeates, Executive Commis- 
sioner. The other members were: S. R. 
Fields of Cordele, W. S. West of Valadosta, 
Joseph W. English, Jr., of Atlanta, J. Carroll 
Payne of Atlanta, Hon. Charles R. Russell of 
Columbus, S. C. Dunlap of Atlanta, and S. R. 
Parrott of Macon. 

The commissioners associated with them- 
selves a number of other prominent Georgians; 
and, having succeeded well in their endeavor 
to secure an adequate building and maintenance 
fund, they made a second appeal—this being 
directed to local pride. The principal cities 
in the State were urged to select each a room 


in the Georgia building and furnish it not alone 
as a help to the State, but as an evidence of the 
city’s progressiveness. Among the cities* which 
replied favorably to the suggestion of the 
Commissioners were Atlanta, Savannah, Au- 
gusta, Columbus, Valadosta, Macon and 
Rome, while Statesboro County also equipped 
an apartment. The electroliers, hangings, cur- 
tains, carpets and furniture which adorned these 
rooms were in large part products manufac- 
tured in the places represented. As a conse- 
quence, the Georgia building was in itself a 
first-class commercial exhibit even though the 
displays were not entered in competition for 
awards. 

Entirely aside from the sentiment associated 
with the structure, Georgia’s home was notable 
among the houses of States. “he massive col- 


= Lie CORT ENT 1907. 9¥ 
AMESTOWW OFFICIAL PHOTO, CORFE, 


Thornton Marye, Architect, Atlanta, Georgia. 


umns which adorned the front and the wide, 
comfortable veranda gave a_ suggestion of 
dignified, luxurious ease which was most at- 
tractive. Rarely did it present a deserted ap- 
pearance. The door was usually wide open 
bespeaking a welcome and chairs were numer- 
ous on the spacious porch. 

Several cities in Georgia celebrated and the 
scene of their festivities was always the State 
building. It was there also that Governor 
Terrell presented a silver service to the U. S. 
Battleship “ Georgia ’’ which was accepted by 
President Roosevelt on behalf of the ship and 
the Nation. The reception tendered by the 
Commissioners to the Chief Executive of the 
State was a notable function in which not only 
Americans but distinguished foreigners par- 
ticipated. 


* The information concerning Georgia's participation is lacking in exactness through no fault of the Publishers of this History. 
Although several of the commissioners promised to prepare detailed statements, up to the time of going to press none of these 


had been received—Eb. 


345 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


[ILLINOIS 


HE amount appropriated by the State of 
Illinois for participation in the Jamestown 
Exposition was twenty-five thousand dollars, 
and this sum could not possibly have been better 


expended. Honorable Charles S. Deneen, 


HONORABLE CHARLES S. DENEEN 
Governor of Illinois 1904-8 


Governor of I]linois, appointed these Commis- 
sioners: Thomas Nowers, of Atkinson, Presi- 
dent*; A. G. Tuxhorn, of Edwardsville, Vice- 
President; J. A. Humphrey, of Chicago, 
Secretary; Dr. R. W. McInnes, of Belvidere; 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Thomas H. Creighton, of Fairfield; and Na- 
thaniel Holderby, of Carmi. 

The Secretary of the Commission was a 
Virginian by birth and intensely loyal both to 
his native State and the home of his adoption, 
and his efforts to make the Illinois participation 
a noteworthy feature met with distinguished 
success. Ass the head of a large advertising 
agency, his connections enabled him to give 
great aid to the Exposition, an aid most freely 
and generously tendered. 

On March 4, 1906, the officers of the Board 
visited the Exposition and officially selected a 
site for the Illinois State Building, and on 
December 5, of the same year, the ground 
for the building was broken. On that occa- 
sion Governor Swanson made a_ graceful 
speech, and in a happy vein Mr. Humphrey 
responded. 

The architect of the Illinois Building was 
W. Carby Zimmerman, the Illinois State 
Architect, and the builders, Thomas E. Young 
& Company, of Chicago. The State erected 
a very attractive and extremely substantial 
building which was tastefully decorated, well 
situated and artistically parked. Few State 
buildings received more visitors than did the 
Illinois headquarters, where forty-six thousand, 
five hundred and thirty-three persons registered. 
On several occasions more than five thousand 
people visited the building during a day. The 
receptions given by Illinois were numerous and 
successful. Over these Mrs. J. A. Humphrey, 
the hostess of the Building, presided, and she 
was seconded by Miss Mary Iva Humphrey, 
the assistant hostess. On Illinois Day a large 


reception was given and a thousand invited 


W. Carby Zimmerman, Architect, Chicago, Illinois. 


THE ILLINOIS BUILDING 
* Honorable Thomas Nowers died September 17, 1907, and was succeeded by Dr. R. W. McInnes. 


346 


State Participation. 


THomas Nowers 
President 
Died Sept. 17, 1907 


guests were presented 
to the Governor. In 
the receiving line at 
that function were 
Governor and Mrs. 
Deneen, Governor 
and Mrs. Swanson, 
Lieutenant - Governor 
and Mrs. Ellyson, 
Rear - Admiral and 
Mrs. Harrington, and 
several others. The 
music was furnished 
by the famous Mex- 
ican Band whose 
services had been 
tendered by Colonel 
Manterola as a comp- 
Dimeentet.o Vins. 
Humphrey. ‘This re- 
ception was of the 
lawn féte variety and 
refreshments were 
served in the dainty 
park which separated 
the headquarters from 
Willoughby Avenue. 
Under the shelter of 
a mammoth tent one 
hundred feet long and 
fifty feet wide the ground was carpeted and 
tables laid. Around the tent were hundreds 
of electric lights and Japanese candles. 
Assisting the hostess at this lawn party 

were Mrs. E. H. Switzer, Mrs. Duee 
and Miss Mary Iva Humphrey, of 
Chicago; Miss Lilian Thorn, of 
Remington, Virginia; the Misses 
Elma and Beatrice Colbert, of 
Portsmouth, Virginia, and Mrs. 
MacQueen, of Porto Gunda, 
Florida. 

An attractive reception was given 
to the Press Club of Chicago. On 
that occasion the music was furnished 
by Phinney’s Band. At the recep- 
tion there were present most of the 
State Commissioners and the hostesses of the 
different State Buildings. Among other noted 
functions were receptions given to the National 
Editorial Association of America, to the 
Knights of Columbus and to the Masonic Com- 
manderies of Chicago. On the occasion of the 


Frep A. KINZEL 
Commissioner 


Mrs. J. A. HUMPHREY 
Hostess Illinois Building 


347 


Cox. J. A. HumpHREY 
Secretary 


Tue LittrLe Humpureys 


Dr. R. W. McINNEs 
Second President 
Elected Oct. 5, 1907 


visit of Archbishop 
Ireland there was a 
dinner given in_ his 
honor at the Illinois 
Building. 

On_ Thanksgiving 
Diao chore. 


Humphrey gave a_ 
dinner jointly to the 
Right Reverend D. J. 
O’Connell, Presiden: 
of the Catholic Uni- 
versity at Washing- 
ton, and to the Hon- 
orable Harry St. 
George Tucker, Pres- 
ident of the James- 
town Exposition Com- 
pany. This was the 
last important function 
given at the Building, 
except that on Closing 
Day Colonel Humph- 
rey tendered a recep- 
tion to the Jamestown 
Press Club, of which 
organization he had 
been at first an honor- 
ary and later a regular 
member. It is doubt- 
ful if any other State Building was the scene 
of so many entertainments exclusively for 
young people. Scarcely a week passed 
without witnessing some reception, 

dance or tea, where young men and 
girls were exclusively or at least 
principally in evidence. During 

June the Decatur Cadets, from 

Decatur, Illinois, were the guests 

of the Illinois Commissioners; and 

at a reception given in their honor 

at the Building, a speech was made 

to them by a former Decatur man, 

President Garrett of the Seaboard 
Air Line Railway. 

Illinois had no commercial exhibit 
and in fact with the exception of the 
Lincoln collection in the halls of the Illinois 
Building the State had no exhibit at the 
Exposition. The numerous and _ historically 
important reminders of the martyred President 
were, however, the subject of much admiring 
and patriotic interest. 


NaTHANIEL HoLpERBY 
Commissioner 


Miss Mary Iva HumpHREY 
Assistant Hostess 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


KENTUCKY 


HE Legislature of Kentucky failed to make 
any provision for that State’s participation 

of the Ter-Centennial but private citizens sup- 
plied the deficiency. The State Development 
Company organized a commission and for nearly 
a year pursued an active campaign for popular 
subscriptions. The amount sought was forty 
thousand dollars and most of this was realized. 
Not the least interesting exhibit at Kentucky’s 
building was the roster of contributors which 
showed just how much money had been se- 
cured and what amount each contributor had 
given, the pennies of the school children were re- 
corded as duly as the dollars of the adults—each 
giver was immortalized in the pages which will 
live as a memorial at the Capitol in Frankfort 
The public spirited Kentuckians who served 


coon 


su thi : Se a : 
mestown O Photograph Corporation. 


Copyrigh 


display can hardly be computed by auditor’s 
reports, for the Commissioners served without 
pay and various liberal home interests freely 
contributed needed materials. The logs for the 
cabins and for ‘‘ Daniel Boone’s Fort’’ were 
given by farmers along the line of the C. & O. 
railroad. These generous donors gave the 
wood and put it free on board, and the railroad 
charged nothing for transportation. 

Boone’s Fort, which was in Madison 
County, Kentucky, ceased to exist many years 
ago, but old sketches record its contour and 
details, and in the Pine Grove at the western 
end of the Exposition Grounds was a palisade 
and four block houses of the old log cabin 
type, and in the center of the Square stood the 
fort, which consisted of two rectangular log 


at 
ee Sa ny dere 8 eS, 
Kenneth McDonald, Architect, Louisville, Ken 


“FORT BOONESBORO,” THE KENTUCKY BUILDING 


on the Commission were John B. Atkinson, of 
Earlington, President; Charles E. Hoge, of 
Frankfort, Vice-President; J. Stoddard Johns- 
ton, of Louisville; Malcolm H. Crump, of 
Bowling Green, and James M. Benton, of 
Winchester. Mr. Crump served as Director 
of the Forestry exhibits, and Mr. Benton di- 
rected the exhibit of manufactures. In addi- 
tion to these Commissioners were four honorary 
commissioners: Charles J. Norwood, of Lex- 
ington; Hubert Vreeland, J. A. Fuqua and 
William Lindsay, of Frankfort. While these 
gentlemen were denominated “ Honorary,” 
Mr. Vreeland, the State Commissioner of 
Agriculture, directed the exhibit of ‘‘ Agricul- 
ture and Horticulture,” Mr. Fuqua had charge 
of the showings of “ Education,” Mr. Nor- 
wood of “ Minerals” and Mr. Lindsay super- 
intended “ History.” Logan C. Murray was 
Treasurer of the Commission, and C. C. Ous- 
ley Secretary. 

The value and importance of Kentucky’s 


cabins with an intervening roofed space, all 
presenting an appearance bearing the closest 
resemblance to the pictures of Boone’s famous 
fortification. “Fort Boonesboro,”’ the Ken- 
tucky Building, was picturesque. Between the 
square log cabins, the roofed pavilion afforded 
a comfortable resting place, and the pines 
which grew in abundance all around gave a 
pleasing shade on the warmest days. ‘These 
cabins, though utilized for reception and living 
purposes, really made an excellent exhibit of 
the State’s timber resources. In a side of one 
hut were five kinds of oak—white, red, post, 
swamp and black, and in another were syca- 
more, walnut, wild cherry, hickory, ash, pine, 
cedar and yellow poplar. 

Mr. Ousley was constantly at the Ex- 
position and Mrs. Ousley was the perma- 
nent hostess. The wives of the members 
of the Commission and other distinguished 
ladies of Kentucky also served as_ hos- 
tesses during various periods. The Ken- 


348 


Joun B. ATKINSON 
President 


Cuar_es J. Norwoop 
Honorary Commissioner 


J. Stopparp JOHNSTON 
Commissioner 


Wituiam: Linpsay 
Honorary Commissioner 


State Participation. 


CuHarces E. Hoce 
Vice-President 


tucky Building was 
maintained in such a 
manner as to add to 
the reputation for hos- 
pitality which the 
State has always en- 
joyed. Without the 
formalities which had 
been generally ob- 
served on such occa- 
sions, the Kentucky 
State headquarters 
opened on May 18, 
with hundreds of in- 
vited guests present at 
a midday reception. 
Mr. Ousley then an- 
nounced that the Ken- 
tucky Building would 
be open day and 
night. The other State 
buildings were after 
dark open only to re- 
ceive the citizens of 
the State which each 
represented, but from 
whatever State of the 
Union or whatever 
country a visitor might 
hail, he was always 
sure of a welcome at 
Fort Boonesboro. 
The celebration of 
Kentucky Day on 
July 16 was one of 
the events of the Ex- 
position. The exer- 
cises of the occasion 
were not held in the 
Auditorium as was the 
general custom but on 


the spacious lawn within the palisade. 


An old-fashioned Kentucky barbecue 
was given in the pine grove. 
and sheep were roasted whole and 
great cauldrons of burgoo were 
Numerous teas 
and minor receptions were given at 
With the exception of 
Virginia no Commonwealth was 
represented so largely in the list of 


served to visitors. 


the Fort. 


city days. 


Winchester, Louisville, Frankfort 


and several other Kentucky munici- 
utilized the 


palities 


349 


Oxen 


State 


Mrs. C. C. OusLey 
head- Hostess Kentucky Bldg. 


GaCeOusrny. 


Secretary 


quarters for commem- 
orative ceremonies and 
some social function 
always succeeded the 
set exercises. The 
Kentucky Building 
was generously placed 
at the disposal of the 
‘Tennessee State Com- 
mission for the cele- 
bration of “Tennessee 


Day, October 25th, 
and one of the kind- 
liest courtesies that 
marked the Exposi- 
tion period was the 
entertainment given 
by the Kentucky 
Commission to the 
orphans of Norfolk. 
On Saturday, Octo- 
ber 5, one hundred 
and fifty or more 
parentless children 
were for the entire 
day the guests of 
the Kentuckians and 
ihe tots were treated 
to boat and auto- 
mobile rides, and sub- 
stantial food and tasty 
delicacies were served 
to them. 

The roster of few 
State buildings showed 
sO many names as 
did Kentucky’s. 
There were over 
forty thousand signa- 
tures on the book and 
the usual estimate of 


Matcotm H. Crump 
Commissioner 


James M. BeEnToN 
Commissioner 


James A. Fuqua 
Honorary Commissioner 


HuBertT VREELAND 
Honorary Commissioner 


four visitors to each registration could not 


fairly be applied. There was an air of 
informality and friendly cheer per- 
vading the Kentucky reservation. 
Nothing was obtrusive, not even the 
book of names; so registration was 
rather a definite act of will than a 
concession to custom. 
that many more than one hundred 
and sixty thousand persons enjoyed 
for a long or for a brief period the wel- 
coming hospitality which was offered 
so gracefully by the Kentuckians at 
Fort Boonesboro. 


It is certain 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


LOUISIANA 


HE Louisiana Commission, which consisted 

of Colonel Charles Schuler, President; 
General T. W. Castleman, Vice-President; 
William G. Stubbs, Ph.D., Executive Commis- 
sioner; W. R. Dodson and Robert Glenk, Sec- 


retary, were represented principally at the Ex- 


position by the Executive Commissioner, who, 
with Mrs. Stubbs kept open house in the Louis- 
iana Building, while the Secretary was in 
charge of the exhibits. “The Pelican State head- 
quarters was a typical Creole mansion, built 
with upper and lower porches, or galleries as 
the people of New Orleans call them. It was 
an illustration of a class of fine homes that line 
the banks of the Mississippi. Facing Willoughby 
Avenue and_ overlooking Hampton Roads, 
the white building with its massive Corinthian 
columns supporting the roof of simple design, 
was emblazoned with a coat-of-arms showing 
the pelican crowned by the Scales of Justice 
and with outspread wings sheltering its young. 
Within the surrounding circle were the words 
“Union, Justice and Confidence,” and beneath 
these was traced the title ‘“ Louisiana.” 

The Building was forty by sixty feet in ex- 
tent. On one side were galleries ten feet wide 
and on the other they measured six feet. The 
yard was well laid cut and flowers and shrubs 
abounded. Situated at the intersection of Will- 
oughby Avenue and Bacon Street, there were 
two entrances, and a gallery faced each thor- 
oughfare. Ether of the main doors afforded 
entrance to the large reception hall which was 
forty feet long and more than half as broad. 
The color scheme of this apartment was a deli- 
cate green and the furniture was old mahogany 


Copyright, Jamestown Official PEctenienn Corporation. 


upholstered in red plush and morocco leather. 
There were a few writing desks for ladies and 
a large reading table in the room which was 
characteristically home like and typical of the 
far South. Old paintings and pastels repre- 
sented the work of several of the State’s well 
known artists, and all portrayed Louisiana 
scenes. “A Section of the French Quarter ”’ 


HONORABLE NEWTON CRAIN BLANCHARD 
Member Congress 1880-1893—United States Senator 1893-1897 
—Associate Judge Supreme Court of Louisiana 1897-1904- 

Resigned—Governor of Louisiana 1904-1908 


a. INE wtreret Architect, New Orleans, Louisiana. 


THE LOUISIANA BUILDING 


State Participation. 


COLONEL CHARLES SCHULER 


Treasurer Louisiana Commission 


drawn by 
William 
Woodward, 
showed in 
the distance 
the famous 
cabildo and 
the old St. 
Louis -Ca- 
thedral. By 
the same 
artist was a 
scene in 
Frenchtown 
illustrating 
a spot dear 
to those who 


ever lived 
below Canal 
DR. WM. G. STUBBS Chen eA 
Executive Commissioner Old Gane 


by Gertrude Roberts Smith, was reminiscent 
of a certain French restaurant in New 
Orleans—one which has long outlived the 
generation for whom it was_ established. 
Some of the pictures of rural Louisiana were 
especially dainty and charming, as, for in- 
stance, Miss Mary F. Baker’s pastel entitled 
“A Home in the Pines,” and Charles Wal- 
lington Boyle’s ““ Acadian Home.”’ Two other 
notable paintings of this latter artist were “ At 
Grand Lake, Louisiana,” and “* A Southern 
Road,” while some landscape views by Miss 
Sadie A. E. Irvine proved that the artist pos- 
sessed conspicuous ability. John Pemberton’s 
“Cane Cart” and “ The Praline Woman” 
were subjects to inspire emotions in the hearts 
of wandering Louisianians and to evoke admir- 
ing comment from any one. In the center of 
the room was a winding stairway of long leaf 
pine, hard finished, and across the little nook 
made by the stairway heavy dark green por- 
tieres hung. ‘To the left of the stairs was the 
office of the Commission, adorned with portraits 
of the Duke of Orleans, from whom the State’s 
chief city took its name, and of LaSalle, the 
great discoverer of the Mississippi, who, calling 


351 


GENERAL T. W. CASTLEMAN 
Vice-President 


ROBERT GLENK 


Secretary 


the territory 
Louisiana, 
paid tribute 
to the 
a Cir aeried 
Monarque.”’ 
All of the 
Governors, 
Colonial 
and State, 
were pic- 
tured 5 be- 
ginning 
with the ap- 
pointee of 
Louis XIV 
and _ ending 
with Gover- 
nor Blanch- 
ard aa lene 
evolution of 
masculine garb, during the two hundred and 
odd years was well illustrated. 

The Legislature of 1906 provided for 
Louisiana's participation in the Exposition and 
directed that an exhibit should be made, but 
appropriated no money for the purpose. To 
remedy this omission and to fulfil the wishes 
of the General Assembly, Governor Newton 
C. Blanchard secured a loan of twenty thou- 
sand dollars from the State’s fiscal agents lo- 
cated in New Orleans. Dr. Stubbs selected 
a site for the building during December, 1906, 
and the building was ready for occupancy on 
April 25, 1907. It was kept open from that 
day until the close of the Exposition. A large 
crowd visited Louisiana’s headquarters on Open- 
ing Day, and it was the scene of numerous en- 
tertainments during the season. The commis- 
sloners purposed to have an elaborate celebra- 
tion on August 22, Louisiana Day, but the ar- 
rangements were canceled on account of the 
death of Mrs. Blanchard, the wife of the Goy- 
ernor. As a private citizen Governor Blanch- 
ard visited the Exposition on October 22. At 
various times during the season members of the 
Commission severally attended. 


PROF. WM. R. DODSON 


Commissioner 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


MARYLAND 


N February, 1904, General Fitzhugh Lee 
visited Annapolis and at a joint session of 
the General Assembly invited Maryland to par- 
ticipate in the Ter-Centennial. Promptly and 
graciously was the invitation accepted and a 
resolution was then adopted which provided 
for the appointment of a commission of thirteen 
to submit plans for participating at the next 
session of the General Assembly. Governor 
Warfield named these gentlemen as Commis- 
sioners: Carter Lee Bowie, of Prince George’s 
County; Oliver D. Collins, of Worcester 
County; Captain Frederick M. Colston, of 
Baltimore; S. Frank Dashiell, of Somerset 
County; Allan Farquhar, of Montgomery 
County; Colonel David G. Mclntosh, of 
Baltimore County; Lynn R. Meekins, of Balti- 
more; Colonel James W. Owens, of Anne 


Arundel County; Jacob Rohrback, of Fred- 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation, 


“ HOMEWOOD,” THE “MARYLAND” BUILDING 


erick County; T. Herbert Shriver, of Carroll 
County; Palmer Tennant, of Washington 
County, and D. H. Thomas, of Baltimore. 
Captain Colston was elected Chairman and 
Mr. Meekins Secretary and Treasurer. On 
the thirteenth of December, 1905, the Commis- 
sioners visited the Exposition site and after a 
thorough discussion of Exposition matters they 
decided to recommend that Maryland’s appro- 
priation should not be less than one hundred 
thousand dollars. Governor Warfield supported 
the findings of the Committee but the Legis- 
lature decided that sixty-five thousand dollars 
was all that the State could afford, that being 
the amount that had been appropriated for 
Maryland’s part in the Louisiana Purchase Ex- 
position. The Legislature which made the 
appropriation directed that additional Commis- 
sioners should be named, and Governor War- 
field appointed:, Hope H. Barroll, of Chester- 
town; Charles A. Councilman, of Glyndon; 
Reuben Foster, of Baltimore; Dr. William W. 


Goldsborough, of Greensboro; Dr. John H. 
Jamar, of Elkton; J. M. McNabb, of Macton; 
Seymour Mandelbaum, of Baltimore; W. J. 
Price, Jr., of Centerville; John B. Shannon, 
of Frostburg; John K. Shaw, Jr., of Baltimore; 
Major George M. Thomas, of Charlotte Hall, 
and John Warfield of Baltimore. Later he 
appointed an Auxiliary Commission as follows: 
Mrs. John Ridgely, of Towson; Mrs. Jesse 
Tyson, of Baltimore; Mrs. Henry W. 
Rogers, of Baltimore; Mrs. Lloyd Lowndes, 
of Cumberland, and Mrs. E. E. Jackson, of 
Salisbury. Of this joint Commission Captain 
Colston was Chairman, Mr. Meekins Secretary 
and Douglas H. Thomas, Treasurer. 

Douglas H. Thomas, Jr., of Baltimore, a 
member of the Exposition Board of Design, 
was the architect of the Maryland Building, 
which was a modified reproduction of “* Home- 


Douglas H. Thomas, Jr., Architect, Baltimore, Maryland. 


wood,” the old Carroll Mansion on Charles 
Street Avenue, Baltimore. 

A distinguished party left Baltimore on the 
eighteenth of September, 1906, for the purpose 
of laying the Maryland corner-stone, a function 
which took place the next day. The “ Dan- 
ville” of the Chesapeake Line was chartered 
for the occasion. Most of the Commissioners 
were on board and the ladies of the Auxiliary 
Commission, together with many special guests, 
all led by Governor Warfield and his Staff. 
Among the latter were Colonel Oswald Tilgh- 
man, Secretary of State; General Clinton L. 
Riggs; General Frank S. Hambelton; Colonel 
John M. T. Finney; Colonel Robert S. Hill; 
Colonel Joseph L. Wickes; Colonel E. Austin 
Baughman; Colonel W. Hopper Gibson; 
Colonel John L. G. Lee, and Colonel L. Gil- 
let Gill, Jr. 

The Maryland delegation was met by Gov- 
ernor Swanson of Virginia and the members of 


his Staff; Colonel C. C. Vaughan, Commander 


352 


State Participation. 


MARYLAND COMMISSION TO JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION ON STEAMER “ DANVILLE” 


Front Row—Left to Right: 


Geo. M. THomas, Douctas H. Tuomas, W. I. Price, Jr.. Mrs. HENry W. Rocers, Mrs. 


JoHN Rivcery, Mrs. JessE Tyson, Frepertck M. Corston (Chairman), T. Hersert Suriver, D. G. MclInTosn, 


REUBEN FosTER. 
Rear Row—Left to Right: 


PALMER TENNANT, R. S. Dopson, Carter Lee Bowie, James W. Owens, JoHN K. Suaw, Jr., 


JoHN Warrietp, LyNN R. MEeEkins (Secretary), ALLAN FaRQuHAR, JoHN H. Jamar, S. F. DasHIELL 


of the Seventy-first Virginia Regiment and his 
staff; the members of the Virginia Commission; 
Rear-Admiral Berry, the Commandant of the 
Norfolk Navy Yard, and Major Strong with 
the other officers of the United States Artillery 
Corps of Fortress Monroe. The Seventy-first 
Virginia Regiment, headed by its Regimental 
band, and the Thirty-first, Forty-first, Forty- 
eighth and One Hundred and Eleventh Com- 
panies of Coast Artillery, headed by the Coast 
Artillery Band, were in line to receive the visit- 
ors. Governors Warfield and Swanson with 
Captain Colston, the Chairman of the Mary- 
land Commission, rode at the head of 

the procession in a carriage which 
carried the Maryland colors. 
Elaborate exercises marked 
the laying of the corner- 
stone. Bishop Tucker of 
the Diocese of Southern 
Virginia, made the open- 
ing prayer. President 
Tucker of the Exposi- 
tion spoke briefly and 
both Governor Swan- 
son and Governor 
Warfield deliv- 
ered addresses. 

The Maryland 
Building was ready on 
Opening Day and on 
that occasion it was the 
scene of a very attractive 
luncheon. At all times 
generous hospitality was 
dispensed, the policy of the 
Commission being to maintain 
Maryland’s social reputation 
and if possible to extend it. 
The culminating episode in the 


353 


HONORABLE EDWIN WARFIELD 
Governor of Maryland, 1904-8 


social calendar was the magnificent celebration 
of Maryland Day on the twelfth of September, 
as brilliant an occasion as distinguished the Ex- 
position. Inthe Maryland Building many dele- 
gations and organizations, including the State 
Board of Education and the Descendants of 
the Signers of the Declaration of Independence 
were entertained at special functions. Onmany 
of the principal Exposition dates Governor 
Warfield and his Staff were present. During 
June a tea was given to the Colonial Dames by 
members of the Auxiliary Commission; in July 
the Officers and men of the Fifth Maryland 
Regiment were entertained, and the 
veterans of the Fifth Maryland 
also accepted the hospitality of 
the Maryland Commission. 
The Maryland Building 
was open at 9 A. M. and 
closed at 6 P. M., except 
Sundays, and the stream 
of visitors was constant. 
They were greeted by 
the host Colonel J. 
William Baughman 
and the hostess, Miss 
Mary L. Robins. 
Colonel Baughman 
and Miss Robins won 
golden opinions for 
their cordiality and 
courtesy while uphold- 
ing the best traditions of 
Maryland’s hospitality. 
The Maryland Building 
was richly furnished with 
Colonial mahogany furniture. 
Notable paintings and en- 
gravings, decorated the walls. 
These included a special col- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


lection made under the direction of Mrs. Hester 
Dorsey Richardson. The Building was a 
permanent brick structure, massive and elegant. 
No liberties were taken with the exterior design 
and all the decorations were reproduced in sub- 
stantial form. The firm of Potthast Brothers of 
Baltimore lent to the Commission entirely free 
of charge, sixty-two chairs, five tables, four 
sofas, an inlaid side table, a lowboy, two mir- 
rors, a cabinet, a table, a desk and a stand, all 
of heavy mahogany. ‘These pieces were large 
and extremely handsome and they formed the 
main part of the furniture. Chippendale and 
Heppelwhite patterns were largely in evidence. 
In addition to the pieces of their own make the 
same firm loaned some rare antiques, the most 
noteworthy of which was a sideboard which 
had belonged to Francis Scott Key, the author 
of “The Star Spangled Banner.” Mrs. 
Ridgely loaned a Colonial table from Hamp- 
ton and William Knabe & Company lent an 
antique harpsichord which was discovered 
twenty-five years ago in an old college at 
Annapolis, and they also lent one of their 
Sheraton design pianos. A Stieff piano was 
loaned by Charles M. Stieff and stood in the 
“* Senate Chamber.” 

The principal apartment in the Maryland 
Building was an exact reproduction of the Old 
Senate Chamber in the State House at An- 
napolis, famous as the room in which Washing- 
ton resigned his commission as Commander-in- 
Chief of the American Army. It was, there- 
fore, in itself an historic exhibit of great im- 
portance. In the old Chamber Congress had 
assembled for the first six months of the Session 
of 1783, and in its replica at the Exposition 
there hung two reproductions of paintings de- 
picting the resignation scene. One showed 
White’s picture which now stands at the head 
of the stairway in the State House at An- 
napolis, and the other, Trumbull’s masterpiece 
which adorns the rotunda of the Capitol at 
Washington. Within another frame was a 
fine engraving of the State House as it looked 
in Washington’s time and there were many 
photographs relating to the Revolution and the 
part that Maryland took therein. Prominent 
among these was a copy of the “ Resolution of 
Protest”” by the Association of Freemen of 
Maryland, adopted July 16, 1775. There 
was a group of portraits of many prominent 
Maryland soldiers and sailors of the Revolu- 
tionary period, and with these a letter from 
General Washington to the Governor of Mary- 
land praising the service which the men of that 
State had rendered. Nearby was a choice 
collection of Maryland paper money issued 
during Colonial and Revolutionary times and 
there were some samples of Maryland silver 
coinage, and the magnificent silver medal given 
by Cecilius Calvert to the Susquehanna In- 
dians, showing on the obverse and reverse the 
portraits of Calvert and his wife, Anne Arun- 
del, after whom a county in Maryland has 
been named. 

There was a view of Congress Hall in Balti- 
more just as it stood when Congress met in that 


city and 
framed laws 
for the gov- 
ernment of 
the colonies, 
and near 
this view 
was an ex- 
hu bate ow 
which every 
Marylander 
was proud 
—a_repro- 
duction of 
the original 
in Lenox 
sib ran y: 
New York 
—‘‘An Act 
Concerning 
Religion,’ 
passed in 
1649. Concerning this document the great 
English historian, Lecky states: “It exhib- 
ited for the first time since the Reformation 
the spectacle of a government acting with per- 
fect toleration and a steady and unflinching 
impartiality towards all sects of Christians.”’ 
There were portraits from authentic sources of 
all the Calverts attired in their baronial robes 
and regalia, and many engravings and photo- 
graphs which showed them under various con- 
ditions and circumstances. Then came a line 
of governors reaching from 1635 to 1775, 
nearly a century and a half. 

As the visitor entered the Maryland Build- 
ing, he saw on the side of the hall a portrait 
of Thomas Johnson, the Governor of Mary- 
land who nominated George Washington to be 
Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. 
On the opposite side was a splendid painting 
in oil of Governor Edwin Warfield. In the 
writing room, to the left, was a remarkably 
fine exhibit of water colors by Baltimore artists, 
and with the water colors were exhibited beau- 
tiful miniatures by Miss Florence Mackubbin, 
Miss Grace 
Turnbull 
and Mrs. 
(thiarraleess 
Weise. In 
the south 
room was a 
bust of the 
poet Sydney 
Lanier, and 
in the north 
room, a bust 
of Cardinal 
Gibbons, 
both the 
work of Ep- 
hraim Key- 
ser, a distin- 
guished 
sculptor of 
Baltimore. 


Under the 


CapT. Frep. M. Cotston 
Chairman Md. Com. 


Cot. J. Wm. BAUGHMAN 
Host Maryland Bldg. 


State Participation. 


direction of Mrs. John Ridgely, a collection of 
handsome photographs showing the Colonial 
homes of the State was made. 

Though Maryland had an exhibit in the 
History Building the greater part of its his- 
torical display was at the Maryland head- 
quarters. The Maryland Historical Society 
and a number of private collections were well 
represented by engravings, photographs, relics, 
medals, coins and arms. ‘The Pocahontas 
Memorial Association made a fine exhibit of 
prints, photographs and copies of inscriptions. 
The Designers and Artisans’ Club, under the 
leadership of Miss Margaret E. Haydock, 
made an excellent exhibit which included a 
number of beautifully stenciled designs, hand 
made potteries, mirror frames, tooled leather, 
metal work and photography. A special col- 
lection of memoirs was made under the direction 
of Mrs. Hester Dorsey Richardson, who with 
a special camera made to reproduce in fac- 
simile at short range, went to the old counties 
and photographed all available interesting 
documents. The names of one hundred and 
ten of those who came in “ The Ark” and 
“The Dove ”’ with Governor Leonard Calvert 
were shown together for the first time. There 
was a facsimile of a letter which was sent back 
on “ The Ark’s”’ return trip to England, giv- 
ing an account of the voyage over and there 
was an original bill of lading of Colonial date, 
beginning with—‘‘ Shipped by the Grace of 
God.” 

Under the head “‘ Lords of the Manor in 
Maryland,” were given the names of forty-six 
of those who had received manors with all the 
privileges of manor lords in England. Among 
other extremely interesting exhibits were: a 
copy of an Act “ For erecting a pryson in this 
Province,” dated 1662, evidence of the fact 
that Maryland was without any place of con- 
finement for twenty-eight years—a law-abiding 
condition unique in the history of colonization; 
a facsimile of the original author’s copy of 
“The Star Spangled Banner” and a photo- 
graph of one of the first printed copies which 
were distributed and sung in Baltimore the day 
after the song was written, off Fort McHenry, 
on September 13, 1814; a photograph of 
Francis Scott Key, the author of the national 
anthem and a portrait of Judge Joseph Hopper 
Nicholson, the brother-in-law of Key, who had 
the words printed and set to music; and photo- 
graphic facsimiles of the autographs and seals 
of about six hundred early settlers and im- 


portant Colonial personages. These latter were 
taken from original letters and legal documents 
in ancient court houses. ‘The original charter 
of Annapolis; the original boundary agreement 
between the Penns and Frederick, the sixth 
Lord of Baltimore; the Ratification of the 
Federal Constitution by Maryland; the plat of 
Baltimore and Jonestown in the year of 1747, 
and other interesting State Documents were 
shown through the courtesy of the Land Com- 
missioner, the Honorable E. Stanley Toadvin; 
and in the ““ Senate Chamber ”’ were two large 
cases containing Indian remains from Mary- 
land, collected and exhibited by Colonel Wil- 
liam H. Love of Baltimore. 

It had been purposed to dedicate the Mary- 
land Building on April 26, the Opening Day 
of the Exposition, but the programme was so 
crowded that the exercises were delayed until 
the twenty-seventh, when Captain Colston 
presented to Governor Warfield the keys of the 
Maryland Building, and a speech was made 
by each of these gentlemen and one by O. D. 
Batchelor of the Exposition Company. The 
great day at the Building was September 12, 
Maryland Day. Governor Warfield had 
issued a proclamation declaring it to be a State 
holiday, and all available means of transporta- 
tion between Baltimore and Norfolk were 
taxed to their utmost on the eleventh of Sep- 
tember. [he Commission had issued three 
thousand invitations to officials of the National 
Government, of the State of Maryland, of 
Maryland cities and counties and to the prin- 
cipal officials of all the States of the Union and 
chief cities. Invitations were also extended to 
the officers of the Army and Navy, and as a 
result an immense throng was present on that 
occasion. After the public ceremonies luncheon 
was served in the Maryland Building and also 
on the lawn, the house, large as it was, being 
utterly unable to hold the crowd. The guests 
were received by Governor Warfield assisted 
by Captain Colston, Mrs. Swanson, Mrs. 
Ridgely, Mrs. Henry W. Rogers and Miss 
Mary L. Robins, the hostess of the building. 

Though this was the principal social event of 
the Maryland season, there were a number of 
other entertainments which could not be called 
minor, some of them being especially elaborate. 
On Baltimore Day the State headquarters 
shared with the Baltimore Building in enter- 
taining visitors, and representatives of the Mary- 
land military organizations always had their 
stay marked by some social festivity. 


MASSACHUSETTS 


Y an Act passed on the 7th day of May, 
1906, the General Court of Massachu- 

setts accepted an invitation to participate in the 
Exposition. The Resolution of Acceptance 
provided for an appropriation of fifty thousand 
dollars and authorized the appointment of a 
Board of Managers, consisting of five residents 
of the Commonwealth. This Board was to be 


355 


charged with the care of the interests of the 
State and its citizens in the preparation and 
exhibition at the Ter-Centennial of such of the 
natural and industrial products of the Common- 
wealth as would best illustrate its welfare; and, 
at the same time was empowered to make an 
historical exhibit. 

The Honorable Curtis Guild, Governor of 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Massachusetts, appointed Major Henry J. 
Higginson of Boston, Honorable Arthur Lord 
of Plymouth, General Francis Henry Apple- 
ton of Peabody, Honorable Wilson H. Fair- 
bank of Warren, and Mrs. Barrett Wendell of 
Boston as members of the Board. Within 
a few weeks after these appointments were 
made, Major Higginson resigned and the Gov- 
ernor designated Colonel Thomas L. Liver- 
more of Boston as his successor. When the 
Board organized, Colonel Livermore was 
elected Chairman, William A. Murphy was 
appointed Secretary and Miss Emma A. Allen 
of Needham, Assistant Secretary. Influenced 
by the historic character of the Exposition, the 
Board of Managers selected the Old State 
House in Boston as the model for the Massa- 
chusetts Building; and on Willoughby Avenue 
at the Ter-Centennial the reproduction of this 
famous capitol stood just as it looked in 
Colonial days. The historical and _ patriotic 
memories attaching to the State , House 
made the replica intensely interest ing. Its 
brick walls were laid with an unusual © bond of 
alternating headers and stretchers, ? show- HONORABLE CURTIS GUILD, Jr. 


ing black ends. The porches, rail , ings, Brigadier-General State Militia at Outbreak of Spanish War— 
cable ornaments and central. y = Served as Lieutenant-Colonel and Inspector General on Staff 


7th Corps (Gen. Fitzhugh Lee) until breaking up of the Corps 
tower were all built of wood Ve in Cuba—Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts 1902- 1905. 
and painted white, but figures — 


Governor of Massachusetts 1906-1909 
of the lion and unicorn which é. 


flanked the tower were em- 
phasized in gold and red 
and the same brilliant hues 
decorated the quaint sun- 
dial that surmounted the 
roof. & 

No attempt was made © 
to preserve the historic 
integrity of interior ar- @ 
rangements, except that — 
the large old staircase ~ 
in the hall with its deli- 
cate winding flight lead- 
ing from the 
center of 


the building to the second floor was in each 
particular a faithful reproduction of the orig- 
inal, and the excellent carving on the newel 
posts and banisters and the refined and delicate 
ornaments in the dadoes and cornices were re- 
peated from G@e_— careful measure- 
LM ments of existing 

i Henge as 
. well as from 
ancient 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. John Lavalle, Architect, Boston, Massachusetts. 


THE “OLD STATE HOUSE,” THE MASSACHUSETTS BUILDING 


356 


State Participation. 


and descriptions. The first floor of the building 
was used to illustrate the progress of the Com- 
monwealth and the business of its depart- 
ments. 

A large proportion of the exhibits were 
furnished by the State Department and _ the 
Department of Education. The furniture in 
the halls was reproduced from the Colonial 
period, the tables of solid mahogany being 
replicas of the famous table in Pilgrim Hall, 
Plymouth, and the John Hancock sofas were 
modeled after the sofa in the same _ hall. 
Equally representative of the Colonial period 
were the chairs and settees about the chambers; 
and the china, which was used on State occa- 
sions, bore in blue the seal of the Common- 
wealth. In the “ Congress Chamber” and in 
“Representative Hall’ were hung portraits 
and photographs telling a story of the early 
Colonial days of Massachusetts and showing 
many famous men and women of those times. 

The Massachusetts Board early decided to 
secure for the Exposition a Colonial exhibit 
which would be worthy of the “‘ Bay State,” 
and they appealed to the people of the Com- 


hibited. This 
historical co | - 
lection was 
concluded in 
the first days of 
March and was 
exhibited at the 
Museum of 
Fine Arts in 
Boston for sev- 
eral months be- 
fore it was sent 
to the Exposi- 
tion. At first 
it was intended 
to place this in 
the Massachu- 
setts Building 
on account of the delay in constructing the 
Palace of History, but this idea did not prevail 
and it was later displayed with the historical 
collections of other States. The educational 
exhibit of Massachusetts was, however, placed 
in their State headquarters. It was excep- 
tionally comprehensive and attracted the atten- 


WILLIAM A. MURPHY 


Secretary 


Be ees 


GENERAL Francis HENRY APPLETON, HonoraBLeE WILSON H. FairBANKs, HonoraBLeE ARTHUR LorD 
MASSACHUSETTS COMMISSIONERS 


monwealth for the loan of articles which would 
illustrate the colony. The appeal was emi- 
nently successful. 

The Board entrusted to the Colonial Dames 
of Massachusetts, and to a select committee of 
experts, the congregation of articles to be ex- 


357 


tion of all visitors who were interested in school 
and college work. 

Various meetings and functions were held 
in the Building during the Exposition period 
and thousands of visitors registered in the State 
book. The most important celebration was 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Massachusetts Day, August 13. On this occa- 
sion the State was represented by Governor 
Guild, a detail of his staff, President Chapple 
of the Massachusetts Senate, Speaker Cole of 
the House of Representatives, and a joint 
Legislative Committee of twenty. An in- 
formal reception was held in the Massachusetts 


Building in the forenoon and after the exer- 
cises of the day a luncheon was given at the 
building to Governor Guild, Governor Swan- 
son and the Massachusetts delegation. Mrs. 
Mabel Wolcott Brown of Belmont was the 
hostess of the building and served most ad- 
mirably throughout the Exposition. 


MICHIGAN 


URING the 1905 session of its Legisla- 
ture it was resolved that Michigan should 
participate in the celebration of the Ter-Cen- 
tennial, but so much doubt at that time attached 
to the character and scope of the proposed Ex- 
position that the law makers decided it would 
be wise to postpone the making of a definite 
appropriation until the next session which would 
convene early in January, 1907. 
A committee was, however, appointed to 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


THE MICHIGAN BUILDING 


visit the Exposition site and they were in- 
structed to ascertain so far as possible just 
what form the celebration would probably as- 
sume and how far it might be expected to 
ramify. This committee visited Norfolk and 
made a painstaking investigation, and _ the 
State’s appropriation of twenty-five thousand 
dollars was in all probability based upon the 
report which they made. 

When the Legislature made an appropriation 
for Michigan’s participation, a Commission 
was created to supersede the former Commit- 
tee. The “ Michigan Board of Managers,” as 
they were officially designated, consisted of 
five members with the Honorable Fred M. 
Warner, Governor of the State, as a member 
ex-ofhcio. John. T. Rich, of Detroit, was 
President; William H. Johnston, of Ishpeming, 
Vice-President; Henry C. Smith, of Adrian, 


Treasurer; Herbert E. Sargent, of Grand 
Rapids, Director of Exhibits, and Fred Postal, 
of Detroit. Edward L. Walbridge was Sec- 
retary to the Board. The Board, with the 
exception of the Governor, visited the Exposi- 
tion grounds during the latter part of March, 
1907, and selected a site for their State Build- 
ing. A number of causes contributed to the 
delay in beginning operations and the ground 
was not broken for the headquarters until the 


sete ss oat r = a 


‘ “HL. Tee Dwyer, Acchieer Nori Cer eit 
first week in May. The exceedingly inclement 
weather which then prevailed prevented any 
appreciable progress and the carpenters did not 
begin work until the middle of June had 
arrived. ‘The building was designed by a Nor- 
folk architect, H. Irving Dwyer, who did not 
live to enjoy a view of the structure he had 
planned. ‘The Building was completed on the 
first of September and was formally opened to 
the public on September | 1th, later than any 
other State headquarters and in fact the 
very last structure to be finished at the Expo- 
sition. 

Apart from any commercial value that might 
accrue and actuated largely, if not solely, by 
the desire to make the Michigan headquarters 
unusually attractive, the Board of Managers 
perfected arrangements for furnishing the State 
Building in such a way that it would illustrate 


358 


State Participation. 


Ex-Gov. JoHn T. RicH 


Treas. of Commission 


Hersert E. SARGENT 
Com. and Dir. Mich. Exhibit 


only the products of 
Michigan and yet be 
eminently artistic. 
This hope was not 
realized. The large 
and lofty rooms 
would have — served 
admirably as exhibit 
places for the manu- 
factures which have 
made Grand Rapids 
one of the best known 
places in the furniture 
world. Especially 
was this true of the 
main hall, for the en- 
tire lower floor con- 
sisted of this single re- 
ception room which 
was in itself very at- 
tractive, being floored 
with Virginia pine, un- 
stained, and _ wain- 
scotted with the same 
wood nearly to the 
ceilng from which 
the wood was _ sepa- 
rated only by a nar- 
row strip of dark bur- 
lap. 

The great furniture manufacturers of Grand 
Rapids had agreed to furnish this spacious 
apartment and in fact to embellish the entire 
building, but owing to the unfortunate delay in 
completion this splendid decorative exhibit was 
not sent; and, instead of the luxurious appoint- 
ments which had been anticipated the most 
simple furniture was seen. E-verything, how- 
ever, was distinctly tasteful and a suggestion of 
comfort prevailed. “The house was a popular 


FRED PosTAL 
Commissioner 


Miss Zoe ALBERTA WALBRIDGE 
Assistant Hostess 


359 


HONORABLE FRED MALTBY WARNER 


Secretary of State of Michigan 1900—Re-elected 1903—Goy- 
ernor of Michigan since 1904 


Wa. H. JoHNsTon 
Vice-Pres. of the Commission 


Henry C. SmitH 
‘Treasurer 


resort and the ver- 
andas were rarely un- 
occupied. 

During its brief 
life the Michigan 
Building was the 
scene of a number of 
entertainments. Most 
of these were infor- 
mal teas and_ re- 
ceptions, but an ex- 
ceptionally fine ban- 
quet, given in the 
large reception hall, 
was the prominent 
feature of Michigan 
Day. 

Fischer’s Orchestra 
of Kalamazoo played 
at the banquet 
which was served by 
a Washington caterer, 
and over five hundred 
guests were present. 


Governor Fred M. 
Warner, his staff and 
all of the Managers 
were present on that 
occasion, and they 
entertained almost 
every one on the social register of the Exposi- 
tion. 

Edward L. Walbridge, the secretary of the 
Board, and Mrs. Walbridge acted as resident 
host and hostess and their daughter, Miss Zoe 
Alberta: Walbridge, was the assistant hostess. 
Mr. Sargent was the resident member of the 
Commission and was, with his family, at the 
Michigan headquarters continuously after the 
opening of the State Building. 


Epwarp L. WALBRIDGE 
Secretary 


Mrs. E. L. WaALBRIDGE 
Hostess 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


MISSOURI 


ITHIN ten days of the close of the leg- 
islative session of 1905 General Fitz- 
hugh Lee visited Jefferson City to extend an 
invitation to Missouri. Hurry, incident to ad- 
journment, prevented due attention being given 
at that time to the subject, but an appropriation 
of ten thousand dollars was made, and the Goy- 
ernor was empowered to expend this sum as he 
deemed best for Missouri’s interest. Governor 
Folk appointed Henry T. Kent, of St. Louis; 
James M. Irvine, of St. Joseph, and J. M. 
Wattenbarger, of Milan, to be Commissioners 
and directed them to formulate plans for the 
State’s participation. When the Commission 
met they selected J. E. Crumbaugh, of Colum- 
bia, to superintend the agricultural and horticul- 
tural exhibits. Mr. Kent visited Norfolk and 
selected a site for the State building and on 
September 11, 1906, a contract was awarded 
to Dunnavant & Company of Norfolk, Va., to 
erect the headquarters from plans and specifica- 
tions which had been prepared by Mariner & 
LeBeaume, architects, of St. Louis. 

The superintendent of exhibits was com- 
pelled to secure his displays from the crop of 
1906 and during the summer and fall of that 
year he was actively engaged in getting his ex- 
hibits aligned. There was a certain indefinite- 
ness at all times regarding the amount of money 
which the Commission would have to expend. 
It was generally believed that the 1907 Legis- 
lature would make an additional appropriation 
but the amount was problematic. In March, 
1907, a second appropriating bill was passed 
and forty-five thousand dollars added to the 
original sum. 

The State was particularly fortunate in the 
location and the architectural plans of its build- 
ing. It was built of brick, and, in design, was 
strictly Colonial. Porticoes covered the east- 
ern and northern front, the latter overlooking 
Hampton Roads. During the summer the 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


THE MISSOURI BUILDING 


ey ; WA 


HONORABLE JOSEPH WINGATE FOLK 


Circuit Attorney of St. Louis 1900-1904—Prosecuted numerous 
Bribery Cases—Governor of Missouri 1905-1909 


comfortable porches were filled with visitors 
who took advantage of the easy chairs to rest 
in the shade and view the warships at anchor 
and the vessels of commerce which were con- 
stantly passing. The building was formally 
opened to the public on May 26, 1907. On 
that occasion a reception was given from four 
to six o'clock in the afternoon. ‘The receiving 
party consisted of Henry T. Kent, the Pres- 
ident of the Commission; Mrs. Edmund F. 
Wickham, Miss Catlin, Thomas C. Powell 


ocr 


ces, a2 i ean? 
St. Louis, Missouri. 


. e a 
Mariner & LeBeaume, 


Mite 
Architects, 


State Participation. 


and Samuel B. Mc- 
Pheeters, all of St. 
Louis. At this recep- 
tion the Exposition of- 
ficials, the officers of 
the Army and Navy 
stationed at the Expo- 
sition, all of the State 
Commissioners at the 
Exposition and a large 
company from Nor- 
folk and = adjacent 
places attended. 

The Missouri Building was an open house 
from then until the close of the Exposi- 
tion. June 12, Virginia Day, a luncheon was 
given there in honor of Miss Mary Custis Lee, 
daughter of General Robert E.. Lee, and a few 
days later a reception was given to the Mis- 
sourl Editors who were delegates to the Na- 
tional Editorial Association. It was one of the 
few State headquarters which had a kitchen 
and a dining room; and scarcely a day passed 
that some Missourian was not entertained, 
while often this hospitality was extended to 
visitors from other States or to distinguished 
foreigners. 

September 21 was Missouri Day. Gov- 
ernor and Mrs. Folk arrived on the twentieth 
and an elaborate dinner was given in their 
honor on that evening. After the dinner Gov- 


HENRY T. KENT 
Pres. Miss. Com. 


ernor Folk went 
to the New York 
State Building and 


received an enthu- 
silastic welcome. On 
the evening of Sep- 
tember 21 a brilliant 
reception was given 
at the State Build- 
ing to which special 
invitations were sent 
out. In the receiv- 
ing party were Gov- 
ernor and Mrs. Folk, Mrs. R. E. Folk of 
Nashville, Mrs. Emma Price Willis and 
Miss Willis of Columbia, Mo., and Presi- 
dent Kent. The Governor and his party 
were on the following day the guests of 
Admiral Harrington at a dinner on board 
the Cruiser “ Brooklyn,” the flagship of Ad- 
miral Schley at the battle of Santiago. When 
Governor Hughes visited the Exposition for the 
ceremonies of New York Day he was the guest 
of Missouri at a breakfast party. No one was 
officially denominated host but Mr. Kent, who 
was at the Exposition during almost the entire 
season, discharged the duties which are sup- 
posed to attach to that position, and it is 
certain that in his care the reputation of Mis- 
souri for generous and genuine hospitality did 
not suffer. 


J. M. WATTENBARGER 


Commissioner 


NEW HAMPSHIRE 


RIVATE interest in the Jamestown Ex- 
position was manifested in New Hamp- 
shire long before official action could be taken. 
This was delayed until the session of the Legis- 
lature which convened on the second of Janu- 
ary, 1907. The State Board of Trade and 
other similar organizations had adopted resolu- 
tions favoring New Hampshire’s representation 
and thus a sentiment was created which paved 
an easy way for the Appropriation Bill when it 
reached the Legislature. 

On the evening of January 15, 1907, Pres- 
ident Harry St. George Tucker, of the Exposi- 
tion Company addressed a large audience in 
the hall of the House of Representatives at 
Concord. He was introduced by General 
Henry M. Baker who had been a fellow mem- 
ber with Mr. Tucker in the National Congress. 
Mr. Tucker’s speech removed any lingering 
opposition which might have existed regarding 
the appropriation of funds for the State partici- 
pation, and on the next day a bill was intro- 
duced setting aside ten thousand dollars to ex- 
pend at the Ter-Centennial. It passed both 
branches without a dissenting voice or vote and 
became a law on the twelfth of February. By 
its provisions the expenditure of the fund was 
vested in the Governor and Council who thus 
became virtually the New Hampshire Commis- 
sion. ‘These officers were Honorable Charles 
M. Floyd of Manchester, Governor of New 
Hampshire, and a prominent merchant and 


361 


HONORABLE CHARLES M. FLOYD 
Governor of New Hampshire 


manufacturer of the State; Honorable Stephen 
S. Jewett, of Laconia; Honorable William H. 
C. Follansby, of Exeter; Honorable Herbert 
B. Viall, of Keene; Honorable J. Duncan 
Upham, of Claremont and Honorable Frank 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


P. Brown, of White- 
field, Councilors re- 
spectively from the 
five districts of New 
Hampshire. 

On February 20 
Governor Floyd, 
Secretary of State 
Edward N. Pear- 
son, and all the 
Councilors, except 
Mr. Follansby who 
was detained at 
home by reason of 
the illness of his wife—a sickness that later 
proved fatal—left New Hampshire on their 


Hon. H. C. FoLianssy 
Commissioner 


‘ m Consent: Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 
THE NEW HAMPSHIRE BUILDING 


first trip to Jamestown. During their stay they 
chose an excellent site for their building and 
made a contract for its erection. The building 
was a copy of the home of Governor Lloyd 
which had been built at Plymouth, N. H., in 
1784. The original is still standing and is 
occupied for a part of each year by Wood- 
bury Langdon of New York, a descendant of 


NEW 


HE State of New York evinced much in- 
terest in the Ter-Centennial. Its Legisla- 

ture accepted the invitation of the Exposition 
Company with a promptness confirmatory of 
cordiality and a liberality expressive of earnest- 
ness. Afterwards, the Commission voiced the 
sentiment of the people by the manner in which 
it carried out the law’s intent. ‘The State’s re- 
sponse dated from June 3, 1905, when the 
bill appropriating $150,000 for such purpose 
became a law. ‘Thus nearly two years were 


the Governor and a 
wealthy retired busi- 
ness man who con- 
tributed largely to 
the State’s fund for 
exhibitory purposes 
at the Ter-Centen- 
nial, providing spe- 
cifically for the fin- 
ishing of the hall 
of the building, 
making it an exact 
reproduction of the 
original. Work on 
the State headquarters was begun early in 
March without any formal exercises and as soon 


Hon. Hersert B. VIALL 
Commissioner 


as it was completed the building was thrown 
open to the public. William H. Topping, of 
Manchester, was appointed custodian of the 
building and he and Mrs. Topping were at the 
Exposition during the whole season. Several 
receptions were given at the State headquarters, 
the most notable of which was the entertainment 
of Governor Floyd on New Hampshire Day. 


YORK 


allotted for making suitable provisions for 
joining with the other States in the great cele- 
bration. The Act comprehended two objects, 
the erection of a State Building which should 
serve as an attractive rendezvous for people 
from New York and elsewhere, while it would 
also adorn the grounds, and the presentation 
of an exhibit of history, replete with its best 
memorials in the way of relics of noteworthy 
character. New York, the greatest Commer- 
cial Commonwealth, made no industrial display. 


362 


State Participation. 


CLARENCE Luce, Arcuitect; R. L. Morrett, Com’r; FRANK C. SouLe, Com’r; THomas B. Dunn, PRes. 
NEW YORK’S REPRESENTATIVES WHO SELECTED SITE 


A Commission of seven members was au- 
thorized by the Act and Governor Hughes 
appointed Thomas B. Dunn, of Rochester; 
Mrs. Donald McLean, of New York; Hugh 
Gordon Miller, of New York; Frank C. 
Soule, of Syracuse; Sheldon B. Broadhead, of 
Jamestown; Robert W. Pomeroy, of Buffalo, 
and Robert Lee Morrell, of New York. Mr. 
Dunn was elected 
Chief Commissioner 
and President, and 
Mrs. McLean Vice- 
President. Wailliam 
H. Hamlin, of Can- 
andaigua, was later 
appointed Secretary 
to the Commission, 
and Louis W. Gett 
and L. D. Field 
Assistant Secretaries. 
The Commission was 
organized on Decem- 
ber 4, 1905, and in 
January, 1906, the 
Executive Committee 
visited Norfolk and 
selected the site for 
the State Building. 
Ground was not 
broken for the head- 
quarters until January, 
1907, and the build- 
ing was uncompleted 
when the Exposition 
opened. 


The building occu- 


363 


HON. CHARLES EVANS HUGHES 


Governor of New York 


pied an imposing position on the water-front, 
the first of a number of State buildings which 
extended eastward from the Grand Basin 
along a _ beautiful driveway skirting the 
shore. Ass it was the nearest to this feature 
of the Grounds it came strongly into view, 
and its location added considerably to the 
effectiveness of the general landscape scheme. 
It fronted upon Wil- 
loughby Avenue; and 
the rear, nearly similar 
in architectural treat- 
ment, abutted on the 
shore and faced di- 
rectly towards Old 
Point Comfort, lying 
northward across the 
water. The view 
from the piazza, 
which ran the length 
of the building, was 
most attractive. It 
was not so close to the 
water, where the 
waves broke against a 
palisade in refreshing 
cadence during the 
heated term, but that 
it was possible to 
beautify the spot by 
converting the space 
a hundred feet in 
width, into a terraced 
lawn, relieved here 
and there by shrub- 
bery and flower-beds. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ROBERT W. POMEROY 


Commissioner 


The architect of the building was Clarence 
Luce, of New York city, and the style was 
Colonial, modified by an Italian feeling. A 
portico of six Roman-lonic columns, stately in 
proportions, marked the entrance. Upon the 
tympanum of the pediment was the coat-of- 
arms of the State executed in relief. On high, 
floated the State flag, the staff extending from 
a low dome, which rose from the center of the 
building. At the two ends of the edifice were 
porticoes. 

Passing under the main portico, one entered 
into a square hall, which extended the entire 
depth of the building, and above the center, 
a two-story rotunda gave a view of the dome. 
Placed in the middle of this hall was a life- 
size statue of a private soldier, appearing in the 
uniform of a State’s guardsman. 

The receiving room for the public was lib- 
erally supplied with handsome rugs, and upon 
the several corner tables were newspapers from 
every part of New York, and an enormous 
volume for the registration of guests. [Lounging 
places made it a welcome resort, and every 
visitor was made to feel at home. ‘There were 
several persons stationed here, ever ready to 
assist the stranger in any manner. Mrs. Nel- 
son H. Henry, wife of Adjutant-General 
Henry of New York, acted as permanent 
Hostess. 

Occupying the west wing, beyond the office 
and minor rooms flanking the bisecting hallway 
which conducted to it, was the parlor or room 


r | 


—~ 


a 


peel rebels vs ioas i ~ 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MRS. DONALD McLEAN 


Vice-Pres. New York Commission 


HUGH GORDON MILLER 


Commissioner 


for formal receptions. Here flowers were al- 
ways found in the huge vases which stood on 
mahogany tables in various parts of the spacious 
room, giving to it daily the appearance of being 
just prepared for some prominent guest. The 
furniture had been provided in extremely good 
taste, and besides the fireplace at the further 
end and a piano at the other, a noticeable fea- 
ture in the decoration scheme consisted of a 
collection of the portraits of New York’s 
thirty-four Governors, framed with their auto- 
graph letters, ranging from George Clinton in 
1789 down to Charles E. Hughes, the execu- 
tive in 1907. Suitably inscribed by gold let- 
tering, these attracted every visitor and fur- 
nished many minutes of more than casual 
study. 

Corresponding with this room, and located 
in the east wing, was the dining-room or ban- 
queting hall. The rows of white columns were 
kept decorated with festoons of flowering vines, 
and each of the numerous small tables ranged 
about the large one in the center, added its 
share of brilliant decoration by the vases 
heaped with Southern flowers. Luncheon and 
evening dinner were served there, and the doors 
open from the forenoon until ten o'clock at 
night. 

The New York Building was officially 
opened to the public by the President of the 
United States on the tenth of June, 1907. On 
July 4 a reception was tendered to Governor 


Hughes of New York and Prince Wilhelm of 


ee 


Clarence Luce, Architect, New York City. 


THE NEW YORK BUILDING 


364 


State Participation. 


Sweden was entertained at the building when 
he visited the Exposition. During New York 
Week a dinner was given to Governor Hughes 
and Mrs. Hughes on the night of October 9, 
and a reception was given to them on the fol- 
lowing night by the Commissioners. Many 
minor entertainments and functions were given 
from time to time by various commissioners of 
New York and by commissioners from other 
States, as well as by Exposition officials. The 
New York Building was operated in so far as 
its restaurant was concerned, on club principles. 


A competent caterer had charge and prominent 
people connected with the Exposition received 
cards entitling them to take advantage of the 
restaurant facilities offered. 

New York’s appropriation for the Exposi- 
tion was the largest made by any State except 
Virginia, and the New York Commissioners 
expended most judiciously the liberal fund at 
their command. ‘The President of the Com- 
mission, Thomas B. Dunn, was at the Exposi- 
tion almost continuously and he gave energetic 
direction to the Empire State’s affairs. 


NEW JERSEY 


HE New Jersey Commission to the James- 
town Exposition was appointed by the 
Honorable Edward C. Stokes, Governor of the 
State, and consisted of eleven members. The 
Act of 1905 which created the Commission car- 
ried an appropriation of only twenty-five thou- 
sand dollars, but the general appropriation bill 
of the next Legislature added fifty thousand to 
the sum, making a total of seventy-five thousand 
dollars for New Jersey’s expense account. 
The Commissioners were Clarence E. Brecken- 


ridge, of Maywood; Wallace M. Scudder, of 
Newark; Alfred Cooper, of Cape May Court 
House; Henry W. Leeds, of Atlantic City; 
D. Harry Chandler, of Vineland; James 
Harper Smith, of Somerville; Richard W. 
Herbert, of Wickatunk; James T. McMurray, 
of Plainfield; A. B. Leach, of South Orange; 


Dr. E. L. Stevenson, of New Brunswick, 
and Dr. Thomas K. Reed, of Atlantic 
City. 


The first meeting of the Commission was 
held at the State House of Trenton, early in 
January, 1906. At that time Mr. Brecken- 
ridge was chosen Chief Commissioner and Mr. 
Scudder Vice-President. No further organ- 


oo 
NEW JERSEY. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Consort ation. 


HONORABLE EDWARD C. STOKES 


Governor of New Jersey 


George E. Pool, Architect, Trenton, New Jersey. 


THE NEW JERSEY BUILDING 


365 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


RicHarp W. HERBERT CiareNcE E. BRECKENRIDGE Coronet Louis T. Bryant Dr. THomas K. Reep 
Commissioner Chief Commissioner Secretary Commissioner 


ization was then effected. On Washington’s 
birthday the Commission held its second meet- 
ing at the Virginia Club in the City of Nor- 
folk and Colonel Lewis T. Bryant was elected 
Secretary. Governor Stokes had accompanied | 
the Commission on the trip to Virginia and dur- 
ing the visit of the officials a site for the State 
building was selected. A luncheon and recep- 
tion was tendered to the Governor at the Club 
House and a graceful speech of welcome was 
delivered by former Governor William E. 
Wattace M. Scupper Cameron of Virginia, to whom Governor — James T. McMurray 
Commissioner Stokes eloquently responded. Coramiasiones 
R. C. Strehlow & Company were the con- 
tractors for the New Jersey Building. ‘There 
were no formal exercises to note the beginning 
of the builders’ work. The architect, George 
E. Pool, was the State Architect of New Jer- 
sey and he exercised a general supervision over 
the erection while C. W. Houpt, the State 
Superintendent, was practically in continuous 
charge of the construction. The building was 
of a colonial design, not unlike the one used by 
the State at the Chicago Exposition and closely 
resembled New Jersey’s headquarters at St. 
ieee COLE Louis. The resident hostess was Miss Edith HES ae 
maa eae B. Little of Plainfield and her courteous grace 
made the New Jersey Building famous for its 
welcome and generous hospitality. It was one 
of the few buildings completed in advance of 
the Opening Day. 
A collection of paintings by New Jersey 
artists hung in the building. Through the 
efforts of Professor Frank Forrest Frederick of 
the Trenton School of Art, this was made pos- 
sible and it was not only an interesting and 
extremely beautiful exhibit but proved to be a 
valuable factor in bringing into closer touch the 
en ae artists of the State. Governor Stokes was at Ee eee 
(eR RTAE all times much interested in the Exposition and Conmchstoeee 


James Harper SMITH Miss EpityH LItTLe D. Harry CHANDLER 
Commissioner Hostess Commissioner 


366 


State Participation. 


he took particular pride in his State’s participa- 
tion. He attended the Opening Day ceremo- 
nies and he was a member of the official party 
at the State’s exercises when he delivered an 
address which was exceptionally well received. 
The formal ceremonies of New Jersey Day 
were held at the reviewing stand and in the 
Auditorium on October 17. The official party 
left New Jersey on the evening of the fifteenth 
of October, traveling in four special cars. 
‘They spent the morning of the sixteenth sight- 
seeing and in the evening attended a formal 
dinner given in their honor at the New York 
Building. A reception to Governor Stokes 


was given at the New Jersey Building on the 
afternoon of the seventeenth and was one of 
the most attractive social functions of the Ex- 
position. Numerous informal entertainments 
were held from time to time at the building 
and an effort was made by the Commissioners 
and the hostess to welcome with cordial hos- 
pitality not only the residents of the “ Garden 
State ”’ but visitors from all parts of the Union. 
New Jersey’s participation at the Exposition 
was altogether pleasing and the State’s repre- 
sentatives made numerous friendships for them- 
selves personally and for the Commonwealth 
which they represented. 


NORTH CAROLINA 


UST before adjournment in 1905, the Leg- 
islature of North Carolina appropriated 
thirty thousand dollars for an exhibit at the Ex- 
position. At this time Government recognition 
seemed unlikely and the appropriation was ob- 
tained with difficulty. Later interest grew in 
North Carolina whetted largely by the activi- 
ties of the Honorable Robert B. Glenn, the 
energetic Chief executive of the State, and the 
succeeding Legislature not only added twenty 
thousand dollars to the previous appropriation 
but further appropriated five thousand dollars 


: aK 


Copyright, Jamesto 


for the purpose of enabling the negroes of 
North Carolina to exhibit the progress of the 
State’s colored population. The sentiment for 
these later appropriations was practically unan- 
imous, and the supplementary bills passed 
without a single dissenting vote. The original 
Act provided for the appointment of ten com- 
missioners, one from each Congressional Dis- 
trict, and in August, 1906, the Governor 
appointed the following gentlemen to represent 
“The Old North State: George S. Powell, 
of Asheville; G. W. Hinshaw, of Winston- 
Salem; D. C. Barnes, of Murfreesboro; E. L. 


367 


Daughtridge, of Rocky Mount; Colonel 
Joseph E. Pogue, of Raleigh; J. W. Atkin- 
son, of Wilmington; H. C. Dockery, of Rock- 
ingham; U. B. Blalock, of Wadesboro; D. J. 
Carpenter, of Newton, and Dr. John Faison, 
of Faison. These Commissioners met in the 
Governor’s office at Raleigh shortly after their 
appointment. Governor Glenn presided. The 
meeting was informal, and adjourned to re- 
convene at Norfolk on the eleventh of Sep- 
tember. A permanent organization was then 
effected and the following officers selected: 


President, George S. Powell; Vice-President, 
G. W. Hinshaw; Secretary, D. C. Barnes; 
Treasurer, E. L. Daughtridge; Commissioner- 
General, Joseph E. Pogue. The Executive 
Committee consisted of Messrs. Powell, Hin- 
shaw and Dockey. On the same day, the site 
for the North Carolina Building was chosen, 
and floor space in the States’ Exhibit Building 
was secured. [he Commissioners attended to 
all possible preliminary business at the time of 
this visit. Not only did they select their site 
and arrange for the collective exhibit of the 
State, but they secured space for North Caro- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Cot. G. W. HiInsHAw 
Vice-President 


Gerorce S. PowELL 
President 


ee ee) D HONORABLE ROBERT BRODNAX GLENN Gout ix 12) 
traci 7 U. S. District DELS SSH berg on of North Caro- salem teat 
ina 1905-1909 


lina’s mineral exhibit and a room in the History 
Building for the exhibit of the State’s historical 
treasures. [hey also obtained exhibit areas in 
the Social Economy Building and the Educa- 
tion Palace. 

Ground was not broken for the State Build- 
ing until the middle of January, 1907. The 
Architects were Zimmerman and Lester of 
Winston-Salem, and the builders J. E. Elliot 
and Brother of Hickory, N. C. Few States 


had more imposing headquarters, and no build- 


Cox. J. Witper ATKINSON jng on the ground was superior in construction. D. C. Barnes 


Commissioner 


; : Secret 
It was a fine permanent colonial home, built Sue a 


and finished throughout with North Carolina 
Pine. It was completed and turned over to 
the Commission on the sixth of June, all con- 
struction work having been delayed by reason 
of the extremely unfavorable weather condi- 
tions which obtained during the late winter and 
the early spring. ‘The house, however, had 
been used before that date. On May 20 the 
cadets from the North Carolina Miuilitary 
Academy entertained visitors with a band con- 
cert at the Building, and after the rendition of 
me aioe the band programme the young men sang col- 1 reine 
ee oe lege songs and played college stunts. Fag Tne 


D. J. CarRPENTER Miss Mary Irwin U. B. Bratocx 
Commissioner Hostess Commissioner 


368 


State Participation. 


Miss Mary Irwin was in charge of the 
Building for the first half of the Exposition and 
Mrs. Charles Maclvor of Greensboro occupied 
the same position during the latter half. In 
Colonel Pogue’s report on North Carolina’s 
participation, he says: ‘* Both of these ladies 
proved to be ideal managers and the North 
Carolina Commission feels under many obliga- 
tions to them for the very faithful and efficient 
manner in which they discharged their many 
obligations and important duties.” ‘The sev- 
eral Commissioners, by agreement among 
themselves as to dates, occupied the Building 
for various periods. Each of the gentlemen 
was accompanied by his wife and the division 
of duty was so arranged that one Commissioner 
was constantly at the Building. 

If Virginia’s headquarters were excepted, 
and possibly not even this exception need be 
made, North Carolina’s Building could claim 
the honor of entertaining the largest number of 
visitors, and certainly the register of that State 
showed the most signatures. This was doubt- 
less due partly to the close proximity of North 
Carolina, but equally as important a contribu- 
tive factor was the proportion of North Caro- 
linians living in Norfolk. In every way Gov- 
ernor Glenn contributed to the success of North 
Carolina’s participation. He was in the fore- 
front in each movement undertaken to arouse 
public interest in the Ter-Centennial, and in 
his efforts he was ably assisted by the entire 
Commission, especially by the Executive Com- 


missioner, Colonel Joseph E. Pogue, who spent 
a large part of his time at the Exposition and 
devoted his splendid energies and intelligence 
to the cause of North Carolina and to the gen- 
eral welfare of the celebration. 

North Carolina Day was a spectacular suc- 
cess and only on four occasions during the Ex- 
position did the gross attendance exceed the 
figures recorded by the “ Old North State ”’ 
celebrants. On two of these occasions, Open- 
ing Day and Georgia Day, the President of 
the United States was present, on another, Vir- 
ginia Day, the passes exceeded the paid ad- 
missions, and North Carolina’s paid attendance 
was in excess of Virginia’s. The fourth day 
was Independence Day, a public holiday—the 
Fourth of July—when a holiday crowd from 
Tidewater thronged the grounds. Without 
any extraneous aid, therefore, North Carolina 
made a remarkable showing, perhaps the best 
at the Exposition, and on her State day the 
Auditorium certainly was crowded as it was 
on no other occasion. A splendid banquet 
was tendered to the Governor of North Caro- 
lina, and to the other State officials, by the 
North Carolina Society of Norfolk on the 
evening of the fourteenth of August, and on 
the evening of North Carolina Day, the fif- 
teenth, the Commissioners gave a public recep- 
tion to Governor Glenn. Several thousand 
visitors were at the North Carolina Building 
on that occasion and the event was in every 
way a brilliant success. 


OHIO 


HIO appropriated seventy-five thousand 
dollars for its participation in the Ter- 
Centennial and provided for the appointment of 


five Commissioners to supervise the expenditures 
and arrange the exhibits. Governor John M. 


Pattison, at that time the Chief Executive of 


HONORABLE JOHN M. PATTISON 
Elected Governor of Ohio for term 1906-1909 
Died June 18, 1906 


369 


HONORABLE ANDREW LINTNER HARRIS 
Lieutenant-Governor of Ohio 1892-1896—Member U. S. In- 
dustrial Commission 1898-1902—Goyernor of Ohio 1906-1909 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


here ae 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


a ; 
Joseph N. Bradford, Architect, Columbus, Ohio. 


“ ADENA,” THE OHIO BUILDING 


the State, appointed Braxton W. Campbell, 
of Cincinnati; John P. Given, of Circleville; 
Clive C. Handy, of Wauseon; George W. 
Knight, of Columbus, and Ernest R. Root, of 
Medina, Commissioners. Upon the death of 
Governor Pattison, the Honorable Andrew 
L. Harris, Lieutenant-Governor, succeeded 
him. The new Chief Executive continued 
It is rather noteworthy that 


the Commission. 


Ernest R. Root 
Vice-President 


Braxton W. CAMPBELL 
President 


this was the only Democratic Board that was 
retained by Governor Harris. The Com- 
missioners organized their Board very soon 
after they had been appointed; Braxton W. 
Campbell was chosen President; Ernest R. 
Root, Vice-President, and George W. Knight, 
Secretary. Stuart R. Bolin, of Circleville, 
was Executive Commissioner. 

Ohio erected a per- 
manent building, re- 
producing “* Adena ” 
the stone house which 
stands just beyond 
the limits of Chilli- 
cothe in Ross County, 
Ohio. ‘‘Adena” was 
built by Thomas 
4 ~ . Worthington, the first 
al United States Senator 
from the new Ohio 
Territory, and it was 


/ 


ym 


Sita pe 


Miss BiancHe E. Capot 
Hostess 


in 1799, while serving in the Upper House 
of the National Congress, that the founda- 
tions for his home were laid. The original 
building was designed by the famous Latrobe 
Brothers, the French architects who built the 
first Capitol at Washington, and not only 
was the replica a faithful copy of the old 
exterior, but the arrangement of rooms was 
identical. 


Grorce W. KnicHT 
Secretary 


JoHNn P. Given 
Commissioner 


The furnishings of the Ohio headquarters 
were extremely elegant; and the mural decora- 
tions, ceilings and frescoes all were executed 
in water colors and were very attractive. 
Antique rugs and draperies abounded. Heavy 
antique mahogany and black walnut chairs and 
tables were in evidence. The Hanley-Casey 
Company of Chicago and Norfolk were the 
contractors who 
erected the building 
and the work was 
completed in time for 
the opening of the 
fair. While only one 
of a great number, 
perhaps the principal 
social event of the 
Ohio Building was 
a reception given to 
Governor Harris on 


Ohio Day. 


Stuart R. Botin 
Executive Commissioner 


370 


State Participation. 


PENNSYLVANIA 


HE Pennsylvania Legislature by a joint 

resolution approved May I1, 1905, appro- 
priated one hundred thousand dollars to defray 
the expenses of the State’s participation in the 
Jamestown Exposition. Honorable Samuel 
W. Pennypacker, at that time Governor of 
Pennsylvania, was determined that his State 
should be most worthily represented and he 
named an exceedingly strong Commission: 


Honorable William S. Harvey, Honorable 
John F. Lewis, Colonel E. T. Stotesbury, 
Honorable James Pollock, of Philadelphia; 
Honorable George T. Oliver, of Pittsburgh; 
Honorable Algernon B. Roberts, of Bala; 


Honorable H. Gaither, of Greensburgh; Hon- 


orable T. B. Patton, of Huntington; Honor- 
able C. C. Frick, of York; Honorable John S. 
Arndt, of Ardmore, and Honorable E. M. 
Thomas, of Torresdale. The President of the 
Senate added the following members of the 
Upper House: Honorable William C. Sproul, 
of Chester; Honorable John M. Scott, of 
Philadelphia; Honorable Samuel P. White, of 
Beaver; Honorable J. Henry Cochran, of 
Williamsport. 


members of the Lower House to serve FS 
on the Commission: Honorable Henry 

F. Walton, of Philadelphia; Honorable | 
Frank B. McClain, of Lancaster; 
Honorable William Wayne, of “~ 
Paoli; Honorable H. I. Riley, of Millvale; 


Honorable F. W. Jackson, of Apollo; Hon- \ 
Gov- | | 


orable L. O. McLane, of Linesville. 
ernor Pennypacker and Lieutenant-Governor 
William M. Brown were ex-officio members, 
and at the expiration of their terms of office 
they were succeeded by Governor Edwin S. 
Stuart and Lieutenant-Governor Robert S. 
Murphy. 

After the organization an executive com- 
mittee was elected with Honorable Henry F. 
Walton, Chairman, and Messrs. Sproul, Har- 
vey Pollock, Jackson, Sena Lewis, Oli- 
ver and Thomas. _s Colonel - 


James H. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


The Speaker of the House , 
of Representatives selected the following # 


| 


Lambert, of Philadelphia, was appointed Ex- 
ecutive officer, Honorable Bromley Whar- 


HonoraBLE SAMUEL WHITAKER PENNYPACKER 
Presiding Judge Court Common Pleas, Philadelphia, 
Governor of Pennsylvania 1903-1904 


1902— 


ton, Secretary, and Colonel E. T. Stotesbury, 
ae ie Mr. Wharton was. suc- 
£ ceeded as Secretary on May 1, 1907, 
° by A. B. Miller, Private Seebie to 

§ Governor Stuart. 
The first visit to Norfolk by an au- 
-. thorized representative of Pennsyl- 
@> vania occurred in the latter part of 
Ht January, 1906. Colonel James 
| H. Lambert then examined the 
“~~ site which had been assigned to 
Pennsylvania, but the location 
away from the water front did 
not appeal to the Executive 
Officer as he chose to face 


Hampton Roads. During 
April, 1906, the Board of 
Governors offered another 


location Ey at the corner 
|) of Willoughby 


Avenue and 


Architects, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 


Brockie & Hastings, 


*“ INDEPENDENCE HALL,” THE PENNSYLVANIA BUILDING 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Hon. Rosert S. Mureuy 
Lieut.-Goy. Pennsylvania 
Commissioner 


Hon. Henry F. Watton 
Chairman Executive Com. 


HONORABLE EDWIN SIDNEY STUART 
Mayor of Philadelphia 1891-1895—Governor of Pennsylvania 


Cot. E. T. StToTeEsBury 1907-1911 Cot. James H. LAMBERT 
Treasurer Ex. Officer Pa. Com. 


wealth Avenue West. ‘This was accepted and 
ground was broken for the erection of the 
Pennsylvania Building on July 20. The 
Building was completed on the first day of 
May, 1907. 

The imposing headquarters of the ““ Key- 
stone ’ Commonwealth accorded well with the 
splendid resources of Pennsylvania and fitted 
into her historical story. “The building was a 
reproduction of “‘ Independence Hall” and 
was in every important respect a faithful copy. 

— In order to provide interior accommodations and 
Hon. Wm. C. SprouL —_ conveniences, some departure from the original Hon. JAMEs Pottock 
Executive Committee a iF ee Executive Committee 
plans were obviously necessary, but eliminating 
these minor changes, old Independence Hall 
seemed actually on view. ‘The architects of 
the building were Brockie and Hastings of 
Philadelphia, and the builders, the Hanley- 
Casey Company of Chicago. A distinctly 
useful ornament was a large clock installed in 
the tower. ‘This time-piece told the hours with 
perfect regularity and was the Exposition’s 
chronometer; the bell, announcing the passing 
of each hour, could be heard from end to end 
of the Exposition territory. 
The furniture of the building was entirely 
Te a ea Colonial and well accorded with the architec- Cee an 


Hon. JoHn F. Lewis Hon. Wn. S. Harvey Hon. F. W. Jackson Hon. E. M. Tuomas 


Executive Committee Executive Committee Executive Committee Executive Committee 


372 


State Participation. 


tural theme. A few modern ap- 
pointments were admitted, and 
some departures from the heavy 
Colonial mahogany were made, 
for the lighter furniture of mission — 
and wicker were better adapted 
to the uses of a State headquarters 
where chairs and settees need fre- 
quently to be moved. Faithful 
portraits of the chief executives of 
the State and other men famous in 
the history of Pennsylvania, 
and of Pennsylvanians who 
had played  promi- 
nent parts in the Na- 
tion’s history, adorned 
the walls of the 
building, and a com- 
plete set of reproduc- 
tions showed the por- 
traits of the Signers 
of the Declaration 
of Independence. 
Through the persever- 
ance and_ intelligent 
interest of the Execu- 
tive Officer, a unique 
display of Pennsyl- 
vanias municipal emblems was _ secured 
and formed a conspicuous and important 
exhibit. 

The doors of the Pennsylvania Building 
were formally thrown open at noon Opening 
Day. Governor Stuart was present and he re- 
ceived many distinguished guests. The build- 
ing was the scene of a number of interesting 
social functions. Several Pennsylvania cities 


RHODE 


N the Spring of 1905 Rhode Island ac- 
cepted the invitation extended by General 
Lee, and appointed as a Commission of En- 
quiry to determine the form of the State’s par- 
ticipation and to estimate the incident expenses, 
Justice John Taggard Blodgett of the Supreme 
Court of Rhode Island, William Payne Shef- 
field, Dennis H. Sheehan, Joseph P. Burlin- 
game and George Batchelor. ‘These gentle- 
men were the first Commissioners to visit the 
Exposition and they determined that their State 
should participate only in the social and his- 
torical features of the Exposition. Subse- 
quently forty-five thousand dollars was appro- 
priated for the expenses of this Commission 
which was made permanent and designated as 
the “Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition 
Commission of Rhode Island.” Justice Blod- 
gett was President, Mr. Sheffield Vice-Pres- 
ident, Mr. Burlingame Treasurer, and Mr. 
Sheehan Secretary. George N. Kingsbury of 
Providence was appointed Executive Commis- 
sloner. 
The architect of the State Building was Ed- 
win IT. Banning of Providence and the build- 
ers the Hanley-Casey Company of Chicago 


- 


373 


MISS ROSA NEILSON WHARTON 
Hostess 


HORACE B. ROWLAND AND MRS. ROWLAND 
Custodians of Pennsylvania Building 


had special days and for the social 
features of these occasions the 
building served as the scene. The 
historical character of the edifice 
naturally made it a focal point for 
patriotic societies, such as the De- 
scendants of the Signers of the 
Declaration of Independence, the 
Daughters of the American Revo- 
lution, Colonial Dames of Amer- 
ica, the Sons of the American 
Revolution and the Society of 
Colonial Wars. 

During the greater 
part of the Exposition, 
Miss Rosa Neilson 
Wharton of Philadel- 
phia acted as hostess. 
The custodian of the 
_ building was Horace 
B. Rowland who, 
with Mrs. Rowland, 
was constantly present 
to receive visitors and 
extend to them the 
courtesies of the Com- 
monwealth. Colonel 
Lambert frequently 
visited the Exposition and the participation of 
Pennsylvania was under his direct supervision. 
To its slightest detail he gave personal atten- 
tion. The chief function was the Pennsylvania 
Day Celebration, October 4th, when the 
Commissioners gave a reception to Governor 
Stuart, and for that event over two thousand 
invitations were issued. During the evening the 
building was crowded. 


ISLAND 


and Norfolk. The contract required that the 
building should be completed by February 1, 
1907, and it was ready for occupancy before 
that time. Rhode Island established thereby 
a record. Its Commissioners were the first to 
view the site and its building was the first to be 
completed. Few States were as well repre- 
sented in a social way as was Rhode Island, 
the smallest of the Commonwealths. On 
Opening Day His Excellency, James H. 
Higgins, the Governor of the State, and the 
Attorney-General, William B. Greenough 
accompanied by the Governor’s personal Staff, 
Colonels A. A. Tucker, J. A. Ryan, J. F. 
Archambault, H. A. Baker, J. P. Murphy 
and J. O. Hunt; the Governor’s general Staff, 
consisting of Brigadier-Generals F. M. 
Sackett, W. H. Walker, W. R. Stiness and 
G. H. Kenyon, Colonel J. H. Weatherell, and 
Lieutenant-Colonel Lester S. Hill; the Justices 
of the Supreme Court, Chief Justice William 
W. Douglas, and Associate Justices Edward 
C. Dubois, C. H. Johnson and C. F. Park- 
hurst, and the five members of the Commission 
constituted the official party. 


On the 29th of April, the Governor, accom- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


HONORABLE eae HENRY HIGGINS 


Mayor of Pawtucket, 1903-1906—Goyernor Rhode 
Island, 1907. ‘1908-1908. 1909 


panied by his full personal and general Staff, 
and the other members of the Rhode Island 
party, paid an official call upon Rear-Admiral 
Robley D. Evans commanding the North At- 
lantic Fleet. The distinguished party were 
received on board the flagship ““ Connecticut ” 
with due ceremonies and when they departed 
the sides of the ship were manned and a salute 
of seventeen guns was fired. The Rhode 
Islanders then visited the battleship which bore 
the name of their State and were ceremoniously 
received by Captain Bowman, the commander. 
They presented to the Captain and the other 
officers of the ship a photographic reproduction 
of the deed which conveyed “ the great Island 
of Acquidneck’”’ (Rhode Island), to “* Mr. 
Coddington and his friends” for “* forty fath- 
oms of white beades.” The paper dated 
March 24, 1637, was signed by the Sachems 
of the Narragansetts, Canonicus and Mianto- 
nomoh, and witnessed by Roger Williams. In 


aE ET araeatoon Official Photogr 5 MOG sRRCRHOR: 


g 
THE RHODE ISLAND BUILDING 


the fleet under the command of Rear-Admiral 
Evans were two other boats besides the one 
which bore the State patronymic which might 
appropriately have been visited, for the only 
monitors anchored in Hampton Roads bore the 
dignified names of these Narragansett Sachems, 


the ““ Canonicus ’’ being a very early type and 
the “ Miantonomoh,” a modern harbor de- 
fender. 


On Tuesday, April 30th, the Rhode Island 
Building was formally dedicated. “There were 
a large number of invited guests present. 
These included the President and other officers 
of the Exposition Company, officers of the 
Army and Navy, President Hadley of Yale 
and the Commissioners from all of the other 
States who were at that time at the Exposition. 
Justice Blodgett, the President of the Commis- 
sion, delivered an appropriate historical address 
and Governor Higgins spoke briefly. Subse- 
quently the members of the Commission enter- 
tained the Governor at a reception which was 
largely attended. September | Oth was selected 
as Rhode Island Day because it was the anni- 
versary of the battle of Lake Erie. The State 
was exceptionally well represented on that 
occasion. The Honorable James H. Higgins, 
Governor of the State, was accompanied from 


Rhode Island by the Secretary of State, Hon- 
orable Charles P. Bennett, State Auditor 
Honorable Charles C. Gray, the Governor’s 
personal and general staff, ten Rhode Island 
Senators, the Speaker of the Rhode Island 
House of Representatives, Honorable Roswell 
B. Burchard, and twenty-four of his fellow rep- 
resentatives, William H. P. Faunce, D.D., 
LL.D., President of Brown University, and a 
score of other distinguished citizens of the 
State. 

The Governor was entertained on the eve- 
ning of his arrival by President Tucker of the 
Exposition Company at his residence in Nor- 
folk. During the afternoon of September 
10th a reception was held at the Rhode Island 
Building. In the receiving line were Governor 
Higgins, Brigadier-General Fred M. Sackett, 
of Providence, Dr. Faunce and the members 
of the Commission who were assisted by Mrs. 


374 


State Participation. 


Claude A. Swanson, Mrs. J. Taylor Ellyson, 
Mrs. H. St. George Tucker, and Mrs. John 
Taggard Blodgett. Through the courtesy of 
Lieutenant-Colonel José Manterola, Chairman 
of the Mexican Commission, the services of the 
Mexican National Band were tendered for the 
occasion. 

Aside from the formal reception on Rhode 
Island Day, the most important social function 
given at the Rhode Island Building was a 
Colonial Ball which was attended by more 
than one hundred couples, and at which most of 
the young ladies appeared in gowns of the 
Colonial era with their hair properly puffed 
and whitened and their faces decorated with 
patches. Many rare old brooches, cameos, 
reticules and miniatures were in evidence. 
Justice Blodgett and Mrs. Blodgett who were 
the State’s official host and hostess received the 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 
Hon. G. BatcHetor, Hon. W. P. SHEFFIELD, Hon. DeNNis H. SHEAHAN, Hon. J. T. BLopcett, Hon. J. P. BurLincaME 


THE RHODE ISLAND COMMISSION 


guests. The Ball room was decorated with 
the flags of the Stuarts and Continental ensigns, 
St. George crosses, a number of historical 
standards and the official banners of New 
York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jer- 
sey, North Carolina, Ohio, Vermont, Pennsyl- 
vania, Virginia and Rhode Island. 

The President of the Commission and Mrs. 
Blodgett were present during the greater part 
of the season, and they entertained at a number 
of other dances, dinners and receptions, and 
gave to the Rhode Island Building a fame for 
hospitality. 

The Rhode Island Building at the Exposi- 
tion was exceedingly imposing in design and of 
distinguished appearance. It was one of the 
largest of the State buildings that adorned the 
shore line of Hampton Roads. It faced nearly 
one hundred feet on Willoughby Avenue, was 


375 


sixty feet deep and two and a half stories high. 
On three sides north, east and west, there was 
a wide two story veranda, but the south face 
was unadorned. ‘The building was surrounded 
by a beautiful lawn full of shrubbery and 
blooms. 

The upper floors of the Rhode Island house 
were tastefully furnished and served as a head- 
quarters for the Commission and visiting Rhode 
Islanders. ‘The first floor was an immense 
drawing room filled with luxurious chairs and 
couches. Heavy carpets were on the floors 
and the white walls were adorned with por- 
traits and flags of Colonial days. <A fine pic- 
ture of Charles II and a reproduction of the 
Royal Charter which he granted to Rhode 
Island occupied a prominent position. The pic- 
ture of the English Monarch was reproduced 
from an original portrait in the possession of 


EET «cr 
f : ws 


Brown University. It showed the King in 
royal robes holding the sceptre in his right 
hand. 

Near the picture of the Stuart King were 
the banner of his illustrious but fated family 
and the portrait of Katherine of Braganza, his 
Queen Consort. A portrait of Nathaniel 
Green was placed conspicuously, as was also the 
framed reproduction of an oil painting of Com- 
modore Oliver Hazard Perry and a replica of 
the flag carried by his vessel. An excellently 
executed portrait of Admiral Esek Hopkins, 
the first Commander-in-Chief of the Continental 
Navy, attracted attention. A reproduction of 
the banner of St. George, which was carried by 
the English troops during the Revolution, a 
photographic copy of the famous Gaspee com- 
mission which was issued by George III, all 
loomed large historically. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


VERMONT 


N December, 1906, the Legislature of Ver- 
mont passed an Act providing for the rep- 
resentation of that State at the Jamestown Ex- 
position and appropriated ten thousand dollars 
for the purpose. Governor Fletcher D. Proc- 
tor appointed as members of the Commission 
Frederick L. Davis, of Pomfret; Edgar O. 
Silver, of Darby; J. F. Manning, of Rutland; 
Edward M. Goddard, of Montpelier; Charles 
S. Forbes, of St. Albans, and James E. Pol- 
lard, of Chester. The Governor designated 
Lieutenant-Governor George H. Prouty to rep- 
resent him on the Commission. 
Lieutenant-Governor Prouty acted as Chair- 
man of the Vermont Board, and with the 
Commissioners visited Norfolk early in Jan- 
uary, 1907. At that time a site for the State 
Building was selected and as soon as possible 
thereafter plans for the structure were prepared. 
Building operations were begun during the first 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


a4 
| 
JS 


Mrs. Epwarp M. Gopparp 
Hostess 


Epwarp M. Gopparp 
Resident Commissioner 


and a member of the Commission, was in 
charge of the historical exhibit made by the 
State; and, while he was not permanently sta- 
tioned at the Exposition, made frequent and 
lengthy visits. The Lieutenant-Governor also 
gave much of his time and ability to his State’s 


Miss Josephine W. Chapman, Architect, New York City. 


THE VERMONT BUILDING 


week of March; but, owing to inclement 
weather and scarcity of labor, progress was 
very slow. When the house was ready for 
occupancy, about the middle of June, Mrs. E. 
M. Goddard assumed charge as resident hostess 
and in that capacity admirably served her State. 

Vermont’s headquarters was not large but 
extremely attractive. Appropriately it stood in 
the New England section, immediately adjacent 
to the Buildings of Connecticut and Rhode 
Island and not far from the State houses of 
Massachusetts and New Hampshire. ‘There 
was nothing elaborate about the exterior of the 
cottage or its within-door decorations, yet it 
was furnished with admirable taste and the 
walls were well covered with picturesque 
“Green Mountain’ views and portraits of 
Vermonters whose services to State and Nation 


had been distinguished. 
E. M. Goddard, State Librarian of Vermont 


service. Mrs. Goddard, who had _ taken 
charge of the building before it was formally 
opened, remained its directress until the Expo- 
sition was over. 

On September 18—Vermont Day—the 
Commission entertained Governor Proctor, 
Lieutenant-Governor Prouty, the Honorable 
Joseph A. de Boer, the orator of the occasion, 
and a few other guests. 

The architect of the State Headquarters was 
Miss Josephine Wright Chapman of New 
York City, a native Vermonter, and she well 
sustained her reputation in this building for de- 
signing attractive country homes. The Han- 
ley-Casey Company were the builders. The 
Vermont house served its purpose admirably. 
It was not adapted for large functions, but visit- 
ing Vermonters or guests from other States al- 
ways were received graciously and carried 
away with them pleasant impressions. 


376 


State Participation. 


WEST VIRGINIA 


OVERNOR WM. M. O. DAWSON 

of West Virginia designated as_ his 
State’s representatives to the Jamestown Exposi- 
tion six very distinguished citizens of the “ Lit- 
tle Mountain State.’ United States Senator 
Stephen B. Elkins was President of the Com- 
mission; former Governor William A. Mc- 
Corkle of Charleston was Vice-President, and 
Honorable Fred. M. Staunton, Treasurer. The 
three other Commissioners, each of whom had at 
one time been Governor of West Virginia, were 
Honorable Aretus Brooks Fleming, Honorable 
George Wesley Atkinson, and the Honorable 
Albert Blakeslee White. Honorable Virgil 
A. Lewis, the State Historian, was appointed 
Secretary to the Commission. Shortly after 
the Exposition opened former Governor Mc- 
Corkle and Mr. Staunton resigned, and New- 


= ae ; ae 
Corporation. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph 
THE WEST 


ton M. Ogdin, the State Treasurer, and Virgil 
A. Lewis were appointed as their successors. 
Mr. Staunton continued to act as Treasurer 
and Dr. George Lounsbery succeeded Mr. 
Lewis as Secretary. Near the close of the 
Exposition former Governor White resigned 
and Brigadier-General Edwin L. Boggs of 
Charleston succeeded him. 

For the participation of West Virginia an 
appropriation of fifty-five thousand dollars was 
made by the Legislature on the ninth day of 
February, 1907, and subsequently this public 
appropriation was augmented by contributions 
from private individuals until the total sum in 
the Treasury of the Commission aggregated 
more than seventy thousand dollars. 

The first official visit of a West Virginia 
Commissioner was made by Honorable Wil- 
liam A. McCorkle, who, during the early part 
of November, 1906, selected a site for the 
State Building. Att that time no appropriation 
had been made but the sentiment throughout 


377 


Rabenstein & Warne, Architects, Charlest 


VIRGINIA BUILDING 


West Virginia was strongly in favor of main- 
taining an adequate headquarters, and while 
interest in an exhibit was slight, there seemed 
to be no doubt that sufficient funds would be 
provided for the State’s social and official 
participation. 

The West Virginia Building was a credit 
to the State. It was a slightly modified Colo- 
nial type with a strictly classic portico adorned 
by four great columns whose Doric capitals 
were surmounted by Doric cornice. On both 
the first and second floors, verandas extended 
around three sides of the house. The roof was 
dormered and the building was tinted buff. 
Massive entrance doors led from the vestibule 
into a large reception hall and beyond this 
apartment was a grand stairway leading to the 
second story. A landing window lighting the 


ae ET 4 Bie 


on, West Virginia. 


stairway bore the great Seal of the State re- 
produced in stained glass. The reception hall 
was supported by surrounding pilasters of Ionic 
design and upon them mahogany beams rested. 
The apartments on the first floor were arranged 
in open community and practically made one 
huge room. Specifically the lower floor con- 
sisted of a reception hall, a drawing room and 
a general parlor, and there were besides two 
small enclosed rest rooms. The West Virginia 
furniture was massive and elegant and in per- 
fect keeping with the architectural style of the 
building. On the second floor were bath and 
bed rooms, and many distinguished citizens of 
the State occupied these apartments from time 
to time. 

West Virginia Day witnessed a thousand 
guests crowded into the State Building at a 
reception given by Governor and Mrs. Wil- 
liam M. O. Dawson in honor of their distin- 
guished guest, the Honorable George B. 
Cortelyou, Secretary of the United States 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Ex-Goy. ALBERT B. WHITE 
Vice-President 


U. S. Senator S. B. ELKINs 
President 


HonorasLe WILLIAM Mercer Owens Dawson 
Secretary of State West Virginia 1897-1905—Governor of 
Ex-Governor A. B. FLEMING West Virginia 1905-1909 Ex-Gov. G. W. ATKINSON 


Commissioner Commissioner 


Treasury. This was but one of a number of 
elaborate functions for which the State head- 
quarters served as a scene. 

The Architects of the West Virginia Build- 
ing were Rabenstein & Warne, and the build- 
ers A. P. Withrow & Company, both of 
Charleston, W. Va. 

No host or hostess was appointed for the 
building, but the Secretary to the Commission, 
first Mr. Lewis and later Dr. Lounsbery, 
acted as host, while Miss Olivia Creel Butcher 
of Parkersburg, W. Va., the Assistant Secre- 


Newton M. Ocpin tary, served admirably as hostess. Bric.-Gen. Epwin L. Boces 
Commissioner Commissioner 


NORTH DAKOTA 


ORTH DAKOTA was the only State at made by the Legislature, but C. A. Everhart of 
the Exposition that was represented by a_ Fargo, N. Dak., visited Norfolk when the Ex- 
single commissioner. No appropriation was position was still in the making, and was so 


; aa 
ae 
= 
{ 
toed . 
MRS. C. A. EVERHART LITTLE HENRY C. A. EVERHART 
Hostess North Dakota Building The Exposition Mascot Commissioner from North Dakota 


378 


State Participation. 


Copyright, Jamestown 


Gal Bietaraph TRS ation. 
THE NORTH DAKOTA BUILDING 


impressed with the vastness of the undertaking 
that he determined to have his section of the 
Union represented. A bill was passed through 
the Legislature of North Dakota, at his in- 
stance, resolving that the State should partici- 
pate but making no appropriation. Mr. Ever- 
hart was appointed the sole commissioner. 

The failure of the State to provide funds for 
a building made no difference to the Commis- 
sioner, who at his own expense erected a head- 
quarters for his fellow citizens. A quaint and 
extremely comfortable little house just in the 
rear of the large brick Maryland Building bore 
the legend “* North Dakota.” A large open 
fireplace, within which during the cool days 
huge crackling logs burnt and sputtered, gave 
an air of cheerfulness and comfort to the main 
hall and reception room, which extended across 


the breadth of the building. Easy chairs, 


couches and tables furnished this room. Mr. 
and Mrs. Everhart and their children, one of 
whom—‘‘ Little Henry ”—was the Exposition 
“Mascot,” cordially welcomed all visitors 
from “The Land of the Dacotahs,” and 
Dakota “ booster’’ buttons were there in evi- 
dence. 

Dakota made no exhibit of any sort, his- 
torical or commercial. The building was a 
headquarters for the citizens of the State, and 
scarcely a day passed that someone from the 
far northwest did not stroll in. Large numbers 
of Dakotans visited the Exposition. and this 
attendance was in great measure due to the 
active efforts of the Commissioner, who at home 
is a prominent manufacturer, and whose weekly 
letters to the papers of Fargo and other cities 
in the State undoubtedly aroused considerable 
interest. 


KG 
STATE COMMISSIONERS’ ASSOCIATION. 


The Commissioners, representing the States which maintained headquarters at the Exposi- 


. . . ote ry . : 
tion, organized themselves into a “ State Commissioners’ Association.” 


To a large extent this 


was a social club, but it was also a business body and a means of advertising the Exposition. 


Colonel John H. Given of Ohio was President of the Association. 


The Commissioners met weekly at some one of the different State Buildings. 


Such or- 


ganizations are usual at Expositions, but at the Ter-Centennial the Commissioners were espe- 
cially active in their support of the celebration, and always gave cordial co-operation to the various 
plans which were devised for removing the chief difficulties that confronted the management. 


SGNNOUD NOILLISOdXY AHL OL AONVULNA NIVIN 


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Le es ee eee ee ee Be SN 
F—. estate ee oat 


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380 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


ARCH OF GOVERNMENT PIER 


CHAPTER X 


SPECIAL PARTICIPATION 


MUNICIPAL—RICHMOND, COUNCIL ORDINANCE AND COMMITTEE, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 

ASSUMES CHARGE, RESIDENT REPRESENTATIVE CITY BUILDING, HEADQUARTERS FOR OTHER 

CITIES; BALTIMORE, MOTIVES FOR BUILDING, MEANS EMPLOYED TO FINANCE, CONDUCT OF 
HOUSE, BALTIMORE’S JAMESTOWN COMMISSION 

RELIGIOUS—BAPTIST EXHIBIT, FINANCIAL PLAN, STYLE OF BUILDING, CHARACTER OF EXHIB- 


ITS, DISTINGUISHED VISITORS; PAN-PRESBYTERIAN 


EXHIBIT, CLASSIFICATIONS, THOROUGH- 


NESS OF DEMONSTRATONS, COMPOSITION OF GOVERNING BOARD 
PATRIOTIC—BEAUVOIR, VIRGINIA DIVISION UNITED DAUGHTERS OF THE CONFEDERACY, 
BUILDING COMMITTEE, CHOICE SITE, TYPICAL BUILDING, FINE MANAGEMENT, METHOD OF 

MAINTENANCE 
FRATERNAL—TRAVELERS’ PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION, T. P. A. BUILDING 


N effort was made by the 
Jamestown managers to 
induce a number of the 
principal American mu- 
nicipalities to establish 
headquarters at the Ex- 
position. Although the subject appeared in- 
teresting to the representatives of several cities, 
only two decided to participate. “These were 
Richmond, the capitol of the Old Dominion, 


and Baltimore, the great Southern metropolis. 


RICHMOND BUILDING 
The Richmond City Council passed an 


ordinance in 1907 providing ten thousand 
dollars as an appropriation for the erection of 
a Richmond City Building at the Exposition, 
and placed the fund in charge of the Council’s 
Committee on Ground and Building, Robert 
Whittit, Jr., Chairman, W. H. Adams, 
Reuben Burton, John L. Saterfield, Jefferson 
C. Powers, W. T. Atkinson, C. P. Davis, 
G. B. Hobson, T. Francis Green, and A. L. 
Philipps. As the work progressed, a sub- 
committee, Reuben Burton, Robert Whittit, 
Jr., and T. Francis Green, supervised the con- 
struction. [The Chamber of Commerce of the 
City of Richmond furnished and maintained 
the building. John Stuart Bryan, E. C. Ladd, 
John B. Purcell, W. S. Rhoades, T. C. Wil- 
liams, Jr., and Henry W. Wood, Chairman, 
were the Committee in charge. 

As soon as the building was completed, it 
was formally given into the care of the Cham- 
ber of Commerce Committee, and the responsi- 
bility for its maintenance and conduct rested 
with the business body. As agent of the 
Chamber of Commerce, J. H. Chataigne of 


381 


Richmond was in charge of the building. His 
wife and two daughters were with him and 
most creditably did they dispense Richmond 
hospitality. 

The building occupied a position not far 
from the water front and near to the State build- 
ings of Massachusetts and New York. ‘The 
lower floor consisted of a single room spacious 
enough to hold comfortably the largest crowd 
that ever visited the headquarters. The mon- 
otony of outline in this square hall was broken 
by large pillars which upheld the second story. 
A green tone pervaded the decoration. A 
dado of olive green burlap blended harmoniously 
with the lighter tinted walls. The furniture 
was all of mission pattern and looked effective. 
The stairway which led to the upper floor, and 
the arrangements overhead were similar to those 
in the Virginia Building—a light balustrade 
surrounding an open well in the center. A 
number of dainty sketches adorned the walls, 
one especially notable representing old St. 
John’s Church in Richmond where Patrick 
Henry made his immortal address. ‘The in- 
tramural railway passed the Richmond head- 
quarters and it was on the direct line of the 
sight-seeing automobiles. Wide verandas sur- 
rounded the house and the spacious porches 
were abundantly fitted with comfortable seats 
and easy chairs. Daily there were hundreds 
of visitors and on special occasions there were 
frequently more than a thousand guests. 

Richmond anticipated benefiting largely by 
the Jamestown Exposition and it is probable 
these expectations were fully realized. As the 
capital city of the State and as the Capital of 
the Confederacy, Richmond possesses, and 
probably always will possess, an especial attrac- 
tion for those interested in the history of the 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


country. It was easy to induce those who had 
come from other sections of the United States 
to spend some time 
in Richmond either 
before or after visit- 
ing the Exposition, 
and pamphlets and 
descriptive matter 
concerning the city 
were furnished, while 
Mr. Chataigne was 
able to give explicit 
information on prac- 
tically every subject 
connected with the 
capital. 

The building was 
used as a headquarters by various organizations 
at different times throughout the Exposition. It 
was the headquarters for Petersburg Day and 
again for Richmond Day. Sixty thousand in- 


J. H. CHATAIGNE 
Host at the Richmond Building 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


building were, according to H. F. Baker, the 
Chairman of the Baltimore Jamestown Com- 
mittee, three: 

First—A desire to co-operate with Balti- 
more’s friends and neighbors in Virginia who 
were making the Exposition attractive and suc- 
cessful. 

Second—To impress the visitors to the Ex- 
position with the importance of Baltimore as a 
manufacturing and jobbing center. 

Third—To provide a pleasant resting place 
for Baltimoreans and the customers and friends 
of Baltimore business houses. 

All of these motives were accomplished. 

The co-operation of Baltimore undoubtedly 
lent a most pleasing and attractive feature to 
the Jamestown picture; the enterprise shown by 
‘The Oriole City ’’ could not fail to leave a 
lasting impression; and a more attractive rest- 
ing place than the Baltimore House was not on 
the grounds. 


THE RICHMOND BUILDING 


vitations were issued by the Chamber of Com- 
merce to southern merchants to visit Richmond 
on their way to and from the Exposition, and to 
make the Richmond Building their headquar- 
ters while at the Fair. Just how many were in- 
fluenced by this measure to visit the building 
was impossible to ascertain, but the register 
book showed the signatures of many to whom 
invitations had been sent. 

A number of informal entertainments were 
given at the building during the season and 
several notable receptions, Richmond Day be- 
ing the principal occasion. 


BALTIMORE BUILDING 


The Baltimore Building was situated on 
Powhatan Street, a short walk from the west 
gate of the Exposition. “The motives which 
prompted the people of Baltimore to erect the 


The cost of constructing the building was 
defrayed by the City Government and the 
fund for furnishing and maintenance was con- 
tributed by merchants’ associations in Baltimore 
and individual merchants and manufacturers. 
Most cozy, homelike and comfortable was the 
House—exceedingly like a club, and like a 
club it was maintained. ‘The general public 
was admitted freely to the building, but only 
those who bore cards were treated as club 
guests. These cards were given to merchants 
visiting the Exposition and to their friends, and 
they were issued by the Secretary of the Com- 
mittee in compliance with the request of any 
subscriber to the maintenance fund. The 
holder of a card to the Baltimore House occu- 
pied the same position as that enjoyed by a 
man to whom a social club has extended its 
invitation to use all the privileges of the house. 

The parlors were cozy and comfortable; the 


382 


Special Participation. 


reading room contained periodicals and daily 
papers, and an excellent bureau of information 
was maintained. ‘There were eight comfort- 
able bed rooms on the second floor, and these 
were used for the accommodation of such guests 
as might arrive at the grounds without having 
arranged previously for accommodations. Nat- 
urally, with so few rooms, the tenure of each 
was limited. 

The regular force in charge consisted of a 
manager, two ladies assisting him, a butler and 
a lady’s maid. In addition, however, to this 
force a committee of salesmen varying in num- 
ber represented the contributing firms and were 
always on hand to entertain customers or guests. 
Arrangements were made with nearly all the 
transportation companies by which tickets to 
the Exposition were sold, with the privilege to 
use going and coming by way of Baltimore. 
Where such arrangements could not be effected, 
the managing committee would pay the trans- 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Cérporation: 
THE BALTIMORE BUILDING 


portation of any prospective customer from 
Norfolk to Baltimore. 

A lunch was given at the Baltimore Build- 
ing on opening, and “ Baltimore Day’”’ was 
celebrated on June 27. ‘These were the only 
two public functions held at the building. On 
this latter occasion, three thousand representa- 
tive Baltimoreans and Marylanders, led by 
Governor Edwin Warfield and Mayor J. 
Barry Mahool, journeyed to the Exposition. 
Four excursion steamers brought a quota of the 
party, and at eleven o'clock a full train came 
in over the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. 
The prize song “‘ Baltimore,” sung for the first 
time on that occasion, was a souvenir that later 
was given away at the building: 

“Thou stately triumph of our toil, 
Baltimore, dear Baltimore; 
Thou sacredest of sacred soil, 


Baltimore, dear Baltimore, 
We praise thee, jewel of our State; 


We hail thee, Southland’s mighty gate; 
We crown thee queen of home's estate, 
Baltimore, dear Baltimore. 


When hard upon thy peaceful shore, 
Baltimore, dear Baltimore; 

The tyrant host of Britain bore, 
Baltimore, dear Baltimore, 

With sword and gun thy patriot band 
Avenged the insult to our land, 

Thy country’s saviour thou didst stand, 
Baltimore, dear Baltimore. 


When loud the elemental strife, 

Baltimore, dear Baltimore, 

In menace held thy honored life, 
Baltimore, dear Baltimore, 

Thy dauntless sons of hero mold, 

With steadfast hand thy course controlled 
And raised thee grander than of old, 
Baltimore, dear Baltimore. 


Upon our handiwork, O Lord, 

Upon our well loved Baltimore, 

Gaze thou in gracious kindness, Lord, 
And save from harm dear Baltimore; 
In perils dire, when storms portend, 
Thy shelt’ring, guiding hand extend, 
Protect and guide unto the end 
Baltimore, dear Baltimore.” 


The general committee of the Baltimore 
Building was composed of three delegates from 
each commercial organization in the City of 
Baltimore. [he Committee was divided into 
sub-committees, the chairman of each being a 
member of the executive committee or what was 
known as “ The Baltimore Jamestown Com- 
mission.” [he membership of the Baltimore 
Jamestown Commission was as follows: 

H. F. Baker, Chairman; Wm. B. Hurst, 
Treasurer; M. C. Woodward, Secretary; Wm. 
M. Burgan, George R. Gaither, Philip Ham- 
burger, Jr., Jerome K. Joyce, F. J. LaMotte, 
R. A. McCormick, J. Barry Mahool, George 
P! Neilson, E> K. Pattison, “and» E: Clay 
Timanus. These, together with the following 
gentlemen, formed the Jamestown Committee: 


D. C. Ammidon, G. Frank Bailey, McKee 
Barclay, Willard F. Burgess, R. H: Burwell, 
Charles C. Baker, Wm. W. Cator, Douglas 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


H. Duer, E. Asbury Davis, W. A. Dixon, 
Wm. D. Gill, E. Staley Gary, Charles W. 
Greebe, Jacob W. Hook, Frank N. Hoen, W. 
H. Mathal, Theo. Mottu, C. C. MacGill, E. 


D. Nolley, L. B. Nolley, H. B. Smith, 
Eugene A. Slack, John B. Spence, Eli Strouse, 
S. S. Scott, Arthur F. West, John C. Weil, 
Maurice W. Wiley, R. E. Wood. 


RELIGIOUS 


To a large extent the settlement of America 
by Europeans was due to the greed for power 
and gold which dominated most of the Old 
‘World monarchs; but it is not possible to ignore 
utterly another contributing factor which was 
the prime motive of many who encouraged 
emigration or did themselves emigrate, and was 
used by others as an argument to cover their 
ulterior and more selfish reasons. “This second 
cause was religion and in many _ instances 
religion alone lay at the root of the endeavor. 
It was generally anticipated that the Churches, 
especially the Protestant Episcopal, would be 
interested as a body in the Ter-Centennial 
which memorialized an effort closely linked 
with that denomination, but efforts to induce 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


THE BAPTIST BUILDING 


the Episcopalians to erect a house at the Ex- 
position proved futile. 


BAPTISTE GIB ET 


Two of the principal Protestant denomina- 
tions in America did, however, establish build- 
ings at the Exposition. These were the Bap- 
tists and the combined Presbyterian and Re- 
formed Churches. The idea of a Baptist ex- 
hibit was the result of a resolution which had 
been offered at the Conference of the Baptist 
pastors of Norfolk and Portsmouth, Virginia, 
held in the former city during February, 
1905. At that time the Rev. R. B. Garrett, 
D.D., Pastor of the Court Street Baptist 
Church of Portsmouth, moved that a committee 
be appointed to erect a suitable building and 
secure exhibits to be displayed at the Exposi- 
tion. For a long time the committee who were 
appointed met many discouragements, but 
finally they evolved plans which were pursued 
successfully. 

The efforts which the Baptists have made in 


the cause of liberty are worthily recognized by 
historians generally, and the Committee prin- 
cipally desired to impress upon Exposition visit- 
ors the part which their denomination has 
played in spreading throughout America abso- 
lute religious freedom. Dr. Garrett was chair- 
man of the original committee and continued 
at its head until the end of the Exposition. 
That work might be expedited, the central com- 
mittee was divided into sub-committees. These 
included a Building Committee, with W. C. 
Corbett of Portsmouth as Chairman; an Ex- 
ecutive Committee, with Rev. W. M. Vines, 
D.D., as Chairman, and an Executive Com- 
mittee consisting of Drs. Garrett, Blackwell 


and Dudley, and Mr. Corbet. The officers of 


the General Committee were, besides the Chair- 
man, Rev. C. S. Blackwell, D.D., Secretary; 
George A. Schmelz, Treasurer, and Rev. E. 
E. Dudley, Financial Agent. 

The Baptists had a very attractive building 
near the west entrance of the Exposition. 
They attempted to obtain building funds by 
selling exhibit space, but finding this plan in- 
feasible, they secured a loan from ten laymen: 
Dr. L. Lankford, D. Carpenter, W. H. Davis, 
and Arthur Richards of Norfolk; W. C. Cor- 
bett and John A. Morris of Portsmouth; 
George A. Schmelz and Marion Ransome of 
Hampton, and W. A. Parker and A. L. 
Powell of Newport News. These contributors 
advanced enough money to complete and fur- 
nish the building. 

The exhibits were secured by correspondence 
with the different boards and publication socie- 
ties of the denomination, and with the various 
Baptist seminaries, universities, colleges and 
schools throughout the country. The result 
was a collection which was admirable in plan 
and scope and well entitled to the gold medal 


384 


Government Participation. 


which it received. An exceptionally fine col- 
lection of portraits of notable men of the Baptist 
denomination adorned the walls and there were 
many pictures of churches, schools, hospitals 
and mission stations. The various publication 
societies were well represented, and there was 
a fine exhibit of books and historical documents. 
Great care was exercised in the preparation of 
the displays of exemplified work in mission 
fields, in foreign schools and in home orphan- 
ages, and the exhibits in these classes were very 
worthy. Rev. George J. Hobday was the 
curator of the building and was painstaking in 
his stewardship. More than nineteen thousand 
visitors registered at the Baptist headquarters, 
and if the usual ratio of registration to non- 
registration obtained, it is a fair inference that 
between eighty and one hundred thousand 
people visited the building. Among the dis- 
tinguished guests who registered were Governor 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Hughes of New York and Governor Folk of 
Missouri, both of whom are Baptists, and each 
of whom was brought to the building by Lieu- 
tenant-Governor Ellyson of Virginia, one of 
the leading Baptists of his State. 

The intention of the Committee who erected 
the building was later to use it as a church, if 
the permanent population at Pine Beach would 
warrant the establishment of an ecclesiastical 
edifice. It was, therefore, substantially con- 
structed and would well subserve such a pur- 
pose. 


PAN-PRESBYTERIAN EXHIBIT 


It would be difficult to say who first con- 
ceived the project of establishing a Pan-Pres- 
byterian exhibit. The thought seemed to have 
originated spontaneously and almost simultane- 
ously in many fertile brains. Among the first, 
however, to give expression to the wish and 


385 


actively to urge the action, was the Rev. W. 
W.. Moore, D.D., LL.D., President of the 
Union Theological Seminary at Richmond, 
Virginia. The Norfolk Presbytery took the 
initiatory step by appointing a working Com- 
mittee. Other presbyteries followed and a 
larger committee was instructed to invite the 
co-operation of all churches embraced in the 
alliance of the Reformed Churches which held 
to the Presbyterian system. The building was, 
therefore, properly called “ Pan-Presbyterian.” 
It occupied an attractive site on Powhatan 
Street and the exhibit installed therein served 
to revive among the followers of that denomina- 
tion, and to awaken generally, an appreciation 
of what has been done under Presbyterian in- 
fluence for the betterment of conditions in 
America, and it served to impress visitors that 
freedom in this country owed much to Pres- 
byterian influence. 


INTERIOR PAN-PRESBYTERIAN BUILDING 


The exhibit was arranged in three classes, 
Historical, Educational and __ Institutional. 
Although the committee, which was finally 
formed for the purpose of erecting the building 
and installing exhibits, was not organized until 
February 1, 1907, the headquarters were com- 
pletely equipped and open to the public early 
in June. 

The Historical exhibit consisted of : Heraldry, 
which included seals, arms, banners and geneal- 
ogies; Relics, individual, ecclesiastical and mis- 
cellaneous; Art, portraits, scenes, churches, 
general; Graphic, manuscripts, books and mis- 
cellaneous literature; Martyrology, instruments, 
prisons, personal, statistics; Statecraft, genesis, 
polity, execution. 

The Educational exhibit was divided into 
Pre-Revolutionary and Post-Revolutionary and 
showed in each of these classes universities, col- 
leges, seminaries and _ professional schools, 
academies, female institutions, etc. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Under the third division—Institutional— 
there were exhibited matters dealing with home 
missions, foreign missions, publications, sabbath 
schools, work among the young people, 
woman’s work, men’s organizations, current 
literature, eleemosynary and statistical. 

The exhibit which was adequately repre- 
sentative of the largest body of Protestants in 
the world received a gold medal for its com- 
prehensiveness and the evident success it had 
attained in carrying out the purpose of its crea- 
tion. The Rev. J. B. Waller was curator of 
this exhibit and gave to the undertaking his con- 
tinuous attention. He was exceptionally well 
qualified for the position he occupied both by 
temperament and by intellectual equipment. 

The committee in charge of this extremely 


fine effort were: Reverend E. T. Wellford, 
Chairman; Reverend J. E. Thacker, Vice- 
Chairman; Reverend C. F. Rankin, Secretary; 
J. M. Cratty, Treasurer; and the members of 
the sub-committees were: on Exhibits, Rev- 
erends W. W. Moore, D.D., J. N. H. Sum- 
merell, D.D., Russell Cecil, D.D., C. F. Ran- 
kin, Isaac Campbell, D.D., T. C. Johnson, 
D.D.; on Finance, Reverends J. E. Thacker 
and McG. Shields, and E. D. Taylor, R. E. 
Magill and J. M. Cratty; on Building, Rev- 
erends R. A. Robinson, W. M. Hunter, R. B. 
Eggleston, F. T. McFadden, D.D., and F. F. 
Ferguson; and the stated Clerk of the highest 
court of each participating branch of the 
Church was a member of what constituted an 
‘* Advisory Committee.” 


VIRGINIA DIVISION, UNITED DAUGHTERS OF THE CONFEDERACY 


“What will the Daughters of the Confed- 


eracy do to show at the Jamestown Exposition 
their loyalty to the 
cause of °61-65>” 
So wrote Mrs. Ca- 
bell Smith, a clever, 
enthusiastic and , 
forceful young | 


Daughter of the 
Rocky Mountain 
Chapter. 


The members of 
the Virginia Divis- 
ion of the United 
Daughters of the 
Confederacy replied 
to this query by 
erecting on the site of the Exposition the 
only building which stood sentinel of an era 
and represented a specific historic cause. In 


MRS. CABELL SMITH 
Rocky Mt. Chapter 


et 


is Abert oe Sate? #4: 
Official Photog 


Corporation. 


the History Building were displayed Con- 
federate relics, trophies, documents, por- 
traits, there recalling the story of the great 
American Civil War. It was not for the 
purpose of conducting a war museum that 
the Daughters erected their home. That the 
greatest general of his day was a Virginian 
and that many of his bravest men were natives 
of “The Old Dominion,” did not alone cause 
the Virginia Division to memorialize the era to 
whose traditions they are devoted. “There was 
a larger and wider motive underlying the enter- 
prise—to dispense to visitors such hospitality 
as would show that in spite of intense loyalty 
to “‘ The Lost Cause”’ its commemorators were 
eager to extend a peaceful welcome in 1907, no 
less exultant than the war welcome of Virginia 
in 1861. 

The site of the Exposition had been one of 
the battlefields of the Civil War and from end 


BEAUVOIR 
Replica of President Davis’ Home at Biloxi, Mississippi 


386: 


Special Participation. 


to end of Tidewater Virginia the armies under 
either flag had marched and countermarched, 
pounding the fertile soil of the territory into 
clods. The stage for some scene in all the 
conflicts of the Nation, Tidewater Virginia was 
almost the theatre of the Civil War, and some 
memorial undertaking at the Exposition, organ- 
ized by Veterans or Daughters, seemed inevit- 
able and assuredly was most appropriate. 

Mrs. McKenney, the President of the Vir- 
ginia Division, inaugurated the undertaking by 
appointing a committee which consisted of Mrs. 
Cabell Smith of Rocky Mount, Mrs. Frank A. 
Walke of Norfolk, Mrs. Pryor Jones of Peters- 
burg, Miss Elvira Jones of Roanoke and Mrs. 
Norman V. Randolph of Richmond. These 
ladies started with very modest ideas, not pur- 
posing to erect a building but hoping to secure 
a large room or suite of rooms in which they 
might maintain a headquarters. Ass the primal 
move, they approached the Governor of Vir- 
ginia and asked that an apartment in the Vir- 
ginia Building should be expropriated for their 
use. Governor Swanson, while expressing his 


MRS. (G) Bo TATE 


Treasurer of General Committee 


willingness, even eagerness, to permit the use 
of the whole building or any part of it for a 
day or a week if the ladies desired to hold a 
commemorative service therein, could not 
legally allow any society to establish a perma- 
nent headquarters in the building. 

Averse to memorialize for a brief period the 
cause which they desired to keep in evidence 
during the entire Exposition, the failure to 
secure a room acted as a spur to effort and the 
committee decided to erect a home of some 
kind, indefinite as to size or furnishing but 
positive that what should be done would be 
worthy. Mrs. Walke, being a resident of Nor- 
folk, was selected to confer with the Board of 
Governors and secure a site. Governor Swan- 
son urged the managers of the Exposition to 
extend every courtesy to the committee and he 
begged them to make the most generous pos- 
sible terms. The arrangements, which were 
concluded on June 27, 1906, by Mrs. Walke, 
representing the Daughters, and Barton Myers, 
representing the Exposition, were very satis- 
factory and a most attractive site on Common- 


387 


MRS. NORMAN V. RANDOLPH 


Chairman of General Committee 


wealth avenue West was chosen. Fronting on 
a broad avenue, within full view of Hampton 
Roads and at the very heart of the Exposition, 
within a stone’s throw of the great State Build- 
ings of Pennsylvania, Virginia and Maryland, 
directly opposite the great Palace of Manufac- 
tures-Liberal Arts, ““ Beauvoir,” their head- 
quarters, was erected. 

Deciding that a house was necessary, port- 
able houses were first considered and various 
designs of movable structures were studied care- 
fully. While this topic was being discussed, 
“Dixieland,” a Texas periodical, printed a 
very attractive picture of “Beauvoir,” the 
home of President Davis; this illustration at 
once appealed; not only was the house at- 
tractive, but it was thought that the whole 
south would desire to unite in honoring the only 
president of the Confederacy. Unanimously 
the committee decided to build a replica of this 
famous Mississippi mansion. A campaign of 
publicity was begun, and “The Jamestown 
Bulletin,’ published by Mrs. Walke, was 


chosen as the official organ of the committee, 


MRS. FRANK A. WALKE 
Chairman of Building Committee 


while “‘ The Keystone” of Charleston, edited 
by Miss Pappenheim, generously gave the free 
use of its columns to the exploitation of the 
‘ Beauvoir” project. “‘ The Confederate Vet- 
eran’ published all of the committee’s circulars 
and the daily papers throughout the south gave 
columns to communications; so that without 
money as a treasury fund the ladies were able 
to bring before the country their ideas, their 
hopes and their needs. 

At Wytheville, where the Virginia Division 
met, the report of the committee was accepted 
and adopted unanimously. West Virginia sent 
to this convention representatives who prom- 
ised help. Mrs. Norman V. Randolph was 
made temporary chairman and authorized to 
present the plans of Virginia to the National 
Convention, which would assemble at Gulfport. 
Mrs. C. B. ‘Tate was made temporary treasurer. 
These ladies accepted the offices on the condi- 
tion that the committee previously appointed 
by Mrs. McKenney should be retained until a 
charter was secured and a regular association 
formed. Subsequently a permanent organiza- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


tion was effected and Mrs. Randolph was 
elected chairman, and Mrs. Tate treasurer. At 
Gulfport it was found that the President of the 
United Daughters of the Confederacy was op- 
posed to the general organization assuming 
responsibility fay the work, but the Virginia 
Division, confident of their ability to execute 
successfully the plans which they originally had 
made, announced that they would erect the 
building and invited the Daughters generally 
to make the house their headquarters. It was 
not an easy task that these ladies had assumed 
—in fact, on its face it seemed preposterous 
that the chapters of the Virginia Division, no 
one of which had an appreciable surplus in its 
treasury, should undertake to erect and main- 
tain a house the necessary funds for which 
would amount to thousands of dollars. 

Mrs. Randolph and Mrs. Walke went to 
Biloxi and visited the home of President Davis. 
They secured photographs of “‘ Beauvoir” and 
later had working plans prepared. The repro- 
duction at the Exposition was an exact fac- 
simile of the original, easily identified by any- 
one who had seen the home of Jefferson Davis. 
Completed, the house cost sixty-five hundred 
dollars, the greater part of which was contrib- 
uted by the chapters of the Virginia Division. 
No other State division officially aided, bui 
chapters, individuals and conventions gener- 
ously subscribed, and the work was further 
helped by the sale of souvenirs prepared by 
the committee. These carried a picture of 
‘ Beauvoir,” a drawing of the old church at 
Jamestown and a replica of the Virginia Divi- 


sion badge. Fifty cents was charged for the 
souvenirs, and, sold through the various chap- 
ters, they netted a considerable sum. 

Mrs. Walke broke ground for the building 
Christmas Eve, 1906, and the work was rapidly 
pushed to completion. When the Exposition 
opened, it stood typical of the cause that its 
creators love and the scene of hospitable enter- 
tainment which was essentially Virginian—en- 
tirely comprehensive and lacking in the slightest 
discrimination between the guests, veterans of 
the Blue or veterans of the Gray. The idea 
of its erection was generous, sweetly sympa- 
thetic and perfervidly loyal. 

To name singularly the chief contributors to 
“Beauvoir” and to its successful creation and 
conduct, could scarcely fail to be invidious: so 
many noble women gave their time and money 
freely to the undertaking. “The hostesses chosen 
from the various chapters were all honorary 
officials, serving without compensation and pay- 
ing all of their own expenses. ‘These ladies 
presided over the building from time to time 
solely for the purpose of extending a hearty 
welcome to all strangers who visited Virginia. 
The fine southern plantation home was redolent 
of welcome, and its conduct entirely accorded 
with its appearance. A restaurant where south- 
ern dishes were served under the direction of 
a southern gentlewoman was an _ exposition 
novelty and a distinct success. Distinguished 
visitors daily entered “ Beauvoir.”’ and as spe- 
cial guests there came the Daughters of the 
Revolution and again the United Daughters 
of the Confederacy. 


TRAVELERS sPROTEGTINV E®ASSOCIA HON 


Although numerous fraternal and_ social 
organizations were requested to establish head- 
quarters at the Exposition, the only association 
to accept the invitation was the T. P. A., that 
large order of Travelers which has its Posts 
through the greater part of the United States. 

When the Virginia Board of Directors met 
in Richmond during the fall of 1905, the State 
President, J. S. Oliver, of Danville, was or- 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


dered to appoint a committee which should 
consist of a member from each Post in the State 
and to instruct this committee to formulate plans 
and devise ways and means for the proper and 
dignified participation of the order. 

This first committee consisted of C. E. 
Herbert, Chairman, Charles B. Easley, An- 
drew Jamieson, R. M. Graham, S. H. Eller- 
son, 1. S. Beckwith, W. G. Epes, D. L. 


otal 1 


‘ 
i 


TRAVELERS’ PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BUILDING 


388 


Special Participation. 


T. EDGAR HARVEY 


Committeeman 


Traynham, S. E. Sydnor, H. D. Derrick and 
R. B. Semple. The Chairman was author- 
ized to appoint three additional Norfolk mem- 
bers and he added to the above list the names 
of E. R. Barksdale, T. Edgar Harvey and 
L. F. Cotter. These three Norfolk Commit- 
teemen together with the Chairman were con- 
stituted an executive or “ working ’’ committee 
and through their efforts not only were the 
plans for the Travelers’ participation formu- 
lated, but the funds secured. 

It was purposed to assess each member of 
the Association to the extent of one dollar in 
order to supply a sufficient treasury account; 
but, as subscriptions were perforce voluntary, 
there was no method of enforcing payment and 
as was natural many members were unwilling 
to subscribe. Had all the members com- 
plied with the request of the committee, 
the part played by the order might have 
been much more important; as it was, 
the National Board of Directors 
found it necessary to supply a deficit 
of two thousand dollars in the “ Build- 
ers and Maintenance ”’ fund. ab 

The Travelers’ Protective Associa- 2 
tion, as a whole, were much interested © 
in the Exposition and took pride in © 
their contribution. From the time that ~ 
ground for the building was broken — 
by the National President, Thad. H. | 
Howe, of Chicago, until the close of — 


Cops rich, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Ga EA WE RBERT 


General Chairman 


E. R. BARKSDALE 


Committeeman 


the Exposition the interest did not flag. Un- 
doubtedly the ceaseless efforts of Messrs. Her- 
bert, Barksdale, Harvey and Cotter caused this 
condition to obtain. It is doubtful if any Expo- 
sition Committee gave more valuable service 
than did these Travelers whose work was en- 
tirely gratuitous. On the first day of July, 
1907, the building which had cost nine thou- 
sand dollars was completed and opened to serve 
as a headquarters for the members. 

When the house was ready to receive guests, 
Mr. Herbert appointed a ladies’ executive com- 
mittee to direct the entertainment. Serving in 
this body were: Mrs. T. Edgar Harvey, 
Chairman, Mrs. E. R. Barksdale, Mrs. C. E. 
Herbert, Mrs. S. T. Dickinson, Jr., Mrs. W. 
P. Dodson and Mrs. H. S. Hancock. ‘These 

ladies not only supervised the recep- 

é tions and other entertainments, but 
“ag took general care of the house and 
contributed largely to its value. 

Among the principal social func- 
tions of the Association was the re- 
ception on IT. P. A. day. The 
building was not then complete, but 
a number of smaller events later re- 
moved any feeling of annoyance 
which the incompletion may have 
caused, and it is safe to say that few 
_ Exposition efforts were more credit- 
able to their organizers than was 
_ this single fraternal participation. 


TOWER ON GOVERNMENT PIER 


389 


aN LHOVA SAVOY NOLdNVH AHL JO ASNOH aNd 


FHL HLIM Lids ATHDAOTIM AONVLSIG AHL NI DNIAOHS ‘SUald LNANNYAAOD JO ASIA TINA 
‘uoleiodioy ydeisojoyg [emoyQ uMoysamef *}ysi1AdoD 


: Foes 
Busi arsessaa 


390 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 
THE GOVERNMENT PIER AT NIGHT 


CHAPTER XI 


GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION 


JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL COMMISSION—CHANGES IN PERSONNEL—ACT OF MARCH 3, 
19095—AMENDMENT TO SUNDRY CIVIL BILL, 19096—SITES FOR GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS—UNITED 
STATES GOVERNMENT BOARD—GENERAL CHARACTER OF EXHIBITS—DEPARTMENT OF STATE 
—RELICS OF FAMOUS PERSONAGES—COMMEMORATIVE MEDAL—HISTORIC FLAG—PORTRAITS OF 
DISTINGUISHED MEN—DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE—MONROE DOCTRINE—TREASURY DE- 
PARTMENT—OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY—OFFICE OF THE REGISTER—TREASURER’S OFFICE— 
PAPER MONEY, BONDS AND SECURITIES—BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING—BUREAU OF 
THE MINT—REVENUE CUTTER SERVICE—BUREAU OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND MARINE HOSPITAL 
SERVICE—UNITED STATES LIFE-SAVING SERVICE—WAR DEPARTMENT—OFFICE OF THE SECRE- 
TARY — GENERAL STAFF EXHIBIT —QUARTERMASTER’S DEPARTMENT — TRANSPORTATION DE- 
VICES—COMMISSARY MODELS—ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT—SIGNAL CORPS—UNITED STATES 
MILITARY ACADEMY—SUBMARINE DEFENSE—GETTYSBURG NATIONAL CEMETERY—PANAMA 
CANAL—DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE—ETCHINGS, PHOTOGRAPHS AND PAINTINGS—CURIOUS VE- 
NIRE—RARE BOOKS—GOVERNMENT PENITENTIARIES—POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT—MAIL TRANS- 
PORTATION DIVISION—STAR ROUTE, ALASKA SLEDGES, STAGE COACH, OCEAN LINER AND RAIL- 
WAY DELIVERY—RURAL OUTFITS—POST OFFICE CAR—MODEL SUB-STATION—DEAD LETTER 
OFFICE—NAVY DEPARTMENT—MODEL OF GREAT REVIEW—BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS— 
“ DEWEY ”" DRY DOCK—CANNON—MODELS OF VESSELS—NAVAL GUN FACTORY—UNITED STATES 
NAVAL ACADEMY—NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL—MARINE CORPS—ARTIFICERS SCHOOL OF NOR- 
FOLK NAVY YARD—DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR—GEOLOGICAL SURVEY—EDUCATIONAL MAPS— 
PATENT OFFICE—GENERAL LAND OFFICE—PENSION OFFICE—BUREAU OF EDUCATION—RE- 
CLAMATION SERVICE—BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS—ILLUSTRATED LECTURES—DEPARTMENT 
OF AGRICULTURE—WEATHER BUREAU—INSTRUCTIVE ANIMAL AND PLANT EXHIBITS—INVES- 
TIGATIONS—SOIL SURVEY—TOBACCO  INVESTIGATION—BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—AGRICUL- 
TURAL RESOURCES OF HAWAII AND PORTO RICO—LIBRARY OF CONGRESS—DIVISION OF 
PRINTED BOOKS—DIVISION OF MAPS AND CHARTS—DIVISION OF PRINTS—DIVISION OF PERIOD- 
ICALS—MECHANICAL DIVISIONS, SHELVING, CATALOGUES, COVERINGS AND BINDINGS—DEPART- 
MENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR—LIGHTHOUSE SERVICE, LENSES, LAMPS, SIGNALS AND 
MODELS—BUREAU OF FISHERIES, AQUARIUM, FISH PROPAGATION, FISH CULTURE, BIOLOGIC 
INVESTIGATIONS—RHODE ISLAND COMMISSION OF INLAND FISHERIES—SMITHSONIAN INSTITU- 
TION AND NATIONAL MUSEUM—ETHNOLOGIC EXHIBIT, MODELS, PICTURES, SCULPTURE—EVO- 
LUTION OF TRANSPORTATION, LAND AND WATER—HISTORY OF MEDICINE—EXHIBIT OF PHO- 
TOGRAPHY—LATIN-AMERICA—INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS—PORTO RICO 
—MEXICO—REPUBLICA DOMINICANA—HAITI—OTHER LATIN-AMERICAN PARTICIPATION—UNITED 
STATES ARMY—UNITED STATES NAVY, NAVAL PARTICIPATION—GOVERNMENT PIERS—ARMY 
AND NAVY ENTERTAINMENT—OFFICERS’ CLUB—SOLDIERS AND SAILORS CLUB. 


& INCE the Centennial of the 
Signing of the Declara- 


retary of the Treasury, chairman and the Sec- 


retaries of the Navy and of War. When the 


tion of Independence es- 
tablished a precedent, the 
United States Govern- 
ment has participated lib- 
erally in all the great American Expositions. 
Appropriations for this purpose have been large. 
The sums expended on National displays at 
Chicago and St. Louis each exceeded greatly 
the Government disbursements for the Ter- 
Centennial, but never in the history of Exposi- 
tions was the appropriation so large in propor- 
tion to the capital of the creating company. 
The act of Congress which authorized the 
President of the United States to proclaim an 
“International Naval Marine and Mulitary 
Celebration for the purpose of commemorating 
in a fitting and appropriate manner the Birth 
of the American Nation,” created a Board to 
be known as the Jamestown Ter-Centennial 
Commission, whose members should be the Sec- 


39] 


Commission held their first session, the Honor- 
able Leslie M. Shaw presided and the other 
members were the Honorable Charles J. Bona- 
parte and the Honorable William H. Taft. 
When Mr. Shaw retired from the President's 
Cabinet the Honorable George B. Cortelyou, 
his successor, became Chairman of the Com- 
mission and the Honorable Victor H. Metcalf, 
who succeeded Mr. Bonaparte when the latter 
resigned the Navy portfolio to become the 
Attorney-General of the United States, suc- 
ceeded him also as a member of the Commis- 
sion. At their first meeting the Commissioners 
appointed NF H. Edwards as Secretary and 
Disbursing Officer, and William M. Geddes as 
Assistant Secretary. 

This Commission had charge of the expendi- 
tures for which the Act of March 3, 1905, 
provided. Fifty thousand dollars was appor- 
tioned to the Commission for preparing and 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


HONORABLE WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT, LL.D. 


Judge Superior Court of Ohio, 1887-1890—Solicitor-General 
of U. S. 1890-2—Dean and Professor in Law Department 
University of Cincinnati, 1896-1900—U. S. Circuit Judge, 6th 
Circuit, 1892-1900—President U. S. Philippine Commission 
March 13, 1900-February 1, 1904—First Civil Governor 
Philippine Islands July 4, 1901-February 1, 1904—Secretary 
of War U. S. since February 1, 1904—Elected President of 
the United States, November, 1908 


conducting the Celebration; one hundred and 
twenty-five thousand dollars for the official en- 
tertainment of the foreign military and naval 
representatives—of which amount one hundred 
thousand dollars was placed at the disposal of 
the Commander-in-Chief of the North Atlantic 
Fleet, under the direction of the Secretary of 
the Navy, and twenty-five thousand dollars was 


HONORABLE CHARLES JOSEPH BONAPARTE 


Secretary Navy U. S. July 1, 1905-December 17, 1906— 
Resigned to become Attorney-General U. S. 


given to the Chief of Staff of the Army to be 
expended under the supervision of the Secretary 
of War. Fifty thousand dollars was provided 
for a permanent monument to be erected at 
Jamestown; fifteen thousand dollars for per- 
manent moorings in Hampton Roads, and ten 
thousand dollars for exhibiting on the scene of 
the engagement between the Monitor and Mer- 
rimac one or more of the old monitors of that 
period, in order to illustrate the progress of 
naval construction. 

None of the provisions of this Bill recognized 
in any way the Exposition as a cause to be 
aided financially, but the Amendment to the 
Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill which was 
passed by the Fifty-ninth Congress made lib- 
eral provisions for exhibits by the Library of 
Congress, Smithsonian Institution and National 
Museum, the Treasury, Interior, Post Office, 
War and Navy Departments, Life Saving 


HONORABLE LESLIE MORTIMER SHAW 


Governor of Iowa 1898-1900, 1900-1902—Secretary Treasury 
1902-1907 


Service, Revenue Cutter Service, the Army, the 
Navy, the Lighthouse Service, the Bureau of 
Fisheries, and an exhibit from the Island of 
Porto Rico. Officers and employees of the 
Government were placed at the disposal of the 
existing Jamestown Ter-Centennial Commis- 
sion, and this detail included officers of the 
Army and the Navy. ‘To defray the ex- 
penses of collecting, installing and main- 
taining these Government exhibits, the sum 
of two hundred thousand dollars was appro- 
priated. 

The Commission was authorized to establish 
and maintain an exhibit of the United States 
Life Saving Service and to erect a Fisheries 
Building within which there should be an 
aquarium, and to build a club house for use as 
a place of rendezvous for the soldiers and 
sailors of the domestic and foreign navies and 
armies. For these purposes the sum of three 


392 


Government Participation. 


HONORABLE GEORGE BRUCE CORTELYOU, LL.D. 


Secretary to President McKinley 1900—Reappointed by 

President Roosevelt 1901—First Secretary Department of Com- 

merce and Labor 1903-1904—Postmaster-General U. S. 1905- 
1907—Secretary of Treasury U. S. since March 4, 1907 


hundred and fifty thousand dollars was appro- 
priated. 

In order to supply a mode of free and ready 
communication between the ships and the shore, 
and at the same time to afford an ample and 
safe harbor for the small craft which might be 
used to convey soldiers and other Exposition 
visitors from the grounds to the fleet, the Bill 
authorized the construction of two piers, ex- 
tending from the Exposition grounds into the 
waters of Hampton Roads, the piers to be con- 
nected by an arch high enough to permit the 
ingress of small craft to a basin or harbor which 
was to be dredged sufficiently to accommodate 
at mean low tide boats drawing not more than 
ten feet of water. For this purpose four hun- 
dred thousand dollars was appropriated. 


WILLIAM M. GEDDES 
Assistant Secretary Jamestown Ter- 
Centennial Commission 
Receiver for Jamestown Exposition 
Company 


393 


HONORABLE J. H. EDWARDS 


Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, U. S. 
Secretary Jamestown Ter-Centennial 
ommission 


HONORABLE VICTOR HOWARD METCALF 


Member 56th, 57th and 58th Congresses Third California 
District—Secretary Department Commerce and Labor 1904- 
1906—Resigned—Secretary of Navy since Dec. 17, 1906 


Two hundred and fifty thousand dollars was 
given directly to the Exposition. Fifteen 
thousand was authorized to be expended for 
the construction of a pier at Jamestown Island, 
and an additional ten thousand dollars for the 
policing of the Island during the Exposition 
period; one hundred thousand dollars was 
given to aid the Negro Development and Ex- 
position Company, in order that it might make 
a worthy exhibit of the progress of the Negro 
race. 

After this Appropriation Amendment had 
been passed, the Supervising Architect of the 
Treasury, J. Knox Taylor, and the Assistant 
Secretary of the Treasury, Honorable J. H. 
Edwards, were authorized to select sites for the 
Government buildings. They chose the beauti- 


JAMES KNOX TAYLOR 
Supervising Architect U. S. Treasury 
Department since October, 1897 
Designer of Government Buildings 
at Exposition 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


as 


t, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


GOVERNMENT BUILDING A. 
Containing Exhibits of the Departments of State, Justice and Treasury, and the Library of Congress and Post Office Exhibits 


ful frontage on Hampton Roads adjacent to 
Raleigh Square and on either side of the pro- 
posed pier landing. 

In Government Building A. were located the 
exhibits of the Treasury Department, Post 
Office Department, Library of Congress, and 
the Department of the Interior and of Agricul- 
ture. 

In Government Building B. were located 
the exhibits of the War and Navy De- 
partments and the Departments of State and 
Justice. 

The Fisheries Building contained a small but 
select aquarium, and the Smithsonian Building 
housed a fine collection from the Smithsonian 
Institution and the National Museum. 

Apart from the main group of Government 
Buildings was a house for the Bureau of Amer- 
ican Republics and the Island of Porto Rico, 
and in this same structure, through the courtesy 
of the Ter-Centennial Commission, the Repub- 
lic of Mexico was enabled to locate a portion 
of its display. 

Not far from this house was the Officers’ 
Club, and near the Club were the offices and 
the official home of the Ter-Centennial Com- 
mission. The club house for commissioned 
officers was handsomely and well appointed, 
and the enlisted men of the Army and Navy 
enjoyed a similar establishment of their own. 

At a meeting of the Commission held July 
3, 1906, it was decided to organize a sub- 
board, and the Secretary was directed to invite 
the heads of the several executive departments 
and bureaus each to name a representative, the 
board to be known as the United States Gov- 
ernment Board, whose duties would be to 
select and display the exhibits from all 
of the departments and bureaus. The Secre- 
tary of the Commission, J. H. Edwards, was 


directed to act as Chairman of this Board, and 
the Assistant Secretary of the Commission, 
William M. Geddes, was made the Secretary 
of the Board. The other members, designated 
by the heads of the departments and bureaus, 
were: Charles Denby, Department of State; 
W. W. Ludlow, Treasury Department; John 
C. Scofield, War Department; Cecil Clay, 
Department of Justice; Merritt O. Chance, 
Post Office Department; Benjamin F. Peters, 
Navy Department; Jesse E. Wilson, Depart- 
ment of the Interior; S. R. Burch, Department 
of Agriculture; Frank H. Bowen, Department 
of Commerce and Labor; W. de C. Ravenel, 
Smithsonian Institution and National Museum; 
C. H. Hastings, Library of Congress, and Wil- 
liam C. Fox, Bureau of American Republics. 
There were a few changes later made in the 
composition of this Board: W. J. Carr suc- 
ceeded Charles Denby; F. J. Yanes succeeded 
William C. Fox; F. S. Curtis succeeded Mr. 
Peters, and O. J. Field succeeded General 
Clay, Mr. Peters and General Clay having 
died after their appointment and before the 
labors of the Board were completed. 
Notwithstanding the strenuous antagonism of 
certain Congressmen who always oppose the 
appropriation of money by the Government to 
aid an Exposition or to enable a display of 
Government functions, and in spite of the spe- 
cific opposition of other Congressmen to in- 
dividual undertakings of this nature, the United 
States Government has been the most conspicu- 
ous exhibitor at all of the great expositions held 
in this country—and its display at the James- 
town Exposition was exceedingly important. 
The Government Exhibits have never failed 
to arouse interest, but recently these have de- 
veloped wonderfully as educational displays; 
and, arranged as they now are by Government 


394 


Government Participation. 


employees who have gradually developed into 
expert exposition men, knowing the resources 
of the departments and skilled in the selection, 
classification and arrangement of their displays, 
each article has a personal significance and its 
proper place in the exposition scheme. The 
Government Exhibits are conspicuous object 
lessons which are readily understood by the 
least educated visitor, and are praised alike by 
the enlightened and the unenlightened. At the 
Jamestown Exposition, no better arrangement 
could have been made by a museum curator 
than was effected by these Government officials, 
to whom also great credit is due for their 
promptness in installing their exhibits, for the 
Government Buildings on Opening Day pre- 
sented a striking contrast to the exhibit build- 
ings of the Exposition. 

So successful and worthy were the efforts 
of all connected with the display made by the 
Government, that a special jury appointed by 
the Jury of Awards recommended that recog- 
nition be given to the President of the United 
States, to the members of the Ter-Centennial 
Commission, to the United States Government 
Board and to the officers who planned, directed 
and successfully carried into execution the Act 
of Congress, and by so doing made the Goy- 
ernment Exhibit creditable alike to the country 
and its official representatives. 


DEEPA VENT OF STATE 


The exhibit made by the Department of 
State covered a broad field of events and con- 
tained much of interest to the student. The 
floor space occupied approximately eighteen 
hundred square feet. On this area were ar- 


ranged two marble pedestals forty-two inches 


oe ry SS > 
Sa BS 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


high, a mahogany table thirty by forty-two 
inches, ten mahogany cases, five of which were 
pedestal show cases, Colonial in design, with 
plate glass fronts measuring twenty-four by 
thirty-six inches, behind which were swords and 
other valuable relics. One large case, thirty 
inches square by thirty-six inches high, held the 
massive and beautiful solid silver urn which was 
voted by the General Assembly of Connecticut 
to Captain Isaac Hull. Other cases held a 
number of curious and interesting relics, among 
which were the eye glasses and the service 
sword of George Washington, a staff of Ben- 
jamin Franklin, a sword of Andrew Jackson, a 
sword and two gold-mounted pistols belong- 
ing to Captain Isaac Hull. 

There was exhibited a very handsome medal 
which had been presented to the United States 
by the Sultan of Turkey, commemorating the 
four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of 
America. This medal consisted of a well cut 
cameo representing the landing of Columbus, 
surrounding which was a gold wreath set in 
diamonds, and at the base a small bow-knot 
of diamonds. ‘There was a screen containing 
a very beautiful old flag woven in one piece, 
the gift of twenty-five thousand weavers of 
Lyons, France, who subscribed the money to 
pay for this work of art and presented it to the 
United States as a token of their sympathy at 
the death of President Lincoln. On the other 
side of this screen was a rug woven in the shape 
of a flag, presented to the United States by the 
orphans of Harput, Turkey, as a token of their 
gratitude. 

In one case was a facsimile copy in plaster 
of a treaty between the Athenians and Chalci- 
donians, 446-445 B. C., a statuette of George 
Washington by Baron Marochetti, after the 


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Re 
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ENTRANCE TO GOVERNMENT BUILDING “B” 


395 


The Jamestown 


Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


original by Houdan, was exhibited; and on a 
marble pedestal was a Wedgewood bust of 
Washington—probably the only Washington 
bust of this material in existence. 

The State Department collection included 
portraits of the Secretary of Foreign Affairs 
and Secretaries of State. Beginning with the 
likeness of Robert Livingstone, Secretary of 
Foreign Affairs in 1781 and ending with a 
portrait of Elihu Root, the present Secretary 
of State, the entire line of succession was shown. 

Among the displayed Jeffersoniana was a 
facsimile copy of the rough draft of the Dec- 
laration of Independence as it was written by 
Jefferson and interlined by Adams and Frank- 
lin. As a complement to this was a facsimile 
of the engrossed copy of the Declaration; and 
a portrait in oil of Thomas Jefferson, by Peale; 
an oil color of Monticello, the home of Jeffer- 
son; portraits of the Committee that drafted 
the Declaration of Independence, portraits of 
the signers, and the desk on which Jefferson 
wrote the rough draft—all reminding visitors of 
the most important document in our country’s 
affairs, saving only the Constitution. 

Facsimile copies of the Articles of Confed- 
eration were shown, and with these were por- 
traits of the signers. A fine oil color of Pres- 
ident Roosevelt by Kelly, and one of Secre- 
tary of State Root by Madrazo were on the 
wall. A section of the exhibit showed a por- 
trait in oil of George Washington by Peale; 
a facsimile copy of the Constitution of the 
United States, with the amendments; portraits 
of the delegates to the Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1787, and portraits of the signers of the 
Constitution. 

The territorial expansion of the United 
States was shown by maps, beginning with the 
treaty of peace with Great Britain in 1781 and 
ending with the treaty with Spain in 1898. 
Accompanying these maps were portraits of the 


EXHIBIT OF DEPARTMENT OF STATE 


signers of the various treaties, and there were 
facsimile copies of parts of each treaty. 

The ‘ Monroe Doctrine ’’ was exemplified 
by facsimile copies of correspondence on the 
subject, and portraits of Monroe, Jefferson, 
Madison, Rush, and George Canning of Eng- 
land. A very interesting large oil portrait of 
Pocahontas was shown. This picture, pre- 
sented by Henry S. Welcome, Esq., of Eng- 
land, is a copy of the painting which now hangs 
in Boston Hall, Norfolk, England, the former 
estate of the Rolfe family. The original is 
from the brush of DePasse, a prominent artist 
of the Sixteenth and early part of the Seven- 
teenth centuries. There were two mahogany 
wheel pedestals which supported twelve double 
winged mahogany frames with twenty-four 
glass sides each twenty-nine by thirty-six inches 
in extent. On one of these pedestals were 
proclamations issued by each President from 
Washington to Roosevelt. The other pedestal 
contained ceremonial letters and communica- 
tions from noted characters of foreign lands, 
several from Louis XVI., of France, Emperor 
Napoleon, Queen Victoria, Queen Marie of 
Portugal, William II., the German Emperor, 
Kaiser Frederick, King Leopold of Belgium, 
the President of the Argentine Republic, the 
Shah of Persia, and from many others of note; 
and there were four wall brackets which bore 
respectively busts of George Washington, the 
Marquis de la Fayette, Thomas Jefferson and 
Emperor Napoleon I. The former two were 
made of bronze, the latter made of plaster. 

It appears to have been the special object 
of the curator of this collection to prepare 
and install the department exhibit logically and 
chronologically. Occasionally periods and 
events have overlapped and one may have 
played a prominent part in several determining 
occurrences. An inflexible association of a 
man with a period is therefore impossible; but 


396 


Government Participation. 


it is diffcult to imagine a better arrangement 
than was made, and certainly the public re- 
ceived for its delectation an interesting and at- 
tractive historical exhibit, laden with valuable 
relics, easy to be examined and entirely satis- 


fying. 
TREASURY DEPARTMENT 


The northeast quarter of Government 
Building A. was occupied by the exhibits of 
the Treasury Department, under which direc- 
tion was also included the display of the Life 
Saving Service, located in a separate building 
on the banks of Bush Creek. 

Taking these exhibits in order, they showed 
the offices of the Secretary, the Register, and 
the Supervising Architect of the Treasury; the 
Bureaus of the Mint, of Engraving and Print- 
ing, and of the Public Health and Marine 
Hospital Service; also an exhibit of the Reve- 
nue Cutter Service. 

In the Office of the Secretary, there were oil 
portraits of the first Secretary of the Treasury, 
Alexander Hamilton, and the present Secre- 
tary, George B. Cortelyou; and there were ex- 
hibited an old cutting knife and punching ma- 
chine used by the Treasury Department from 
1863 to 1899. The knife was used in cutting 
2,601,784,936 separate pieces of paper cur- 
rency, representing a total face value of 
$5,586,688,85 3.96. 

In the Office of the Register of the Treasury 
were shown a series of winged frames contain- 
ing samples of Colonial currency; old Confed- 
erate notes, bonds and securities; National bank 
notes and securities; United States notes and 
securities, and the bonds and securities of the 
insular possessions of the United States. 

In the section assigned to the Supervising 
Architect's Office, there was a model of the 
monument which has been erected at James- 
town Island. ‘This replica, twelve feet or 


more in height, occupied a prominent position 
in the center of the section. ‘There were a 
series of drawings and pictures representing 
various important public buildings which have 
been erected under the direction of the Super- 
vising Architect or whose erection he is now 
directing. 

The Office of the Treasurer of the United 
States displayed in appropriate gold frames a 
complete set of notes, bonds and securities 1s- 
sued by the United States. 

One of the most interesting of the Govern- 
ment’s live exhibits was made by the Bureau 
of Engraving and Printing, which displayed 
the process of plate printing employed by the 
Bureau, from the preparation of the blank 
paper to the finished note. A printing press 
was maintained in operation, and specimen 
prints were struck off from steel plates espe- 
cially designed and engraved for the Exposi- 
tion. ‘This bureau showed a set of engraved 
portraits and photographs which had been exe- 
cuted by the Bureau, embracing a complete 
set of the Presidents of the United States, most 
of the Cabinet officers, and many other 
prominent men whose portraits have been used 
on notes and securities. Samples of the most 
recent engravings of bonds, notes, certificates 
and other obligations of the United States, in- 
ternal revenue stamps and postage stamps, were 
exhibited in cases; and there was shown in 
operation the geometric lathe which traces the 
intricate line work on bonds and notes. 

In the Bureau of the Mint was exhibited a 
most elaborate weighing device, which is won- 
derfully accurate. It could weigh correctly 
within one one-hundredth of a grain. It was 
constructed of gold, steel, aluminum, copper 
and platinum, was built at the Philadelphia 
Mint and is now being used exclusively by the 
United States Government. It could weigh 
about one hundred pieces a minute. 

In the exhibit of this Bureau was one of the 


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EXHIBIT OF BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


EXHIBIT OF BUREAU OF THE MINT 


latest improved coin presses, and near this was 
the first coin press used by the United States. 
In actual operation and handled by expert dem- 
onstrators, were a washing machine; a bottle 
shaker, used in assaying and refining; a drying 
machine; an upsetting machine; a shaker box; 
a coin hopper, and a count board. 

At the Jamestown Exposition for the first 
time was the Revenue Cutter Service required 
by law to make an exhibit. Lack of experi- 
ence did not daunt the collector of this display 
and the result of his efforts was distinctly credit- 
able. Among the principal exhibits there were 
in special gold frames of nautical and shield 
design five oil paintings representing scenes 
descriptive of historic events and the work of 
the Service. A mahogany gun rack bore 
twelve magazine rifles and bayonets, six Colt 
revolvers, rifle and revolver belts, knapsacks, 
canteens, and blanket bags; and on each side 
of the gun rack was a mahogany fan-shaped 
rack bearing six cutlasses. [he main part of 
the floor space was utilized for showing a six- 
pounder Hotchkiss hand operating gun, a one- 
pounder and a three-pounder Hotchkiss semi- 
automatic gun, and a Colt automatic gun of 
thirty calibre. These guns were mounted on 
cage stands and illustrated types in general use 
on revenue cutters. Beside these guns were 
projectiles, and a revenue cutter seaman in at- 
tendance illustrated the manner of loading and 
firing. Mounted on the six-pounder Hotchkiss 
was a brass line-carrying gun known as the Mel 
gun, the projectile having a line attached to it, 
and the exhibit showed how this line was car- 
ried when the gun was fired. A model of a 
triple expansion marine engine with shaft and 
propeller was shown in operation; and, ar- 
ranged in plate glass and mahogany cases, were 
six models of revenue cutters, embodying types 
from the early topsail schooner class to the 
modern steam propeller. In frames were pic- 


tures showing the uniforms of the officers and 
men of the Service, photographs illustrating de- 
tails of the work and charts showing the cruis- 
ing tracks and territory covered by the revenue 
cutters. Under each chart was a photograph 
of the cutter doing duty for the section. 

In planning the exhibit of the Public Health 
and Marine Hospital Service, it was deemed 
advisable to represent as completely as possible 
the duties with which this Service is charged by 
law, as well as the general progress that is 
being made in scientific medicine and public 
health demonstrations. The Surgical Section 
consisted of a model operating room having in 
the center a wax group of figures illustrating a 
surgical operation. Around the sides of this 
room were placed steam sterilizers for dressing, 
water sterilizers, irrigating stands, instrument 
cases containing a full surgical armamentarium, 
glass topped bottles, glass basins, and all the 
other appurtenances of a fully equipped oper- 
ating room. 

The Laboratory Section showed various ap- 
parati constantly used in the hygienic labora- 
tory in experiments relating to the solution of 
public health problems. These included lab- 
oratory glassware, sterilizers, thermometers, 
embedding apparatus, microscopes, a micro- 
photographic apparatus, Petri dishes containing 
the cultures of bacteria isolated from containing 
vaccine virus; and, for the purpose of further 
demonstrating the operations of the law of July 
first, 1902, which regulates the manufacture, 
barter and sale of vaccine serums and anti- 
toxines and the methods of their demonstration, 
there was shown a collection of the various vac- 
cine serums manufactured in conformity with 
this law. 

A traveling laboratory was included in this 
section, two such outfits being constantly held 
in readiness for the Service’s field work or for 
use in the event of epidemic outbreaks in vari- 


398 


Government Participation. 


ous parts of the country. In addition there 
was a very complete helminthological collec- 
tion, which was of great value in view of the 
increasing attention now given to the study of 
parasites in relation to human diseases. 

The Hospital Section contained a record 
room and a model ward. ‘The former was 
equipped with various Service publications, a 
hospital library, clinical histories, with their 
methods of filing, and a case for microscopic 
slides. The latter had modern hospital beds, 
invalid chairs, bedstands, a wheeled stretcher, 
a litter, a portable bath tub and stretcher, med- 
icine cases and case for surgical dressings. 

The Tuberculosis Exhibit contained a model 
of the modern hospital sanitar1um located at 
Fort Staunton, New Mexico; and the Quaran- 
tine Section showed a model of a detention 
camp intended for use in the time of epidemic, 
and models of the quarantine stations at Dela- 
ware Breakwater and Reedy Island. 

A most attractive and interesting exhibit was 
installed in the X-Ray Section, a room specially 
constructed for the purpose. “Iwo model coils 
were shown there with X-Ray tubes and 
fluoroscopes, a high frequency apparatus, and 
the varied accessories which form a part of such 
an exhibit. In connection with this display 
were numerous photographs which served to 


illustrate the uses to which the apparatus is put 
at the different hospitals of the Service. 

The exhibit of the United States Life Sav- 
ing Service was displayed in a complete modern 
life saving station, fully manned and in care of 
a skillful and experienced keeper. It was pro- 
vided with all the necessary furniture and facil- 
ities for a comfortable residence headquarters. 
The building contained a complete equipment 
of the best and most modern appliances for the 
saving of life and property from shipwreck. 
These included beach apparatus, which con- 
sisted of guns, line carrying rockets, projectiles, 
shot lines, faking boxes, hawsers, whips, ropes, 
reels, crotches, and anchors, breeches-buoys, 
tally boats, blocks, and a shore illuminating 
apparatus equipped with a powerful reflector 
to project the light toward a wreck. ‘There 
were various other gears and appurtenances 
employed by the Service in establishing line 
communication between the shore and the vessel 
and in effecting the rescue of shipwrecked per- 
sons when the use of boats was not deemed 
advisable or safe. “There were vehicles for the 
transportation of the apparatus to boats along 
the beaches and roads, and a modern life car 
which is used where many persons are to be 
landed and where the distance is too great for 
the employment of the breeches-buoy. The 


HospiTAL SECTION 


EXHIBIT OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND MARINE HOSPITAL SERVICE 


399 


LABORATORY SECTION 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


walls were hung with paintings and photographs 
illustrating the development of the Service and 
the methods employed. There was a collec- 
tion of signals carried by the beach patrol for 
the purpose of warning vessels off shore or noti- 
fying the shipwrecked that they had been ob- 
served. Among the most interesting of all was 
the first mortar ball used in the United States 
in establishing line communication with ship- 
wrecked vessels—the result of whose first use 
was a saving of two hundred and one lives. 
Twice daily the crew of this Station gave 
exhibition drills. The house was on the edge 
of Bush Creek, and the “ wreck” was half 
submerged one hundred yards from the shore. 
In the well simulated rescue, the crew em- 
ployed a twenty-six foot self-righting and self- 
bailing life boat and a thirty-four foot self-right- 
ing and self-bailing boat equipped with a gaso- 
line engine, a type of the latest motor propel- 
ling boat, which had just been introduced into 
the Life Saving Service of the United States 
with splendid results, extending the field of the 
operations of the Service and enabling the crews 
to respond with greater celerity to calls of dis- 


Bias 


UNITED STATES LIFE SAVING STATION ON BUSH CREEK 


tress, covering long distances with greater speed 
and more safety than was possible under sails 
and oars. ‘The boat equipments in either case 
consist of drogues, a compass with binnacle, 
life plates, cars, boat hooks, launching carriage, 
lines, anchors, blocks, boat hatchets, and fog 
horns. 

The daily drills were remarkably interesting 
and dramatic exhibitions. A regular program 
was given and the attendance was generally 
large and always enthusiastic. The launch 
was sent flying down the ways and into the 
water. The boat completely manned was then 
sent after the “wreck,” within which and on 
whose unsubmerged parts the shipwrecked were 
shivering. After the rescue, which was accom- 
plished by various methods, surf-boat practice 
with oars was shown and a man floating out to 
sea was saved. 

The several forms of life saving were per- 
formed graphically. From the rigging of the 
wreck a breeches buoy and a life car depended 
—in these devices the imperilled were fastened 
when helpless or placed themselves when they 
were able. Not the least interesting portion 


LIFE SAVING CREW 


SING THE “BUOY” 


400 


Government Participation. 


PEE 


‘a f a 


CREW AT PRACTICE 


of the exhibition was the realistic resuscitation 
of the drowning. The victim of this kindness 
endured all the thumping and rolling that at- 
tends a real attempt at reviving. 

During the afternoon drill flag signalling was 
given and in the evening lights were employed 
to carry the messages over the water. Rockets 
were fired, and a searchlight was utilized at 
night. No more complete illustration of the 
duties of the Life Saving Service could have 
been devised. 


WAR DEPARTMENT 


The exhibit of the War Department occu- 
pied a floor space measuring seventy-five hun- 
dred and forty square feet, and showed in de- 
tail the evolution of the arms and armies of 
the United States and workings and growth 
of the Department from 1789 to the present 
time. 

In the Office of the Secretary of War there 
were exhibited large photographs of the present 
Secretary and Assistant Secretary. ‘There 
were fourteen colored transparencies forty by 
fifty inches in size, vividly illustrating, by means 
of battle pictures, determining scenes in the mili- 
tary history of the United States; and there 
were fifteen enlarged photographs showing de- 


401 


tails of the Moro Campaign in the Philippine 
Islands. 

The General Staff of the Army showed fifty 
large figures taken during the Russo-Japanese 
War; a fine collection of books and publica- 
tions of the Military Information Division; an 
interesting set of military maps, and a topo- 
graphical map of the battle field of San 
Juan. 

The Quartermaster’s Department, which 
provides transportation for the army and its 
supplies, furnishes clothing and _ equipage, 
horses, mules, vehicles and other miscellaneous 
property for the use of the army, constructs 
buildings at military posts, and has charge of 
the National cemeteries, made an excellent ex- 
hibit, well illustrating its varied functions. 

A group of twenty-four lay figures, life size, 
five being mounted, was arranged to show the 
kind of uniforms worn by officers and men in 
arctic, temperate and tropical climes. A group 
of five lay figures portrayed officers and enlisted 
men wearing the uniforms especially designed 
for use in the Philippine Islands. There was 
another group of four figures showing the Alas- 
kan uniforms. 

Illustrating transportation was an Alaskan 
dog sled and harness; a caribou and cart from 
the Philippine Islands; the office wagon used 


THE UNIFORMS FOR THE ARCTICS 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


UNIFORMS FOR THE TROPICS 


by General George H. Thomas during the 
Civil War, and a wagon that made the 
“March to the Sea’’ with General Sherman. 

Models of all the different tents issued to 
soldiers were shown, and a case which con- 
tained samples of army boots and shoes of vari- 
ous styles. In one section was an army bed- 
stead with bedding, barrack chairs and trunk 
locker, the equipment of a soldier’s quarters. 
Various models of the United States Transport 
‘“‘ Sherman,” two of them being sectionalized, 
were displayed, and there was a complete col- 
lection of latest pattern silk colors in flags, and 
a most interesting model of the Arlington Na- 
tional Cemetery, showing the ancestral home 
of the Lees. 

The magnificent Government Piers formed 
the best possible illustration of the efficiency 
of the Corps of Engineers, whose duties con- 
sist of the construction and repair of fortifica- 
tions; creation and maintenance of all works of 
defense and of all military roads and bridges, 
and the improvement of rivers and harbors and 
the Great Lakes. The specific housed exhibit 
of this Department consisted of a relief map 
of New York Harbor; five models which 
showed the development of ocean vessels in 
the nineteenth century; a model of the United 
States ocean-going suction dredge; a model of 
the United States snag boat “ G. H. Wright,” 
one of the kind used on the Mississippi River; 
and a large number of photographic views 
which illustrated the Government road system 
in the Yellowstone National Park. 

The Ordnance Department provides every 
description of artillery, small arms and muni- 
tions of war for the use of the army and militia 
of the United States. Its exhibit would have 
attracted general attention anywhere, but in 
connection with the military evolutions at this 


Exposition it possessed an added interest, which je 


was evidenced by the number of people who 


bette carriage; a six-inch rapid firing gun 
mounted on a barbette carriage, and a fifteen- 
pound rapid firing, similarly mounted. 

In conjunction with the collection of armor 
piercing projectiles and simulated smokeless 
powder for service cannon, there was a per- 
forated piece of six-inch armor plate through 
which shots had passed, and a _ collection 
of steel projectiles which had pierced armor. 
There was a new three-inch rapid firing field 
gun with a carriage limbered up and with six 
lay figures of horses on which were displayed 
the artillery harness) A  Vickers-Maxim 
mountain gun and equipment was packed for 
transportation on five lay figures of pack mules, 
and a Colt automatic gun equipment was car- 
ried by two pack mules. “Two Gatling guns 
stood on carriages, as did a Vickers-Maxim 
automatic gun, and another of the same make, 
assembled ready for firing. A Colt automatic 
gun stood mounted, and besides this display, 
from the Frankfort Arsenal there had been sent 
fifteen cartridge-making machines, which were 
operated and showed the process of manufac- 
turing the cartridge used in the Government's 
small arms. One hundred and seventy-eight 
portable fire arms illustrated the complete de- 
velopment as to stock, lock, bore and the 
method of loading the latest modern magazine 
rifles. There were samples of automatic pistols 
and revolvers, and many samples of sabres and 
swords. There were numerous specimens of 
explosives and the fuses and primers used to 
ignite them. 

A victory in modern warfare would be al- 
most impossible without the aid of a well 
equipped signal corps. From time immemorial 
signals have been employed to inform com- 
manders. An abysmal chasm separates the 
fire and smoke of the ancient Greeks from the 
microscopically minute methods of transmitting 
information employed at the present time. 

The United States Signal Corps is charged 
with the construction, repair and operation of 
military telegraph lines and cables, the collec- 
tion and transmission of information for the 
army by telegraph or other media, and with 
every duty that pertains to military signaling. 
The exhibit of this Corps consisted of a field 
wireless telegraph set, a new feature, never be- 
fore seen at any Exposition; a collection of the 
various fire control instruments used at Coast 
Artillery posts; a set of auto-telegraph instru- 


constantly visited the section where the war = 


material was displayed. The most spectacular 
and impressive exhibit was a full sized model 
of a sixteen-inch breech-loading rifle beside 
which stood a twenty-four hundred pound, 
cast-iron projectile, the shot used for this gun, 
and a six hundred and forty pound charge of 
smokeless powder, the quantity of explosive 
necessary to propel the giant projectile. There 


were models of twelve-inch breech-loading | 


rifles with a disappearing carriage and a bar- 


QUARTERMASTER'S EXHIBIT 


Government Participation. 


ments: of signal flags, of field telephones, of 
heliograph and of induction telegraph instru- 
ments. ‘There were field and marine glasses, 
a night and day glass, and telescopes for read- 
ing distant signals. Meteorological and tide 
indicators, aneroid barometers, a lightning ar- 
rester and cabinet, a field switchboard, a 
meteorological controller, and a tide controller 
were shown—as were buzzers for field cavalry, 
and hand or breast reels. In connection with 
the display and illustrating the value of the 
Service in undeveloped sections, a collection of 
Philippine photographs were exhibited. These 
showed how news was conveyed from post to 
post or from a post to a corps in the field. 


a 


MODELS OF TENTS 
Exhibiting Most Modern Developments 


The exhibit of the United States Military 
Academy at West Point was displayed in a 
small pavilion, within which there stood an 
exact reproduction of a cadet’s room in the bar- 
racks. On the exterior walls were shown a 
most interesting series of photographs of scenes 
at West Point, together with a number of plas- 
ter tablets and shields which contained the 
names of graduates who had received the thanks 
of Congress or a medal of honor, who have 
held high office in the Government or in civil 
life and those who have been killed in action, 
from 1802 to 1904. 

An artillery exhibit was made by the School 


a 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


RELIEF MAP OF PANAMA CANAL 


403 


oxtti ~ 


MODEL OF U. S. MILITARY ACADEMY 
at West Point, N. Y. 


of Submarine Defense. This showed in minia- 
ture the method of defending a harbor against 
a naval foe. While submarine mines and tor- 
pedoes formed the dominant feature of this ex- 
hibit, the necessary fortifications and guns were 
displayed in order to present to the observer 
the idea of the close relations which subsist be- 
tween the various parts of defense, and also to 
show those who had never seen a modern fort 
the manner in which high power guns and mor- 
tars are employed and how different they are 
from the smooth bores of an earlier period. A 
miniature mine field with shore connections was 
placed in a large tank representing a part of a 
harbor entrance. To protect the field from 
attempts by the enemy to pick up the mines and 
connections, two twelve-inch rifle mortars were 
placed in a fort on one side, and on the other 
side two rapid firing five-inch rifles and a twelve- 
inch rifle with a disappearing carriage. The 
mortars and the twelve-inch guns showed the 
possibility for defense at long range, while the 
five-inch guns were for use in the immediate 
vicinity of the field. Above this tank was sus- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


pended a submarine mine, full size, with cable 
connections, as actually used. 

The Gettysburg National Cemetery Com- 
mission displayed a set of blue prints of that 
battlefield and a large relief map eleven by 
fifteen feet in extent. There were six other 
maps and fifty-seven photographic views of the 
famous scene of action. 

An extremely interesting outdoor exhibit was 
a relief map of the Panama Canal, constructed 
under the direction of the /sthmian Canal Com- 
mission. ‘The reproduction, one hundred and 
twenty-two feet long and sixty feet wide, was 
constructed of concrete, with the surface 
roughened and painted green to represent a 
forest clad area viewed from a distance. A 
cement wall about five feet high on the inside 
and two and a half feet on the outside gave 
to the map an effect of a framed picture or 
panorama, and the spectator could see spread 
before him the whole line of the water-way 
from its beginning in the Caribbean Sea at the 
entrance of Limon Bay, to its end, fifty miles 
distant, near the Island of Naos, off Panama 
on the Pacific Coast. 

In the Bay, the course of the canal was 


Later the Canal ascends thirty feet through a 
lock of the same dimensions as those at Gatun, 
and enters Sosa Lake which has been formed 
by the damming of the Rio Grande and some 
other small streams. A thousand foot channel 
extends for six and a half miles to the Sosa 
Locks, through which the canal descends to the 
Pacific level and again reaches deep water near 
the small Island of Naos. Two parallel yel- 
low lines zigzagging across the hills, following 
always equidistant five miles from either side of 
the Canal, showed the division line between the 
Canal Zone and the territory of the Republic 
of Panama, the former being under the control 
of the United States. Along the Canal’s 
course were shown various small models from 
two to five inches in length. ‘These represented 
vessels built to an exact scale, showing the larg- 
est steamers yet projected. 


DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 


The resources of the Department of Justice 
may be called limited, in so far as it is possible 
to arrange from them a display which would be 
attractive to the ordinary visitor, but at the 


shown by a line of buoys and stakes marking its 
five hundred foot channel. From the shore the 
canal, still five hundred feet wide, proceeds 
across the low country to Gatun, taking two 
curves to avoid hills. At Gatun the canal rises 
eighty feet by a flight of three great double 
locks, each one a thousand feet long and one 
hundred feet wide and each capable of taking 
a vessel drawing forty feet. After passing the 
locks the Canal follows a buoy-marked channel 
one thousand feet in width, through Gatun 
Lake, an artificial pond formed by the dam- 
ming of the Chagres River. Gatun Lake cov- 
ers an area of two hundred and twenty-five 
square miles, and leads to a hill, through which 
the Canal passes into the Culebra Cut. This 
excavation is eight miles long. The channel is 
three hundred feet wide for three miles, then 
two hundred feet for three miles more through 
the deepest part of the Cut, then widens again 
to three hundred feet for the last three miles. 


EXHIBIT OF DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 


Jamestown Exposition all previous efforts to in- 
stall an exhibit consisting of new and varied 
features were far transcended and a general 
collection secured which was particularly in- 
teresting to the student, and, of its kind, un- 
usually attractive to the general public. 
Among the pictures displayed were etchings 
of all the signers of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence and the members of the Constitutional 
Convention; photographic and etched reproduc- 
tions of autographic letters, and oil paintings 
executed by well known artists, portraying the 
Attorney-Generals of the United States. Of 
sculptures there were the busts of the Chief 
Justice of the United States and the Associate 
Justices of the Supreme Court. Through the 
courtesy of the Clerk of the Supreme Court of 
the United States, there was presented a most 
interesting exhibit consisting of records from the 
Supreme Court files. Among these were some 


manuscript dockets of 1817 and 1820; the 


404 


Government Participation. 


Se ars 


allotments of Circuit Terms of 1792 and 1796, 
and a venire returnable August 5th, 1794, with 
other ancient records pertaining to this great 
Court. This venire was a revelation to some 
persons, even among the legal profession, since 
the fact that jury trials had ever occurred in 
the Supreme Court is not usually known. The 
United States Circuit Court of Richmond, Vir- 
ginia kindly loaned from its files for display at 
the Exposition, an interesting collection of orig- 
inal papers in the Aaron Burr treason case, 
among them being the indictment charging Burr 
with treason and the original order for his ar- 
rest, written and signed by the Chief Justice of 
the United States, John Marshall. ‘There 
were many copies of rare text books and old 
publications of interest, among them, a fine edi- 
tion of Bargraves “ State Trials,” published 
in London in 1776. ‘This consisted of six vol- 
umes and contained the complete records of the 
trials of Mary, Queen of Scots, Sir Walter 
Raleigh, King Charles I., and other noted de- 
fendants. A collection of pictures and charts 
illustrated the methods of the confinment and 
treatment of United States prisoners and the 
classes of work which they were compelled to 
perform. With these were photographs and 
etchings of the United States penitentiaries at 
Atlanta, Georgia, and Leavenworth, Kansas, 
both of which are being constructed by prison 
labor. There were photographs illustrating 
the convicts actually employed, and there were 
numerous specimens of their handicraft, such as 
stone vases, a set of stone cutter’s tools, a steel 
safe, a set of harness, pieces of clothing, a 
mantelpiece, candlesticks, and manufactures of 
metal, all made by prisoners. 


POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT 
The exhibit of the Post Office Department 


was a practical illustration of the entire work- 
ings of the Service, and it gave a general idea 
of the functions of the Department from the 
earliest days of the Republic up to the present 
time. It showed the means employed in the 
collection, transportation and distribution of the 
mails, including the “‘ Star Route,” the city 
and rural carrier service, the dog sledge of 


405 


PIONEER MAIL TRANSPORTATION IN THE WEST 


Alaska, the stage coach and mounted carrier 
of the West, the lake steamer, the great ocean 
liner, and the fast railway train. Various de- 
vices which have contributed to the rapid and 
economical handling of the mail were exhibited. 
Among these was a canceling machine which 
could postmark and cancel the stamps on from 
seven hundred to one thousand cards or letters 
per minute, doing the work of fifteen clerks; 
and there was shown a mail chute, which is 
used in tall office buildings for conveying let- 
ters from the upper floors and collecting them 
in a mail box below. 

Some of the features which attracted atten- 
tion in the Mail Transportation Division were 
two complete rural carriers’ outfits, consisting in 
one case of a wagon and horses and a lay figure 
of the carrier, and in the other of an automobile 
buckboard especially adapted to this branch of 
the Service, also manned by a lay figure. Ex- 
emplifying the mail coach, was an old vehicle 
which had actually been used for many years, 
carrying United States mail over the Rocky 
Mountains. To the Alaska mail sled which 
had seen active service, was attached seven 
stuffed esquimo dogs, and on the sled were two 
lay figures garbed in the winter dress of the 
arctic mail carrier. Lay figures of the Western 
mounted pony expressmen were extremely life- 
like, as was a figure of a Porto Rican mail car- 
rier mounted on a stuffed donkey. 

Just outside of the building which housed 
the Post Office exhibit was a regular sixty foot 
railway car, completely equipped and in charge 
of a railway postal clerk. ‘This car was located 
on a switch track and was in charge of a Gov- 
ernment official detailed for the purpose of ex- 
plaining the Service to visitors. Within the 
building was a model ‘of the same car, con- 
taining on a one-sixteenth scale every detail of 
the fully equipped vehicle without the walls. 
There was a model of the steamboat “‘ City of 
St. Louis,” a type of vessels in use on the larger 
rivers throughout the United States, and a 
model of the steamer “ Oklawaha ’—a design 
that is familiar in the shallow waters of Florida 
and other Gulf States. A collection of large 
paintings showed the various methods of mail 
transportation in the United States and its de- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


pendencies; and there were models of various 
Post Office buildings throughout the country. 

Twelve mutoscopes, or moving picture ma- 
chines were in operation, and within each were 
views showing the workings of the Postal 
Service in its various branches throughout the 
country. 

Probably no department of the Government 
comes in closer touch with all the people than 
does the Post Office, which extends its services 
at a nominal cost to every household in the land. 
For this reason, the Government endeavored to 
give as full and complete an insight into the 
workings of the system as was possible. The 
marvelous extension of the Postal Service was 
graphically illustrated by a set of wooden cubes 
which, placed one upon the top of another, 
showed the comparative growth from 1806 to 
1906. Among some curious objects of inter- 
est were five old ledgers which had been kept 
by the Postmaster General during the War of 
the American Revolution. ‘These ledgers, 
which embodied the accounts of about seventy- 
five postmasters, greatly attracted the visitors. 
There was also shown a Post Office ledger 
copied in his own handwriting by Benjamin 
Franklin, the first Postmaster General of the 
Colonies, and with these documents were dis- 
played a portrait of Benjamin Franklin, the 
first Postmaster General of the United States, 
and one of George Von L. Meyer, the present 
incumbent of that office. 

The Dead Letter Office presented a care- 
fully selected collection of curious articles that 
had found their way to the “ Postal Morgue ” 
at Washington, and there were shown a number 
of articles confiscated by the Postal authorities 
because their transmission through the mails was 
prohibited. All the postage stamps issued by 
the Government were displayed in sheets, and 
there was a fine collection of foreign stamps 
and stamp paper from every stamp issuing 
country in the world. 

For the comfort of visitors, and especially 
the ladies, a writing and rest room, provided 
with chairs, a writing table, pens, ink and 


MAIL TRANSPORTATION IN ALASKA 


souvenir stationary, was located in the southeast 
corner of the Post Office Department space. 


NAVY DEPARTMENT 


The exhibit of the Navy Department was 
strikingly attractive and showed the remarkable 
development of this branch of the Service from 
its beginning up to the present time. One of 
its most interesting exhibits was a miniature rep- 
resentation of the United States Atlantic Fleet 
which was reviewed by the President, Septem- 
ber 3rd, 1906. Att this review there were forty 
war vessels consisting of twelve battleships, four 
armored cruisers, four cruisers, four monitors, 
six destroyers, six torpedo boats, three subma- 
rines, the troop ship “ Yankee,” and five auxili- 
aries. The forty war vessels carried eleven 
hundred and _ seventy-eight guns, and were 
manned by eight hundred and twelve officers 
and fifteen thousand, two hundred and thirty- 
five men. ‘The auxiliaries carried seventy-four 
hundred tons of coal, twenty-five hundred tons 
of provisions, and six hundred thousand gallons 
of pure water. The models were exact repro- 
ductions of the vessels which participated in 
the review. In all essential details they were 
complete, and the relative position of each tiny 
ship indicated the corresponding location of the 
vessel it represented when the review took place. 
The models were placed on a large table cov- 
ered with canvas, undulated and painted in 
imitation of water, and they gave an intelligible, 
interesting and realistic idea of the combined 
strength of the largest fleet that had ever been 
under the command of an American Naval 
officer. 

The Bureau of Yards and Docks exhibited 
photographs of the various navy yards and sta- 
tions, and showed a working model of a dry- 
dock built to scale, which illustrated the type 
and size of these gravings at various navy 
yards. The model of the dock and basin oc- 
cupied a space of thirty by nine feet, and in 
connection with this exhibit was a tank filled 
with water, representing a basin or harbor, on 


406 


Government 


whose waters was floated a model of the United 
States Ship “ Illinois.” Every day the process 
of docking the ship was shown in detail. The 
floodgates were opened, allowing the water to 
flow in and fill the dock, the caisson was floated 
out of position, the ship hauled into its berth, 
the caisson replaced, and the dock pumped, 
allowing the ship to settle quietly and safely 
upon the quay blocks. While settling, the 
shoring was put in place, making the ship tight 
and steady. ‘The whole illustrated graphically 
the process by which a battleship is prepared 
for work on the hull below the water line, such 
as the removal of barnacles or the repairing or 
painting of the hull. 

There was also exhibited a working model 
of a steel floating drydock, the type recently 
installed at the New Orleans Naval Station 
and the Pensacola Navy Yard and the giant 


‘“* Dewey,” which was last year towed to the 
Naval Station at Olongapo, Philippine Islands, 
and there anchored. This model was floated 
in a tank of water which contained a miniature 
battleship built to the same scale as the dock, 
one forty-eighth of actual size. As in the 
case with the stationary docks, all the opera- 
tions incident to the docking of a vessel in one 
of these floating contrivances were daily per- 
formed. These included the sinking of the 
drydock to the requisite depth, by the admission 
of water in the pontoons, the hauling of the ship 
into its receptacle, its entering from the deck of 
the drydock while submerged, the raising of the 
dock by discharging the water from the pon- 
toons until the blocking which previously had 
been arranged as a resting place of the ship be- 
came securely placed, the continuing of the lift- 
ing process until all was above the water level 


407 


THE EXHIBIT OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT 


Participation. 


ready for examination and such repairs as might 
be necessary. While this lifting was being 
done, the side shoring was adjusted, as was per- 
formed in the stationary drydock. In both of 
these cases the undocking of the ship was also 
illustrated, reversing the operations used for 
docking. 

An exhibit which showed the largest type of 
guns carried by men-of-war at different periods 
from 1775 up to the present date, elicited great 
attention. The articles in this division were 
full sized models and longitudinal sections of 
guns beginning with the old eighteen pounder 
smooth bore of 1775, showing the various 
stages of evolution that end with the thirteen- 
inch breech-loading rifle of to-day, a gun that 
weighs 62.9 tons, uses a projectile weighing 
eleven hundred pounds, and requires a charge 
of two hundred and forty-five pounds of smoke- 


also 
twelve-inch breech-loading rifle, a gun of still 
later date and somewhat longer than its thir- 
teen-inch brother. 

These models were manufactured at the 
Nawal Gun Factory at Washington and were 


less powder. There was shown the 


exact reproductions of the originals. There 
were also a number of guns which had seen real 
service, and various other actual arms and 
apparatus, including torpedoes, ammunition, 
war explosives, and the machinery for using 
them. 

Another historical exhibit was a collection of 
full sized models of anchors used by vessels of 
war, from the commencement of the Navy up 
to date. ‘These showed the old wooden stock, 
the standard Navy type and stockless anchors, 
exhibits of electrical appliances, chains and 
ropes manufactured by the Boston Navy Yard. 


The Jamestown 


q 


Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ay 


MODEL UNITED STATES SHIP “ILLINOIS” IN DOCK 


Illustrative of other accompaniments of the ves- 
sels were galleys, cooking apparatus, washing 
machines, bake ovens, steam boxes, mess tables 
and gear. Navigating and surveying instru- 
ments were displayed with compasses of vari- 
ous sizes, signal apparatus, searchlights, and 
other articles and equipment. _ Illustrating 
what is done for the amusement of sailors, there 
were samples of athletic outfits issued to the 
Service and a collection of trophies which the 
Department offers for athletic contests. 

About thirty models of vessels made to a 
scale of one forty-eighth of full size, complete 
in every detail, showed representative types 
from the time of ““ Bon Homme Richard” up 
to the day of the “ Connecticut ”’ and ‘‘ Louisi- 
ana.” ‘The United States Naval Academy, 


at Annapolis, where midshipmen pursue their 
studies and receive their Naval training, was 
reproduced in miniature to the scale of one- 
thirty-second of an inch to the foot. The 
model, twelve by six feet, showed the entire 
lay-out of the grounds, buildings, roads, paths 
and water front, and gave a careful illustration 
of the general character of the scene, and the 
Naval Medical School, at Twenty-second and 
E streets, Washington, was also reproduced on 
the same scale as the Academy. 

A spectacular exhibit was an immense eagle 
weighing about a ton, the stem ornament of the 
United States ship “ Niagara;” the vessel was 
used in laying the first cable across the At- 
lantic. 

The Marine Corps contributed samples of 


408 


Government Participation. 


MODELS OF VESSELS ONE FORTY-EIGHTH OF FULL SIZE FROM EARLIEST TO PRESENT TYPES 


uniforms, arms and accoutrements artistically 
arranged in large glass show cases; and the 
Artificer’s School of the Norfolk Navy Yard 
was represented by specimens of work executed 
by various classes of which the school is com- 
posed. ‘These specimens included repair work 
on small boats, fittings, auxiliary machinery, 
plumbing, painting and carpentering. ‘There 
were scores of general exhibits installed for the 
purpose of giving visitors an idea of all the work 
done by the Navy, and books dealing with the 
most important features of naval progress. 


DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 


The Department of the Interior made a 
comprehensive exhibit of the work of its Bu- 
reaus, the most prominent display being made 
by the Geological Survey, which, under the 
direction of Professor J. A. Holmes, conducted 
a superb exhibition in the Fuel and Alcohol 
Building, in addition to the exhibit made in the 
Government Building. In the latter place the 
Survey showed a complete set of publications 
by this Bureau, comprising its annual reports 
and all the monographs, professional papers, 
bulletins, water supply reports and mineral re- 
source papers issued under its direction, a total 
of five hundred and sixty volumes and pamph- 
lets. There was also a collection of carefully 


compiled topographical maps comprising six- 
teen hundred sheets, which represented ap- 
proximately thirty-three per cent. of the total 
area of the country, and showed every eleva- 
tion of consequence in the territory covered. 
One hundred and forty-three geologic maps 
and folios gave a complete picture history of 
the topography, geology and mineral resources 
of the areas described. 

In the educational series, there was a collec- 
tion of one hundred and fifty-six specimens of 
typical rocks of the United States, an economic 
collection of minerals and ores from the Ap- 
palachian region, and a collection of minerals 
from Alaska. There were relief maps of 
Philadelphia and vicinity and the New River 
coal fields of West Virginia, the mineral and 
forest lands of Alaska, the southern Appala- 
chian regions, the Atlanta and Chattanooga 
regions and the Bolton, New York quadrangle. 
A complete set of medals and diplomas which 
had been awarded to the Geological Survey 
was shown, and a laboratory for the chemical 
analysis of water was operated continuously. 
An attendant explained the use of microscopes 
for examination purposes, and alongside these 
instruments was an apparatus for grinding thin 
sections of rock for microscopic examination. 

The Patent Office Exhibit comprised cases 


which were filled with models of patented ma- 


MINIATURE REPRODUCTION UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY AT ANNAPOLIS 


409 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


chines, illustrating fully inventive genius as ap- 
plied to the giant armored and submarine ves- 
sels, excavating machinery, felt and cloth ma- 
chines, farm machinery, gas and air engines, 
fire arms, leather-working machines, marine pro- 
pelling machines, metal working machines, 
ordnance, photograph printing process, steam 
pumps, sewing machines, steam engines, tele- 
graphs, telephones, textile machinery, typewrit- 
ers, time locks, and wood-working machines. 
The models for all of these were taken from 
the cases in the Patent Office. 

Among these exhibits were certain epoch- 
making devices, such as the Morse telegraph, 
the Whitney cotton gin, the Ericsson screw 
propeller, Howe sewing machine, and the Bell 
telephone, illustrated by the original models on 
which the respective patents were granted. 

The General Land Office displayed a large 
map of unusual historical value, which showed 
the routes of the principal explorers of the 
United States in the earlier days of the country 
and indicated the highways of that period. It 
also offered to view many historical papers deal- 


educational institutions throughout the United 
States. A complete set of reports, bulletins 
and other publications of the Bureau of Educa- 
tion was exhibited, and Alaska, in which dis- 
trict the schools for natives are administered 
directly by the Bureau, was represented by 
ethnological specimens indicating the condition 
of life there. In connection with this branch 
of the display, was a mounted reindeer and a 
driver, which illustrated the introduction of 
Siberian reindeer into the arctic territory of the 
United States. 

The Reclamation Service, which has become 
such an important factor in the growth of the 
West, displayed by photographs what it had 
done to convert the arid wastes into fertile 
areas. Millions of acres that now may be used 
for farms formed part of a desert before this 
Service was established, and millions of addi- 
tional acres will be added. The work was 
illustrated by a series of fine photographs show- 
ing the improvement in the following sections: 
Salt River, Arizona; Carson, Nevada; Kla- 
math, Oregon, and California; Umatilla, 


EXHIBIT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR 


ing with land. These included the Royal Brit- 
ish Land Patent and a declaration of la Fayette 
regarding a grant of land to him. Among 
other historical land grants there was a collec- 
tion of military land warrants issued to George 
Washington, John Paul Jones, Winfield Scott, 
Winfield Scott Hancock, Abraham Lincoln, 
and others, and photographs of characteristic 
scenes on public lands. 

The Pension Office displayed a chart show- 
ing the number of pensioners of each class, and 
historical papers bearing the signatures of many 
of the Presidents, and applications for bounty 
land signed by President Lincoln, Generals 
Grant, Sherman and Sheridan, Admiral Far- 
ragut, President Davis and General Lee. 

The Bureau of Education displayed charts 
and maps which told everything of consequence 
relating to the progress and the present condi- 
tion of American education. ‘The charts 
showed the history and status of American 
common schools, normal schools, colleges, uni- 
versities, professional institutions and laborato- 
ries. [he maps showed the distribution of 


Oregon; Yakima, Washington; Uncompahgre, 
Colorado; Huntley, Montana; Minidoka, 
Iowa; Bellefourche, South Dakota; Shoshone, 
Wyoming; North Platte, Wyoming-Nebraska; 
Yuma, Arizona-California; Rio Grande, New 
Mexico, and Carlsbad, New Mexico. 

The Bureau of Indian Affairs as conducted 
by its present managers, is an educational 
agency pure and simple, whose greatest mission 
is to cultivate in the Indian the spirit of self- 
sustaining manhood. Asa consequence, the ex- 
hibit related particularly to the efforts made in 
the Indian Government schools. The institu- 
tions at the following places were represented: 
Navajo and Phoenix, Arizona; Mission, Cali- 
fornia; Lemhi, Idaho; Seneca, Indiana; Has- 
kel Institute at Lawrence, Kansas; Morris, 
Minnesota; Crowe, Flathead, Fort Peck and 
Fort Shaw, Montana; Genoa, Nebraska; Car- 
son, Nevada; Santa Fé, New Mexico; 
Cantoment, Cheyenne, Ponce, Shawnee and 
Riverside, Oklahoma; Chemawa, Siletz and 
Klamath, Oregon; Carlisle, Pennsylvania; 
Cheyenne River and Crowe Creek, South 


410 


Government Participation. 


Dakota; Neah Bay, Washington; Lac du 
Flambeau, Toma and Wittenberg, Wisconsin, 
and the State public schools for Indians in New 
York. From these schools were sent cabinets 
of classroom papers illustrating the grammar 
grades and business courses; articles showing 
the training given to the girls in dressmaking, 
millinery, plain sewing, lace making and em- 
broidery, and to the boys in blacksmithing, 
wagon-making, saddlery, shoe-making, paint- 
ing, tailoring, carpentering and cabinet making, 
the two last named being illustrated by furniture 
in large cases and the exhibit of a model house, 
every detail of which was made by Indian boys. 
There were specimens of native arts and indus- 
tries exhibited. These included _ potteries, 
blankets, baskets, matting, bead and leather 
work, and a very ornate model of the Iroquois 
Council Lodge. There were friezes, rugs and 
decorated articles made by the Indian pupils 
after aboriginal designs, and there were maps 
which showed the locations of Indian reserva- 
tions and the areas occupied by the remnants 
of Indian tribes in Virginia. There were also 
numerous photographs of noted individual In- 
dians, and of scenes at homes, at reservations, 
and at various occupations in the Government 
schools. 

A feature of the contribution of the Depart- 
ment of the Interior which added greatly to the 
value of the whole display and was intensely 
interesting to the generality of visitors was a 
lecture room: which had a seating capacity of 
two hundred and which had been provided with 
a stereopticon. Several times a day lectures 
upon different phases of the work of the De- 
partment were delivered. ‘The lectures were 
profusely illustrated by colored lantern slides, 
and an instructive programme of moving pic- 
tures and stereopticon views afforded hourly 
entertainment. The pictures, which were es- 
pecially prepared for the purpose of this exhibit, 
were of a nature appealing alike to the casual 
visitor and to the student of Department work. 
For example: In the moving pictures there 
was shown an old Indian and his amusements, 
ceremonies, dances and industries; and, as a 
contrast, the succeeding film showed the Indian 


411 


EXHIBIT OF “PATENT” AND “ PENSION” OFFICES 


of to-day at work in the fields and the children 
of the tribes busy in school. Other films pic- 
tured the active work of reclamation in the 
deserts and wastes, and the stereopticon views 
were of subjects relating to Yellowstone and 
Yosemite National Parks, the petrified forest 
in Arizona, and other picturesque areas under 
the control of the Department. The windows 
of the Department space were filled with hand 
painted handsome photographic transparencies, 
each thirty by forty-six inches and each rep- 
resenting the field work of some different branch 
of the Department or some scene from one of its 
controlled reservations. 


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


The exhibits of the Department of Agricul- 
ture were located in the southwest section of 
the United States Government Building A., 
and occupied an area of about six thousand 
square feet. One of the principal displays of 
this Department was that made by the W eather 
Bureau. ‘The weather affords a subject of 
almost universal interest, and the exhibit con- 
sisted of a complete outfit for a working 
weather bureau office. All of the scientific in- 
struments used for recording air pressure, veloc- 
ity of the wind, quantity of sunshine, amount 
of rainfall and the vibration of the earth, were 
shown and explained to visitors. Among these 
were self-recording instruments like the barom- 
eter, rain gauge, thermometer, wind vane, 
sunshine recorder and anemometer. A seismo- 
graph, used by the Weather Bureau to locate 
earthquakes, was in operation, and_ visitors 
could watch the vibration of the recording pen. 
The instrument was so delicately adjusted that 
the booming of a cannon out on Hampton 
Roads was sufficient to deflect the pen from the 
cylinder. When installed for scientific use this 
instrument is set on a solid concrete foundation 
in a sub-cellar where it cannot be affected by 
accidental causes. Weather reports were re- 
ceived by telegraph each morning from all sec- 
tions of the country and charted on a glass map. 
A full sized kite used by the Weather Bureau 


in special aerial investigations was shown. To 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


this was attached automatic measuring instru- 
ments in position. Storm warning lanterns and 
a model tower for displaying them were exhib- 
ited, and a set of climatological and meteoro- 
logical charts and photographs completed the 
exhibit. 

The Bureaus of Animal Industry and of 
Plant Industry were designed to show what the 
Department is doing in a general way for the 
benefit not only of the stock raiser and the 
farmer, but for the consumer of their products. 
The variety and extent of the work of these 
Divisions is difficult to understand without a 
practical demonstration such as was given at 
the Exposition. 

The Bureau of Animal Industry is now prin- 
cipally engaged in the inspection of meat with 
the purpose of preventing the shipment from 
one State to another or to foreign countries of 
any that may be diseased or unwholesome: the 
investigation of animals’ diseases and the en- 


EXHIBIT OF BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY 


forcement of measures for the prevention or re- 
duction of contagious diseases of animals; the 
inspection of animals for export, and the inspec- 
tion and quarantine of imported live stock; the 
examination of dairy products for export; reno- 
vating butter factories; investigation of matters 
pertaining to the methods employed in modern 
dairying together with the dissemination of in- 
formation which would help in the production 
of clean and wholesome milk. 

To illustrate these functions, were plaster 
casts of sides of beef, showing the inspection 
marks; the model of a stockyard, illustrating 
the tagging of cattle for export, a moving 
panorama exemplifying some features of the 
work of the Bureau; mounted sheep showing 
the effect of scabies and a vat for dipping cattle 
to cure this disease; a sheep dipping plant; a 
model of a twenty-cow dairy; a model of a 
section of a cattle steamer, and various models 
of foreign cheeses. 


412 


Government 


The Bureau of Plant Industry showed its 
farm demonstration work by the model of an 
ideal southern farm on which crops were grown 
in rotation, and at the same time exemplified the 
management of stock, the arrangement of farm 
buildings and the planning of the home grounds. 
Some models of apples, pears and peaches illus- 
trated the methods of packing fruit for shipment 
and export, and others showed the effects of 
orchard conditions and of cold storage, two 
subjects deeply affecting the pomologist. The 
value of nitrogen-gathering bacteria and the 
method of distributing these germinating agents 
were shown by sample and_ photographs. 
Other lines of investigation pursued by the 
Bureau exhibited pure seed studies, plant bear- 
ing in cotton, corn and tobacco, fiber investiga- 
tions, cereal investigation, plant diseases, school 
gardening work, tea culture, seed and plant in- 


RN 


troduction, pure drug investigations and the 
work of the Arlington Experiment Station. 
Two cases, one containing samples of hard 
fibers, manilla, sisal, New Zealand and Mauri- 
tius grasses used chiefly for binder twine, rope 
and cordage, were in juxtaposition to other 
sample cases of typical cottons and soft binders 
—hemp, jute, flax, ramie and pitfina. 

The exhibit of the Bureau of Soils illustrated 
two important branches—Soil Survey and To- 
bacco Investigation. The principal object of 
the Soil Survey is to classify and map the soils 
of the United States according to their agricul- 
tural values, thus enabling the Bureau to advise 
persons desiring to settle in any district just what 
the neighboring soil is best adapted to produce. 
The work was illustrated by relief maps or 
models of the Albemarle area in Virginia, of 
Norfolk County, Virginia, and Saint Mary 
County, Maryland, by farm maps of seventy 


413 


EXHIBIT OF BUREAU OF SOILS 


Participation. 


areas which had been surveyed in the eastern 
and southern parts of the United States, and 
by samples of twenty-four important solids from 
those regions. 

The object of the tobacco investigation was 
to demonstrate the adaptability of certain soils 
to the different varieties of tobacco; to improve 
the quality of the leaf produced, and to intro- 
duce among the farmers and warehousemen ad- 
vanced methods for fermenting and handling 
tobacco. These phases were illustrated by 
samples of Cuban filler, tobacco from Texas, 
Alabama, Ohio, and Sumatra, wrappers from 
Connecticut and Florida, heavy export tobacco 
from Virginia, and cigar filler tobacco from 
Ohio. 

The Bureau of Entomology illustrated the 
purely economic side of insect life, and the 
exhibit consisted of displays of the most injuri- 


ous insect pests of the country. These showed 
all the stages in the development of the more 
common insect enemies of agriculture, horticul- 
ture and forestry. The insects were subdivided 
according to the crops they injured. One 
group consisted of those which attack fruit 
trees, another the enemies of the field crops, and 
several cases were devoted to the enemies of 
the trucker. [wo cases contained collections 
of insects which affect store products, and much 
space was given to those which destroy forests 
or the products of forests. A special case was 
also allotted to household insects of all kinds. 
As many of the most important insects are very 
small and on this account would attract little 
attention in an exhibit, enlarged models were 
made, and this helped to call attention to the 
importance of the display and gave the visitor 
a good idea of the structure and appearance of 
the subjects. A special exhibit of enlarged 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


specimens of disease-bearing insects was shown, 
especially mosquitoes, which were illustrated so 
as to show their relation to malaria and yellow 
fever, and flies as typhoid fever carriers. ‘The 
office of the experiment station was designed 
to show the experimental investigative work 
which is being performed throughout the United 
States and its Colonies. The exhibit from the 
Alaska station consisted of cereals, vege- 
tables, and wild and cultivated fruits which are 
grown in different parts of the territory from 
Sitka northward, nearly to the Arctic Circle. 

The agricultural and horticultural resources 
of Hawaii and Porto Rico were displayed by 
a collection of fruits, nuts, fibers, vegetables and 
cereals grown in these territories; and the nutri- 
tion work of the office was illustrated by 
exhibits showing samples of fruitarian rations, 
losses in cooking meat by different methods, the 
digestibility of bread made from different kinds 
of flour, and the composition of certain food 
stuffs. 


LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
The exhibit made by the Library of Con- 


gress in Government Building A. contained 
many features of historical interest. It was a 
splendidly arranged display, classified and 
labeled under the separate Divisions of the 
Library of Congress, which contributed the 
materials. The wall spaces were decorated 
with photographs of the leading American and 
foreign libraries and of facsimiles of decorations 
from the Library of Congress. 

From the Division of Printed Books there 
were loaned some of the most valuable sets and 
individual volumes possessed by the Library of 
Congress. Nearly fifty per cent. of these re- 
lated to Virginia, and formed a collection 
which could hardly have been equalled beyond 
the rooms of the British Museum. From the 
Manuscript Division there were sent the con- 
temporary transcript of the records of the Vir- 
ginia Company, 1622 to 1624, with the printed 
volumes corresponding to these, published by 


the Library of Congress in 1906. ‘This col- 
lection also included the Ambler manuscripts, 
which dealt with the land transfer surveys in 
the vicinage of Jamestown, the original mem- 
bership list of the Virginia Section of the Cin- 
cinnati, a number of Colonial autograph 
pamphlets, original letters of many Pres- 
idents of the United States and examples 
which illustrated the methods of repairing old 
papers. 

From the Division of Maps and Charts 
were sent many extremely rare maps of Amer- 
ica and of the world, a collection of Virginia 
maps beginning with John Smith’s chart of the 
Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries and a col- 
lection which showed the development of Vir- 
ginia from the time of Jamestown up to the date 
that the Constitution was signed. The Division 
of Prints exhibited engravings of George 
Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madi- 
son, James Monroe, William Henry Harrison, 
James Tyler and Zachary Taylor, all of whom 
were born in Virginia, and with the portraits 
of these Presidents the pictures of their homes 
were displayed. All of these, with the excep- 
tion of Harrison and Taylor, were residents as 
well as natives of Virginia, and “ Berkeley,” 
the famous James River home of the Harrison 
family, was exhibited, as was the house in 
Orange County where Taylor was born. 
Among other interesting prints was a collection 
of political and historical cartoons. 

The Division of Periodicals sent a collection 
of newspapers printed in America before 1800, 
some of them containing contemporary accounts 
of important historical events, perhaps the 
most interesting being a record of the sign- 
ing of the Declaration of Independence, with 
the full text of the document itself. The 
Division of Music illustrated the American 
history of this art by a splendid collection of 
books and sheet music. Supplementing this 
display were rare and interesting works by 
foreigners. 

From the Mechanical Divisions of the 
Library were sent sections of the shelving used 


EXHIBIT OF LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 


414 


Government 


in the Library, a directory catalogue which 
contained about two hundred thousand cards 
composed of collections selected from the third 
official catalogue of the Library and designed 
to show the method of tabulation now used. 
The old catalogues in book, card and slip form 
were exhibited for the purposes of comparison. 
There was a collection of bound volumes and 
sewn sheets which illustrated the various kinds 
of coverings used for books at the Library and 
the processes employed in the binding of books, 
and there were samples of books and periodicals 


of the different styles of raised type for the use 
of the blind. 


DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
AND LABOR 


The Department of Commerce and Labor 
made valuable and attractive exhibits from two 
of its Divisions—the Lighthouse Establishment 
and the Bureau of Fisheries. The central fea- 
ture of the Lighthouse exhibit consisted of a 
number of lenses and lanterns, types of the 


Participation. 


refractory mantle. The apparatus produced 
a brilliant, white incandescent light of much 
higher power than could be obtained from the 
best oil light hitherto used. Ass an additional 
advantage, the device is most economical to 
maintain. So successful is this lamp that it is 
now being made in several sizes for different 
classes of lights and as soon as possible, it will 
be installed in all the lighthouses in the country. 
One small vapor lamp was kept burning behind 
one of the small lenses, in order to show the 
contrast between the old and the new lights. 
It was found impracticable to show a larger 
vapor lamp in actual operation because the rays 
of light would have been blinding to visitors. 
As a part of the Lighthouse Service, the 
standard system of fog signaling apparatus 
was exhibited. This consisted of a large bell 
and two types of automatic tongues for striking 
a steam whistle; two forms of “ Siren ”’ whistles 
with automatic attachments for producing a 
series of blasts indicative of the particular sta- 
tion where installed. A “Siren” of the first 
class and of the pattern used in the Lighthouse 


UNITED STATES FISHERIES BUILDING 


several classes employed in the lighting of the 
coasts, lakes and rivers of the United States. 
These ranged in size from a hyper-radiant lens, 
the largest ever built for lighthouse use in this 
country, down to the small lantern employed 
on navigable inland waters. Some of the 
lenses are used where it is desired to have a 
steady fixed light, while two exhibits were 
mounted upon revolving mechanisms, in order 
to show the manner of producing flashing lights 
of extreme brilliance or of obtaining a distinct- 
ive group of flashes. A number of the lamps 
illustrated the application of modern oil lamps 
for lighthouse use. These, by the employment 
of several concentric wicks gave an intense solid 
light, and the mechanism of the appliances 
showed the progress made toward perfecting 
devices for automatically supplying the proper 
quantity of oil to insure a steady flame at a 
fixed height. Another exhibit showed a new 
vapor lamp developed by the Lighthouse Es- 
tablishment and displayed for the first time 
at this Exposition. Instead of kerosene, crude 
mineral oil was vaporized and burned under a 


415 


Establishment, can be heard for a distance ex- 
ceeding twenty miles. [here were a number 
of models of typical lighthouses, and plans 
showing the methods employed in constructing 
lighthouses at points where the engineering dif- 
ficulties are excessive. There was also ex- 
hibited a model of a lightship, one of those 
vessels which are employed to mark dangerous 
shoals, or are stationed a long distance from 
shore—the first light seen by vessels when ap- 
proaching port. The exhibit as a whole, 
amply indicated the progress and scope of the 
Lighthouse Establishment and most entertain- 
ingly and instructively exemplified the ingenuity 
of those who seek to protect the sea commerce 
of the country and the lives of the sailors. 

The principal feature of the exhibit made 
by the Bureau of Fisheries was a display of 
live fish in an aquarium, consisting of nineteen 
tanks arranged around the sides of a building 
especially constructed for the purpose. The 
building was located on the east side of Raleigh 
Square and was connected by a colonnade with 
Government Building A. It was one hundred 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


EXHIBIT OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES 


and six feet long and sixty feet wide, and con- 
tained sixty-one hundred and ninety-five square 
feet of floor space, of which twenty-six hundred 
and thirty-eight feet were occupied by the 
aquaria and entrances, and the remainder was 
utilized for a fixed exhibit. In addition to the 
nineteen tanks which lined the walls, there was 
a pool, twelve feet in diameter, at the center 
of the building. A\ll the tanks were equipped 
to hold salt water, but ten of them were used 
for refrigerated fresh water or fresh water of 
natural temperature, as might be required for 
different species of fish. 

A machinery room occupying seven hundred 
and fifty square feet was underneath the build- 
ing. This basement contained pumps, filters, 
air pumps, refrigerating apparatus and electric 
motors. Below the main floor were two 
reservoirs, each with a capacity of eighteen 
thousand gallons, for salt and fresh water, 
respectively. The fresh water was supplied 
from the Norfolk City water works through the 
Exposition mains, and the salt water was 
brought by boat from the entrance to Chesa- 
peake Bay. It was the purpose of the aqua- 
rium to show, so far as conditions would permit, 
how salt and fresh water fishes were propagated 
and distributed by the Bureau, and to exhibit 
important fishes and water animals of the 
coastal and interior waters, together with orna- 
mental or curious specimens generally. 

The center pool on the main floor was in- 
stalled for an exhibit of turtles and seals, and 
some fine specimens of these were displayed. 
The number of fish in the tanks varied from 
time to time, and the species were constantly 
changed by the acquisition of fresh lots from 
different sections of the country, some of these 
arriving on the cars of the Bureau and others 
being collected in nearby waters. The com- 
paratively small number of tanks necessarily 
limited the number and variety of fishes that 
could be exhibited, but the near vicinity of 


Chesapeake Bay, which contains a great abun- 
dance of important and interesting species, 
made it desirable to give particular attention 
to marine life. ‘The restricted space available 
for the fixed exhibit prevented a complete illus- 
tration of the functions of the Bureau, and it 
was feasible to display only such materials as 
would show some of the most interesting and 
salient phases of the work. 

Under the head of Fish Culture, were ar- 
ranged those articles which exemplified the 
work of the Bureau in the artificial propagation 
of food fishes and the stocking of fresh and 
salt water therewith. The exhibit included 
models and full sized samples of the appliances 
used in collecting the eggs and in the hatching 
and distributing of fresh water and sea fishes. 
There was a continuous demonstration of prac- 
tical fish hatching, in which many thousands of 
eggs were utilized. Traps were provided for 
hatching salmon of the Pacific Coast, trouts, 
graylings, and other species which have heavy 
eggs. Tables were equipped with various de- 
vices used in the culture of pike, perch and 
whitefish, while automatic tidal boxes for the in- 
cubation of the floating eggs of the cod and 
other sea fishes were installed. A working 
model of the Cail Fishway as improved by 
Doctor von Bayr, the engineering architect of 
the Bureau, showed the construction of the best 
ladder for fish, enabling them to surmount 
obstacles in streams. 

The equipment used in the biological in- 
vestigations and researches of the Bureau were 
shown by types of collecting apparatus inclu- 
ding tangles, dredges and tow nets of various 
sizes and forms, together with seines, nets and 
other appliances for shore collecting, tanks for 
the preservation and transportation of speci- 
mens, and the chest recently adopted for port- 
able use, containing six appliances in a minia- 
ture form, proportioned to small boats. In 
connection with these, was the Tanner Deep 


416 


Government Participation. 


Sea sounding machine with its equipment of 
instruments for hydrographic research. There 
was a model of the special railway car which 
is employed by the Bureau in transporting live 
fishes, and another of the sea going steamer 
“ Fish Hawk,” used for biologic investigation 
and as a floating shad hatchery. ‘Three cases 
were devoted to an illustration of the anatomy, 
growth, and local accidental variations, and 
the enemies of the oyster, by far the most im- 
portant single product of the national fisheries. 
Near these cases was a working model which 
illustrated the successful experiments made by 
the Bureau in scientifically fattening oysters. 

An exhibit, prepared by the Rhode I/sland 
Commission of Inland Fisheries as the result of 
their researches made in collaboration with the 
United States Bureau, showed the culture of 
the soft clam and scallop and brought out im- 
portant facts in connection with their develop- 
ment. The sponge fishery, though it is con- 
fined to the State of Florida, is one of the most 
important of the coast industries and has re- 
cently been the subject of much scientific inquiry 
and experiment. ‘The natural beds are being 
rapidly depleted, and the Bureau showed some 
of the results of its various experiments in arti- 
ficial sponge production, together with a fine 
collection of Florida sponges and models illus- 
trating the method of procuring and preparing 
them for market. 

In neighboring cases were collections of 
crustacea, mollusks, shells of turtles, terrapins 
and tortoises, and a collection of native sea- 
weed side by side with samples of food prod- 
ucts prepared by the Japanese from similar 
varieties. These were designed to show how 
our sea plants might advantageously be utilized. 
The extensive investigations of the Bureau rel- 
ative to the condition and preservation of the 
fur seals of Alaska were illustrated by a model 
of a section of seal rookery of the Pribilof 
Islands. On this were mounted specimens of 
seals, representing a typical family or “harem.” 
Illustrating the secondary products of the 
Fisheries, upon which are based numerous and 
valuable industries, there was a comprehensive 
collection of fish oils, which are used extensively 
for mechanical and medicinal purposes, and a 


congeries of fish fertilizers made from fish skins 
and waste. Shells of certain mollusks, utilized 
in the manufacture of pearl buttons and orna- 
ments, and mollusks which yield beautiful and 
valuable pearls and baroque pearls, were 
shown. ‘There were still other exhibits of ma- 
rine shells which afford the finer and more 
lustrous grades of mother of pearl, from which 
the better class of pearl buttons and ornaments 
are made. 

Nets, seines and traps were suspended from 
the ceiling, and arranged appropriately on the 
walls were other appliances for the capture of 
fish. These included a fine collection of 
angling instruments, and there was a large case 
containing models of fishing vessels, especially 
those most used in the Chesapeake Bay and its 
tributaries, while strung along the walls were 
statistical charts giving the value of various 
fisheries and methods and results of the work 
of the Bureau. These were supplemented by 
an effective series of colored photographs and 
mutoscope pictures of practical fish cultural 
operations and fishing scenes. 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND 
NATIONAL MUSEUM 


The exhibit of the Smithsonian Institution 
and the National Museum occupied a building 
lying westward from Raleigh Square and con- 
nected by a colonnade with Government Build- 
ing B. The display made by these two im- 
portant Divisions was designed to convey a 
correct impression of the character and degree 
of civilization of the Aborigines—and to con- 
dense within the scope of a single room the 
epitomized history of three hundred years. 
Congress definitely limited the display to 
“such materials of an historical nature as 
would serve to impart a knowledge of our 
Colonial and National history.” It was, there- 
fore, only possible to take from the collections 
at Washington objects that might be cata- 
logued under the caption of “* American His- 
tory.” The exhibits were collected for the 
purpose of teaching the progress in the civiliza- 
tion of Americans, and carrying into effect this 
plan the collection started with examples of 


we. 


‘ y Serna, 
nee A r) a reD e am 
2 nate “atop 


THE “SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION” AND “NATIONAL MUSEUM” BUILDING 


417 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


pre-historic household implements, utensils, 
weapons and clothing, and continued through 
the Colonial and National days displaying prog- 
ress in certain fields of invention which have 
tended to increase the comfort or advance of 
civilization of the people. 

To illustrate the story pleasingly, the curator 
secured groups of figures, portraits, medals and 
relics which outlined the three hundred years 
of progress. ‘The contrast between the twenty 
ton “ Discovery”’—one of the boats that 
brought the Jamestown settlers—and the twenty 
thousand ton battleship lying at anchor in the 
Hampton Roads is no more startling than were 
many juxtapositions in the Smithsonian display. 

Occupying the center of the floor space there 
was a large tableau of twenty-two life-sized 
figures portraying Captain John Smith trading 
with the Indians for corn. The group was 
designed by W. H. Holmes, Chief of the 
Bureau of American Ethnology and Curator 
of the National Art Gallery. Eleven of the 
group were white men, dressed with historic 
verity, and with helmets, rapiers, match-lock 
guns and pistols such as had been actually car- 
ried by early English settlers. The boat was 
a reproduction of the “ Pinnace”’ which had 
been used by Smith in surveying the Chesa- 
peake Bay and the Virginia rivers. “The white 
men had chests of beads and glass, small 
hatchets, and other trinkets; while the Indians 
were giving grain in return for the baubles. 
The corn in this display was grown from seed 
carried by the Tuscaroras to New York in 
1711. The special significance of this group 
lies in the fact that if Captain John Smith had 
not succeeded in trading with the Indians the 
Jamestown Colony would certainly have suf- 
fered annihilation. 

Around the central group were placed forty- 
three cases, twelve of them illustrating costumes 
and culture of different periods. “Two were 


devoted to a display of attire worn by the 


original settlers—the Puritan and his wife, the 
Dutch padroon and his wife, the Virginia 
planter and his wife, and the Spanish cavalier 
and lady. One case illustrated the Indians of 
the Potomac region employed in making stone 
implements and another contained specimens of 
the stone art work of the aborigines. A most 
interesting scene of the Colonial period was 
exhibited and the Daughters of the American 
Revolution lent a collection of costumes and 
relics of the days of ’76. A case containing 
objects of especial interest illustrated the arts 
and culture of the outlying possessions of the 
United States of to-day, the Philippines, Porto 
Rico, Hawaii and Alaska. 

The evolution of water transportation was 
portrayed by a series of models beginning with 
the ancient war galley of the Vikings and 
showing among others the ships of Columbus, 
the “ Susan Constant ”’ of the Virginia emprise; 
the “ Mayflower ”’ of the Puritans; the “ Half- 
Moon” of Hendrik Hudson; the first experi- 
ments of Rumsey, Fitch, Fulton and Stevens; 
the “ Savannah ’’—the first steamboat to cross 
the Atlantic, and models of modern boats ply- 
ing to-day on the rivers, bays and oceans of the 
world. 

Iu a similar way the development of land 
transportation was illustrated. The exhibits 
included models of the pack-horse, the Colonial 
carts and ox wagons, the Virginia rolling hogs- 
head for conveying tobacco, the sleds used by 
the first settlers, the Indian travoix, the Colonial 
chaise, the Western stage coach, and, in the 
field of railroading, the Stevens locomotive of 
1825, the first American effort in this line, the 
"Tom Thumb,” which, built by Peter Cooper 
in 1829, drew a car carrying twenty-four 
passengers a distance of thirteen miles in fifty- 
seven minutes, then considered a marvelous rec- 
ord; the English “ Stourbridge Lion;’’ the 
** America’s Best Friend,” built in 1831 and 


the first locomotive actually employed in rail- 


TABLEAU: CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH TRADING WITH INDIANS 


Government Participation. 


road work in this country, all others having been 
used for demonstration. The Baldwin Loco- 
motive Works exhibited the ‘‘ Old Ironsides,” 
“* Sandusky,’ and modern giant engines. In 
connection with transportation, illustrations of 
speedy message communication were given. 
Telegraph and telephone developments were 
exemplified by models of the original forms of 
apparatus and the present means employed. 

A “History of Medicine” exhibit was 
especially planned by Doctor James M. Flint 
of the National Museum. It consisted mainly 
of portraits of noted doctors, beginning with 
the physician who accompanied Captain John 
Smith to America down through the list to 
Doctor Crawford W. Long who, it is claimed, 
first used ether as an anesthetic in surgical 
operations. This collection included pictures 
of Doctor Zabdiel Boylston, the first American 
to perform inoculation for smallpox, and 
Doctor Carlos Finlay who is credited with 


f at a 


formulating a definite theory as to the transmis- 
sion of yellow fever by the mosquito. 

In a frieze around the building were shown 
in chronological order one hundred and thirty 
large colored pictures of the most eminent men 
associated with the history of the United States. 
The walls were also adorned with a large col- 
lection of historic pictures and other material 
bearing upon the story of America. Among 
these were included copies of fifty or more pic- 
tures made by Governor White of Roanoke 
Island, for Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1585. The 
originals of these are now in the Grenville col- 
lection in the British Museum. 

A most remarkable exemplification of photog- 
raphy was prepared by T. W. Smillie of the 
National Museum. ‘This great mechanical art 
has a definite history of less than one hundred 
years. The oldest display was a crude portrait 
made in 1824 by Niepce. Prints by Daguerre 


419 


and Talbot were exhibited. Some wonderful 
colored photographs were shown. Among a 
collection of remarkable color prints were a 
photograph of the solar spectrum thirty feet 
long, a detailed reproduction of the infra-red 
spectrum recorded by the bolometer invented 
by the late Professor S. P. Langley of the 
Smithsonian Institution, a print showing the 
total eclipse of the sun in 1900 and a picture 
of the Goddess of Liberty topping the dome of 
the United States Capitol. A specially con- 
structed telephoto camera set at a distance of 
a third of a mile from the Capitol recorded this 
last reproduction. 


LATIN-AMERICA 


The Ter-Centennial was not strictly a world’s 
fair since the United States Government had 
not proclaimed it as an international exposition 
and consequently no official invitation had been 


a. 


GOVERNMENT BUILDING FOR THE EXHIBITS OF INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF AMERICAN 
REPUBLICS, PORTO RICO AND MEXICO 


extended to foreign countries suggesting or re- 
questing that they officially participate through 
other media than their armies and navies. To 
a certain extent this restriction was not con- 
sidered in connection with the Republics of 
Latin-America whose relations with the United 
States are closer than are usually the relations 
between independent States. The J/nterna- 
tional Bureau of American Republics made an 
abstract exhibit in the northeast section of the Ex- 
position which showed in a broad and general 
way the commercial possibilities of all Latin- 
America, and several of the individual Republics 
made exhibits no doubt influenced by the Bureau, 
but as well induced by the evident inclination of 
the United States to appreciate any co-opera- 
tion that their southern neighbors might extend. 

In 1890 the first Pan-American Conference 
was held at Washington, and as a result of 
this meeting the International Bureau was es- 


The Jamestown 1 er-Centennial Exposition. 


tablished. “TWenty-one American Govern- 
ments are represented on the Directing Board, 
and the Bureau is maintained by the joint con- 
tributions of these countries. The exhibit of 
the Bureau was one of the principal attractions 
of the Exposition. It was visited by thousands, 
and its displays were examined with the utmost 
care. Few people who saw the exhibit had 
ever before fully realized the value of the 
Bureau as an educational, statistical, commer- 
cial and historical factor. 

The headquarters of the Bureau showed an 
architectural contrast with the other Exposi- 
tion buildings. Its style was Spanish and it 
was built of gravel and cement—the main build- 
ing being square, with a single oblong wing, 
all one story high. ‘The greater portion of the 
display consisted of maps and of cases contain- 
ing samples of Latin-American products. A 
large relief map of 
the proposed _inter- 
continental railway, 
which is intended to 
connect the United 
States with the Re- 
publics of Central 
and South America, 
was perhaps_ the 
chief feature of the 
exhibit; and a Pan- 
American map show- 
ing the area, popula- 
tion and foreign com- 
merce of the South 
American Republics was supplemented by 
pamphlets and charts calling attention to the 
immense size of Latin-America and to its 
wonderful natural productions, its large and 


HON. JOHN BARRETT 
Director I. B. of A. R. 


EXHIBIT OF INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS 


‘tbe 


growing trade, its material development, its 
immense system of fluvial highways, its mag- 
nificent ports, its dense forests, its rich mines, 
its vast plains and_ table-lands, its large 
and growing cities, its deep valleys and tower- 
ing mountains. ‘There were fine topographical 
maps of Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Guate- 
mala, Honduras, Mexico and _ Salvador. 
There were a number of old maps taken from 
the early books written about America, charts 
illustrating the discov- 
ery of Columbus and 
a map of the world 
drawn by Ceserea in 
1534. <A group of 
photographs showed 
the members of the 
first and second Pan- 
American Confer- 


ences, the various 
directors of the Bu- 
reau, and. several 


score of Latin-Amer- 
ican views. Sample 
cases contained ex- 
hibits of Latin-American products, a collection 
of ores, fibres, tobacco, rubber, hardwoods, 
baskets, hats, pottery and textiles. 


FRANCISCO J. YANES 
Representative I. B. of A. R. 


PORTIS IGG 


In addition to its regular exhibits, the War 
Department was charged with caring for the 
display made by Porto Rico. Nearly half the 
space in the main building of the Bureau of 
American Republics was devoted to this insular 
possession of the United States. The exhibit 
embraced illustrations of Government functions, 


420 


Government Participation. 


PORTO RICO EXHIBIT 


photographs of the Island, official buildings, 
roads and other media of communication, and 
maps and charts showing the resources and sub- 
stantial development under American occupa- 
tion. There were other charts indicating 
health and thermal conditions. Products and 
manufactures were illustrated by raw materials 
and finished results, together with photographs 
of the intermediate processes. The principal 
subjects were leaf and manufactured tobaccos, 
raw and refined sugars, grains, grapes and fruits 
and their distilled or fermented products. 

In the center of a room was a reproduction 
of the peon or peasant hut. This was a type 
usually seen in tropical countries. It was built 
of the puma-rosa, a tough growth of royal 
palm, bound together with managua, an ex- 
ceedingly strong fiber, thatched with a roof of 
sugar cane leaves and floored with palm slabs. 
In the hut were native cooking utensils, some 
of them crockeries made of Porto Rican clay 
and beautiful in their designs. “There were 
also native wooden instruments, many varieties 
of sandals and fish-nets made from palm-wood, 
sugar knives, and specimens of the war weapon 
of the West Indian—the machete. Arts and 
handicrafts were illustrated by a beautiful col- 
lection made by people trained to skillful and 
patient labor. The display in this division was 
the most complete of its kind ever made, and 
the embroideries, laces and drawn-work de- 
servedly received special commendation for 
their beauty and value, while the baskets, hats 
and potteries were equally meritorious. 

The methods of American instruction were 
illustrated very thoroughly. The different 
types of school buildings, the old Spanish and 
the native peon school were shown in contrast 
to the new or modern school erected and 


42] 


maintained by the Americans. These minia- 
ture reproductions were placed near the en- 
trance of the building. The old school was a 
one-story palm-wood structure, having a 
thatched roof of sugar cane leaves, while the 
American type was built of the finished hard- 
woods of Porto Rico, principally male cedar, 
and covered with a roof of corrugated iron 
which is imported from the United States. In 
connection with these models were maps and 
charts demonstrating the progress made by the 
pupils in acquirmg command of the English 
language and others showing the distribution of 
school population. Tables gave the number 
of schools and teachers, and the courses of 
study which included exceptionally fine manual 
training instruction. Samples of the children’s 
work were shown in the lines of carpentry, 
mechanical and artistic drawings, cabinet mak- 
ing, and the weaving and decorating of native 
fabrics. 


MEXICO 


Though it was originally intended by the 
Commissioners representing the Republic of 
Mexico that the exhibits of that country should 
be displayed in the building of the International 
Bureau, they found that owing to the limited 
space which it was possible to reserve for them 
there, it would be necessary to divide the ex- 
hibit into two sections. One part was installed 
in the building of the Bureau and the remainder 
in the Transportation and Machinery building. 

The members of the Commission were: 
Lieutenant-Colonel of Staff, José Manterola; 
Second Lieutenant of the Navy, Angel del 
Corzo, and Captain of Artillery, Manuel 
Garcia Lugo. The composition of this Com- 
mission indicated quite plainly the character of 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposiiion. 


the exhibit which Mexico intended making, and 
foreshadowed that the great sister republic of 
the United States would not attempt any com- 
mercial display. 

The members of the Commission arrived in 
Norfolk on the fourth of April; but, owing to 
difficulties in the way of securing proper trans- 
portation, they were unable to install their 
exhibits until after the Exposition had opened. 
Without any ceremony whatever, the exhibit 
was presented to public view on the sixth of 
June, the formal exercises being, at the request 
of the chairman of the commission, fixed for the 
fifteenth of September, a date which is not only 
Mexico’s National Independence Day, corres- 
ponding to our fourth of July, but is the 
“ Saint’s Day ” of General Porfirio Diaz, the 
great President of the Republic, whose féte is 
a time of national rejoicing. 

The decorations of Mexico’s exhibit were 
principally composed of curtains of tri-colored 
cloth and grouping of flags most artistically 
arranged with a view of so combining the vari- 
ous national colors that they might blend with 
the flag of the Republic, and the pennants of 
the United States and Mexico intertwined were 
frequently in evidence. 

The central feature was a beautiful wax 
figure of a woman, typifying the genius of the 
nation. In her right hand she held the tni- 
colored emblem of the Republic, and her left 
hand rested upon the national coat of arms. 
The allegorical statue was mounted on a high 
pedestal; and, artistically arranged at its base, 
were war trophies and drums, guns and cornets. 
Suspended in line from the main entrance of 
the building, was a group of pictures, in the 
center of which was an impressive portrait of 
the President of the Republic, and to his right 


Fo ¥ 
Copyright, Jamestown Officia notograph Corporation. 


Pt, 


GENERAL OF DIVISION, PORFIRIO DIAZ 
PRESIDENT OF THE RepusBLic oF Mexico 


and left were pictures of the Secretary of War, 
the Secretary of the Navy and the Assistant 
Secretaries of each Department. 

The articles composing the exhibit belonged 
chiefly to the Military Department of the Gov- 
ernment, and the principal displays were made 
by the Artillery Corps. One piece of light 


and powerful artillery, an eighty millimetre 
Mondragon type, model of 1903, elicited spe- 
cial ‘attention from the visiting officers of the 
American Army, who greatly admired this 


MEXICAN EXHIBIT 


422 


Government Participation. 


Capt. Luco, Lizut.-CoLt. MANTEROLA, LigeutT. DEL Corzo 
THE MEXICAN COMMISSION 


wonderful gun, as well as the rifle invented by 
the same General. ‘The size of this gun cor- 
responds approximately to one of our three 
and one-eighth inch field rifles. Another can- 
non which was much admired was a seventy- 
five millimetre Saint Chamond-Mondragon of 
the heavy field pattern and a light gun of the 
same type and the same calibre. ~The Com- 
mission displayed an automatic thirty-seven 
millimetre Hotchkiss and one rapid fire seven 
metre Hotchkiss; and, corresponding to these 
several pieces a artillery, were ammunition 
wagons and an advance train. A light field 


Gad right, Peer a “Official PcKaraph Gasparatiag: 


gun of seventy millimetres and an eighty milli- 
metre mortar, both designed by General Mon- 
dragon, were shown, and with each was an 
ammunition wagon. A full battery and forge, 
a forage wagon of seventy-five millimetre ma- 
terial, type of Saint Chamond-Mondragon, and 
a field ambulance with its equipment were 
exhibited. Among the miscellaneous and 
attractive exhibits were harnesses for teams of 
horses and mules; a collection of apparatus for 
transporting light field artillery, and a collection 
of uniforms worn by the different branches of 
the Army and Navy, including the uniforms of 
the military schools and those worn by the rural 
guards. An album, containing drawings made 
by the cadets of the military college during 
1906, evoked great admiration. 

The officers of the United States Army 
made many formal and informal visits to this 
splendid display. Among the distinguished 
visiting members of the profession, especial men- 
tion might be made of Major-General Fred- 
erick Dent Grant, the Commander of the troops 
at the Exposition, who, accompanied by Major 
Mallory and Captain Bowley of his Staff, 
attentively examined the exhibit in all of its 
details. The visit of this Commanding Officer 
was a formal affair, of which notice had been 
previously given, and he was received by 
Colonel Manterola and the other members of 
the Commission, who explained accurately to 
him and to his attending officers the construc- 
tion and the operation of the cannons and guns. 
General Grant at that time and subsequently 
expressed his hearty admiration for the display 
in its entirety and for its component parts. 


REPUBLICA DOMINICANA 


The Dominican Republic erected a special 
building for the housing of its exhibit. 


This 


‘ Why Ho 2 | 


BUILDING OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


GENERAL RAMON CACERES 
President Dominican Republic 


was situated at the southwest corner of Lee 
Parade. It was a most attractive frame struc- 
ture, its outer walls composed of one-inch thick 
dove-tailed mahogany boards, sealed tightly 
within by a similar thickness of satin wood. It 
was easily the most expensive structure of its 
size at the Exposition, the walls alone costing 
several thousands of dollars. 

The Commissioners representing the Domin- 
ican Republic were: Doctor P. M. Garrido, 
Chairman; Hon. J. Lopez, and Hon. N. 
Veloz-Goiticoa. The work of installing this 
collection and the general care of its main- 
tenance devolved upon the last named com- 
missioner, who was constantly at the Exposition, 
while the others were rarely there for any 
extended period. 

The Dominican Government received a gold 
medal for its collective exhibit of Yucca starch, 
sugar, sago and preserved fruits. In the De- 
partment of Forestry, gold medals were 
awarded to the Dominican Government for the 
native woods used in the construction of the 
exhibit building; for its collective display of 


valuable timber, and for its collective exhibit 
of fibres, and manufactures of fibres.* 


HAITI 


The exhibit made by the Government of 
Haiti in the Food Products Building was in 
charge of Commissioner Louis Laraque, and is 
described with the other exhibits made in that 
building. 

The Government of Haiti was represented 
by a military delegation consisting of Colonel 
Zavier Latortue, Commander Leonce Larque, 
and Captain Nemours Auguste. 


OTHER LATIN-AMERICAN 
PARTICIPATION 


No other Latin-American Government made 
an exhibit at the Exposition though several 
officially participated. The Ambassador or 
Minister from every American Republic was 
present personally or by proxy on Opening 
Day and several of them subsequently visited 
the celebration. Some of the Nations sent 
military commissioners and others were repre- 
sented by their ships but the various embassies 
were either averse to giving any information 
or were unable to furnish it, and the follow- 
ing brief facts are taken from the report made 
by Hon. N. Veloz-Goiticoa to the Governor 
of Exhibits: 

Equador was represented by Colonel 
Olmedo Alfaro, the son of General Alfaro, 
now Constitutional President of Equador. 

Guatemala’s military delegation consisted of 
Lieutenant-Colonel Luis Toledo Harrate, 
Chairman; Colonel Ramon Bengoechea, and 
Captain Isidoro Palomo. 

The Chilian Government sent its warship 
“Zenteno,” a cruiser of thirty-six hundred 
tons displacement, commanded by Captain 
Arturo Wilson. 

Argentina sent the ‘ Sarmiento,” a twenty- 
seven hundred and fifty ton cruiser, com- 
manded by Commander Jose Moneto. 

Brazil sent a naval squadron consisting of 
three men-of-war, the flagship “* Riachuelo,” 
the “ Barroso” and the “ Tamoyo.” The 
squadron, which was commanded by Rear- 
Admiral Duarte Huet de Bacellar, remained 
at the Exposition for an extended period. 


UNITED STATES ARMY 


Major-General Frederick Dent Grant, U. S. 
A., was in command of the troops at the Ex- 
position. His personal staff consisted of Albert 
J. Bowley, aide-de-camp and Clifford L. Cor- 
bin, assistant aide-de-camp. On his general 
staff were Major John S. Mallory, 12th In- 
fantry, Adjutant-General from April 1, 1907, 
to August 24, 1907; Captain J. L. Hines, 
Quartermaster, U. S. A. Chief Quartermaster 
and Adjutant-General from August 24, 1907, 


to the close of the encampment; Major Charles 


* A number of gold and other medals were awarded to individual exhibitors. 


of the Jury of Awards.—Eb. 


E. Woodruff, Chief Surgeon; Captain Percy 
L. Jones, Assistant Surgeon; Second Lieu- 
tenant Harry L. Jordan, Assistant to Chief 
Quartermaster; Captain P. C. Langdon, 3rd 
Infantry, on duty with Powhatan Guard; Sec- 
ond Lieutenant Edmund C. Waddill, 9th In- 
fantry, on duty with the Exposition Company; 
Captain E. M. Rich, Assistant Surgeon, and 
eight enlisted men, composing the Hospital 
Corps of the 23rd Infantry; Captain E. M. 
Talbott, Assistant Surgeon, and three enlisted 


Their names will appear in the findings 


424 


Government Participation. 


men, the Hospital Corps for the Second 
Squadron, 12th Cavalry; Captain Kent Nel- 
son, Assistant Surgeon; First Lieutenant Harry 
C. Humphreys, Assistant Surgeon, and four 
enlisted men, the Hospital Corps for Battery 
B, 3rd Field Artillery. 

Permanently under the command of General 
Grant were the 23rd Infantry, U. S. A., Bat- 
tery D. 3rd Field Artillery U. S. A., and the 
Second Squadron, 12th Cavalry, U. S. A. 
To the Exposition visitor whose interest was 
general and not confined to some particular 
topic, there was no attraction equal to the one 
afforded by the drills and parades of the Reg- 
ular Army. Thousands to whom the Infantry 
was familiar, first saw cavalry drills, and many 
who had viewed foot soldiers and horse soldiers 
in their evolutions, for the first time witnessed 
artillery maneuvers. 

The fact that General Grant was in com- 
mand served to add a sentimental interest to 
the army showing. Like his illustrious father, 
who deemed that the war ended at Appomat- 
tox, the younger general allowed no occasion 
to pass unseized which might afford an oppor- 
tunity for his showing that sectionalism was an 
incomprehensible word to him, and that the 
land he loved was broad as the continent and 
stretched from Canada to Mexico. When 
transmitting detailed reports to the Adjutant- 
General of the Army, General Grant filed the 


following letter: 


HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE EAST. 


GOVERNOR’S ISLAND, NEW YORK CITY. 


December 23, 1907. 
THe ADJUTANT-GENERAL OF THE ARMY, 
War Department, 
Washington, D. C. 

Sir;—In the last part of February, 1907, I was notified by 
the War Department that I should be detailed to command a 
model camp to be established at the Jamestown Ter-Centennial 
Exposition and maintained during the continuance of the Ex- 
position, and | visited the proposed camp ground at once and 
investigated the prevailing conditions. My report of the condi 
tions found is a matter of record in the War Department. 

Later, when more definite orders were received, a staff, con- 
sisting of an Adjutant-General, Chief Quartermaster, Chief 
Commissary and Chief Surgeon with assistants, was formed. 
The Chief Quartermaster, Captain J. L. Hines, 23rd Infantry, 
and the Chief Surgeon, Major C. E. Woodruff, Medical De- 
partment, were ordered March 9th and March 13th, respectively, 
to take station in Norfolk and to begin the preparations for the 
camp pertaining to the Quartermaster and Sanitary Departments. 

1 made frequent trips to the camp grounds before the arrival 
of the troops, April 22, 1907, keeping myself posted on the 
progress of the work of preparation. The camp ground avail- 
able for the regular troops was on ground leased by the Exposi- 
tion Company from the Tidewater Railroad, just south of the 
Exposition Grounds. The ground was low, marshy, overgrown 
with brush and filled with stumps of trees. The best ground 
for camping inside and outside of the Exposition Grounds was 
assigned for the visiting National Guard and semi-military 
organizations. Great difficulty was encountered in preparing the 
ground for the reception of the troops. The details of this wok 
may be found in the accompanying reports of the Chief Quarter- 
master and the Chief Surgeon. 

Between April 21 and 25, the 23rd Infantry, the 2nd 
Squadron, 12th Cavalry and the 3rd Battery, Field Artillery 
(later Battery D, Third Field Artillery), arrived and were 
established in camp. [Each organization had its own separate 
camp owing to the character of the g-ound. 

On one of the first days of the camp, I called the officers 
together and outlined what was expected of them during the 
existence of the camp. Great stress was laid on the fact that 
the camp was to be a model one, that the troops were on 
exhibition and must conduct themselves to the credit of the 
U. S. Army. The cheerful response of the officers and men 
throughout the entire encampment to my appeal has been a 
source of great personal gratification. The appearance and 
conduct of the officers and men were such as to reflect great 
credit upon the service. Strict attention was paid the very rigid 
sanitary regulations and as a result a very excellent health record 


was made in a malarial and typhoid district. ——The camp was a 
model in every respect. 

Regular drills, parades and reviews for Infantry, Cavalry 
and Field Artillery were held on Lee’s Parade for the instruc- 
tion of the troops and for the entertainment of visitors to the 
Exposition. All of these ceremonies were most satisfactory and 
proved to be a most prominent feature of the Exposition. The 
praise of the troops as to their conduct, appearance and soldierly 
bearing was universal. The exhibition drills, parades and re- 
views were highly pleasing to the Exposition authorities and the 
public in general. In fact, there has been nothing but the 
highest praise for the troops from every one who has come in 
contact with them. 

On days of the visits of the President of United States to 
the Exposition, on State Days and other times of important 
functions, special military ceremonies were arranged and carried 
out to the great satisfaction of every one concerned. 

The Exposition closed on November 30th. The 23rd Regi- 
ment of Infantry and Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery, returned 
to their posts shortly after the close of the Exposition. The 2nd 
Squadron, 12th Cavalry were detained for about ten days to 
guard public property and then returned to its proper post. 

The details of the camp will be found in the reports of the 
separate staff of officers and organization commanders hereto 
attached.* 


Very respectfully, 
(Signed) F. D. Grant, 
Major-General U. S. A., 


Commanding. 


MAJOR-GENERAL FREDERICK DENT. GRANT 


Son of President Ulysses Simpson Grant—Ajide-de-camp to 

Lieutenant-General Sheridan—U. S. Minister to Austria 1885 

—Police Commissioner New York 1894-1898—Brigadier- 

General U. S. Army 1901—Major-General U. S. A. Feb. 6, 

1906—Commanded Department of Texas 1902-1904—Depart- 

ment of the Lakes, January to September, 1904—Department 
of the East 1904-1907. 


J. N. Kihan, Captain and Commissary, U. 
S. A., was the Chief Commissary at Camp 
Captain John Smith. Reporting on the con- 
duct of the Subsistence Department, from 
April 20th to December 20th, 1907, he re- 
lates that one hundred and eighty-one thou- 
sand, six hundred and twelve rations were 
supplied to the Regulars and thirty-one thou- 
sand, three hundred rations to the State Militia. 
He further reported that the sales commissary 
which was in camp, consisted of the regular 
sales articles authorized for the United States, 


the Philippines and Alaska. On the subject 


* The statements that follow the letter of General Grant are epitomized from the reports attached to the commanding 


officer's letter.—Ep. 


425 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


of the transportation of the supplies, Captain 


Kilian reports: 

The Commissary, consisting of the issue, sales, storage, 
tents, office, bakery and refrigerator, was located about three 
quarters of a mile from the Infantry and Artillery Camp, and 
close to the Cavalry. A spur track had been constructed by 
the Tidewater Railway Company, but the freight service was 
so poor that the spur track was virtually of no use at all. 
Stores shipped from Newport News and New York, that 
should have reached Camp in one and three days respectively, 
were not received for from one to three. weeks. In order to 
supply the troops on rations days, it became necessary to make 
use of water transportation from Newport News to Camp, and, 
as same was not furnished by the Quartermaster’s Department, 
it was necessary to hire same from private parties. An appli- 
cation for a tugboat for immediate use was pending for two 
weeks, and, finally, denied by the Quartermaster-General, and, 
in the meantime, this office was not only required to buy and 
procure the articles of the ration, but to see to their transporta- 
tion on water and on land, and to ask details from the different 
organizations and superintend the loading and unloading thereof. 


The soldiers received excellent bread which 
was baked in the camp. ‘The first bakery was 
abandoned after a two months’ trial and a new 
and improved one substituted. There seems to 
be a difference of opinion as to the moving 
cause of the substitution, and the reports of the 
Chief Quartermaster, the Chief Surgeon and 
the Chief Commissary do not entirely accord. 
The following is taken verbatim from the re- 


port of the last-named officer: 


A. bakery was established in Camp and_ conveniently 
located near the Commissary. It consisted of four “ Blod- 
gett” field ovens, each having a capacity of two hundred 
(eighteen oz.) ration loaves of bread. These ovens were put 
up side by side in a building thirty feet long, sixteen feet wide 
and eight feet high. It was constructed of light frame, cov- 
ered with corrugated iron, painted red. On March 28th, 
1907, when discussing the preparations for the Camp, the 
Chief Commissary called the attention of the Department Com- 
mander to the inadequacy of these “ Blodgett” field ovens in a 
Camp lasting more than thirty days. An application, subse- 
quently forwarded for a brick oven, was denied. The regular 
troops were supplied daily with fresh bread from this bakery, 
as were also some of the militia organizations, but on June 
26, 1907, three bakers suffered from heat exhaustion, and it 
became necessary to make different arrangements for the baking 
of bread in Camp. This office, therefore, recommended that 
a “ Middleby” bake oven be purchased, and that a frame 
building be constructed, which should be forty feet long, two 
hundred and twenty-two feet wide and fifteen feet high. 

Attention is hereby invited to an article written by Captain 
Percy L. Jones, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army, and published 
in the “ Army and Navy Life,’ October, 1907 (page 368), 
which reads as follows: 

“Bread is made by trained bakers in a modern bakery. 
The building is thoroughly screened, and bread is stored in 
screened compartments, making double protection from flies. 
The first bakery used had the ordinary field ovens, and was in 
a corrugated iron building. It was found to be entirely un- 
inhabitable from excessive heat and bad ventilation, while 
corrugations prevented complete screening. The Ovens began 
to warp after two months’ use, and bread could not be baked 
so well as at first. For these reasons, upon the recommenda- 
tion of the chief surgeon, the new bakery was built of frame, 
and sufficiently high for good ventilation. The bread turned 
out is excellent, and the usual savings are made. Foods, in 
general, are as good as at any army post.” 

The statement: “For these reasons, upon the recommenda- 
lion of the chief surgeon” is erroneous, reference being made to 
letters from this office, and from the office of the chief surgeon, 
both dated June 26, 1907. The bread baked in the new bakery 
was satisfactory from beginning to end. The output was even 
and regular, and the quality of the bread was of the best. 
The bakers took more interest in their work, and were not 
subjected to more than ordinary heat. They were, at first, 
required to carry wood for the bakery for more than two 
hundred yards, owing to the lack of transportation. 


Captain Kilian reports that notwithstanding 
the heat of the summer months, there was very 
little loss from deterioration, and that the money 
value of the supplies condemned amounted to 
only sixty-eight dollars and eighty-five cents. 
Concerning the quality of the supplies and the 
methods of delivery, the report reads: 


The subsistence stores and sales articles were supplied by 
the purchasing commissary of New York and Newport News, 
Va. They were of excellent quality and invariably in good 
condition. They were furnished promptly in the quantities asked 
for, upon requisition from this office and approval by the chief 
commissary of the department. 

The subsistence property was supplied from different army 


posts in the department, Fort Terry, Fort Dupont, Washington 
barracks and Fort Monroe, by order of the chief commissary 
of the department upon requisition from this office. 

The property was late in arriving at the camp, so much 
so in fact. that some of it was received as late as the latter 
part of May. This involved a great hardship upon this office. 
The property was all in poor condition when received at the 
camp. It had not only been used, but was dilapidated, broken, 
rusty and should never have been sent. The whole equipment 
was a disgrace to the service, and was not fit for a backwoods, 
cross-roads, country grocery store. 

The storage tents and platforms were of excellent material, 
well constructed and very satisfactory. 

The location of the new bakery was changed from com- 
missary site to a place about two miles away, near the crema- 
tory. This is believed to have either been a huge joke or a 
piece of spite work. The new location was the most unsanitary 
spot of the whole camp, was near a drainage ditch, cut off from 
the 23rd Infantry camp by the embankment of the railroad 
track, and continually exposed to the fumes and smoke arising 
from the crematory, the flies, there being more numerous than 
anywhere else in the camp. Besides, the new location caused 
this office a great deal of annoyance, loss of time and greater 
expense, and is considered an undue interference with one 
department by another. But “as it is well for brethren to 
dwell together in peace and harmony,” this office did the best it 
could under the discouraging circumstances, and uncomplainingly 
performed the extra but unnecessary work. 


There were but two important complaints 
made against the conduct of the Commissary 
Department. One of these related to the issue 
of supplies and the other to a purely technical 
question, dealing with the duplication of fur- 
loughs. Captain Kilian reports: 


These two cases never have been fully explained, they 
are herewith briefly submitted for the department commander's 
consideration: 

Captain Croxton, in command of the 3rd Battalion of the 
23rd Infantry, was sent from Camp Captain John Smith to 
Camp Admiral Harrington, the U. S. Marine Corps Rifle 
range, near Williamsburg, Va. 

Upon the receipt of the order for the movement of these 
troops, the Chief Commissary, upon the request of the Adjutant- 
General, consulted the commanding officer of the 23rd Infantry 
concerning the rations to be issued upon their departure and 
while in camp at the rifle range. It was decided by the 
Adjutant-General to have the usual field rations with fresh 
meat issued. A two days’ supply of frozen beef for the first 
and the second day was furnished and arrangements were made 
with a local butcher at Williamsburg for a daily supply of 
fresh meats, in accordance with the wants of the different 
organizations. Upon the delivery of the frozen beef upon the 
dock, the starting point for the troops, Captain Croxton objected 
to the frozen beef and asked for corn beef instead. It was 
then too late to make the change for obvious reasons. 

On September 2nd, Labor Day, a legal holiday by virtue 
of a proclamation of the President, no meat was supplied by 
the local butcher at Williamsburg. This opportunity was 
eagerly seized to discredit the commissary. A small quantity 
of corn beef was bought upon order of the cor manding officer 
in spite of the fact that three companies objected, but were 
ordered to receive the stuff, while the fourth uncomplainingly 
submitted, because it was the officer's own. The fault was not 
with the local butcher, neither was it with the commissary. It 
was simply an oversight on the part of the officer in charge of 
the subsistence at the camp. If, in view of the President's 
proclamation, he had exercised proper foresight and had made 
arrangements for the supply of fresh meat on Labor Day, this 
would not have happened. It is apparent, therefore, that the 
method of supplying the troops at Camp Admiral Harrington 
did not * fall down,” but was simply due to an oversight. 

The second case is an appeal to the department commander 
to compel this office to make true duplicate copies of furloughs 
when presented to this office for payment. 

On account of a recent decision by the auditor, an officer 
is not permitted to make true copies of his own vouchers, and 
the commissary being located away from other camps, it in- 
volved a great deal of hardship and loss of time to make these 
true copies in this office and have an officer to certify them. 
The matter having been left to the Chief Commissary of the 
department, that officer cited paragraph No. 1259, A. R., and 
upon this based his recommendation to the department com- 
mander for an order to this office to make its own true copies 
and certify to the same, when paragraph No. 7, General 
Orders, No. 2, February 21, 1907, Headquarters Department 
of the East, expressly provides for the contrary. 


In conclusion he recites: 


The following recommendations are herewith submitted for 
consideration for future camps of this size: 

First: That suitable and plentiful transportation be sup- 
plied to the commissary. 

Second: That the building of the bakery, the choice of 
bake ovens, materials and utensils should be left to the chief 
commissary. 

Third: That the location of the commissary should be 
determined at the laying out of the camp. That it should be 
in a sanitary place, and that the storage tents, the issues, the 
sales, the office, the bakery, the butcher shop and refrigerator 


426 


Government 


or cold storage facilities be all in one and the same place, as 
compact as the topography of the place will permit. 

Fourth: That the Chief Commissary of the department in 
which the camp is to be established should provide and have 
ready a complete and serviceable equipment of subsistence prop- 
erty, suitable for the work to be performed. 

In conclusion I desire to state that it was a great pleasure 
to the undersigned to be permitted to serve with so many able, 
conscientious and painstaking officers, and the experience gained 
is considered of great practical benefit. 


Captain J. L. Hines, Quartermaster U. S. 
A., reported that he was detailed as Chief 


Quartermaster by telegraphic instructions of 


the Commanding General of the East, March 
6, 1907, that he arrived on the Exposition 
Grounds on the 13th day of March and im- 


mediately began preparing for the military en- 
campment. His report relates that there were 
three sites within the territory leased by the 
Exposition Company from the Tidewater Rail- 
road that were available for camping purposes, 
that one of the sites contained sufficient territory 
for the encampment of the Infantry and Cavalry 
or Artillery, one sufficient for Cavalry and 


Artillery and 


one sufficient 
only for the 
Artillery. He 
refers to the 
contract which 
existed be- 
tween the Ex- 
position Com- 
pany and the 
Railroad 
(Som pan ys 
which permit- 
ted the latter 
to demand a 
certain portion 


of the land 


upon ten days’ 
notice, and he 
tells that this 
section was 
demanded in August. The report continues: 


“T found the ground covered with underbrush and stumps, 
and immediately made requisition on the Exposition Company, 
as per their contract, to furnish sufficient laborers to clear 
the ground. 

No laborers were available until the 15th, on which date 
25 laborers were supplied me by the Exposition Company and 
on an average of about that number were supplied daily, except 
Sunday, until the ground was finally cleared and ditches for 
sewer and water pipes had been dug and sewer pipes laid 
about April 25th, 1907. 

On March 18th, the foreman who had been detailed by 
the Exposition Company to report to me for carpenter work 
reported, and on the 20th work began on the tent floors, but 
with only three carpenters. However, five were supplied on the 
2st, three on the 22nd, six on the 23rd, seven on the 25th, 
eight on the 26th, eight on the 27th, and fifteen daily until 
April 3rd. On April 4th, twenty-three carpenters were sup- 
plied, and an average of about twenty carpenters were 
supplied daily until the tent floors, frames, dining rooms, 
stables, sheds, incinerator houses, bath houses and bakery were 
completed. 

The Exposition Company supplied 340,891 square feet of 
lumber for this camp which cost them about $15.00 per 
thousand. They paid $14.50 per thousand for the labor of 
erecting the frames, floors, etc. Costing $4,772.47 and 38 
screen doors at $1.25 each, for putting in position, $47.50, 
making a total of $4,819.97, for the carpenter work of erect- 
ing the Camp. Concrete floors were put in the shower bath 
houses at a total cost of $116.00. 

Purchase was also made by me for the Exposition Com- 
pany; they have supplied me with necessary funds, of the 
following: 


CAPTAIN J. L. HINES 
Chief Quartermaster—Later Adj.-Gen'l. 


9950 feet of wire screening............ $159.20 
BOlscreent doors serrate ac etose stern 41.80 
LOtdozenspapentacksretr ii tekeraerta 2.50 

BL OLA cneteneCeratehs eccleastalstvcie rete e's $203.50 


Participation. 
Also material and labor for completing 
bath mhouseseneecisceiastsee atetuacsters,sc che $60.64 
NbN) ae ee $264.14 
They also ran the water piping in the 
camp at a cost for labor of........ $113.12 


The cost of the material for the water piping is not 
known to me—the material having been supplied fiom stock 
on hand or purchased by the Exposition Company for this 
purpose. 

They also supplied sufficient corrugated iron for roofing and 
siding for all incinerator sheds, bath houses and bakery. The 
cost of this is not known to me. Sufhcient vitrified soil pipe 
four inches and six inches was also supplied by them for 
sewe’s to carry off kitchen and bath water. 

This sewer was laid under my direction by 
furnished by the Exposition Company. 

A civil engineer was also furnished by the Exposition Com- 
pany to assist me in laying out the camp and locating tents, 
sewers, etc. 

The Exposition Company furnished all the water used by 
the troops; that for the Cavalry and Quartermaster’s corral from 
the Norfolk Water Company’s main, for which they paid forty 
cents per thousand gallons; that for the remainder of camp, 
from their own main. 

They furnished electric lights both arc and incandescent. 
The incandescent lights were furnished for all offices, tents, 
messes, incinerators, orderly tents and offices. The arc lights 
were installed during May, 1907. The incandescent lights in 
the Cavalry Camp were installed in July, 1907, and those in 
the Infantry and Artillery were not installed until September, 
1907. This delay was occasioned by the financial condition 
of the Exposition Company, they have not been able to pur- 
chase the material required for this work. 

They furnished the shower baths used throughout the Camp, 
but on account of difficulties with labor unions and financial 
difficulties they were not finished until May 24, 1907. 

The garbage was not cremated by the Exposition Company 
as per their agreement, but was disposed of in crematories 
operated by the Quartermaster’s Department but under the 
direction of a medical officer, Captain Percy L. Jones, Assistant 
Surgeon, U. S. A. 

Sewers, sheds for the incinerators, six telephones, tent floors 
and frames for all the tents in use in camp, troughs for watering 
animals, sheds for shelter for animals, sheds for messes and a 
house for a bakery were all supplied by the Exposition Com- 
pany for the use of the troops. 

The fence which the Exposition agreed to put around the 
encampment, the road communications about camp and the stone 
top dressing for the streets were never supplied.” 


Captain Hines mentions the construction of 
the new bakery which is described in the Chief 


Commissary’ s paper. The report of the Quar- 
termaster shows all the structures erected by his 
department, describing these in detail, and deals 
technically with the means which were em- 
ployed to get rid of kitchen refuse and sewer- 
age. 
Concerning transportation, the Chief Quar- 


termaster relates: 


“The Infantry and 2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry were trans- 
ported by this Department to Canton, Ohio, and return on the 
occasion of the unveiling of the McKinley Monument at that 
place, the 3rd Battalion, 23rd Infantry going from Canton, Ohio, 
to Annapolis, Maryland, for target practice. This battalion was 
also transported to Camp Harrington near Williamsburg, Va., 
for target practice, but was unable to complete its practice at 
that point, on account of objections of land owners, in the 
vicinity, to the firing. 

The 3rd Battalion, 23rd Infantry, was returned to Camp 
from Annapolis, Maryland, and the Ist and 2nd Battalions 
transported to Annapolis and return (for target practice) on the 
U. S. A. T. Ingalls at my request, as it was, believed that 
it could be done much cheaper that way. The lowest bid for 
this service by transportation lines being four dollars and ninety- 
four cents per capita for the personnel and fifty-five and one- 
half cents per one hundred pounds for impedimenta. Great 
difficulty was experienced in getting supplies delivered with any 
promptness by the railroads, presumably on account of the 
congested condition due to the Exposition and in some instances 
to poor methods. It took as much as ten days to two weeks 
frequently, to get a car from Newport News, Virginia, to the 
Quartermaster’s Siding. The thanks of this Department are 
due to Mr. W. S. Morris, the joint agent at Tidewater Station, 
for his courtesy and promptness in delivering as soon as supplies 
reached his jurisdiction. 

The transportation supplies for the use of this camp con- 
sisted of the following: Eighty-four mules, eighteen escort 
wagons, three ambulances, three wagonettes, one dougherty, one 
buckboard. 

Two of the wagonettes arrived too late to be of service and 
were shipped, without being unloaded, to the Depot Quarter- 
master, Washington, D. C. 

An ambulance was kept in each of the three camps to be 
available at short notice. A wagon was assigned to each troop 


laborers 


AYLNVANI SALVLS GALINN GYIHL ALNAML 


‘uoljeiodioy ydeisojoyg [eioyjQ uMOjsouef ‘yysrAdOD 


oe gee 2 ge 


428 


Government Participation. 


and battery and the remainder was kept in a central corral 
under the Chief Quartermaster, and assignments to duty made 
from his office. 

Forage was issued the horses of the Corps of Cadets during 
their stay at this Camp. Squadron A, National Guard, N. Y., 
was also issued fuel and forage. 

Fuel and forage were sold to the troops of the National 
Guard of Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina and 
Maryland. 

The sick in hospital were all transported to Fort Monroe, 


Va. 
The report concludes with the following 


recommendations: 


“It is recommended that the field service regulations be 
modified so as to provide that in permanent camps, the picket 
lines be removed from the center of camp to a distance on a 
flank, as the presence of horses so near the tents produces flies. 
The picket lines in this camp were placed as provided in the 
regulations, but another line for use during the day, some five 
hundred yards from camp, was provided and used. 

That temporary frame sheds instead of storage tents be 
used in future in semi-permanent camps. he canvas is too 
light especially for the flies, for use in such large tents and in 
high winds such as were experienced here, they were all badly 
torn. The canvas for the flies should be as heavy as that used 
for paulins. It is difficult to keep the rain from bearing under 
the walls of the tent where they are erected on large platforms 


as they were here. It is also too easy to enter them and it is 
difficult to protect small articles from theft; 

That the seat standards of escort wagons be placed on the 
outside of the body, instead of inside as at present. The two 
inches lost by their being placed inside is often serious in 
making a proper load; 

That the specifications for the wagonette manufactured by 
the Terre Haute Buggy and Carriage Co., be modified so as to 
make the rear axle about two inches longer. At present the hind 
wheels rub the body as soon as any load is placed in the wagon. 

That mosquito bars be issued either as a part of clothing 
allowance or dropped gratuitously when issued, as they are 
seldom of any use when returned from issue of even a short 
duration. 

That the ship stocks supplied be made heavier, as they are 
found too light and break very readily. It is found that 
teamsters generally cut off about one-third of light end before 
using ; 

That some definite instructions be drawn for the informa- 
tion of officers required to prepare future camps, as to the 
supplies to be furnished, the character of structures, whether or 
not Camp Exchanges should be built by the Quartermaster’s 
Department, whether or not amusement rooms should be built 
for the enlisted men. 

Such instructions would be of great assistance to an officer 
detailed, and secure a prompt supply of needful things which 
through a conscientious opinion, that they were not heeded, an 
omission or lack of experience, the officer might fail to supply.” 


General Grant’s official report includes the following table which shows the number 


of drills and parades executed by the Regulars: 
Date. 


Organization. 
Twenty-third Infantry 
Battery D, 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


Twenty-third Infantry 


Battery D, 3rd Field Ail | May ZOthwtow24 th aren: 


2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 
Twenty-third Infantry 

Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


Twenty-third Infantry 


Battery D, 3rd Field recenlaree Shih Wey PAs 6 comgowee te 


2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 
Twenty-third Infantry } 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery 

2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


Twenty-third Infantry 


Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery + June 17th to 2Ist......... 


2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


Twenty-third Infantry } 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry i} 

] 


Twenty-third Infantry 


Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery | July Ist to 5th............ 


2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


Twenty-third Infantry 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


J 
Twenty-third Infantry } 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 
Twenty-third Infantry i 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


Twenty-third Infantry } 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


Twenty-third Infantry 


] 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery | August 5th to 9th.......... 


2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 
Twenty-third Infantry ] 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


Twenty-third Infantry 


| 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery | August 19th to 23rd........ 


2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


Twenty-third Infantry 


Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery | August 26th to 30th........ 


2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


Twenty-third Infantry 


| 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery i September 2nd to 6th....... 


2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


429 


3rd Field Asi Mayaalothetom) Other rmrierts 
Maya? Athetom >) staeerrn rete 
June 10th to 14th.......... 
Junem24ithetoe2Sthaseeryss te 
Jilyacthetom | 2thesereerer ae 
JulyslSthe tom Othe sare 
July PO nde tom. Othe ietren tte 


July 29th to August 2nd.... 


August 12th to 16th........ 


No. of Drills. No. of Parades. 


A 4 
SAMY cs a ye 2 = 

2 

5 5 
aig Pelle ee eee 2 * 

2 

5 5 
Be ay I: be 

5 5 

4 4 
SLR ee eee 3 fe 

2 

5 5 

4 4 
pai eet 9 hie eae 2 i. 

2 

3 3 
LAU sein eres ey = COs 2 ~ 

2 

4 4 
ee i Ae ee D if 

2 

4 4 
A ee y x 

2 

4 4 
Ph eBtey ned etch 2 - 

2 

4 4 
ed) ad A Py 2 A 

2 

2 4 
PEE 2 See tee ee 4 . 

4 

2 2 
Eee ee weer 2 -: 

2 

2 2 
Lo a ETRY ate 2 - 

2 

2 2 
BE EAT gee Re 4 4 .: 

3 

2 2 
Ra rears Me ane 8 2 ie 

2 1 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Twenty-third Infantry ) 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery | September 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


Twenty-third Infantry 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


September 


Twenty-third Infantry 

2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 
Twenty-third Infantry 

Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


Twenty-third Infantry 


Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery + October 7th to Ilth........ 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 

Twenty-third Infantry 

Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery | October 14th to 18th....... 


2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


J 
Twenty-third Infantry 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 

J 


Twenty-third Infantry 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


a 


Twenty-third Infantry 
Battery D, 3rd Field dag? | November 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


Twenty-third Infantry 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery | November 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


Twenty-third Infantry ) 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery } November 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


Twenty-third Infantry 
Battery D, 3rd Field Artillery 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry 


November 


9th to I4th..... 


16th to 20th..... 


oak | 
Battery D, 3rd Field ae as 25rdatoee/ ine 
Pome 30th to October 4th 
J 


Dl sttom 2D thine 


October 28th to November Ist 


2th tome thee 


4 1 
Srblsiars Serpe Ries nee 3 
3 

5 1 
POT HEOIRS DTL 5 
2 

4 1 
LOTR: sos aero 3 
4 

4 3 
A Sei teahse crete ome 4 
4 

4 2 
wala gtye- od ata oe eed 5 
2 

4 3 
henna oI oo 0 3 
4 
4 
<s5.d Sunevae Ree CE eee 4 
4 
5 
iivetste yey he nerenhers Matera 5 
5 
5 
aver asasnh Subtle Tepper Re ee 5 
5 

l 4 
ols (STORES, aye eee Res clots 5 
5 

8 3 
Ae iee Coe a ase 4 
4 

ii ie 
J aiscabel caetty Shoei a eer Sbetstere 4 
4 


The National Guard and semi-military organizations used Lee’s Parade for drills, parades, etc., at times, not interfering with 


drills of regular troops. 


The report of Colonel Philip Reade, Com- 
manding the 23rd United States Infantry: 


HEADQUARTERS 23RD U. S. INFANTRY. 


Camp Captain John Smith, Jamestown Exposition. 
Norfolk, Va., Nov. 27, 1907. 
To THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL, 
United States Troops, 
Camp Captain John Smith, Jamestown Exposition, 
Norfolk, Va. 
Sir: 1. In compliance with letter of instructions from 
your office dated the 19th instant, I have the honor to submit 
the following report in connection with the duty that this 
regiment has performed while serving at this station. 


ConDITION AT ARRIVAL. 

2. The Ist Battalion of the regiment arrived at 2 P. M., 
April 21, 1907; the headquarters, band and 2nd Battalion, 
at 2 p. m., April 24, 1907, and the 3rd Battalion at 6 A. M., 
April 25, 1907. 

The preparedness of the camp site and its appliances for 
sanitation was a great deal less than expected or to be looked 
for under the conditions of duty that was to be performed by 
troops at this station. 

‘There were under construction at the time of our arrival, 
kitchens for all organizations, bathhouses for battalions and 
incinerators for battalions; but these were not made ready for 
use until some weeks after our arrival. It was necessary to 
resort to sinks dug in the ground for some few days, until the 
incinerators were completed. Bathhouses . were not put in 
operation for over two months after our arrival. Electric lights 
were promised by the Fair authorities, but same were not 
furnished until some time in August. After about half our 
tour of services was completed, the necessaries promised the 
Exposition officials were in readiness for use. 

While I comment on these conditions as given above, I do 
not desire to give the impression that the unpreparedness of 
this camp upon our arrival here, was due to any military 
officer in charge thereof; but that it was due to the failure on 
the part of the Jamestown Exposition officials to keep their 
oft-repeated promises, under the existing conditions. I know 
that the Chief Quartermaster of the camp accomplished all he 
could and believe that through his energy alone were we able 
to secure the fulfilment of any of the aforementioned promises. 

The camp site selected or rather designated for the use of 
this regiment, was unsanitary and has been so pronounced by 
all military hygienists who served here. On the east and 
south it rests on a swampy marsh; on the west, on a ditch 
used to carry away the sewage and to drain the fair grounds. 
Later in the season the camp had to be contracted into too 


small an area for hygienic comfort, to permit a railroad to 
construct a road through the southern part of the same. 

In regard to this, I invite attention to the enclosed copies 
of circulars and endorsements, issued from this office and also 
those originating from the office of the chief surgeon of the 
camp. 

As stated above, this camp in the beginning was unsanitary. 
The marsh on two sides and the sewerage ditch on the other 
were breeders of mosquitoes and a source of considerable 
trouble. Constant work on these two unhygienic features 
coupled with strict compliance with all sanitary and quarantine 
regulations, has kept this command in normal state of health. 
The medical authorities in charge have accomplished remark- 
able results in keeping the sickness down; but I must report 
that in this connection the line of the army deserves a great 
deal of credit; for if said part of our force had not complied 
with the surgeon’s recommendations in the premises, then the 
results could not have been so creditable. 

The universal obedience to sanitary and quarantine regula- 
tions and restrictions by the members of this command is 
exemplified by the low percentage of sickness. With the un- 
hygienic conditions in our immediate neighborhood and the 
existence in all the surrounding parts of typhoid fever, to have 
this command remain in this camp for over seven months and 
have only a normal sick report, I claim to be most remarkable 
and reflects great credit upon the occupants thereof. 


Duties oF THE TRoops. 


4. During our stay at this camp, the duties were similar 
to those had in garrison with the addition of street parades and 
keeping the camp sanitary. The regiment, while stationed here, 
was sent on detached service to take part in the memorial 
ceremonies at Washington, D. C., on May 1, 1907, at Canton, 
Ohio, October 1, 1907, and at Baltimore, Md., early in 
October, 1907. 

Target practice was held by the entire regiment during its 
encampment here. This was first started at Williamsburg, 
Va., on the marine rifle range; but owing to interference by 
civil authorities, had to be stopped. It was then taken up and 
completed at the U. S. Naval Academy range, Annapolis, 
Md. The period for this practice for the entire regiment was 
from October Ist to November 8th, 1907, which permitted but 


little time for instruction practice. 


CLOTHING. 


5. In this connection I desire to invite attention to what 
seems to me to be an injustice perpetrated on the enlisted men 
of this command through the exigencies of the service. 

Before my regiment left its home stations for the maneuvers 
at Mt. Gretna, Penn., in the summer of 1906, the enlisted 


430 


Government Participation. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


OFFICERS OF TWENTY-THIRD U. S. INFANTRY 


X indicates CoLONEL PHILIP READE 


men were required to completely equip themselves with the 
khaki uniform; upon return to their home stations they had 
to discard this uniform and draw blue uniforms, not only the 
new dress, but also the old style to use as a service uniform. 
Before the latter had been worn six months, the regiment was 
ordered to this station and the old style blue was discarded and 
olive drab uniform was drawn, later, khaki uniform had to be 
issued for use during the summer here. This constant changing 
of uniform caused two-thi:ds of the regiment to over-draw 
their clothing allowance and | am of the opinion that some 
reimbursement is due to these men. 


SuBsISTENCE DEPARTMENT. 


6. This department did not have on hand for issue or 
sale all of the desired or authorized stores, until some days 
after the arrival here of the regiment. These deficiencies were 
explained, in part, by lack of co-ordination between the supply 
departments and transportation on marine lines. 


SemI-OFFICIAL AND SociAL FEATURES. 


7. This feature of the army service at this station has been 
regarded by all in the most serious light. Feeling that, as 
representatives of our arm of the federal government, we 
should with dignity and liberality enter into this phase of the 
Exposition, all officers at first responded with good will and 
intentions to all such features. But as the officials of the Ex- 
position gradually either forgot, overlooked or neglected the 
unnecessary exertion on our part and seemed to send their 
invitation, if any came, at the last moment, the heretofore 
enthusiasm began to wane and gradually subside. 

The commanding general’s verbal instructions in this re- 
gard, to-wit: That our position in connection with the Ex- 
position demanded that we exert every influence to save its 
face, were, I believe, as far as the Exposition authorities 
permitted, carried out, even at times when it was necessary to 
overlook the features mentioned above. 

I am of the opinion that the army representation at this 
Exposition has more than fulfilled its mission, and further that 
it has cheerfully performed the same in every instance, although 
the performance thereof has at times embarrassed it and caused 
its meagre tour in the States to be of less advantage and benefit 
than if it had remained at its home stations. 

Very respectfully, 
(Signed) Puitip READE, 
Colonel, 23rd Infantry, 


Commanding. 


The report of Captain Charles q: Symonds, 


Commanding Second Squadron, 12th United 
States Cavalry: 


Camp Captain John Smith, Jamestown Exposition. 
Norfolk, Virginia, November 30, 1907. 
THe Apyutant-GEnerat, U. S. Troops, 
Camp Captain John Smith, Jamestown Exposition, 
Norfolk, Va. 
Sir: In compliance with instructions fiom your office dated 
November 19, 1907, I have the honor to submit the following 
report upon the Cavalry Camp: 
The Second Squadron 12th Cavalry, under command of 
Major Horatio G. Sickel, 12th Cavalry, arrived in camp on 
the afternoon of April 25, 1907. 


The strength (present for duty) of the command was 
Cavalry officers 12, Medical officers 1, Veterinarians 1, En- 
listed men 217, Horses 211. 

The camp provided for this command was in plan, that 
shown by plate on page 174, Field Service Regulations. Tent 
floors were in place. In many cases frames were erected and 
the tents placed upon these frames. Wall tents were provided 
for officers (later hospital tents) and hospital tents for the men. 
Dining rooms and stables were in a very incomplete con- 


dition. Only one-half of the enlisted men’s incinerators was 
in condition to be used and that for officers had not been 
started. No bathhouses weve provided. 


The ground of the camp site is low, part boggy and part 
sandy. On about one-half of this ground woods had _ stood 
until a recent date and this section was full of roots and 
many large stumps. Some large pine trees were left standing 
which added to the appearance of the camp and afforded shade. 

The natural drainage is very poor, the only drainage being 
into a large swamp just back of the camp. 

Water had been piped into camp and a sewer system in- 
stalled although the catch basins had not been built. 

The surrounding ground was largely the same as the camp 
site, except that the wooded portions had not been cut away. 
That portion of the ground between the camp and the street 
car line was covered with small trees and underbrush and 
almost completely with fecal matter apparently from laborers. 

Tke camp is located near the Pine Beach District which 
is full of saloons and immoral houses and otherwise decidedly 
unsanitary. 

Shortly after our arrival, General Grant assembled all 
officers at the Infantry camp and explained what was to be 
expected of us, dwelling par- 
ticularly upon_ precautions 
against sickness and intem- 
pe-ance, and explained mat- 
ters relative to our general 
duties in order that the 
troops might create a proper 
impression, not only on 
American visitors, but also 
upon foreigners. 

Sanitary circular No. | 
had already been read to the 
squadron before its arrival 
here. 

All suggestions that had 
not already been attended to 
were promptly carried into 
effect, most of this was 
done verbally. 

Under these conditions all 
officers and men of this com- 
mand set to work and _ all 
joined in loyally supporting 
all orders and suggestions for 
improvements. 

Tents were all leveled, 
aligned, ditched and the Chief 
Quartermaster Captain J. L. 
Hines, Assistant Quartermas-, 
ter-General, having supplied 
us with some matched boards 
we floored and completed 


MAJOR H. G. SICKEL 
Com. 2nd Squadron 
PAaee (Oy, Sy Cavalry 


Note.—The Second Squadron was under the command of Major Horatio G. Sickel, 12th Cavalry, U.S.A., from 
the time of its arrival at Camp Captain John Smith until July 4, 1907. While in command of the cavalry at the Exposition, 
Major Sickel contracted a very serious ailment—typhoid fever—which incapacitated him for any duty for several months. 
This illness removed from the Exposition a valued and very popular officer—Eb. 


431 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


troop kitchens and dining rooms, constructed tables, benches, 
shelves, etc. Wire screens had been put on these by the Chief 
Quartermaster. 

Each troop purchased kitchen sinks from their funds and 
set these up connecting them with the sewer. 

Piping was obtained from the Chief Quartermaster and we 
piped into the troop kitchens with faucets at the sinks and 
boilers. These boilers were improvised by Captain J. M. 
Morgan, 12th Cavalry and myself and made from ash cans. 
One ash can was used as a heater, a door having been put 
in and a collar inserted for stove pipe connections. See photo- 
graph marked * B.” 

These boilers were used for boiling all drinking water and 
all water used for drinking purposes, such as washing dishes, 
cloths, etc. 

This method of heating water is convenient, economical and 
efficient, and for this reason an improved apparatus carrying 
out this idea is recommended. A sketch is attached and 
marked “ C.” 

It is also recommended that this squadron be furnished 
these boilers for trial under field conditions. The refrigerators 
furnished these troops by the Chief Quartermaster were inval- 
uable and are the best I have seen furnished the Army. 

Troop streets were graded, stumps dug out and_ small 
stumps cut away and the ground thoroughly policed and 
cleaned up. 

Owing to the wet weather the troop streets, notwithstanding 
the fact that many loads of beach sand had been hauled in, 
were so muddy as to require board sidewalks. At this time 
lumber was scarce and boards hard to obtain. Large piles of 
scrap lumber were piled at various places on the Exposition 
Grounds and at the camp crematory, and through the kindness 
of Captain P. L. Jones, Assistant Surgeon, who was then 
sanitary inspector, we were enabled to obtain a great deal of 
material which made it possible to build these sidewalks and 
make many other improvements. 

The drainage of the camp was very bad and ditches which 

had been used for 


garden _ purposes 
could not be 
used for camp 
purposes. These 
garden ditches 
had to be filled 


in. The present 
system of drain- 
age was planned 
and carried out 
under Captain E. 
M. Talbot, As- 
sistant Surgeon, 
and in doing this 
and all other san- 
itary work, not 
directly under 
troop command- 
ers, prisoners and 
the necessary fa- 
tigue parties were 
under his imme- 


diate supervision. 

The _ stables, 
located between 
the troops and but 
a short distance 
from the dining 


rooms, required 
that extra precau- 
tions be taken to 
prevent flies The stables were all filled in and in some cases 
the filling reached a depth of two feet. Picket lines for grooming 
were put up in extension of the stables and drained and graded. 

Other picket lines were built, drained and graded about one- 
quarter of a mile from camp and the horses were tied to these 
during the day. 

The stables and picket lines were kept clean at all times. 
The watering troughs at the end of each stable were floored 
and drained. 

The stables were enlarged by building saddle rooms, grain 
rooms, farriers’ rooms, blacksmiths’ shops, etc. 

The rears provided for the command were four McCall 
incinerators for the men and one for the officers. In place of 
grouping the four incinerators under a single shelter, it is 
recommended that each troop be provided with one at the end 
of the troops street to avoid dividing responsibility for the 
cleanliness and also to shorten the distance of the troop to the 
rear. The urinal cans for night use were all emptied into the 
urinals of the incinerators. 

A shower bath centrally located was provided for the men 
and one was also provided for the officers. These were entirely 
satisfactory during the warm weather, but during the cold 
weather such as we are having now and have been having 
for the past six weeks, are unsatisfactory. A suitable heater 
for heating the water is recommended for cold weather and it 
is thought that this can be set up with little expense, utilizing 
the present system of showers. 

Lavatories supplied with a long tray and two laundry tubs 
for each troop were completed about October 1, 1907. These 
have proven very satisfactory and are recommended for camps 
of any duration. 

The labor and material for the incinerators, baths and 
lavatories were all supplied by the Chief Quartermaster. 


CAPT. CHARLES J. SYMONDS 


The garbage and wastes of this camp were carried to the 
camp crematory between the Infantry and Cavalry Camps. 

As instructions received required the liquids to be separated 
from the solid garbage, a draining garbage can was designed 
by Captain J. M. Morgan, 12th Cavalry, Captain E. M. 
Talbot, Assistant Surgeon and myself which permitted the 
liquids to drain into the sewer when both were placed in this 
can. These were made by the Chief Quartermaster from ash 
cans and have proven satisfactory under existing conditions. 
As an objection has been noticed to this draining garbage can 
in that it is not entirely closed against flies, an improved one 
has been planned by the above officers. A sketch with a 
brief description is attached and marked “E.’ The use of 
this draining garbage can simplified the handling of garbage 
at the kitchens, by using a single can for all classes of garbage 
and in this camp has removed the necessity for handling and 
incinerating the most objectionable class of garbage. 

The use of the modified draining garbage can is recom- 
mended wherever it is an advantage to separate the liquid 
from the solid garbage. 

A kitchen and dining room, similar to those referred to, 
was built by the Chief Quartermaster for the use of the 
officers’ mess. This was equipped in all respects the same as 
the troops’ kitchens and dining rooms. 

The tentage furnished was new, khaki colored and excel- 
lent; a great portion of which with minor repairs would still 
be serviceable. Paulins covering the stables and dining rooms 
are unserviceable. The use of hospital tents has greatly added 
to the comfort of officers and men. Sibley stoves brought with 
the command have been in use during the past six weeks and 
tents during that time have been boarded up. 

After the work for providing the necessities of the camp 
was completed, troop amusement rooms were undertaken. At 
the close of the large National Guard encampments, First 
Lieutenant, H. N. Cootes, 12th Cavalry, Military Secretary 
of the Exposition, kindly furnished the troops with material 
from tent floors and dining rooms used in the National Guard 
camps, which ma- 
terial was used 
to build amuse- 
ment rooms. 
These rooms vary 
in size from 
twenty by twenty- 
eight feet to four- 
teen by twenty- 
eight feet, and 
were screened 
and heated. Ta- 
bles and chairs 
were improvised 
and _ otherwise 
these rooms were 
fitted up as an 
amusement room 
in a post. The 
cost of screening, 
hardware and 
roofing was borne 
by the troops. 

During the 
greater part of 
the encampment 
the Exposition 
authorities have 
furnished arc 
lights for outside 
illumination and 
incandescent lights 
for officers’ tents, dining rooms, kitchens and office tents. 

The commissaries furnished this command were supplied 
by the Chief Commissary, Captain J. N. Kilian, Commissary 
and have always been of excellent quality, and the supply of 
special articles, not usually kept on hand by post commissaries, 
has been greatly appreciated by all. 

In the seven months of this encampment I| have not heard 
a word of complaint against the supplies from this department. 

The bread issued to the troops has been of excellent quality 
and better than that supplied at most posts. 

The extra supply of ice furnished was badly needed and 
aided materially in preserving the food. 

The sick record of this command shows that the percentage 
of average daily sick (present) from April 25, 1907, to 
November 30, 1907, is 1.8 per cent., and on a number of 
occasions several days have passed without a man on sick 
report. The longest period when not a man was on sick 
report was eleven days from August 26, 1907, to September 
S907: 

All sanitary circulars and instructions relative thereto have 
been fully carried out in this camp. Additional precautions 
have been taken on occasions calling for them. There was 
but one case of typhoid fever in this camp and as soon as 
diagnosed as typhoid, the tent and contents, except personal 
property, were burned and all articles that the patient came in 
contact with were thoroughly disinfected. The personal property 
was boxed and shipped to Fort Oglethorpe for disinfecting at 
that point. This case of typhoid was brought into camp from 
outside. 

Except the typhoid case there has not been a single 
dangerous case of sickness and not a death from any cause in 
the camp. 

The additional instructions and warnings given, and these 


CAPT. JOHN M. MORGAN 


432 


Government 


eee 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation 


Participation. 


THIRD U. S. FIELD ARTILLERY ON LEE’S PARADE 


were numerous, were largely by troop of officers and the 
surgeon when the men were turned out for their regular duties. 
The necessary precautions to be taken were fully explained by 
the surgeon, and in such a manner as to appeal to the men and 
obtain their loyal support without causing’ them to regard these 
necessary measures as severe. It was found that this method 
worked admirably and that when the men understood condi- 
tions that they conscientiously adhered to the instructions given. 

While the excellent health conditions of the camp under 
the most adverse surroundings and conditions may be traced to 
a combination of circumstances such as, the incinerating of 
garbage and excreta, the boiling of water, the preventive 
measures taken against flies and mosquitos, the inspection and 
investigation of all places from which articles were obtained 
for sale in the camp exchange, etc:, the fundamental cause was 
the loyal way in which every officer and enlisted man viewed 
the situation and complied with the instructions given and it is 
to all and not to one particular that credit is due. 

The duties required of this command at the Exposition 
were largely parades, reviews, escort duty and drills. While 
other troops were here all assistance possible was extended to 
them, and their reports show that this appeared to be fully 
appreciated. 

The strength of this command on November 30, 1907, is 
as follows: (Present for duty) Cavalry officers, ten; Medical 
officers, one; Veterinarians, one; Enlisted men, 188; Horses, 
204. Very respectfully, 

Cuas. J. SYMONDs, 
Captain, 12th Cavalry, 
Commanding. 


The report of Captain T. N. Horn, Com- 
manding Battery D, Third Field Artillery, 
United States Army: 


Camp Captain John Smith, Jamestown Exposition, Va., 
November 30, 1907. 
Tue ApjyutTant-GENERAL, 
United States Troops, 
Camp Captain John Smith, Virginia. 
Sir: In compliance with instructions of your letter of 
November 19, 1907, I have the honor to submit the following 
report upon this camp: 


Ist. ConpiTIONs. 


The plan of this camp is submitted herewith marked “ A,” 
wherein it will be seen its boundaries are a trolley track, deep 
drainage ditch and ditched marsh. A\ll these boundaries proved 
an advantage, even though they were objectionable features 
of a very low camp site, as they protected the camp from 
casual intruders. The ground not filled with stumps of felled 
trees was an old peanut field consisting of ridges. As these 
ridges evidently might prove useful in wet weather, they were 
not disturbed except when a tennis court and athletic field 
were constructed with the aid of a road scraper. One portion 
of the ground near the north end of the stable shed was so 
low that it proved troublesome during very rainy weather, but 
in general water soaked in the ground quickly. 

Upon the arrival of the Battery, April 25th, much work 
had to be done in arranging for an encampment that might be 
presented for inspection as a model. This work was completed 
about July 15th. 

As there was ample space assigned to the organization, 
full advantage was taken of that fact as will be seen by 
looking at the distances given on the accompanying sketch. 
This made the season very comfortable. 

The close proximity of the 101 Ranch show (about 
seventy-five yards distant) made me particularly solicitous as 
to the welfare of the men, and I made frequent inspections of 
the Indian and Mexican encampments to correct their natural 
tendency to filthiness. These inspections bore some fruit, and 
enabled me to co-operate with the Sanitary officer in personal 
work rather than official complaint. Frequently spent bullets 
dropped in this camp when fired in this show. The Indians 
had several typhoid fever cases and some deaths, but the 
battery had neither. A\ll prescribed requirements as to the use 
of water, mosquito bars, food and manure were carefully 


433 


They co-operated 


observed and constantly read to the men. 
handsomely in the work of self-preservation. 


2ND. ACCOMMODATIONS. 


The entire personnel of this camp feel thankful for the 
accommodation of hospital tents, well framed and_ braced. 
They are undoubtedly the proper tentage for an encampment 
lasting more than a few months in any hot locality. The 
mess hall accommodations were excellent. This organization 
made a hard dirt floor in the mess hall, instead of wood. It 
proved very satisfactory. The lumber used in construction was 
so green that it opened up large cracks, making it necessary 
to nail on strips to keep out flies. I understand the matched 
gave out before this camp was reached in the order of con- 
struction. 

The stable shed for the horses being very long, required 
much filling in and fatigue work; each horse should have had 
an individual stall built, with metal feed box, at the beginning 
of the encampment. 

2. They kick each other apparently at the slightest provo- 
cation, three horses came to their deaths through kicks during 
the encampment, although five of the kicking variety were 
segregated. 

The McCall incinerators and shower baths were appreciated 
as the most modern contributions to the comfort and health of 
the personnel. The washing sheds were also most acceptable. 

The electric lights installed were of course a great con- 
venience and materially assisting in guarding the property. 

The storage accommodations (one store tent) were not 
sufficient for a field battery in a semi-permanent encampment— 
two should have been supplied—stores such as powder, and set 
of experimental vehicle chocks the battery brought down were 
placed in wall tents. 

The Battery constructed its own exchange, barber shop, 
blacksmith shop and laundry; these might have very properly 
been constructed by the Quartermaster, but no request for it 
was sent in. 

From the front platform of the Camp Commander’s quarters 
the entire encampment could be overlooked. The guard was 
placed so that the non-commissioned officer on duty there could 
do the same. 

The tennis court for the officers, and athletic field and 
hand ball court for the men, proved great sources of pleasure 
to the personnel of this camp, and largely assisted to keep men 
from Pine Beach resorts. 


3RD. SANITATION AND HEALTH. 


The requirements as to the removal of all manure, were 
closely followed, and constant watchfulness in this request was 
observed. ‘The 
Camp Surgeon gave 
several. earnest 
talks to the ofh- 
cers and men, 
these with orders 
issued from head 
quarters, were all 
that were neces- 
sary to insure suc- 
cess. No further 
orders were issued 
here. Mosquito 
bars and _ screens 
were systematically 
in use, and _ this, 
with the evident 
freedom from mos- 
quitoes here, was 
largely responsible 
for the excellent 
health report to 
which I respect- 
fully invite atten- 
tion. No typhoid 
and no malaria, 
and out of two 


hundred and fifteen 


CAPTAIN T. N. HORN 
Third U. S. Field Artillery 


SGNNOUSD AHL ACISLNO 


ATLOAYIG SLNANdNVONA 


S.dudVvno 


TVNOILVN AHL JO ANO 


‘uoiqe1odiog ydeisojoyd 


jepyoO uMojsowelf ‘yystsAdoD 


434 


Government Participation. 


days encamped, the Artillery had thirty-nine days no sick. The 
only diseases of any kind were venereal. 

The horses were in good health throughout. They were 
protected from the sun during the hot days and seemed to be in 
excellent condition at the close cf the encampment. The mor- 
tality among them has, however, been distressingly large; three 
horses died of the result of kicks making fractures, one from 
an impaction of the intestine, one from heart disease and one 
from tetanus. 

CoMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 

The effect on the discipline of the Battery has been bad. 
Several good men have gone wrong and some deserted (all of 
more than two years’ service). The evil influences of the Pine 
Beach District have overcome the efforts made to meet them.* 

Attention is invited to the comparative record. 


General Court Martials 9 months previous to encampment. | 
General Court Martials during encampment........... 3 
Summary Court 9 months previous to encampment.... 60 
Summary Courts during encampment................. 66 
Per Capita clothing charge Dec. 31, 1906............ $14.37 
Per Capita clothing charge June 30, 1907............ 21.69 
Number of desertions 9 months previous to encampment 0 
Number of desertions during encampment............ 6 
Strength of Battery beginning encampment............ 102 
Strength of Battery at end of encampment........... 82 


The procurement of Quartermaster supplies at this camp 
has been difficult. Deliveries have been exceedingly slow. On 
a requisition submitted August 18th, clothing was delivered 
October 27, 1907. 

Quarterly requisition for Quartermaster supplies submitted 
about September Ist has not yet been completely filled. 

The general instruction of the Battery has been seriously 
interfered with, as there was no other opportunity otherwise 
offered to engage in target practice or its preliminary require- 
ments. So many men have been discharged, and inexperienced 
men have become drivers, that the exhibition drills were nearly 
all good drivers’ instruction. 

The entire personnel of this camp has felt that the army 
was on exhibition in its personnel and character as well as 
instruction, and endeavored to carry out these features by 
entering into the public spirit of the Exposition enterprise just 
as far as good taste and discreet co-operation could extend. 

The Virginia Field Artillery Battalion received some valu- 
able instruction from the Sergeants of the Battery, as did the 
officers from the Battery Commander. They were here, how- 
ever, but a few days. 

My only regret in this encampment is that the low strength 
of the Battery prevented the presentation of the highest possible 
efficiency. 

The following recommendations are submitted: 

First:—That the allowance of field storage tentage for a 
field Battery (See page 11, G. O. 140, W. D. 1907) be 
corrected. 

Second:—That the Quartermaster’s Department in an en- 
campment of any length be allowed a road scraper where the 
ground permits its use. 

Third:—That some discretionary method be established by 
law for an increased clothing allowance to enlisted men assigned 
to Exposition duty. 

Fourth:—That rubber boots and slickers be added to the 
allowance of clothing. 

That the allowance of tentage for organizations be increased 
forty per cent. 

Very respectfully, 
T. N. Horn, 
Captain 3rd Field Artillery, 
Commanding Battery and Artillery Camp. 


REBORT OF THE MILITARY 
SECRETARY 


First Lieutenant, Harry Newton Cootes, 
12th Cavalry, was detailed for special duty for 
the Jamestown Exposition with title of Military 
Secretary. The following is his report com- 
piled for the Exposition History : 


“The National Guard and semi-military encampment at 
the Jamestown Exposition was located partly inside the 
Exposition Grounds near the Administration and other exhibit 
buildings, and fronted directly on the War Path, the special 
amusement center. The National Guard were encamped di- 
rectly outside the grounds and their encampment consisted of 
four large regimental camps together with camp space for 
independent battalions, while the inside camp ground furnished 
three large encampments corresponding in regimental formation, 
with a capacity of over two thousand troops. Beginning with 
the 13th of May, there were encamped on the National Guard 
and semi-military camp grounds over twenty-one thousand 
troops, and the daily parades were easily the feature of the 
Exposition. The Regular Army was represented by the 23rd 
Regiment of Infantry, Colonel Philip Reade commanding, the 
2nd Squadron 12th U. S. Cavalry, Major H. G. Sickel com- 
manding, and the 3rd Battery of Field Artillery, Captain 


T. M. Horn commanding. These troops were under the 


command of Major- 
General Frederick 
Dent Grant, U.S. 
A., and he was 
represented on the 
grounds by Major 
john S. Mallory, 


12th U. S. Infan- 
try, and Captain 


John L. Hines, 
23rd Infantry, who 
relieved Major 
Mallory. The 
semi-military and 
National Guard 


camp was in 
charge of First- 
Lieutenant Harry 
Newton Cootes, 
12th U.S. Cavalry, 
the Military Sec- 
retary of the Ex- 


position. The San- 
itary arrangements First-Lizut. Harry N. Cootes 
of the camp Twelfth U. S. Cavalry 


grounds were un- Military Secretary Jamestown Exposition 
der the direction of 

Major Charles E. Woodruff, U. S. A., and Dr. Rupert 
Blue, U. S. Marine Hospital Service. Probably in the his- 
tory of the Army there was never a more healthy camp than 
the one established at the Jamestown Exposition, due to the 
careful supervision of Major Woodruff and Dr. Blue, who 
was also assisted by Captain Percy L. Jones, Assistant Sur- 
geon, U. S. A. A complete system of drainage was estab- 
lished, together with large forces of men who sprayed all pools 
within a radius of four miles with oil, and it was a fact 
largely remarked on that there was at all times the absence 
of the mosquito within a radius of three miles of the Expo- 
sition and upon the Exposition Grounds, while just across at 
Ocean View, only five miles distant, the mosquito pest was 
at times almost intolerable, which shows that through careful 
supervision of this well known factor, the spread of disease can 
be controlled. 

The National Guard troops were admitted to the grounds 
upon the payment of one admission fee per man; no further 
charge was made while they remained in camp, and for this 
privilege they were required to give, at various times, exhibition 
drills. 

The camp was equipped with reguiation Army tents with 
wooden floors, wire spring cots and mattresses, while the tents 
of the officers were lighted with electricity, as well as the 
company streets and lavatories. Model lavatories, shower baths 
and sewer connections were established, and the health of the 
camp was excellent. A few cases of typhoid were reported 
after the troops went home, but it is only fair to assume that 
the majority of these came from the Pine Beach district. 
Large mess halls and kitchens were built for the troops, and 
from the number of letters received from some of the most 
prominent National Guardsmen in the country, it can be safely 
said that the arrangements along these lines were perfect in 
every respect. The Military Catering Company furnished the 
greater portion of National Guard troops with their meals 
during the Exposition, at prices ranging from twenty-five to 
fifty cents per meal, and the mess arrangements at this tent 
and the Swiss Alps Village, where a number of troops took 
their meals, was very good. 

The following is a list of the military and semi-military 
that attended the Exposition, and the dates of the same, and 
in looking over the list, it certainly contains some of the most 
representative organizations in the United States. 


UNITED STATES REGULARS: 


23rd Regiment Infantry. 
2nd Squadron, 12th Cavalry. 
Battery “ D,” 3rd Artillery. 


UNITED STATES ACADEMIES: 


Military, West Point. 
Naval, Annapolis. 


NATIONAL GUARD. 


ConNECTICUT— 
iroopiae Nee Governconsm Guard mmm eis see 60 men 
2nd Company, Governor's Foot Guard......... 100 men 
FLoripA— 
Company L, Ist Regiment Infantry............ 34 men 
GEorGIA— 
Company eG. staintantcy sient arr 60 men 
Gompanys lmlistae lndan trivia ener 60 men 
Gompan yal eems tae Unran (hyn nearer 60 men 
Gompanye onde utantry sateen inter tee 50 men 
Companye Vit ndieintantry arte rtertie ae 60 men 
thee Regimentmlmt en tiy sieteun terete ie tcnstet terres 600 men 
INDIANA— 
Company B, Ist Regiment Infantry............ 50 men 
Company H, 3rd Regiment Infantry............ 60 men 


* The attention of future Exposition builders is called to this comment made by an experienced army officer who shows 
that even the strictest military regulations are powerless to prevent the eyil influences of an outside midway affecting the con- 


duct of men subject to discipline.—Eb. 


435 


The Jamestown 


Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


THE LARGE TENT OF THE “ MILITARY CATERING CO.” 


KENTUCKY— 

Ist) Regiments Infantry ee amen eee 600 men 

2nd} Regiment infantry a. eee ere 600 men 

Sid sReoimenteintantiy eee eet eee 600 men 
Louisiana— 

Company L, Ist Regiment Infantry............ 60 men 
MaryLanp— 

2nd, Battalion, 4th) Infantry ee eee ieee 104 men 

5th Regiment Infantryo-ee eee eee eee ier 600 men 
MassacHUSETTS— 

Company F, 6th Regiment Infantry............ 60 men 
New Yorx— 

74thy Regiments intantyyaneee ee neeenee 600 men 

[st Battalions) 2 theintantry eee 200 men 

Squadron yA‘ eo gee non teen Gere ete 200 men 

Company C, 3rd Regiment Infantry.......... 60 men 

Company H, 9th Regiment Infantry.......... 100 men 

Company M, 10th Regiment Infantry.......... 50 men 
NortH CaroLina— 

First’ Brigade (8 Scent eee eee 1200 men 
On1o— 

2nd Regimente infantry senile eine 600 men 

Corps: of: Engincersaenmeree cece oe einen 190 men 

Troop *. Biche ee peg eee cans occ cre ee ee 60 men 

Company K, 5th Regiment Infantry a calle! sitellsvier(elteliene 52 men 
PENNSYLVANIA— 

Othe Regiments infantry eee ian 600 men 
Ruope IsLanp— 

2nd Division Naval Battalion......-+.++----- 50 men 
SouTH CaroLinA— 

[stay Reciments Infantry aa eccrine: 600 men 

2nd) Regiments Infantry. ee ere eee 691 men 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


INTERIOR OF THE TENT 


TENNESSEE— 
Ist Regiment Reserves (Confederate Veterans).. 600 men 


VIRGINIA—- 


Ist, Brigades .3.52 Shas: che cera Ge eee 1800 men 
West ViIRGINIA— 

Ist) Regiments Infantry sree eee 600 men 

SEMI-MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS: 

ILLINOIs— 

Decatur: Cadets."e. aoe et oe eae 150 men 
INDIANA— 

Culver Cadets j..c. Ade cee ne eee 250 men 
MaryLanp— 

Maryland Agricultural College................ 200 men 
Missouri— 

University of Missouri Cadets................ 280 men 
New Yorx— 

American) Continentals iyjerheeen ane 60 men 
NortH CaroLina— 

Fiomers Military School sets ante 60 men 

North Carolina Military Academy............. 50 men 
Oun1o— 

Knights sof Pythiasi aan r ere eee tee 1000 men 

Knights sofa Viaccabees intent 2000 men 
PENNSYLVANIA— 

Pennsylvania Military College................ 140 men 
SouTH CaRoLINA— 

South Carolina Military Academy............. 150 men 
TENNESSEE— 

Maryville? Collegewa-mr eee eee ee eee 100 men 


436 


Government Participation. 


VIRGINIA— 
Fork Union Military Academy................ 140 men 
Staunton Military Academy................... 200 men 
Virginia Polytechnic Institute.................. 500 men 
Wirginiae Military minstitutesns «crate stathic nse 400 men 
I TIGHIsP OLE VtMaSaisntste «races aie leveun soos eestors 200 men 


Grand Camp Confederate Veterans............ 1000 men 


The largest number of troops at one time in the camps was 
from June 10th to 16th, during which time there were nearly 
four thousand troops encamped on the grounds. The West 
Point Cadets furnished the best exhibition of military art that 
was seen during the Exposition, while the celebrated 5th Mary- 
land, 74th New York, the Virginia Brigade, Squadron “A” 
of New York and the 12th Regiment Infantry New York 
National Guard stood out prominently by their excellence. 
Three Brigade Encampments were held on the Exposition 
Grounds—the entire Virginia Brigade commanded by Brigadier- 
General C. C. Vaughan, Jr., the Kentucky Brigade, and the 
North Carolina Brigade commanded by Brigadier-General 
James F. Armfeld. These were among the most attractive 
features at the Exposition. The military feature of this Ex- 
position was by far the largest of its kind ever attempted by 
any of the preceding expositions, more than twenty times the 
number of troops being present than were at either Chicago or 


Typhoid fever 
Malaria 


Diarrhoea 


Gastric troubles 
Venereal Disease 
Wounds, etc. 
Alcoholism 


St. Louis; and the immense crowds which gathered daily on 
Lee’s Parade show that the Americans are fond of the Army 
and greatly interested in its welfare. 


The report of Major Charles E. Woodruff, 
Surgeon U. S. A., in charge of the Medical 
Department at Camp Captain John Smith, 
shows that the sanitary squad, directed by War 
Department orders, was organized on a general 
service corps with civilian laborers instead of 
enlisted men, and placed in charge of Captain 
Percy L. Jones, Assistant Surgeon. Upon the 
departure of Captain Jones in November, the 
work was continued by Captain E. M. Tal- 


bott, Assistant Surgeon. According to Major 
Woodruff : 


The Sanitary Officer really became assistant to the Chief 
Quartermaster, as he took charge of matters ordinarily under 
the personal management of the Quartermaster. This system 
has worked out even better results than were anticipated, for it 
put technical matters in the hands of a technically trained person 
and not in the control of laymen, who no matter how much they 
desired to do the right thing, would be more or less handicapped 
by ignorance of the most recent advances in the sanitary 
sciences. The hearty co-operation of the Chief Quartermaster, 
Captain J. L. Hines, Quartermaster’s department, really made 
a success of this new departure from long established custom, 
for, knowing the extreme importance of the matter, he has sup- 
ported Captain Jones in a manner for which the Medical 
Department cannot give too high praise. The co-operation of 
the two departments became perfect. 

Captain Jones became in fact “the sanitary director,” a 
new title which must be adopted, for no other correctly described 
the real executive duties of the position. He at once took up 
the work of ditching, draining and clearing up of the jungle 
brush. All the camp sites and their surroundings were thus 
made dry land where water formerly collected, and the myriad 
breeding places of mosquitoes were destroyed. The few un- 
drained places, the ditches themselves and the more distant 
swamps were practically sprayed with “ fulloil,”’ or kept 
covered by “drip cans” permanently located. This required 
an enormous amount of work, but it resulted in the camp 
being practically free of mosquitoes, the few found being mostly 
of the culex species which do not carry disease, though the 
malarial (anopheles) and yellow fever (Stegomyva) ones were 
found. The soldiers were also required to sleep under 
mosquito bars. As a result there have been but five cases of 
malaria developed, and the evidence leads to the belief that four 
of these and perhaps all five were contracted outside of the 
camp. 


Major Woodruff shows how sewerage was 
destroyed by the use of the McCall incinerator 
and how the garbage was burned in a pit 
crematory. He discusses at length the dangers 
from typhoid and the measures taken to prevent 
infection. He notes that there were but three 
cases and that the evidence was conclusive that 


437 


one man became infected out of camp, and in 
two cases the disease was caused by direct dis- 
obedience to orders, and he raises the point as 
to whether such conduct which jeopardizes the 
health of the men, should not be made the basis 
for the judgment of a Court Marshal after 
recovery. He comments favorably upon the 
rations furnished and notes that the substitution 
of hospital tents in the place of the conical wall 
tents was not only a great comfort but con- 
ducive to health. Concerning the sickness at 
the camp, the report continues: 


The following table shows the increase and decrease of 
digestive troubles with the hot weather which causes decay of 
foods (ptomaine poisoning) and the gradual increase of 
venereal disease. Almost all the diarrhoea and gastric cases 
were due to indiscretions in diet after pay day and were not 
contracted in camp. 


Deducting the injuries, venereal and alcoholic cases which 
constituted 44 per cent. of admissions, it is thus seen that the 
camp has been practically free from disease, except the 
inevitable cases of indiscretion in diet after pay day and no 
better proof could be given of the efficacy of the new sanitary 
appliances and methods here tried. But in the absence of 
executive ability in the person of the sanitary director imme- 
diately in charge of the sanitary squads, this sytem will be as 
inefficient as a quartermaster’s department would be in charge 
of an officer devoid of these qualities. In other words, sanita- 
tion depends upon its management as much as upon its 
appliances. 

Much of the good results depended upon the frequent 
talks to the soldiers by the medical officers and the most excel- 
lent discipline maintained. In only a few cases was there 
discontent at the restrictions placed upon personal liberty, and 
I felt that it was due to careless remarks made by some 
unknown officers who did not fully appreciate their perilous 
position. 


CAMP CHAPLAIN 


Among those who contributed largely to 
the success of the encampment was Reverend 
T. P. O’Keefe, Chaplain of the 12th Cavalry 
Regiment. Most of the Mexicans at the Ex- 
position were Catholics, and practically all of 
the Filippinos belonged to that faith; while a 
large proportion of those residing permanently 
on the grounds were also enrolled in the same 
fold. The Army Chaplain was, therefore, for 
several months, to a large extent, the Exposi- 
tion pastor, and he was the only clergyman who 
resided on the Grounds. 

Every Sunday he officiated at a high mass 
in the Audito- 
rlum, and at 
all times min- 
istered to his 
flock zealously 
and with a rare 
devotion to 
dihivvers ihe 
Chaplain’s fa- 
miliar knowl- 
edge of Span- 
ish especially 
fitted him for 
is ewlor k 
among the for- 
eigners at the 


REV. Tf. P, OOKEBFE 
Chaplain 12th Cav., U. S. A. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Ter-Centennial, the majority of whom spoke 
that language only. 

There were a number of interesting cere- 
monies performed by Father O’Keefe or at his 
instigation. Interesting and impressive were 
those which marked the baptism of some 
Filippinos by the Right Reverend A. Van de 
Vyver, Bishop of Richmond; and no less 
notable was a marriage ceremony performed by 
the Chaplain in the hall of the Philippine 
Reservation. To Father O’Keefe was chiefly 
due the credit for bringing to the Exposition 
a notable aggregation of Catholic prelates, the 
long list including His Eminence, Cardinal 
Gibbons; Monsignor Diomede Falconio, Papal 


Delegate to the United States; Archbishops 
Ireland of St. Paul and Glennon of St. Louis; 
Bishops Van de Vyver of Richmond, McGol- 
rick of Duluth, Cotter of Winona, Donahue of 
Wheeling, and Keiley of Savannah. 

On December 11, the Director-General of 
the Exposition wrote to Father O’Keefe as 
follows: 

Dear Sir.—Before leaving the Exposition, I desire to bear 
testimony to the courtesy and exceptional efficiency which has 
characterized the conduct of your duties while stationed here. 
It has been a great pleasure to me to have been associated with 
you and to have seen the good work which you have per- 
formed. I trust that your future may be both pleasant and 
successful, and that your services will be as thoroughly appre- 
ciated elsewhere as here. Very truly yours, 


(Signed) A tvaH H. Martin, 


Director-General. 


UNITED STATES NAVY 


Rear-Admiral Purnell F. Harrington, then 
Commandant of the Navy Yard and stationed 
at Norfolk, Va.; Captain J. E. Pillsbury, 


Rear-ApDMIRAL PurRNELL F. Harrincton, U. S. N., RETIRED 
Senior Member Naval Board 


Chief of Staff, United States Atlantic Fleet, 
and Captain W. P. Potter, Assistant to the 
Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department, were 
on March 21, 1906, designated by the Secre- 
tary of the Navy to form a Board of Officers 
for the purpose of considering and reporting 
upon the scope of the Naval demonstration in 


1907. At that time the United States had 
by law authorized a Naval, Marine and Muili- 
tary Celebration of the 300th anniversary of 
the Settlement at Jamestown, but had in no 
way officially recognized the Exposition. 

The duties of this Board were, therefore, to 
formulate plans for carrying into effect the 
celebration inaugurated by the Government 
and proclaimed by the President, and they 


were instructed to prepare their programme in 
such a manner as would least affect the regular 
work of the U. S. Atlantic Fleet for the sum- 
mer of 1907, and to forward, through diplo- 
matic channels, a notification of the purposes of 
the United States in the matter of the celebra- 
tion, to all the Naval powers which would be 
represented. ‘Though the Exposition had not 
been recognized by the Government, it was an 
accomplished fact, and in order that whatever 
plan might be adopted should be practicable, 
both from the standpoint of the Navy and the 
Exposition, there were frequent consultations 
between the Board and the managers of the 
Exposition Company. 

The Secretary of the Navy, acting upon the 
recommendations of the Board, issued various 
orders in regard to the attendance and participa- 
tion of the United States Naval forces, thus 
insuring the success of the programme; and the 
Congress of the United States passed a law 
which placed the harbor of Hampton Roads 
and the adjacent waters under the control of 
the Secretary of the Navy during the contin- 
uance of the Jamestown Exposition. Anchor- 
ages and channels were designated by the 
Board of Officers, 
and a special chart 
of Hampton Roads 
was prepared and 
issued by the U. S. 
Coast and Geodetic 
Survey. By this chart 
were shown arrange- 
ments and orders di- 
rected by the Navy 
Department. The 
Secretary of the 
Navy also issued a 
special notice to 
mariners, stating the 
regulations of the an- 
chorages and chan- 
nels, and a suitable Naval patrol and supervi- 
sion was organized. 

These regulations, issued by the Honorable 


Lieut. C. H. Woopwarp 
Aide to Admiral Harrington 


Note.—Desiring to publish an account which would contain more than the bare details set forth in an official report, this 
paper was composed from material on file with the Officers Board and obtained through the courtesy of Rear-Admiral Purnell 
F. Harrington, Chairman of that body. While not, therefore, technically official, it is accurate in every particular—Eb. 


438 


Government Participation. 


Victor H. Metcalf, April 10, 1907, read in 
part as follows: 


1. The anchorages for naval vessels, station _ ships, 
merchant vessels, yachts, excursion vessels and small craft are 
shown on U. S. Coast Survey Chart No. 400a. The anchor- 
ages and channels are described as follows: 

Man-or-War ANcHorAGE.—Beginning at a point west of 
“Forbidden Anchorage” off Old Point Comfort Lighthouse 
and extending to the Southward and Westward seven thousand, 
five hundred yards from the lighthouse; the Southeasternmost 
limit of the anchorage being a line drawn on a compass course 
Southwest three-fourths West (magnetim), five hundred and fifty 
yards distant from the twenty-four-foot curve abreast black 
buoy No. 3, as shown on Coast Survey Chart No. 400a, and 
extending Northwest from this line as far as Hampton Bar and 
Hampton Flats. 

Yacut AND MercHant SHip AncHorace No. 1.—Begin- 
ning at the Southwesternmost limit of the ‘* Man-of-War 
Anchorage” and extending to the Southward and Westward 
beyond Newport News middle ground, the Southeast side 
following the general course of the dredged deep-water channel 
to Newport News, and distant from the buoys marking this 
channel, not nearer than three hundred yards. 

Yacut anp MercHaNT Suip ANcHorAcE No. 2.—The 
Easternmost limit of the anchorage will be West of and one 
hundred yards distant from the buoys of the Elizabeth River 
Channel, beginning at the initial point S.S.W. five hundred yards 
from buoy No. 4. The northern limit will be on a compass- 
course of West for a distance of one thousand, one hundred 
yards to a white buoy; thence on a course of Southwest three- 
fourths West, parallel to ““ Yacht and Merchant Ship Anchor- 
age No. |,” leaving a channel between the two anchorages of 
five hundred yards. 

BoaT AND SmaLtt Crart ANCHoRAGES.—The space east 
of Sewall Point Spit and Willoughby Bay may be used for 
the anchorage of small boats and other light-draft vessels, 
except in the channels extending from the White Beacon Light, 
Southwest of Fort Wool in a straight line to the Government 
Pier, and also in a straight line to the wharf at the extremity 
of Willoughby Spit, between this wharf and the commercial 
wharf and between the commercial wharf and the Government 


Pier. 

About the middle of April, the vessels de- 
tailed for constant attendance during the Ex- 
position took the berths assigned to them at the 
entrance of the Elizabeth River. ‘These ves- 
sels were the armored cruiser “ Brooklyn ”’ and 
the battleship “ Maine,”’ both of which had 
been distinguished by their services at the 
Battle of Santiago, and with these were the 
double turreted monitor ““Miantonomah” and 
the monitor “* Canonicus.”” In connection with 
this latter vessel, it will be remembered that 
after the battle between the original “ Moni- 
tor”? and the “ Merrimac,” or “ Virginia,” in 
1862, several vessels were built upon the plan 
of the “ Monitor,” each had two fifteen-inch 
smooth bore guns mounted in an armored 
turret and the only other elevations above the 
deck, which was nearly a-wash, were the 
armored conning tower and a smokestack. The 
original ‘‘ Monitor’’ was lost at sea and the 
“Canonicus,” the only vessel of the type in 
existence in 1906, was reserved for use at the 
Jamestown Exposition by a special order of the 
Secretary of the Navy. The modern monitor 
has two iurrets, and carries ten or twelve-inch 
rifle guns of many times the power of the old 
fifteen-inch smooth bore. These vessels in 
juxtaposition formed a very interesting exhibit 
of the progress of Naval architecture. and 
ordnance. 

The United States Atlantic Fleet arrived in 
Hampton Roads April 15, 1907, and took 
their stations in the Man-of-War Anchorage. 
During the remainder of the month foreign 
naval detachments arrived and took berths 
assigned to them near the United States vessels. 

The Naval vessels present on the opening 
day of the Exposition, April 26, 1907, were 


as follows. The anchorage number, showing 


439 


the position of each boat, is shown in 


parenthesis: 


From the Argentine Republic—the cruiser “ Sarmiento ” 
(54), Commander Jose Moneta. 

Austria-Hungary—F leet Commander Commodore Hermann 
Plescott—armored cruiser “ Sankt George”’ (51), Commander 
Ludwif von Hoehnel; cruiser “ Aspern” (52), Commander 
Rudolph von Mayersberg. 

Brazil—Fleet Commander Rear-Admiral Duarte Huet de 
Bacellar—Battleship “ Riachuelo” (43), Captain A. Caval- 
canti de Oliverra; cruiser “ Barroso” (42), Captain Joao 
Pereira Leite; cruiser “ Tamayo” (41), Commander Altino 
de Miranda Correa. 

Chile—Cruiser “ Zenteno” (53), Captain Artulo Wilson. 

Germany—F leet Commander Commodore Kalau von Hofe 
—Armored cruiser “ Roon” (49), Captain Zimmerman; cruiser 
“ Bremen” (50), Captain Alberts. 

Great Britain—Fleet Commander, Rear-Admiral George 
Neville—Armored cruiser “Good Hope’ (47), Captain 
George P. W. Hope; armored cruiser “ Argyll” (46), Captain 
Reginald A. Allenby; armored cruiser “ Hampshire’ (45), 
Captain Sir Robert K. Arbuthnot; armored cruiser ‘ Rox- 
burgh ” (44), Captain Somerset A. G. Calthorpe. 


ght, Jamestown Official 


Cages 
REAR-ADMIRAL ROBLEY DUNGLISON EVANS 
During Civil War participated in both attacks on Fort Fisher, 


January 15, 1865, in land attack severely wounded—When 
in command of Yorktown at Valparaiso, Chile, 1891, during 
period of strained relations between Chile and United States 
his actions in connection with various incidents earned him his 
popular name of “Fighting Bob ”—In War with Spain com- 
manded “ Jowa”’ in Sampson’s fleet off Santiago, taking active 
part in battle with Cervera’s fleet, July 3, 1898—Commander- 
in-Chief Asiatic Station October, 1902-04—Commanding At- 
lantic Fleet 1905-O7—Commander-in-Chief Atlantic Fleet on 
tour of the world, 1907. 


UNITE DE STAT ESeATEAN TG hE EE 
Rear-ApmirAL Rosiey D. Evans, 
Commander-in-Chief. 


First SQUADRON: 


First Division— 
(28) @onnecticutsssseeean Captain H. Osterhaus. 
(27) @lfourstanawerr eee Captain A. R. Couden. 
(26) Namesaenereri tee. Captain N. E. Niles. 
(25) a Visconti erro: Captain E. C. Pendleton. 


Rear-Admiral C. M. Thomas. 
ns Case par Captain S. Schroeder. 


Second Division— 


(24) Virginia 


(23)) Rhodes Islandwan... or Captain C. G. Bowman. 
(22) New Jersev ... .-Captain W. W. Kimball. 
(2) [Georgia ese cece Captain R. G. Davenport. 


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440 


Government Participation. 


: oo 


SECOND SQUADRON: 
Third Division— 
(29) Alabama 


Rear-Admiral C. H. Davis. 
Sean One Captain S. P. Comly. 
(Oe lllinois cases ere Captain G. Blocklinger. 
Gil) eKentucky- 2. cence: Captain E. B. Barry. 
(32 )eRearsarge meee sales >< Captain H. Winslow. 


Fourth Division— Rear-Admiral W. H. Emory. 
(GED) CINCH ty Settacos Saemeae Captain L. C. Heilner. 
(34) Minnesota ........... Captain J. Hubbard. 
(Bd) Clowamnct waves cess: Captain H. McCrea. 
(6) ep ndiana weeny. oie: Captain D. H. Mahan. 


Cruisers— 
(WAYESES ouisiwee ane ere = Commander N. R. Usher. 
(75) Washington ......... Captain J. D. Adams. 
(76) Tennessee ........... Captain A. G. Berry. 
(U2) ae Denver wera: ti. surnere « Commander W. P. Caperton. 
(5s) eGleveland: Fat .4.2 ereecn Commander J. T. Newton. 


Destroyers—(9 to II): Lieut. Comdr. E. A. Anderson. 


lopkins Wein orev se Lieutenant A. G. Howe. 
Puller cree eee es Lieutenant T. C. Hart. 
DtewWarte nce csi. Lieutenant J. F. Hellwig. 
INCE Sesenalcoeed Lieutenant J. V. Babcock. 
Wihipplesmerrire ae. Lieutenant E. Woods. 
Wiel deca smaene Lieutenant V. S. Houston. 
Torpedo Boats—(6 to 7) 
iringhamiens saa Lieutenant W. McDowell. 
Blakely ease yet eisce Lieutenant C. E. Courtney. 
Den leong une series so Lieutenant W. S. Miller. 
Stocktonlryicie seek Lieutenant J. H. Tomb. 
WALES daa Sees Lieutenant A. W. Johnson. 


Station Ships— 


Brooklyn cere Captain A. P. Nazro. 
Witcxasme monies: Ate Commander G. H. Clark. 
Miantonomah ........ 
Ganonictis ares aece 

Auxiliaries— 


C8 aGlacier sare snus sane Commander F. M. Bennett. 
(15) ON TET Wo se oc areas 


The opening day of the Exposition was 
distinguished by the presence of the President 
of the United States, Members of the Cabinet, 
Diplomatic Corps, Senators and Representa- 
tives in Congress, Governors of States, State 
Militia and Army and Navy officers both Na- 
tional and foreign. ‘The President arrived on 
board the “ Mayflower” about eight o’clock 
in the morning and passed in review through 
the fleet of the United States and foreign war 
vessels, each of which fired salutes. The 
course of the “ Mayflower” is indicated on 
the chart. When the “ Mayflower’’ reached 


her anchorage, the President received the 


441 


U. S. WARSHIPS IN HAMPTON ROADS 


officers of the combined fleets on board his 
yacht. 

On Opening Day, April 26, a brigade of 
bluejackets and marines, about fifteen hundred 
in number, disembarked from the United States 
Atlantic Fleet and joined the forces of the 
Regular Army and National Guards, partici- 
pating in the review by the President. The 
parade passing before Mr. Roosevelt comprised 
about four thousand men of arms. Major- 
General Frederick Dent Grant, U. S. A., was 
Grand Marshal. 

On May 13, 1907, there were disembarked 
from the U. S. Atlantic Fleet bluejackets and 
marines to the number of three thousand. The 
foreign vessels also landed Naval detachments. 
Joining the U. S. Army forces present and the 
National Guards of several States, the whole 
force formed a magnificent parade of more 


than five thousand men. MRear-Admiral C. M. 
Thomas, U. S. N., was Grand Marshal, and 


the following were his orders for the day: 


In case visiting men-of-war accept the invitation to land de- 
tachments, their order in the formation will be as follows: 

Japanese Detachment. 
Brazilian Detachment. 
Austrian Detachment. 
Chilean Detachment. 
Italian Detachment. 
Argentine Detachment. - 

(2) 23rd Regiment, United States Infantry. 

(3) United States Atlantic Fleet Naval Brigade. Six 

Battalions. 

(4) 3rd Battery, United States Field Artillery. 

(5) 2nd Squadron, 12th United States Cavalry. 

2. The uniform for the Staff and Aides-de-Camp of the 
Grand Marshal will be blue service dress with white caps, 
white gloves, swords and leggings. 

The uniform for the United States Army detachment 
and for the marines, and the bands accompanying the marines, 
will be full dress. 

4. The uniform for the Brigade Commander and Staff 
and for the blue jacket battalions will be the same as that 
prescribed for the parade of April 26th. 

5. The Grand Marshal and Staff will assemble on Com- 
monwealth Avenue, East, at the Northeast corner of Lee's 
Parade, at 10:00 a.m. 

The foreign detachments will be formed on Common- 
wealth Avenue, East, head of column at Gilbert Street, headed 
South. 

7. The 23rd United States Infantry on Pocahontas Street, 
head of column at intersection of Pocahontas Street with Com- 
monwealth Avenue, East. 

The marine battalions of the 


United States Naval 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Brigade will be formed on Commonwealth Avenue, East, to 
the southward of the foreign detachments. The blue jacket 
battalions will be formed on Powhatan Street, head of column 
at intersection of Powhatan Street, with Commonwealth 
Avenue, East. 

9. The 3rd Battery, United States Field Artifery, will 
be formed on Powhatan Street, head of column at the inter- 
section of Powhatan Street, with Mathews Street. 

10. The 2nd Squadron, 12th United States Cavalry, will 
be formed on Powhatan Street, on the left of the 3rd Battery, 
United States Field Artillery. 

11. All foot organizations will be formed in double rank 
and will pass in review in company front taking this formation 
upon entering Lee’s Parade. 

Cavalry and Field Artillery will pass in review in column 
of platoons. 

Until arrival at Lee’s Parade all foot organizations will 
march in column of squads. 

In passing in review the guide will be right. 

No honors will be paid along the line of march. 

For foot troops the distance between the companies will be 
company distance; for cavalry and field artillery, full distance; 
between battalions, sixteen paces and between regiments twenty- 
four paces. 

12. After passing the reviewing stand, all organizations 
will continue the march across Lee’s Parade. On reaching 
Commonwealth Avenue, West, each organization will form 
column of squads and the parade column will change direction 
to the left, and will proceed South on Commonwealth Avenue, 
West. On reaching West Street, the United States Infantry, 
Field Artillery and Cavalry will leave the column. The re- 
mainder of the column will continue the march around the 
Parade Ground by Commonwealth Avenue, South and East, 
to Spottswood Circle, thence around Spottswood Circle to 
Commonwealth Avenue, East, thence North on this Avenue to 
Powhatan Street, thence to the boats. 


On this occasion the Argentine Republic, 
Brazil and Chile were represented as on open- 
ing day. The boats representing Austro- 
Hungary, Germany and Great Britain had left 
Hampton Roads, but in their places were the 
Italian Fleet, commanded by Captain, His 
Royal Highness the Duke of the Abruzzi. 
His flagship was the “ Varese,”’ and with this 
armored cruiser was the cruiser “ Etruria ”’ 
commanded by Commander Pericola. Japan’s 
squadron consisted of the “ Tsukuba,” an 
armored cruiser of fourteen thousand tons dis- 
placement, commanded by Captain Takenouchi 
and the cruiser “ Chitose,” commanded by 
Captain Yamaya. ‘The squadron was under 
the command of Vice-Admiral Ijuin. The 
United States Fleet consisted of the same six- 
teen battleships that were present on opening 
day and the same destroyers and auxiliaries. 
The torpedo boats present on the former occa- 
sion had departed and to the four station ships 
first mentioned were added the “ McDon- 
ough,” a destroyer, and the “ Cushing,” a tor- 
pedo boat. 

June 10, 1907, officially designated as 
“ Georgia Day,” was distinguished by a second 
visit of the President of the United States. 
After reviewing the combined fleets and receiv- 
ing the officers on board the ““ Mayflower,” the 
President was again brought to Discovery 
Landing, where he was received with the 
customary high honors. ‘The parade on this 
day was composed in part of State troops, 
cadets of military schools, representatives of the 
Regular Army, a force from the Atlantic Fleet 
of more than three thousand bluejackets and 
marines, representatives of the foreign naval 
detachments, the West Point Cadets and cadets 
from the United States Naval Academy. The 
total number in the parade exceeded seven 
thousand men. 

On June 10 there were changes once more 
in the line of warships. “The Argentine Repub- 
lic, Chile and Japan were not represented, but 


the Austro-Hungarian vessels had returned and 
France had a squadron under command of 
Rear-Admiral A. M. Thierry—three vessels— 
the armored cruiser ““ Kleber,’’ Captain B. M. 
de Saintpern; the armored cruiser “ Victor 
Hugo,” Captain J. P. Neyel and the cruiser 
““ Cahssaloupe-Laubat,” commander E. F. 
Carre. ‘The Netherlands were represented by 
the cruiser “ Gelderland,’ Captain Baron von 
Aspeck, and Portugal by the cruiser ““ Don 
Carlos I.” The United States Fleet was 
practically the same as on May 13, except that 
the midshipmen’s practice squadron under the 
command of Captain T. B. Howard was 
present. Besides the cruiser “ Olympia,” 
commanded by Captain Howard, there were 
in this squadron the monitors “ Arkansas,” 
“Florida” and ‘‘ Nevada,” commanded 
respectively by commanders B. A. Fiske, W. I. 
Chambers, and H. McL P. Huse. 

On the nights of April 26, May 13 and 
June 10, the vessels of the various nationalities 
lying in Hampton Roads and forming a com- 
bined fleet of about fifty vessels, on each occa- 
sion were brilliantly illuminated by electric 
lights—a spectacle of beauty which has never 
been surpassed except perhaps by the illumina- 
tion of the grand pier, Raleigh Court and the 
adjacent buildings of the Jamestown Exposi- 
tion. On several other occasions besides these, 
noted bluejackets and marines participated in 
parades. The forces at other times were 
chiefly from the receiving ships and_ ves- 
sels in commission at the Navy Yard at Nor- 
folk. 

The Norwegian war vessel “ Harald Haar- 
fagre ” visited the Exposition about the last of 
June; and the Swedish corvette “ Fylgia” 
arrived on August 20—the latter boat bearing 
His Royal Highness, Prince Wilhelm, the sec- 
ond son of the King of Sweden. 

The foreign vessels present on June 10 
sailed soon afterwards. [he United States 
Fleet began leaving June 13. One division 
remained in attendance at the Exposition except 
for intervals of practice at sea. About the 
middle of August nearly all of the Atlantic 
Fleet reassembled in Hampton Roads and re- 
mained until September. 

The Exposition offered prizes for competitive 
races between boats from the men-of-war. The 
results of these races were as follows: 


April29—The Jamestown Cup Race—Pulling Race, one-mile, 
twelve-oared U. S. Navy Standard racing cutters, 
officer crew: 


Alabama: sat. aetcnc abet First 
Wairginiate contien cscs metas Second, 
Roxburgh (British) ...... Third. 
April 30—Pulling Race—Four-oared ships’ boats, two-mile 
straightaway : 
Ohio davgateenthatatadeterstohe Sek First, 
lowaae maar oi eee Second, 
Indianal eer as tectec ste Third. 


Pulling Race—Ten or twelve-oared barges, two- 
mile straightaway : 

Avoyllig (british) ermine First, 

Sankt George (Austrian) . .Second, 

Bremen (German) ...... Third. 


Pulling Race—Double banked 


fourteen to eighteen oars, two miles: 


sailing launches, 


Kentuckyster. cesiryecete First, 
Missouri eere-tasr. ra area era Second 
Kearsarge: Riv dsic sclse ae te Third. 


Government Participation. 


BATTENBERG RACE FINISH, ARGYLL WINNING 


May 1—Army and Navy Life Cup Free-for-all, sailing race, 


ships’ boats, over Jamestown course (about ten miles) : 


Combination Pulling and Sailing Race for service 
cutters, go-as-you-please, about six miles: 
Roxburgh (British) ...... First, 
Sankt George (Austrian) . .Second, 
Good Hope (British). .... Third. 


Combination Pulling and Sailing Race for Launches, 


six miles: 
Connecticut sme ne eee First, 
Kentuckyamanec et eecsa 2 Second, 
Flampshiremee neni nie ae Third. 

May 2—Free-for-all Pulling Race—Ships’ boats, three miles 

straightaway : 
Indianameemertete ree First, 
Kearsargemmsrccis da chitoecce Second, 
INentuckysartettec.s ccccces cas Third. 


Gig Race—Five or six-oared, two miles, straightaway : 
Good Hope (British).... .First, 
Presidente Carmiento (Arg.) Second, 
Roxburgh (British) ...... Third. 


May 3—Combination Pulling and Sailing Race for gigs or 
sail boats—About six miles: 


Hampshire 
Good Hope 


Sailing Race for Service Cutters—Regulated rigs, 
about ten miles: 


Sankt George (Austrian) . . First, 


Sailing Race for Service Sailing Launches, go-as- 
you-please, Jamestown course, about ten miles: 


Wouisianaweronicce cee First, 
\ETINEE, Suchen eee po meio Second, 
Gonnecticutmemmnree nee Third. 


Battenberg Race—Winner to pull, Argyll, pulling 
twelve oars, standard racing cutters, about three 


miles: 
[ilinois Weert ee aloshoneroexs First, 
[nidian awe een Second, 
Wain Gteteses apse ieee ok Third. 


443 


RACING CREW OF THE “ NEW 


May 4—Battenberg Cup Race—Three miles, between rep- 
resentatives English and American crews: 
Argyll (Biitish) meee First, 


Elnorspem cer ears ercheeers Second. 


May 13—Twelve-oared Service Cutters—Three miles: 
Mareses( Italian) cere First, 
Sankt George (Austrian) . .Second, 
Aspern (Austrian) ...... Third. 


Six-oared Gig Race—All in American Gigs, three 


miles: 
Varese (Italian) ........ First, 
Kentickymers ster -rnecnn: Second, 


Sankt George (Austrian). . Third. 


Twelve-oared Cutters, each nation in American 


racing cutters: 


Extrurrage ((talian)) Meee: First, 
Kearsarge cee seek te Second, 
Hlinots ecotecrne esters Third 


Prizes were offered for competitive per- 
formances between the bands of the Atlantic 
Fleet. The first prize was won by the United 
States Steamship ‘‘ Ohio,”’ but the band from 
the Receiving Ship “ Franklin,” stationed at 
the Norfolk Navy Yard, having scored an 
even number of points, though debarred from 
competition, which was restricted only to the 
bands on vessels anchored in Hampton Roads, 
received a prize equal in value to the one 
awarded to the Ohio. 

The Culver Summer Naval School attended 
the Exposition during the last week of August 
with a splendid corps of cadets numbering 
about four hundred. The corps brought two 
carloads of horses for cavalry drills and also 
brought their boats. The proficiency of the 
cadets was demonstrated in their exercises with 
boats and as Infantry, Artillery and Cavalry. 
A high order of conduct and discipline was 
indicated. 


Goa as: ane Suma 


JERSEY ” 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


SEA END OF SMITH BASIN 


In connection with the account of the Naval 
participation at the Exposition, it is necessary 
to notice briefly the very regrettable incident 
described in the body of this book, namely: 
the loss of the steam launch of the U. S. S. 
““Minnesota’’ on the night of the tenth of 
June. 

This launch left the Exposition pier at about 
midnight, bearing six midshipmen and a crew 
of five men. A strong northeast gale was 
blowing, there was a heavy sea, and the rain 
made it difficult to see lights or objects at any 
considerable distance. The noise of the gale 
also obscured sound signals. The launch dis- 
appeared, and subsequently was recovered in 
the channel westward of Fort Wool. The 
bodies of the midshipmen and enlisted men 
were recovered within a few days. ‘The report 


of the Naval Board, based upon the condition 
in which the launch was found, declared that 
the little craft had run over a tow line between 
a tug and her tow and that the line had caught 
the launch under the starboard quarter and 
ripped open the boat from the keel to the gun- 
nel. The victims of this sad disaster, which 
cast a pall over the fleet and the Exposition, 
were as follows: 


MinsHIpMEN: 


Philip Henry Field, Colorado, Class of 1906. 

William Hollister Stevenson, North Carolina, Class of 1906. 
Franklin Porteous Holcomb, Delaware, Class of 1907. 
Herbert Leander Holden, Wisconsin, Class of 1907. 
Henry Clay Murfin, Jr., Ohio, Class of 1907. 

Walter Carl Ulrich, Wisconsin, Class of 1907. 


SaILors: 
Robert H. Dodson, Seaman. 


Jesse Conn, Coal passer. 
Frank R. Plumber, Ordinary seaman. 


GOVERNMENT PIERS 


The most important single contribution which 
the United States Government made to the 
Jamestown Exposition was the magnificent pair 
of piers which formed the focal point of the 
landscape and architectural picture. Four 
hundred thousand dollars was the sum appro- 
priated for this work. 

The plans for the piers were furnished by 
the Board of Design of the Exposition Com- 
pany and the work was superintended by Major 
Spencer Cosby, Corps of Engineers of the 
United States Army. There was considerable 
delay in the preparation of the plans. ‘These 
were not submitted by the Ex- 
position Company until Sep- 
tember, 1906, although the 
appropriation act was passed 
in June; and the construction, 
according to the plans which 
were presented, was found im- 
practicable since the cost of the 
work far exceeded the amount 
available. The Scofield Com- 
pany of Philadelphia were the 
only bidders and they subse- 
quently submitted a_ revised 
plan which was approved by 
the Jamestown Exposition 
Company and also by the Sec- 
retary of War, and the Gov- 
ernment entered into a contract 
with them, dated November 1, 
1906, providing for the com- 


MAJOR SPENCER COSBY 
Corps Engineer U. S. A. 


pletion of the work within one hundred and 
eighty days. 

A part of December had passed before the 
actual construction of the piers was begun, and 
from the time the work commenced, there were 
no delays attributable to the lack of material. 
The original project was modified by an act of 
Congress, approved February 9, 1907, which 
provided for dredging from deep water in 
Hampton Roads to the Government Piers and 
for dredging in Boush Creek to accommodate 
the needs of the life-saving exhibit. Sixty-five 
thousand dollars was appropriated for this pur- 
pose. Except in the case of 
the dredges, an ample plant 
was maintained by the con- 
tractors, but the work was 
seriously delayed by inclement 
weather, and by the labor 
conditions which were far 
from satisfactory. 

Owing to the inability of 
the contractors, who were 
dredging the channels as well 
as building the piers, to pro- 
cure adequate machinery, the 
channel work progressed 
slowly. The small Boush 
Creek contract was executed 
chiefly by utilizing such hired 
dredges as could be secured 
in local waters, but the ap- 
proach to the enclosed basin 


444 


Government Participation. 


A CLOSE VIEW OF THE ARCH 


was tardily executed. Work was begun in 
March and progressed slowly during that 
month and the two months following. In 
June there were better weather conditions and 
softer material was encountered, and as a con- 
sequence more rapid progress was made. By 
the end of June, the channel was practically 
complete. 

As a safe harbor for small boats, the basin 
which the piers enclosed was utilized continu- 
ously after Opening Day. ‘The piers therefore 
subserved a certain economic purpose from the 
inception of the Exposition, but instead of 
proving to be, by reason of their beauty, a most 
attractive magnet, they for months, constituted 
the most unsightly portion of the Exposition’s 
contour. 

The piers were each one hundred and fifty 
feet wide and one thousand, two hundred feet 
long, and connected at the sea end by a third 
pier-way, in the center of which was a concrete 
arch with a span of one hundred and fifty feet 
and a maximum height thirty feet above mean 
high water. At the shore end of the basin, 
formed by these three piers there was a single 
landing, about three hundred and fifty feet 
long, reserved for the use of the United States 
Government and foreign naval vessels. On 
either side of the basin were six boat landings 
connected with the piers. 

Along the shore for a distance of one thou- 
sand, nine hundred feet there was erected a 
wooden bulkhead to hold the fill between it 
and the original shore line. The piers proper 
consisted of two reinforced concrete retaining 
walls supported on round and inclined sheet 
piles, the spaces between the walls being filled 
with material dredged from the basin. ‘The 
head of the pier was of similar construction 


445 


except for the arch and abutments which were 
made of solid concrete. The piers and shore 
bulkhead were surmounted by a number of 
ornamental structures of a temporary character, 
and were decorated by numerous lighting de- 
vices, maintained by the Exposition Company, 
which also illuminated the entire construction. 
More than four and a half months of the Ex- 
position season had passed before the piers were 
finished, and during the greater part of the time, 
cars, piles of dirt, suction dredges in operation, 
lakes of soft mud, and general chaos disfigured 
the end of Raleigh Square. 

It is probable that the main reasons for delay 
were the failure of the contractors to make 
proper allowance for the weather, and their 
ignorance of Exposition conditions so far as 
labor was concerned. Before the close of 
1906, railroad sidings had been built near the 
work, temporary buildings had been erected, 
a large amount of material had been delivered 
and many piles driven. From January Ist to 
January 15th, the progress was rapid, but, dur- 
ing the latter half of January and all of Feb- 
ruary, the work showed little advance. Nor- 
mally, the winters are mild in the vicinity of 
Norfolk and the spring begins early, but 1907 
showed an exception. The weather was un- 
usually inclement. The cold at times was se- 
vere and rain or snow was frequent. These 
conditions continued intermittently until the 
Exposition had opened, and naturally they 
served to prevent expeditious work; but even 
when the skies had cleared and warm weather 
had made its definite advent progress was dis- 
appointingly slow. 

According to contract, the pier should have 
been completed by May Ist. There was in the 
agreement, a clause penalizing the contractors 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


one hundred dollars for each day’s delay, but 
this did not serve as a spur to effort. “The con- 
struction company was harrassed by certain 
business difficulties which ultimately culminated 
in their failure and which probably affected, 
to a certain degree, their persistence. 

The official report of the U. S. Engineer in 
charge gives the condition of the work at the 


end of the fiscal year, 1907, thus: 


tions adorned the handsome structure. The 
great arch was graceful and massive. ‘The 
plers proper were broad avenues, turfed and 
graveled and served admirably as a promenade. 
Within the basin several water carnivals were 
held and numerous launches entered daily 
beneath the arch. From one of the towers 
the Government operated a wireless telegraph 
station, and from the top of the main arch 


“ The following table gives the estimated quantities of the principal classes of work and the proportion done to June 30, 1907: 


Round piles 


Sheet ‘piles, plam<s«,. waee< 6 etsicieae ie eee re eee Siete eeorets 
Sheet. piles, creosoted (atone sca nictent recon Meee einem eer ene 


Concrete, wall 
Concrete, arch 
Walls, creosoted 


Yellow ‘pinexshort™ leafz ance teres ante sen teemerotee oie etetes 
Yellow piney longsleaf Grsetss can cra eye cia ne stexrsiee srcaeeercore s 


Thacher bars 
Dredging, basin 
Railings and staff 
Plumbing 


Wee SR hos ft. B. M. 
os Ser Pee ft. B. M. 


Be Pare ft. B. M. 
ae aa nS ft. B. M. 


Estimated 

Quantity. 
3,750 
477,000 
283,000 
3,000 
1,770 
30,000 
180,000 
580,000 
215,000 
219,000 
$71,247.80 
15,000.00 


Per cent. completed 


on June 30, 1907. 


At the close of the fiscal year the principal items of work remaining to be done were: 

Dredging the inside basin (91 per cent. completed); filling behind the east bulkhead; completing the fill on the west pier 
and at heads of both piers; building concrete steps over the arch, and walls for its approaches; closing the gap east of the arch 
left to afford vessels access to the basin before removal of the centering; finishing the carpentry work and the staff and plaster 
on the west pier and both towers, and completing the dredging of the channel of approach (68 per cent. completed.) 

While the above uncompleted work and the plant employed on it mar somewhat the appearance of the piers, they do not 


prevent the constant use of the latter for the purpose for which they were built.” 


When the work was done, the completed 
basin and piers became a monument most credit- 
able alike to the Board of Design who had 
planned it and to the Government engineers 
who had superintended its construction. Per- 


goals, colonnades, kiosks and other ornamenta- 


STAIRWAY OF THE ARCH 


could be obtained, not only the best view of 
the Exposition, but an excellent picture of the 
surrounding territory. The great piers gave 
an impression of permanence and they looked 
well worthy to be the lasting memorial of the 
event which had been celebrated. 


446 


Government Participation. 


ARMY AND NAVY 


Although the United States had generously 
assisted in the celebration of the Ter-Centen- 
nial, the Exposition was not a national affair. 
Every Act of Congress relating to the event 
emphasized the fact that the Government was 
not responsible for the Exposition. Contrarily, 
it was stated with equal force that the Naval, 
Marine and Military celebration was the 
province of the Nation. 

It became, therefore, a matter of moment 
that those, who visited the Ter-Centennial in 
order to participate in the celebration author- 
ized and conducted by the Federal authorities, 
should be well entertained. The President's 
proclamation of the event invited all the nations 
of the world to send representatives of their 
armies and navies, and it was incumbent on 
the United States to provide for their guests. 

By the Act of Congress passed March 3, 
1905, one hundred and twenty-five thousand 
dollars was appropriated for the entertainment 
of foreign naval and military officers. This 
fund, although a part of the sum entrusted to 
the Ter-Centennial Commission, was directly 
under the control of the Secretaries of War 
and of the Navy. Subsequently, it was found 
to be desirable that this fund be augmented 


~ 
£ 
r : 
£ 


CLUB HOUSE FOR OFFICERS OF ARMY AND NAVY 


ENTERTAINMENT 


and the Ter-Centennial Commission utilized a 
portion of the fifty thousand dollars which had 
been expropriated for general entertainment 
purposes and added this to the Army and Navy 
fund. The handsome club house which was 
erected for the officers of the Army and Navy 
was not charged to the entertainment fund, but 
was a part of the building expenses of the 
Government, as was also the club house for the 
enlisted men. 

The Officers’ Club was an extremely attract- 
ive building and stood near the headquarters 
of the Bureau of American Republics. — Its 
affairs were directed by Rear-Admiral Har- 
rington and Major-General Grant. Distin- 
guished foreigners’ who visited the Exposition 
received the freedom of the Club and used the 
house as a headquarters during their stay. It 
was the scene of many elaborate functions of 
a public character and many more of a private 
nature. 

There was no sharp line of cleavage be- 
tween officials and civilians in regard to the 
courtesies of the club house. The former were 
entitled to the use of the Club and the latter 
were constrained only to obtain cards which 
gave them equal privileges. “The method of is- 


OFFICE AND OFFICIAL HOME OF TER-CENTENNIAL COMMISSION 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


suing these cards was similar to the one em- 
ployed generally by social organizations, and it 
was not difficult for any reputable citizen to ob- 
tain permission to make the Club his head- 
quarters. 

The Secretaries of the Treasury, of War 
and of the Navy, acting as the United States 
Ter-Centennial Commission, were the hosts at 
the first great social function at the Club. On 
Opening Day, they entertained all the visiting 
members of the Diplomatic Corps. The vari- 
ous Ambassadors and Ministers of foreign 
Nations were in many instances accompanied 
by their wives as well as the naval and the 
military attachés of the embassies. This first 
entertainment was, therefore, in many respects, 
the most important of all which were given at 
the building. 

His Royal Highness, the Duke d’Abruzzi, 
and His Royal Highness, Prince Wilhelm of 
Sweden were later guests of the Club, and 
among other distinguished foreigners to whom 
receptions or dinners were tendered, there 
may be named Vice-Admiral Ijuin and Cap- 
tains Takenonchi and Yamaya of Japan; Ad- 
miral de Bacellar and Captains de Oliveira 
and Leite and Commander Correa of Brazil; 
Rear-Admiral Neville and Captains Hope, 
Allenby, Arbuthnot and Calthorpe of Great 
Britain; Rear-Admiral Thiérry and Captains 
de Saint-Pern and Nayel, and Commander 
Carré of France: Commodore Pleskott and 
Commanders Hoehnel and von Mayersberg of 
Austria-Hungary; Commodore von Hofe-and 
Captains Zimmerman and Alberts of Ger- 
many; Captain Wilson of Chile; Commander 
Moneta of Argentine Republic; Commander 
Pericoli of Italy, and Captain Baron von As- 
beck of the Netherlands. 

Major-General Grant and Rear-Admiral 
Harrington also directed a club house for the 
enlisted men of the Army, although the actual 
supervision of the building was entrusted to the 
Army and Navy Y. M. C. A., and this 
organization performed an extremely valuable 
service. 

In view of the fact that the Jamestown Ex- 
position was to be in large measure a military 
and naval celebration, the Army and Navy 


SOLDIERS AND SAILORS CLUB HOUSE 


. 


Y. M. C. A. believed that it would afford a 
splendid opportunity for work among the 
soldiers and the sailors who might be stationed 
at the Exposition or who would visit it, and 
they planned to erect a large tent similar to 
the one used at the St. Louis Fair within which 
they might conduct the summer’s work. 

Since the United States Government had 
authorized the erection of a building for the 
enlisted men, it seemed inadvisable for the 
Association to operate an independent and 
perhaps a competing undertaking; and, there- 
fore, it was suggested by the managers of the 
Association that if the National club house 
were entrusted to the Y. M. C. A., effective 
work might be conducted through the entire 
season. The Ter-Centennial Commission were 
in accord with this opinion and the conduct of 
the building was placed officially under the 
control of the Army and Navy Department of 
the International Committee of the Young 
Men’s Christian Association. 

On the Opening Day everything was in 
readiness for active Association work and until 
the first day of December the interest of the 
enlisted men never suffered. ‘Three secretaries 
who had enjoyed much previous experience in 
Army and Navy work were in charge of the 
building and they were assisted by three sailors 
detailed from the Navy. All enlisted men of 
the Army and Navy were entitled to the 
privileges of the building and very few of the 
thousands who came to the Exposition failed 
to accept the courtesies which were extended. 

Not only were the regulars of both branches 
of the service entitled to the club privileges, 
but the use of the building was given to the 
Exposition police force and the guards of the 
Government buildings. During the brief stay 
of the foreign ships, efforts were made to 
induce their sailors to visit the club house, and 
posters in eight different languages were sent 
aboard each ship as it came into the Roads. 
The sailors of the English, French, German, 
Austrian, Swedish, Norwegian, Japanese and 
Brazilian vessels frequently visited the estab- 
lishment, and forty different State militia organ- 
izations took advantage of the freedom of the 


building. 


448 


Government Participation. 


Aside from any effect which the work of the 
Y. M. C. A. might have had on the morals 
of the visitors, undoubtedly the club afforded 
much physical comfort. ‘There were all the 
conveniences of one of the regular Association 
headquarters. 

In the reading room there were newspapers 
from all parts of the United States and a 
number of the current magazines. ‘There was 
a well-equipped writing room, where stationery 
was supplied gratuitously. For the amusement 
of the men, there were devices of many kinds. 
A fine billiard room was on the ground floor in 
the centre and the billiard and pool tables were 
well patronized. Any evening a score or more 
might have been seen playing chess or checkers. 
For the comfort of the men, rest rooms were 
maintained and commodious, cleanly lavatories, 
and there was a first-class barber shop. 

The cadets of several of the military schools 
visited the club house, and as a result of one 
of these visits one of the institutions organized 
an Association to afhliate with the Y. M. C. A. 

Throughout the season the Association pro- 
vided an attractive rendezvous for the men 
where they could spend their leisure hours in 
a wholesome manner, free from the temptations 
which almost inevitably attract an enlisted man 
in territories contiguous to an Exposition. In 
furtherance of this design, a number of athletic 


contests were organized, weekly entertainments 
of various kinds were given and frequently there 
were musicales, lectures, readings and motion 
picture entertainments. Religious services were 
held on Sunday evenings and at other times 
during the week. 

One of the principal events of the season 
was a reception given to the twelve hundred 
Japanese sailors who came to visit the Exposi- 
tion and a Fourth of July celebration at which 
Governor Hughes of New York and President 
Wilson of Princeton University spoke. 

Among some of the distinguished guests at 
the building might be named Rear-Admiral P. 
F. Harrington, U. S. N. (Retired), Rear- 
Admiral Charles H. Davis, U. S. N., and 
Rear-Admiral Charles N. Thomas, U. S. 
N., Rear-Admiral Thiérry of the French 
Navy, many officers of the Japanese and other 
foreign ships, Governor Charles E. Hughes of 
New York, Woodrow Wilson, LL.D., of 
Princeton University, President Tucker and 
the other officers of the Exposition Company, 
Judge Selden P. Spencer of St. Louis, and 
the Honorable C. Phildius, representative of 
the Y. M. C. A. movement in Germany. The 
recorded attendance at the building for the 
season was seventy-four thousand, seven hun- 
dred and sixty-four, an average of more than 
three hundred and fifty visitors registered daily. 


SS Stains 
Office of U. S. Government Board 


Army and Navy Club House 


Internat’] Bureau of American Republics 


A GROUP OF GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS 


449 


4 


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Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


NIGHT VIEW OF GOVERNMENT BUILDING “B” 


CHAPTER XII 


JURY OF AWARDS 


THE JURY AND THEIR LAWS—SPECIAL RULES AND REGULATIONS, DIVISIONS OF JURY, RULES 
GOVERNING AWARDS, SYSTEM OF CERTIFICATION, RULES FOR TEMPORARY EXHIBITS, MANNER 
OF DETERMINING STANDING OF EXHIBITS; PERCENTAGE OF VALUES NECESSARY TO OBTAIN 
MEDALS, SPECIAL COMMEMORATIVE MEDALS AND DIPLOMAS—PERSONNEL OF THE JURY, 
CHARACTER OF THE JURY, ITS OFFICERS AND MEMBERS, BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES—REPORT OF THE 
PRESIDENT OF THE JURY, EXPLANATION OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE JURY, COMMENTS ON 
NATURE OF RULES AND REGULATIONS, SINGLE RESPONSIBILITY, GRADES OF AWARDS, SELEC- 
TION OF JURORS, NON-DUPLICATION OF AWARDS, NO GRAND PRIZE, INNOVATION REGARDING 
GOVERNMENT EXHIBITS, ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT JURIES, DIVISION INTO GROUPS, 
EXHIBIT INSTALLATION, NEGRO EXHIBITS, COMPLETION OF JURY WORK—DEPARTMENT JURIES, 
COMPOSITION OF THESE BODIES —AWARDS—EXPLANATION OF GROUPINGS, GOLD, SILVER AND 
BRONZE MEDALS—DEPARTMENTS OF HISTORY; HIGHER EDUCATION; PRIMARY AND_ SEC- 
ONDARY EDUCATION; SOCIAL ECONOMY; MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS; MACHINERY ; 
TRANSPORTATION; AGRICULTURE; HORTICULTURE (FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, FLOW- 
ERS AND NUTS); FOODS AND ACCESSORIES; FORESTRY, FISH AND GAME; MINES AND METAL- 
LURGY—AWARDS TO UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT EXHIBITS, COMMEMORATIVE GOLD 
MEDALS, DEPARTMENT AND BUREAU AWARDS, DEPARTMENT OF STATE, TREASURY DEPART- 
MENT, WAR DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, NAVY DE- 
PARTMENT, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS— 
INDIVIDUAL AWARDS—COLLABORATORS AWARDS—MEDALS FOR INSTALLATION, INDIVIDUAL 
BUILDINGS, BOOTHS IN EXHIBIT PALACES—COMMEMORATIVE MEDALS FOR VALUABLE SER- 
VICES—NEGRO AWARDS, ADVISORY BOARD—GOLD, SILVER AND BRONZE MEDALS TO EXHIBITS 
IN NEGRO BUILDING 


§$O EXPOSITION COMPANY ever strove more sincerely to secure an 
impartial set of rules and a superlative jury to apply them. ‘The laws speak 
for themselves and to a great extent the current history of the nation speaks 
for the jurors. No one can fail to be impressed with the high character of 
the men who composed this important body. 

In this chapter appear the Laws which governed the Jury, biographies 
of the Jurymen, the report of its President, and and the complete official list of awards that were 
bestowed. These papers were compiled from the certified copies of the records which are kept 
in the office of the Secretary of the Jury of Awards. 


SPECIAL RULES AND REGULATIONS PROVIDING 
OF MAKING 


(1)—The Jury of Awards shall comprise eight De- 
partment Juries as follows: 
Historie Art. 
2. Edueation and Social Economy. 
3. Manufactures and Liberal Arts (including 

Graphic Arts). 

Machinery and Transportation 

Electricity). 

Agriculture and Horticulture. 
Food Products and Accessories. 
Forestry, Fish and Game. 

. Mines and Metallurgy. 

(2)—The officers of the Jury shall be a President, 
Vice-President and Secretary, all of whom shall be 
appointed by the Jamestown Exposition Company. 

(3)—The President of the Jury shall appoint all 
Jurors, and assign them to such Departments as he 
may deem advisable. 

(4)—All such appointments shall be made not later 
than August 25th, 1907, except that appointments 
made to fill vacancies may be made at any subsequent 
time. 

(5)—The Chief of each Department will co-operate 
with the Jury in his department, for the purpose of 
securing the proper examination of all exhibits, and 
to see that the work laid out for the Juries is con- 
dueted strictly in accordance with the official rules 
and regulations. 


sa 


(including 


DOI 


451 


FOR A JURY 
AWARDS 


AND GOVERNING THE SYSTEM 


(6)—The work of the Juries shall begin September 
10th, 1907, and shall be completed not later than ten 
days thereafter. 
(7)—Department Juries may, with the approval of 
the President and Vice-President of the Jury, appoint 
as associates or experts, persons especially skilled in 
matters submitted for examination. These experts 
shall participate only in such special work as they 
are selected to perform and shall have no vote on 
the question of the merit of the exhibit under con- 
sideration. 
(8)—Each Department Jury shall carefully exam- 
ine all exhibits pertaining to the Department to which 
it has been assigned. It shall also consider and pass 
upon the merits of the collaborators whose work may 
be conspicuous in the design, development or construc- 
tion of the exhibits. 
(9)—Each Department Jury shall prepare separate 
lists: 
1. Presenting the names of such exhibitors as 
are out of competition. 

2. Awards recommended to exhibitors in order 
of merit. 

3. Awards recommended to 
order of merit. 

4. <A report giving an account of the most im- 
portant objects exhibited and a general 
account of the Department as a whole. 


collaborators in 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


(10)—These papers shall be certified by the Chair- 
man of the Department Jury to the President of the 
Jury. 

(11)—In order to expedite their work, Department 
Juries may be divided into Class Juries for the exami- 
nation of exhibits. 

(12)—These Class Juries shall be governed by para- 
graphs one, two and three of Rule 9, just cited. When 
they have completed the work assigned them they shall 
report to the full Department Jury. 

(13)—In the case of temporary exhibitions and 
such other exhibits as are developed through a consid- 
erable period of time, or which for other reasons can 
not be governed by the time limits prescribed, the 
Juries of such classes may continue throughout the 
entire period of the Exposition. Special Juries may be 
formed when urgently needed for special occasions. 


(14)—At the close of each temporary exhibit or 
competition, the Jury having the same in charge shall 
prepare a list of awards proposed in order of merit 
and shall certify the same to the President of the 
Jury. 

(15)—The Jury shall determine finally and fully 
the awards to be made to exhibitors and collaborators 
in all cases that are formally presented for its con- 
sideration. 

(16)—Formal notification of the awards shall, in 
each case, be sent by the Secretary of the Jury to the 
exhibitors at the place of their respective exhibits. 

(17)—The work of the Department Juries shall be 
completed not later than September 20th, 1907, and 
as soon as practicable thereafter, formal public an- 
nouncement of the awards shall be made. 

(18)—The deliberations of the Juries 
strictly secret. 

(19)—No announcement of the findings of Depart- 
ment or Class Juries shall be made except through the 
President or Vice-President of the Jury. 

(20)—The President, Vice-President and Secretary 
of the Jury shall have the privilege of attending any 
sessions of the Department and Class Juries. 

(21)—A majority of a Jury shall in all cases render 
and confirm a decision. 

(22)—Jurors having exhibits shall not serve in the 
particular class in which said exhibits are classified. 
This rule apples to managers, agents and others, rep- 
resenting a company or corporation which is entered 
as an exhibitor. It does not, however, apply to the 
officers or representatives of Governments which are 
entered as exhibitors. 

(23)—Each regular exhibitor may receive an 
award, although his exhibit be joined with that of 
others in a single installation. 

(24)—An exhibit shall receive only one award in 
any Department. 

(25)—The same object shown in several Depart- 
ments and adjudged by more than one Jury shall be 
entitled only to the highest award accorded to it. 

(26)—Exhibitors who desire to have their exhibits 
excluded from competition shall notify the Chief of 
Department as to their wishes on or before September 
1, 1907. Such exhibits shall not be entitled to official 
recognition in connection with the system of awards. 

(27)—In addition to the awards prescribed for 
exhibitors, an award may also be made to the in- 
ventor, designer or artisan, who as collaborator, has, 
in the judgment of the Jury, shown more than ordi- 
nary skill in connection with an exhibit. <A col- 
laborator is a person who has distinguished himself as 
a designer or producer of especially meritorious objects 


shall be 


shown at the Exposition. He is not a person who 

has merely aided in the arrangement or installation of 

exhibits. 

(28)—In order that this may be equitably ac- 
complished, each exhibitor may furnish the chief of 
his respective Department, for transmission to the 
proper Jury, a list of the names of his collaborators 
arranged in order of merit, based on skill, ability, 
magnitude and value of work, and length of service. 
It will then remain for the Jury to determine whether 
the assistance rendered by the persons named in the 
manner described has been sufficient to entitle them, 
or any of them, to the rank of collaborator, and to 
recommend the award which may be conferred there- 
for. 

(29)—The Juries themselves shall determine what 
points will be considered in arriving at a decision as 
to the grade of award to be granted, but it is recom- 
mended, in commercial exhibits, for instance, that the 
following points be considered: 

(a) Value of product, process, machine, or de- 
vice, as measured by its usefulness, its 
beneficent influence on mankind in its 
physical, mental, moral and educational 
aspects. 

(b) Skill and ingenuity display in the inven- 
tion, construction and application. 

(c) Merits of the installation as to the in- 
genuity and taste displayed, the cost 
and value as an exposition attraction. 

(d) Magnitude of the business represented, as 
measured by the gross sales during the 
calendar year preceding the opening of 
the exposition. 

(e) Quality or cheapness, with reference to 
the possession by the exhibit of the 
highest possible quality, or the facet 
that the article is sold at so low a price 
with reference to its quality as to make 
it a valuable acquisition to the pur- 
chaser. 

(f) Length of time the exhibitor has been in 
business as showing whether exhibit is 
a development of original invention or 
is an improvement on the work of some 
prior inventor. 

(g) Number and character of awards received 
from former expositions. 

(30)—The following scale of markings shall be 
used in determining the tinal merits of an exhibit and 
fixing the award that should be made, 100 being used 
as indicating perfection: 

Exhibits receiving markings ranging from 

60 to 74 inclusive—Bronze Medal. 
Exhibits receiving markings ranging from 
75 to 89 inclusive—Silver Medal. 
Exhibits receiving markings ranging from 
90 to 100 inelusive—Gold Medal. 

(31)—The diplomas or certificates of award for 
exhibitors shall be signed by the President of the 
Jamestown Exposition Company, the Director-General, 
the President and the Vice-President of the Jury. 

(32)—Special commemorative diplomas and medals 
may be issued to the officers of the Exposition, to ° 
United States, State and Foreign Commissioners, to 
the members of the Jury and to such other persons as 
may be deemed worthy of special recognition. 

ALBERT SHAW, 
President of the Jury. 
AMBROSE SWASEY, 
Vice-President. 


THE RERSONNER OF TEE Ry 


By MARCUS BENJAMIN, Ph. D.Sc. D. 


The Jury of Awards at the Jamestown 
Exposition was unique. For the first time, 
certainly in this country, in the history of 
expositions, there was but one regularly 
constituted body of jurors whose judgment was 
final; that is, without appeal to any superior 
body, either higher jury or exposition official. 
It was perhaps largely for this reason that so 
many specialists were willing to serve, for they 
knew that their decisions would not be over- 
turned. So high was the character of this jury 
that it has passed into history as ‘‘ the most 
distinguished body of its kind ever assembled 
to adjudicate on the prize-winners at an ex- 
position. ’’ 


The Exposition officials entrusted the selee- 
tion of those who were so fortunate as to be 
invited to serve, to Albert Shaw, Ambrose 
Swasey, and James L. Farmer, appointing them 


respectively as President, Vice-President, and 
Secretary of the Jury of Awards, and they 
alone were responsible for their action to the 
Jamestown authorities. The evident capability 
of these three men for this task is shown most 
clearly by the following brief reviews of their 
careers. 


Albert Shaw, who was named as President 
of the Jury, is a graduate of Iowa College. Be- 
coming interested in history and economic 
science, he studied at the Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity, where in 1884 he received the degree 
of Ph.D. This experience he supplemented by 
a year or more in Europe, where he devoted 
much attention to the subject of municipal 
government, giving to the world the result of 
his investigations in a series of articles that 
were published in the Century Magazine. In 
1891 he established the American Review of 


452 


Jury of Awards. 


ALBERT SHAW, Ph.D. 
President 


Reviews, of which he has since continued as 
Editor-in-Chief. The broad knowledge of con- 
temporary history gained by his experience as 
an editor, has been largely supplemented by 
personal relations with the foremost men of his 
time. His opinions are highly valued, and no 
one is more competent to name the right man 
for a given place than he. Wisely therefore 
was he chosen to lead the Jury. 


Ambrose Swasey was chosen to be his asso- 
ciate, and he supplemented the wide knowledge 
of Doctor Shaw most admirably. For more 
than a quarter of a century Mr. Swasey has 
devoted his attention to the manufacture of 
machine tools, and astronomical instruments, 
building during those years the thirty-six-inch 
Lick Telescope in California, the twenty-six- 
inch U. S. Naval Observatory Telescope in 
Washington, and the forty-inch Telescope of 
the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wis- 
consin. Few men, if any, know their business 
better than Mr. Swasey, and he has sueceeded 
because of his close and patient study of de- 
tails. He knows the value of every element, no 
matter how minute, and utilizes it to the best 
advantage in every piece of work that he 
undertakes. Moreover he brought to James- 
town the accumulated experience of services as 
juror at the previous expositions in Nashville, 
Buffalo, and St. Louis. At Paris, in 1900, he 
received the Decoration of the Legion of Honor. 
In him Doctor Shaw found a sympathetic and 
enthusiastic colleague, and much credit is due 
to him for most efficient service. 


James L. Farmer was appointed to the 
responsible office of Secretary of the Jury. 
Service in various capacities at the expositions 
held in Nashville, Omaha, Paris, Buffalo and 
St. Louis, have given Mr. Farmer a knowledge 
of what is called exposition-work that is not 
excelled by any one. His judgment, tact, and 
charming personality made him a most useful 
and valuable officer of the jury. 

To these men was delegated the selection of 
the individual jurors. In the list that follows, 
the names of the jurors are given in alphabet- 


ical order for the reason chiefly that whenever 


it was found that a juror had a special knowl- 
edge of any subject his opinion was quickly 
sought and willingly given, so that an arrange- 


453 


AMBROSE SWASEY 
Vice-President 


ment according to departments would not be 
entirely satisfactory. 


Edwin Anderson Alderman is the eloquent 
president of the University of Virginia, to 
which place he came after four years’ experi- 
ence in a similar capacity at Tulane, which was 
preceded by a lke service at the University 
of North Carolina. All of his life has been 
spent in educational work, mostly in his native 
State of North Carolina, and to his ability the 
University of the South, Tulane, Johns Hopkins, 
Yale, and Columbia have testified by the con- 
ferment of honorary doctorates. To him was 
assigned as Chairman the consideration of 
awards to Primary and Secondary Edueation 
Exhibits. 


Charles E. Baldwin, who is connected with 
the Bureau of Labor in Washington, D. C., as 


JAMES L. FARMER 


Secretary 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


TARLETON HorrMan BEAN 


Cuas. E. BaLpwin 


statistical expert, was wisely selected for 
service in connection with the many exhibits of 
a statistical nature in the Department of Social 
‘Economy. 


Charles Baskerville, now professor of chem- 
istry and director of the chemical laboratory 
in the College of the City of New York to 
which he was ealled after twelve years of sue- 
cessful work of like nature at the University 
of North Carolina, has gained a worthy reputa- 
tion for himself by his studies of the rarer 
earths, which culminated a few years ago in 
the announcement of his discovery of Caro- 
linium. Active in the councils of many chem- 
ical organizations, he served on the sub-jury 
that considered Chemicals and Allied Products 
in the Department of Manufactures and Liberal 
Arts. 


Tarleton Hoffman Bean is eminent as an 
authority on all matters pertaining to fish and 
fisheries, having served long in the Bureau of 
Fisheries in Washington, then as director of the 
New York Aquarium, and now as Fish Cultur- 
ist of the State of New York. He also had 
charge of the fisheries exhibits at the exposi- 


tions in Chicago, Atlanta, Paris, and St. 
Louis. No one could have been chosen who 


was more capable of judging the exhibits in 
the Department of Fish and Game than Dr. 
Bean. 


Marcus Benjamin combines an extended 
knowledge of technology gained by his large 
contributions on subjects in that branch of 
knowledge to many works of reference, with 
a familiarity with jury work from experience 
on juries at the expositions held in Chicago, 
Nashville, Omaha, Buffalo, Charleston, and St. 
Louis. He served acceptably as secretary of 
the Department Jury of Manufactures and 
Liberal Arts. 


Prosper J. Berckmans, of Augusta, Ga., 
President of the Georgia State Horticultural 
Society, was of much valuable assistance in 
guiding the work of his colleagues on the jury 
of Agriculture and Horticulture. 


John A. Birkinbine, consulting engineer in 


Copyright, Davis & Sanford. 
CuHarLes BasKeErRVILLE, PH.D. Epwin A. ALperman, LL.D. 


Philadelphia, Pa., was selected for his intimate 
knowledge of machinery and mines. He was 
special agent of the U. 8. Bureau of the Census 
for these subjects in 1890 and 1900, and is an 
expert on iron and manganese ores for the 
U. 8. Geological Survey. His associates have 
shown their appreciation of his abilities by 
electing him to the presidency of the American 
Institute of Mining Engineers, the Engineers 
Club of Philadelphia, and the Franklin Insti- 
tute. He served on the jury of Mines and 
Metallurgy. 


Rogers Birnie, lieutenant-colonel in the 
Ordnance Department of the United States 
Army, has seen duty in his specialty at the 
West Point Foundry at Cold Spring, N. Y., 
at the Springfield Arsenal in Springfield, 
Mass., and more recently as President of the 
Ordnance Board in Washington. Naturally his 
opinions were most acceptable to his colleagues 
on the jury of Machinery, Transportation and 
Electricity. 


H. H. Brimley, curator of the North Carolina 
State Museum in Raleigh, N. C., and who by his 
presentation of the natural resources of his 
State gained deserved credit for North Caro- 
lina, rendered efficient service on the jury of 
Fish and Game. 


Arnold William Brunner is a graduate in 
architecture of the Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology, and designer of important public 
buildings in New York City and in Cleveland, . 
Ohio. His conceded knowledge of art in its 
application to buildings and their surroundings 
abundantly justified his appointment as Chair- 
man of the special jury to which was assigned 
the consideration of the merits of Buildings 
and Grounds. 


Rolla Clinton Carpenter, now professor of 
experimental engineering at Cornell University, 
and who has had active charge of many en- 
gineering constructions, gave to the jury on 
Machinery, Transportation, and Electricity the 
added benefit of his experience gained on 
similar juries at the expositions held in Chicago 
and Buffalo. 


Joun A. BirKINBINE 


Lrt.-Cot. R. Birnie, U.S.A. 


M. Benjamin, Pu.D.,Sc.D. H. H. Brimvey 


454 


Jury of Awards. 


ARNOLD WILLIAM BRUNNER- Rota CLINTON CARPENTER 


M. H. Chase, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., was 
for many years the buyer for a large depart- 
ment store in New York City, and is an expert 
on many varieties of commercial products. 
He served most acceptably as chairman of the 
Jury on Commerce and Manufactures at Nash- 
ville, and, at the Jamestown Exposition, was 
a member of the jury on Manufactures and 
Liberal Arts. 


Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, since 1883 chief 
chemist of the U. S. Geological Survey and 
curator of minerals in the U. S. National 
Museum, has had long experience in exposition- 
work, having served officially at the expositions 
in Chicago, Atlanta, Nashville, Omaha, Paris, 
and Buffalo. He was wisely assigned to the 
jury on Food Products and Accessories, having 
served as chairman of the sub-jury on that sub- 
ject in Buffalo. His work at Paris in 1900 
gained for him the Legion of honor, and he is 
a past president of the American Chemical 
Society. 

Philander Priestley Claxton, who now fills 
the chair of education at the University of 
Tennessee in Knoxville, was given supervision 
of the awards in Primary and Secondary 
Edueation. 


S. Q. Collins, of Norfolk, Va., an expert in 
matters relating to woods and the products of 
the forests, rendered much valuable assistance 
to the jury on Forestry. 


R. D. W. Connor, of Raleigh, N. C., who is 
secretary of the North Carolina Historical 
Association, was a member of the jury on 
History. 


Angel del Corzo, a lieutenant in the navy of 
the Republic of Mexico, and a member of the 
Military Commission from that Republic to 
the Jamestown Exposition, aided most effi- 
ciently in the work of the jury on Machinery, 
Transportation and Electricity. 


Albert Reynolds Couden, now admiral on the 
retired list of the U. S. Navy, brought to the 
aid of his colleagues on the jury on Machinery, 
Transportation and Electricity, his wide knowl- 


Freie CLARKE, LILD2Sc.D.; Frep R. CRANE 


455 


M. H. CnHase 


Dr. P. P. CLaxtTon 


edge of naval 


ordnance. 


matters, and especially on 


William Van Zandt Cox, now president of 
the Second National Bank in Washington, 
was made chairman of the special jury on 
the United States Government Exhibit. His 
twenty-five years’ experience in expositions, 
especially as representative of the Government 
Board at the expositions in Nashville, Omaha, 
Buffalo and St. Louis, clearly indicated his pre- 
eminent fitness for competent judgment on that 
subject. He was chairman of the Special Jury 
on U. 8. Government Exhibits. 

Fred R. Crane, who is an authority in agri- 
cultural engineering at the University of 
Illinois in Urbana, served on the jury of Agri- 
culture and Horticulture. 


Charles Richards Dodge, for many years in 
charge of the fiber investigations of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture in Washington, and the 
author of a Dictionary of the Fiber Plants of 
the World, served as chairman of the jury of 
Forestry. He was also assigned to other work 
on the jury in consideration of his extensive 
experience at previous expositions, having 
served at Philadelphia, New Orleans, Paris 
(1889), Chicago, Atlanta, Nashville, Paris 
(1900), Buffalo and St. Louis. 


James Mapes Dodge, a mechanical engineer 
by profession, who has given special attention 
to the improvement and manufacture of con- 
veying machinery and devices, is president of 
the Link Belt Engineering Co., and other similar 
corporations in Philadelphia. His knowledge 
in his specialties made him a valuable chair- 
man of the jury on Machinery, Transportation 
and Electricity. 


Carl Fischer, Jr., of New York, is an im- 
porter and manufacturer of musical instru- 
ments and of general musical merchandise. He 
served most acceptably on the jury on Musical 
Instruments in the Department of Manufae- 
tures and Liberal Arts. 


Marcus L. Floyd, from Tariffville, Conn., is 
an expert in all matters pertaining to tobacco 


Copyright, Rice. 
Wituiam Van Zanpt Cox 


S. Q. CoLLins 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Marcus L. FLoyp 


CuHarLes RicHarps DopcE 


and its cultivation. His special knowledge was 
of great service to the jury on Agriculture and 
Horticulture. 


Charles K. Fox, for many years a manufac- 
turer of shoes in Haverhill, Massachusetts, was 
given charge of the awards in his specialty, and 
also on various other manufactures of leather 
goods. He served on the jury of Manufactures 
and Liberal Arts. 


James Mercer Garnett is an eminent student 
of philology, and has been president of the 
American Dialect Society and of the American 
Philological Association. For a decade or more 
he held the chair of English Language and 
Literature in the University of Virginia, and 
more recently he has devoted his attention to 
editing and publishing works on his favorite 
topies. He was a member of the jury on 
History. 


Charles R. Grandy is a practicing physician 
in Norfolk, Va. Those exhibits that required 
a technical knowledge of medicine were consid- 
ered by him, and his opinions were greatly 
appreciated by his colleagues on the juries of 
Social Economy, and Manufactures and Liberal 
Arts. 


Carl Hering fills the chair of electrical 
engineering in the Franklin Institute in Phila- 
delphia, and also has a consulting practice in 
his specialty. He is a past president of the 
American Institute of Electrical Engineers, and 
other honors that he has received testify to his 
ability. His knowledge of electricity is supple- 
mented by the experience gained at previous 
expositions. He served with the jury on 
Machinery, Transportation and_ Electricity, 
and he was the chairman of the sub-jury on 
Electricity. 

Ernest Knaufft for many years has been di- 
rector of the Chautauqua Society of Fine Arts. 
As artist, critic, and lecturer he has gained 
distinction. The appreciation of the art values 
of the various installations and other applea- 
tions of art was confided to his judgment. He 
served as the chairman of the jury on In- 
stallation. 


James M. Garnett, LL.D. 


CarL HERING 


Car_ FiscHer, Jr. Cuar.es K. Fox 

George Wells Knight is professor of history 
and political science in the University of Ohio, 
in Columbus. A student also of archeology, 
he has served as editor of the Ohio Archeolog- 
ical Historical Quarterly, and is the author of 
several valuable works on history. He served 
on the jury on History. 


Stephen Joseph Kubel combines an extensive 
knowledge of the arts allied to printing, with 
large experience as a musician. Since 1890 he 
has been chief of the division of engraving and 
printing, and illustrations in the U. 8. Geo- 
logical Survey, also during the same time sery- 
ing as organist at prominent churches in Wash- 
ington. The sub-juries on Graphic Arts and 
Musical Instruments of the jury on Manufac- 
tures and Liberal Arts were particularly for- 
tunate in obtaining the aid of such a compe- 
tent judge. 


George Frederick Kunz ranks as an expert 
on minerals and gems, having for many years 
been a special agent of the U. S. Geological 
Survey in such matters, and also serving as 
gem expert to the firm of Tiffany & Co., in 
New York City, since 1879. Dr. Kunz’s 
knowledge of expositions is very great, as 
he has been connected with all the great 
expositions held in recent years, not only in 
the United States, but abroad. He divided 
his labors between the jury on Manufactures 
and Liberal Arts, and that on Mines and 
Metallurgy. 


Frank Lamson-Scribner is superior authority 
on botany. After serving as assistant botanist 
in the U. S. Department of Agriculture, he 
became professor of botany and horticulture 
in the University of Tennessee, only later to 
return to the Department in Washington where 
he was given charge of the Division of Agros- 
tology. He is a specialist on all varieties of 
grasses, and served as a member of the jury on 
Agriculture and Horticulture, and was chair- 
man of the Agriculture Sub-jury. 


Gaetano Lanza is an able engineer, who 
since 1871 has been connected with the Massa- 
chusetts Institute of Technology, and is now 


GeorceE W. Knicut, PH.D. STEPHEN JosEPH KUBEL 


456 


Jury of Awards. 


Copyright, Harris & Ewing 
FRANK LAMSON-SCRIBNER 


Geo. F. Kunz, Pu.D., Sc.D. 


professor of theoretical and applied mechanics 
in that institution. He has given much atten- 
tion to matters of apphed mechanics and 
strength of materials. Professor Lanza was an 
important member of the jury on Machinery, 
Transportation and Electricity. 


Louis L. Laraque represented the Republic 
of Haiti at the Jamestown Exposition. He was 
educated in English schools in Jamaica, and 
his judgment on many exhibits of tropical 
produets was highly appreciated by his col- 
leagues on the jury of Manufactures and Lib- 
eral Arts. 

John Harper Long has since 1881 been pro- 
fessor of chemistry in the medical department 
of Northwestern University in Chicago, and 
since 1885 chemist of the Illinois State Board 
of Health. His knowledge of chemistry in its 
appheation to foods and sanitary matters is 
superior, and he was wisely assigned to the 
jury on Foods and Accessories. He had previ- 
ously served in a similar capacity at Buffalo 
and St. Louis. 


William McDonald is distinguished for his 
many contributions to American history, both 
in separate volumes and as papers to the asso- 
ciations of which he is a member, and especially 
to the American Historical Association of which 
he was chairman of the Public Archives Com- 
mittee. He has held chairs on history at 
Worcester, Bowdoin, and now fills that on 
American history at Brown University. Dr. 
McDonald served most acceptably on the jury 
on History. 


William Harrison Mace is likewise an au- 
thority on American history. Besides holding 
the professorship in history in Syracuse Uni- 
versity, he is the author of A Working Manual 
of American History, and of A School History 
of the United States. The examination of the 
exhibits in History was naturally assigned to 
this distinguished scholar. 


Charles T. Malcolmson is an expert on fuels 
and problems of lighting. He is the engineer 
in charge of the fuel testing plant of the U.S. 
Geological Survey, in St. Louis, Mo. Mr. Mal- 


colmson rendered important service to the jury 


WituiaAm Harrison Mace 


JerrersoN MIDDLETON 


GAETANO LANZA 


JoHn Harper Lone, Sc.D. 


on Machinery, Transportation and Electricity, 
especially in the consideration of exhibits of 
which he had particular knowledge. 


José Manterola is a heutenant-colonel in the 
army of the Republic of Mexico, and was at- 
tached to the Mexican Commission at James- 
town. He served with credit to himself and 
his country on the jury on Machinery, Trans- 
portation and Electricity. 


Thomas Commerford Martin, who since 1882 
has been editor of the Electrical World and 
Engineer, is especially familiar with the history 
and statistics of electrical engineering, having 
also served as special expert agent on the U.S. 
Census of 1900. He devoted particular atten- 
tion to the exhibits in electricity, and was a 
most competent member of the jury of Ma- 
chinery, Transportation and Electricity. 


William Menkel is connected with the editor- 
ial work on the American Review of Reviews, 
and was assigned to the examination of exhibits 
with the sub-jury on graphic arts of the jury 
of Manufactures and Liberal Arts. 


Jefferson Middleton has for many years been 
associated with the division of mining and 
mineral resources of the U. 8. Geological 
Survey, and makes a specialty of clays and 
clay products. His exposition experience be- 
gan at Nashville in 1897, and he has been 
officially connected with several later exposi- 
tions. He rendered valuable assistance to the 
jury that examined the exhibits of pottery, and 
served particularly on the jury of Mines and 
Metallurgy. 


Andrew Philip Montague is distinguished as 
an educator, having served as the president of 
Furman University in Greenville, 8S. C., from 
1897 to 1902, and since in a similar capacity 
at Howard College in Hast Lake, Alabama. 
He was chairman of the jury that judged 
the exhibits presented by Colleges and Uni- 
versities. 


Wilfred Harold Munro is 


an edueator of 


prominence, who since 1891 has been professor 
of European history at Brown University to 
which chair he came after having been pres 


WILLIAM 


Tuomas C. Martin 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


R. G. Muscrove 


ident of De Veaux College at Niagara Falls, 
N. Y. Professor Munro was a valued mem- 
ber of the jury that considered the exhibits of 
History. 

Charles Edward Munroe is a specialist on 
explosives, having served many years in the 
service of the government as professor of chem- 
istry at the U. S. Naval Academy, and then as 
chemist at the U. 8. Torpedo Station at New- 
port, R. I. He now fills the chair of chemistry 
at George Washington University, in Washing- 
ton, D. C., and is also in charge of the chemical 
industries for the U. S. Census Bureau. He 
was a member of the sub-jury on chemicals and 
allied products on the jury of Manufactures 
and Liberal Arts. 


R. G. Musgrove, of Greenwood, Miss., greatly 
aided the labors of the jury on Agriculture and 
Horticulture, as well as that on Manufactures 
and Liberal Arts, by his unusual and extensive 
familiarity with fiber products, especially cot- 
ton, wool, hemp. 


William Shields Myers, from the time of his 
graduation from Rutgers College, New Bruns- 
wick, N. J., served that institution in the de- 
partment of chemistry until 1901, since when 
he has been director of the Chilean Nitrate 
Propaganda for the United States and Colonies. 
He served on the jury on Manufactures and 
Liberal Arts. 


William Mylius, of New York City, is a 
practical piano manufacturer, and brought to 
the jury on Manufactures and Liberal Arts a 
thorough knowledge of the details of making 
various musical instruments that was of the 
utmost value to his colleagues on the sub-jury 
on that subject. 


M. Otagawa, of Tokyo, Japan, is a mining 
engineer by profession, and was a member of 
the jury on Mines and Mining at the exposition 
in St. Louis in 1904. His knowledge, as well 
as his previous exposition experience, made 
him an efficient member of the jury on Mines 
and Metallurgy. 


Charles Lathrop Pack is an 
forestry from Cleveland, Ohio. 


expert in 
He splen- 


Captain WortH G. Ross _ Bric.-Gen. G. M STERNBERG 


A.P.MontacuE, LL.D., Pu.D. 


Wi_rreD Harotp Munro CuHarces E. Munroe, Pu.D. 


didly aided the work of the jury on Forestry, 
Fish and Game by his thorough knowledge 
of the specialty which he follows as a_pro- 
fession. 


Franklin Lafayette Riley has, since 1897, 
been professor of history in the University of 
Mississippi, and to him eredit is due for hay- 
ing originated the Mississippi State Depart- 
ment of Archives and History. Professor Riley 
has been a large contributor on the history of 
his State to the publications of the Mississippi 
Historical Society which he edited, and also he 
is the author of a School History of Mississippi. 
He was chairman of the jury of History. 


Worth G. Ross, of Washington, D. C., is in 
the U. 8S. Revenue Cutter Service of the Treas- 
ury Department, with the rank of captain. 
His knowledge of many details concerning his 
occupation was gratefully appreciated by his 
associates on the jury of Machinery, Transpor- 
tation and Electricity. 


John Henry Small, Jr., is the well known 
florist of Washington, D. C., and New York 
City, and he has also been active in civic mat- 
ters in Washington where he resides. He was 
an acceptable member of the jury on Agricul- 
ture and Horticulture. 


George Miller Sternberg is a brigadier-gen- 
eral of the U. S. Army, on the retired list, 
having been Surgeon-General of the U. S. Army 
during the war with Spain. He is high author- 
ity on all matters pertaining to hygiene and 
sanitation, especially with regard to infectious 
diseases such as consumption and yellow fever. 
teneral Sternberg was the chairman of the 
jury on Social Economy. 


Joseph Struthers is a graduate in the course 
of mining engineering of the School of Mines 
of Columbia University, from which institution 
he later received the degree of Ph.D. He is 
now the assistant secretary of the American 
Institute of Mining Engineers, with charge of 
the editing of their Transactions. His knowl- 
edge of topics connected with mining engineer- 
ing is large, and he was chairman of the jury 
on Mines and Metallurgy. 


FRANKLIN L. Ritey, PH.D. J. H. Sma t, Jr. 


Jury of Awards. 


THomas BapDELEY SYMONS Jos—EPH STRUTHERS, PH.D. 


Bernard Victor Swenson was for some years 
connected with the department of electrical en- 
gineering at the University of Wisconsin, where 
he developed the specialty of electrical ma- 
chinery and its application to railways, becom- 
ing more recently secretary of the American 
Street and Interurban Railway Association in 
New York City. He served valuably on the 
jury of Machinery, Transportation and Elec- 
tricity. 

Thomas Baddeley Symons is professor of 
entomology and zoology in the Maryland Agri- 
cultural College, and State Entomologist of 
Maryland. He furnished expert knowledge of 
value on his specialties of economic entomology 
to his colleagues on the jury of Agriculture. 


Robert Tait, of Norfolk, Va., aided in the 
work of the jury on Agriculture and Horti- 
culture. 


Otto Hilgard Tittmann, the superintendent 
of the U.S. Coast and Goedetie Survey, brought 
to the jury on Manufactures and Liberal Arts, 
of which he was chairman, his wide knowledge 
of instruments of precision and other appar- 
atus. Mr. Tittmann also served most accept- 
ably on the jury of awards at the exposition 
held in Buffalo. 


Earley Vernon Wilcox, an associate editor 
of the Experiment Station Record of the De- 
partment of Agriculture in Washington, who 
has paid special attention to applied botany, 
and is an accepted authority on poisonous 


Bernarp Victor SWENSON Rosert Tait 


plants, served most satisfactorily on the jury of 
Agriculture and Horticulture, giving to his fel- 
low members the benefit of his exact informa- 
tion. 


Harvey Washington Wiley is the chief of 
the Bureau of Chemistry in the Department of 
Agriculture in Washington, D. C., and also 
easily the foremost authority on foods in the 
United States. Dr. Wiley has served on juries 
at expositions in this country and abroad, and 
most fittingly he was made chairman of the 
jury on Foods. 


Franklin Cowles Woodward is professor of 
English in Richmond College, Va., having also 
previously held similar chairs in other institu- 
tions of learning in the South. He was asso- 
ciated in the work of passing on the exhibits 
connected with Education. 


Francisco J. Yanes is the secretary of the 
International Bureau of American Republies in 
Washington, and to him was confided the 
charge of the exhibits made by that Bureau 
at Jamestown. Mr. Yanes served with great 
faithfulness on the jury of Manufactures and 
Liberal Arts, of which, on account of the uni- 
versality of his knowledge, he was a most wel- 
come member. 


To these men, so wisely chosen both for their 
knowledge and experience, the Exposition 
authorities cheerfully confided the difficult task 
of making the awards on the exhibits shown, 
and gladly accepted their decisions as final. 


F. C. Woopwarp, Litt.D. 


Harvey W. Witey, Pu.D., LL.D. 


EarLtey V. Witcox, Pu.D. 


eRe COh OF slob EP RESID EN @ rarl Pine Rey, 


To the Governor of Exhibits. 

The many details involved in the completion of 
the work of the Jury of Awards is well understood by 
you, and you will therefore not need my assurance 
that the matter has proceeded without neglect or delay 
from the time of its inception until the moment for 
the presentation of the report of the Jury and the 
announcement of the results. I have no hesitation in 
saying that the work has been done in absolute good 
faith and in the spirit of impartiality. 

Since, as president, my function was that of co- 


459 


operating in the selection of the Jury and the organi- 
zation of its work, and since neither I nor my associate 
Mr. Swasey have had any part in the making of the 
awards or in any of the decisions of the Special Juries, 
I may also say without qualification that I believe we 
are all to be congratulated upon the distinguished 
ability and high character of the gentlemen who con- 
sented to serve as Jurors. It is obvious from the out- 
set that some exhibitors must be disappointed, in the 
results of the work of the Jury of Awards in a great 
exposition. The minimum of disappointment, however, 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


is to be found through the application of the rule of 
fairness, this rule being applied in a broad and open- 
minded spirit. 

On taking up the work of the Jury, the first ques- 
tion that confronted the officers after their appoint- 
ment in June last was the promulgation of the Rules 
and Regulations which should govern the organization 
of the Jury into departments, the manner of making 
awards, and the conduct of the work generally. The 
formulation of the Rules and Regulations, as well as the 
selection of the Jurors, were left entirely in the hands 
of the officers of the Jury with full power. This atti- 
tude of the Exposition Company was meant to assure 
exhibitors that all would receive just and fair consid- 
eration at the hands of the Jury. 

In drawing up the Rules and Regulations, the Jury 
benefited by the advice of those who had had experi- 
ence in the matter of making exposition awards, and 
many of the best features of the rules of award of 
other expositions were incorporated. 

In this connection it may be appropriate to point 
out some of the departures from the systems of previ- 
ous expositions and to give reasons therefor. 

(1) At some expositions heretofore, Jurors have 
peen nominated by the chiefs of departments, and in 
some cases exhibitors themselves were requested to 
make recommendations. It is clear that such a method 
created an opportunity for the charge that favoritism 
had been shown in the selection of Jurors. In the 
case of the Jamestown Jury of Awards, however, 
nominations and appointments of Jurors were made 
solely by the officers of the Jury. 

(2) The Jamestown Award Rules provided for 
only one regularly constituted body ef Jurors (divis- 
ible into Department Juries), whose judgment was 
final. Previous systems, however, have provided in 
addition to the regular Jury of Awards, a Superior 
Jury, or Jury of Appeals, to which the Department 
Juries reported and which had power to revise the 
recommendations of the Department Juries. Under 
this method the Department Juries could not feel cer- 
tain that their judgment, honestly and conscientiously 
rendered, would be accepted. Also, the exhibit de- 
partment chiefs, together with other exposition offi- 
cials, including members of the directorate, often 
formed a majority of the Superior Jury, making it 
possible for exhibitors to bring influence to bear to 
have the recommendations of the Department Juries 
set aside. It will be readily apparent, therefore, that the 
Single Jury system adopted for the Jamestown Exposi- 
tion gave assurance that the awards would represent 
the genuine and unbiased judgment of the jurors. 

(3) One of the rules adopted provided that only 
one award should be made in a given department for 
one exhibit, whereas it has been possible at other ex- 
positions for an exhibitor to secure not only a number 
of awards in a single department, but more than one 
award for products coming under one class. Under 
our rule, therefore, the total number of awards when 
compared with those of other expositions will not fairly 
reflect the extent and range of the exhibits at the 
Jamestown Exposition. By reducing the number of 
awards, however, their value has been proportionately 
increased. 

(4) In considering the grades of awards to be 
made, it was decided not to award a Grand Prize. 
Such an award has been offered in this country only 
at the St. Louis Universal Exposition of 1904. The 
usual lowest award of diploma of honorable mention 
was also omitted, owing to the fact that in some cases 
the recipients of such an award at former expositions 
have advertised it in a manner to conver the impres- 
sion that they received the highest award. 

These cover all the material departures from former 
systems of award. 

The work of selecting the Jurors and securing their 
consent to serve was not without its attendant difficul- 
ties. In order to secure an absolutely unbiased Jury, 
it was necessary to invite those who had no financial 
or other interest, direct, or indirect, in any exhibits 
they should be called upon to review. Therefore, it 
seemed wise to draw largely upon the Government de- 
partments at Washington and upon educational institu- 
tions. Selections were made without regard to local- 
ity, but always with the idea of securing the most 
competent experts to be had with regard to the partic- 
ular subjects to be judged. It should be borne in 
mind, however, that the work of the Jury began after 
the usual vacation time and just prior to the reopen- 
ing of educational institutions for the fall term. Thus 
many of the jurors found it difficult to come to the 
Exposition at the time appointed and did so at finan- 
cial sacrifice and personal inconvenience. 

An innovation may be noted with regard to the 
exhibits of the United States Government. It is 
understood that these exhibits are never entered for 
competition. It seemed appropriate to the Jury, never- 
theless, that these splendid illustrations of the opera- 
tions of some of the Government departments should 
be accorded fitting recognition. It was proposed, 
therefore, to award special commemorative diplomas 
and medals to those departments, divisions, and 


bureaus in the Government exhibits, as well as to those 
who aided in making the exhibits, as might appear to 
be deserving of such recognition. The Government com- 
mission readily approved this plan. A Special Jury was 
accordingly appointed to pass upon the Government 
exhibits and its report is incorporated herewith. 

In the organization of the Department Juries an 
effort was made to group departments as much as pos- 
sible. Thus Agriculture and Horticulture were put 
under one head, and Forestry, Fish and Game under 
another, and a chairman named for each. In some 
instances, however, it seemed desirable to divide de- 
partments into two groups, as in the case of Educa- 
tion, which was divided into two sections, namely (1) 
Primary and Secondary, and (2) Higher or College and 
University, a chairman being named for each. 

It may be noted also that in our classification, the 
subject of Electricity, instead of being made a separate 
and distinct department, was divided in such a way 
that exhibits usually put under this one head were 
assigned to the departments of Machinery and Trans- 
portation, and Manufactures and Liberal Arts, hence, 
although a chairman was named for Electrical Exhib- 
its, the findings of the Electrical Jury do not appear 
as a separate report, but are included in the reports 
of the above departments. 

The subject of Exhibit Installation appeared to be 
one to which the Jury should properly give considera- 
tion. A Special Jury of three was accordingly des- 
ignated from the Department Juries to review the 
installations. This Special Jury took into consideration 
such recommendations as were made by the Department 
Juries where installation entries had been submitted. 
This Jury reviewed all installations impartially, those 
exhibitors who did not file applications being given the 
same consideration as those who had done so. 

A Special Jury of two was also appointed to review 
the buildings and grounds of the Exposition. The 
report of this Jury, which will be submitted later, (1) 
will cover awards not only for the main buildings and 
for the architects who planned them, but also awards 
to the States and individuals who have erected build- 
ings at the Exposition. The arrangement of the 
grounds and those responsible therefor will also be 
given consideration. 

In the matter of the exhibits in the Negro building, 
the representatives of the Government having direct 
charge of these exhibits requested that representation 
be given on the Jury to members of the colored race. 
Upon due consideration it was decided to appoint five 
members of the colored race, to be known as an ‘‘Ad- 
visory Board of Awards for the Negro Building,’’ (2) 
with power to review the exhibits in the Negro build- 
ing and make recommendations thereon to the Jury. 
The recommendations of this Advisory Board were 
reviewed by a Special Jury appointed for this purpose. 
It may be observed in passing that at no previous 
exposition has such special consideration been given 
to the progress, thrift and industry of the Negro race. 
The awards of the Special Jury for the Negro exhibits 
is appended hereto. 

The work of the Department Juries began promptly 
on September 10 and was completed in all departments 
by September 20. Several of the Juries completed 
their work earlier. The following reports, comprising 
the findings of the Department Juries, do not include 
the awards to collaborators, nor the awards to exhib- 
itors of fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts, etc., in the De- 
partment of Horticulture. (1) ‘These latter awards 
can not be announced until after the close of the Ex- 
position, as the exhibits in this class are passed on 
from week to week by a Special Juror, the average 
at the end of the competition determining the grade 
of awards to be made. 

Such clerical errors and omissions as may appear 
in the reports will be corrected in due season. 

For the hospitality shown to the jurors when in 
attendance at the Exposition, and for the endeavors 
made by its officers and heads of departments to facili- 
tate the work of the Special Juries, we beg to extend 
to you our appreciation. We desire, further, to ex- 
press our hearty good wishes for the remaining weeks 
of the enterprise, and for its ultimate usefulness as an 
educational influence and milestone in the historical 
progress of the American people. 

(Signed) ALBERT SHAW, 
President of the Jury. 
November 2, 1907. 


(1) The awards are included in the reports which 
follow. 

(2) Advisory Board of Awards for the Negro Ex- 
hibit:—T. S. Inborden, D.S. Principal, Joseph Keasby 
Brick, Agricultural, Industrial and Normal School, En- 
field, N. C. W. D. Crum, M.D., Collector of the Port, 
Charleston, S. C. J. C. Napier, Attorney-at-Law and 
Cashier, One-Cent Savings Bank, Nashville, Tenn. 
Mrs. Mary Church Terrill, Member of the Board of 
Education of the District of Columbia, Washington, 
D. C. W. T. B. Williams, A.B. (Harvard College), 
agent of John F. Slater Board, Hampton, Va. 


460 


Jury of Awards. 
DEPARTMENT JURIES 


Although the Department Juries were organized in conformity with Section 1, of the 
“Rules and Regulations,” they were subdivided in order to facilitate work and give to each 
member the duty which he was best qualified to discharge. As examples, ‘‘ Education and 
Social Economy”’ was a single department yet three Juries judged the exhibits in that classifi- 
cation—" Education, higher,” “ Education, primary and secondary,” and ‘‘ Social Economy.” 
Each had a chairman and there was no joint chairman of the Jury for the department. ‘‘ Ma- 
chinery, Transportation and Electricity”’ had a single Jury, but there was a chairman for the 
first two subjects and another for the last one. The Jury was subdivided as follows: 


HISTORY. 


Franklin Lafayette Riley, Chairman, 
James Mercer Garnett, 

George Wells Knight, 

William McDonald, 

R. D. W. Connor, 

Wilfred Harold Munro. 


EDUCATION, HIGHER. 
Andrew Philip Montague, Chairman, 
Frank Cowles Woodward, 
William Harrison Mace. 


EDUCATION, PRIMARY AND SECONDARY. 


Edwin Anderson Alderman, Chairman, 
Philander Priestley Claxton. 


SOCIAL ECONOMY. 


Brigadier-General George Miller Sternberg, Chairman, 
Charles E. Baldwin, 
Charles R. Grandy, M.D. 


MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS. 


Otto Hilgard Tittman, Chairman, 
Charles Baskerville, 

Marcus Benjamin, 

M. H. Chase, 

Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, 
Carl Fischer, Jr., 

Charles K. Fox, 

Charles R. Grandy, M.D., 
Ernest Knaufft, 

Stephen Joseph Kubel, 
George F. Kunz, Ph.D., 
Louis L. Laraque, 

William Menkel, 

Charles Edward Munroe, 
R. C. Musgrove, 

William Shields Myers, 
William Mylius, 


Francisco J. Yanes. 


MACHINERY, TRANSPORTATION AND 
EEEGLRIGInY. 


John Mapes Dodge, Chairman of Machinery and Trans- 


portation, 


Lieutenant-Colonel Rogers Bernie, 

Rolla Clinton Carpenter, 

Angel del Corzo, 

Rear-Admiral Albert Reynolds Couden, U. S. A. 
Carl Herring, Chairman of Electricity, 

Gaetano Lanza, 


Charles T. Malcolmson, 


Lieutenant-Colonel José Manterola, 
Thomas Commerford Martin, 
Worth G. Ross, 


Bernard Victor Swinson. 


AGRICULTURE. 


Frank Lamson-Scribner, Chairman, 
Fred R. Crane, 

R. C. Musgrove, 

John Henry Small, Jr., 

Thomas Baddeley Symons, 

Robert Tait, 

Earley Vernon Wilcox, 

Prosper J. Berckmans. 


HORTICULTURE. 
Prosper J. Berckmans, Chairman, 
Fred R. Crane, 
Marcus L. Floyd, 
Frank Lamson-Scribner, 
R. C. Musgrove, 
John Henry Small, 
Robert Tait, 
Earley Vernon Wilcox. 


FOODS AND ACCESSORIES. 
Harvey Washington Wiley, Ph.D., Chairman, 
Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, 
John Harper Long. 


FORESIRYe 
Charles Richards Dodge, Chairman, 
S. Q. Collins, 
Charles Lathrop Peck. 


FISH AND GAME. 
Tarleton Hoffman Bean, Chairman, 
H. H. Brimley, 
Charles Lathrop Peck. 


MINES AND METALLURGY. 
Joseph Struthers, Chairman, 
John A. Birkinbine, 
George Frederick Kunz, Ph.D., 
Jefferson Middleton, 
Charles Edward Munroe, 
M. Otagawa. 


UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT EXHIBITS. 


William Van Zant Cox, Chairman, 
Charles Richards Dodge, 


Lieutenant-Colonel José Manterola. 


AWARDS 


In the following lists will be found the entire verdict of the Jury of Awards. The groups 
are arranged by classes and not by buildings. A history exhibit may not have been in the Palace 
of History or the display of an edible in the Food Products Building. The ‘‘ Official Classifica- 
tion of the Division of Exhibits” showed thirteen groups—(I) History, (II) Education, (III) 
Social Economy, (IV) Fine Arts, (V) Manufactures and Liberal Arts, (VI) Machinery, 
(VII) Transportation, (VIII) Agriculture, (IX) Horticulture, (X) Food and Accessories, 
(XI) Forestry—Fish and Game, (XII) Mines and Metallurgy, and (XIII) Graphic Arts. 

Under the caption “History” was placed all that related to American archeology, 
ethnology and history. “Education”’ included elementary, secondary, higher and special edu- 
cation, the instruction of defectives, blind, deaf or feeble minded; education of the Negro and 
Indian; school books, equipment and buildings; agricultural institutions, and physical culture. 
“Social Economy” embraced municipal and rural improvement; efforts to better social condi- 
tions; charities and corrections; prevention of accidents in factories; provident institutions; regula- 
tion of industry and labor, and hygiene. “Fine Arts’’ included paintings, drawings, etchings, 
engravings, autolithographs, sculpture, architecture, landscape designs, arl craft and artistic 
photography. 

“Manufactures and Liberal Arts,” by far the largest group, embraced also (XIII) 


461 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


“Graphic Arts.” Fifty-nine classes were in the division. Awards were given not only for 
products displayed, but for processes employed in the manufacture of goods. ‘The subhead- 
ings were: (1) Stationery and Ofhfce Equipment; (2) Cutlery; (3) Silversmith’s and Gold- 
smith’s Ware; (4) Jewelry; (5) Clock and Watchmaking; (6) Productions in Bronze, Cast 
Iron and Wrought Iron; (7) Brushes, Fine Leather Articles, Fancy Articles and Basket 
Work; (8) Articles for Traveling and for Camping; India Rubber and Gutta Percha Indus- 
tries; (9) Toys; (10) Decoration and Fixed Furniture of Buildings and Dwellings; (11) Office 
and Household Furniture; (12) Stained Glass; (13) Mortuary Monuments and Undertakers’ 
Furnishings; (14) Hardware; (15) Paper Hanging; (16) Carpets, Tapestries and Fabrics 
for Upholstery; (17) Upholsterers’ Decorations; (18) Ceramics; (19) Plumbing and Sanitary 
Materials; (20) Glass and Crystal; (21) Apparatus and Processes for Heating and Ventila- 
tion; (22) Apparatus and Methods (not electrical) for Lighting; (23) Textiles; (24) Equip- 
ment and Processes used in the Manufacture of Textile Fabrics; (25) Equipment and Processes 
used in Bleaching, Dying, Printing and Finishing Textiles in Their Various Stages; (26) 
Equipment and Processes Used in Sewing and Making Wearing Apparel; (27) Threads and 
Fabrics of Cotton; (28) Threads and Fabrics of Vegetable Fibers Other Than Cotton; (29) 
Yarns and Fabrics of Animal Fibers; (30) Silk and Fabrics of Silk; (31) Laces, Embroidery 
and Trimmings; (32) Industries Producing Wearing Apparel for Men, Women and Children; 
(33) Leather, Boots and Shoes, Furs and Skins, Fur Clothing; (34) Various Industries Con- 
nected with Clothing; (35) Typography—vVarious Printing Processes; (36) Photography; 
(37) Books and Publications—Book Binding; (38) Maps and Apparatus for Geography, 
Cosmography and Topography; (39) Instruments of Precision, Philosophical Apparatus, etc. 
—Coins and Medals; (40) Medicine and Surgery; (41) Musical Instruments; (42) Theat- 
rical Appliances and Equipment; (43) Chemical and Pharmaceutical Arts; (44) Manufac- 
ture of Paper; (45) Civil and Military Engineering; (46) Models, Plans and Designs for 
Public Works; (47) Architectural Engineering; (48) Telegraphy and Telephony; (49) 
Electro-Chemistry; (50) Electric Lighting; (51) Various Applications of Electricity; (52) 
History of American Printing; (53) Printing, Engraving and Binding Machinery and Pro- 
cesses; (54) Manufacture of Paper; (55) Books; (56) Periodicals; (57) Commercial Print- 
ing; (58) Engraving and Lithography; (59) Bindings. 

“Machinery,” “‘ Transportation”? and “ Electricity,” ordinarily three separate groups were 
under a single jury. Electricity had no recognition in the “ Official Classification.” Electrical 
appliances might therefore have been placed under several headings according to the nature of 
the exhibit. Some undoubtedly belonged to ‘‘ Manufactures and Liberal Arts;’’ ““ Machinery ”’ 
and “Transportation”? might claim a large share; while a number of the accessories properly 
might have been included with Mines and Metallurgy. To avoid these separations of kindred 
displays, “ Electricity’” was made a comprehensive title and included all that related to electrical 
demonstrations with the exception of “‘ Electro-Metallurgy,” ‘‘ Electro-Chemistry”’ and the 
“Uses of Electricity in Mines.” “Machinery had six sub-classes and ‘‘ Transportation,” 
seven—a total of thirteen. These were (1) Steam Engines; (2) Various Motors; (3) Gen- 
eral Machinery; (4) Machine Tools; (5) Arsenal Tools; (6). Machines for Generating and 
Using Electricity; (7) Carriages and Wheelwrights’ Work—Automobiles and Cycles; (8) 
Saddlery and Harness; (9) Railways—Yards, Stations, Freight Houses, Terminal Facilities 
of all Kinds; (10) Material and Equipment Used in the Mercantile Marine; (11) Material 
and Equipment of Naval Services; Naval Warfare; (12) Aerial Navigation; (13) Appli- 
cation of Electricity to Transportation. 

‘* Agriculture and Horticulture,’ though designated as a single department were actually 
distinct groups, each with various sub-classes. Agricultural exhibits were divided as follows: 
(1) Farm Equipment—Methods of Improving Lands; (2) Agricultural Implements and Farm 
Machinery; (3) Tobacco (equipment, processes and products) ; (4) Appliances and Methods 
Used in Agricultural Products; (5) Theory of Agriculture—Agricultural Statistics; (6) Vege- 
table Food Products—Agricultural Seeds; (7) Inedible Agricultural Products; (8) Useful 
Insects and their Products—Injurious Insects and Plant Diseases; (9) Live Stock—Horses 
and Mules; (10) Cattle; (11) Sheep; (12) Goats, etc.; (13) Swine; (14) Dogs; (15) Cats, 
Ferrets, etc.; (16) Poultry and Birds. Under “ Horticulture”’ were included (1) Horticul- 
tural Implements and Supplies; (2) Horticultural Plans and Literature; (3) Insects and 
Diseases and Methods of Treating Them; (4) Pomology; (5) Plants for Conservatories and 
Window Gardening; (6) Growing Outdoor Nursery and Florists’ Stock; (7) Dormant 
Nursery, Florist and Seedsman Stock; (8) Cut Flowers Grown Inside; (9) Cut Flowers 
Grown Outside; (10) Plants Preserved and Illustrated; (11) Garden Vegetables; (12) 
Fertilizers. 

“Foods and Accessories’? comprised exhibits in the following classes: (1) Equipment 
and Methods Employed in the Preparation of Foods; (2) Dairy Machinery and Equipment; 
(3) Animal Food and Products; (4) Farinaceous Products and their Derivatives; (5) Bread 
and Pastry; (6) Preserved Meat, Fish, Vegetables and Fruit; (7) Sugar and Confectionery— 
Condiments and Relishes; (8) Waters; (9) Wines and Brandies; (10) Syrups and Liqueurs— 
Distilled Spiritt—Commercial Alcohol; (11) Fermented Beverages. 

‘Forestry, Fish and Game’’—a single department was treated as two. The “ Forestry ”’ 


462 


Jury of Awards. 


jury considered: 


(1) Appliances and Processes used in Forestry; (2) Products of the Culti- 


vation of Forests and of Forest Industries; (3) Appliances for Gathering Wild Crops and 


Products Obtained. The jury on “ Fish and Game”’ judged: 


(1) Hunting Equipment; (2) 


Products of Hunting; (3) Fishing Equipment and Products; (4) Products of Fisheries; 


(5) Fish Culture. 


There were only five classes in the “Mines and Metallurgy” group, but they were ex- 
tremely comprehensive and the sub-classes dealt with practically every phase of the subject. 


The classes were entitled: 


(1) Working of Mines, Ore Beds and Stone Quarries; (2) 


Minerals and Stones, and their Utilization; (3) Mine Models, Maps, Photographs; (4) Metal- 
lurgy; (5) Literature of Mining, Metallurgy, etc. 


DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY. 


GOLD MEDALS 


BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF MASSACHU- 
SETTS 
Boston, Massachusetts 
Historical Collection. 
NATIONAL SOCIETY COLONIAL DAMES OF 
AMERICA 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Historical Collection. 
NATIONAL SOCIETY DAUGHTERS OF AMERICAN 
REVOLUTION 
Richmond, Virginia 
Historical Collection. 
STATE OF NEW YORK 
Albany, New York 
Historical Collection. 
STATE OF OHIO 
Historical Collection. 
STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA 
Historical Collection. 
STATE OF RHODE ISLAND 
Providence, Rhode Island 
Historical Collection. 
STATE OF VIRGINIA 
Richmond, Virginia 
Historical Collection. 


SILVER MEDALS 


THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF AMERICA 
Petersburg, Virginia 
Historical Collection. 
THE STATE OF MARYLAND 
General Historical Exhibit. 
NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL COMMISSION 
Winston, North Carolina 
Historical Collection. 
THE PHILADELPHIA MUSEUMS 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Historical Collection. 
THOMAS F. RYAN 
New York City 
Historical Collection. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


STATE OF GEORGIA 
Atlanta, Georgia 
Historical Relies. 
THE McCORMICK HISTORICAL COLLECTION 
Chicago, Illinois 
Historical Display Pertaining to Invention of 
Reaper, and Its Result on the Grain Production 
of. the World. 
STATE OF NEW JERSEY 
Trenton, New Jersey 
Collective Historical Display. 
STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
Historical Collection. 
STATE OF VERMONT 
Historical Exhibit. 
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA 
Charleston, West Virginia 
Historical Exhibit. 


LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
LOUISIANA STATE MUSEUM 
New Orleans 
Chronological and Historical Collection of 
Portraits of the Governors and Celebrities 
of Louisiana. 
CONNECTICUT COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
COLTS PATENT FIRE ARMS CoO. 
Hartford 
Evolution of the Revolver. 


463 


THE THRASHER CLOCK COMPANY 
Manchester 
Evolution of Connecticut Clocks. 


DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER 
EDUCATION. 


GOLD MEDALS 


INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS 
Scranton, Pennsylvania 
System of Technical 
spondence. 
NORTH CAROLINA STATE SCHOOL FOR THE 
BLIND 
Raleigh, North Carolina 
Students’ Work in Sloyd. 
Sewing Shop—Kindergarten. 
PENNSYLVANIA HOME TEACHING SOCIETY FOR 
THE BLIND 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Books and Methods for Self-Teaching. 
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Photographs, Models, Plans, ete. 
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 
Columbus, Ohio 
Equipment, Educational Methods, and Results. 
TEACHERS COLLEGE OF COLUMBIA UNIVER- 
SITY 
New York City 
Students’ Work. 
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 
Blacksburg, Virginia 
Equipment and Instruction in Technical Edu- 
cation. 
THE VIRGINIA SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF AND 
THE BLIND 
Staunton, Virginia 
Students’ Work. 
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA 
Charlottesville 
Photographs, Models, etc. 
THE VOLTA BUREAU 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Portraits, Publications, ete. 


SILVER MEDALS 


HAMPDEN-SIDNEY COLLEGE 
Framville, Virginia 
Edueational Display. 
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Seientifie Publications, Scientific 
Books, Photographs, Maps, ete. 
THE MARYLAND SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Pupils’ Work and School Exercises. 
THE OHIO SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF 
Columbus, Ohio 
Work of Pupils. 
PERKINS INSTITUTE AND MASSACHUSETTS 
SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND 
Boston 
Work of Pupils. 
THE TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA 
New Orleans, Louisiana 
Edueational Display. 
RANDOLPH-MACON SYSTEM 
Virginia 
Educational Display. 
RICHMOND COLLEGE 
Richmond, Virginia 
Portraits, Museum Features, Views and Statis- 
tics of the College Athletics. 


Instruction by Corre- 


Faney Work. 


Apparatus, 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE 
Virginia 
Buildings. 
WILLIAM & MARY COLLEGE 
Williamsburg, Virginia 
Edueational Display. 
THE WOMAN’S COLLEGE OF BALTIMORE 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Educational Display. 


MARYLAND COLLEGE EXHIBIT 
MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 
College Park 
Collective Exhibit of Models of Plants and 
Special Designs of Iron and Wood and 
Mechanical Drawings Made by the Stud- 
ents, Including Original Designs. 


SOUTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
CLEMSON COLLEGE 
Clemson College, South Carolina 
Drawings, Photographs and Examples of 
Students’ Work. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


NEW YORK ASSOCIATION FOR THE BLIND 
New York City . 
Association’s Work Represented by 
graphs and Leaflets. Census Cards. 


Photo- 


DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY AND 
SECONDARY EDUCATION. 


GOLD MEDALS 


BOARD OF JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION MANA- 
GERS FOR MASSACHUSETTS 
Boston, Massachusetts 
General Exhibit of School Work. 
CHICAGO KINDERGARTEN COLLEGE 
Chicago, Illinois 
Exhibit of Purpose, Method and Material of 
Kindergarten Work. 
JACOB TOME INSTITUTE 
Port Deposit, Maryland 
School Equipment, Buildings, 
Methods of Work, Athletics, ete. 
INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN’S SCHOOL FARM 
LEAGUE 
New York City 
Children’s School Farm and Vacation Schools. 
G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY 
Springfield, Massachusetts 
Webster’s Dictionaries. 
THE STATE OF OHIO 
Primary and Secondary Educational Display. 
THE PRANG EDUCATIONAL COMPANY 
New York City 
System of Drawing, Including Books, Brushes, 
Paints, ete. 
PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF MINNEAPOLIS 
Minnesota 
Exhibit of Manual Training Products. 
ROCHESTER BOARD OF EDUCATION 
Rochester, New York 
Environment, Buildings and 
Course of Study, Pupils’ Work. 
SCHOOL COMMITTEE OF CITY OF BOSTON 
Boston, Massachusetts 
Exhibit of Buildings, Environment, Course of 
Study, Pupils’ Work, Administration and 
General Display. 
SEABOARD AIR LINE FREE TRAVELING LI- 
BRARY SYSTEM 
Middleton, Georgia 
Cases and Books Used in Traveling Libraries. 
ST. LOUIS BOARD OF EDUCATION 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Environment, Course of Study, Pupils’ Work, 
Kindergarten, Drawing, Manual Training, 
Photographs, Water Colors. 
CONNECTICUT COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
(States Exhibit Palace.) 
CONNECTICUT STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION 


Hartford 
General 


Sanitation, 


Equipment, 


Exhibit of School Work. 


NEW JERSEY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
(States Exhibit Palace.) 
STATE OF NEW JERSEY 
Trenton 
Edueational Exhibit. 


VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
Richmond 
Environment, Pupils’ 
tion, and Progress. 
LYNCHBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Lynchburg 
Work and Progress through all the Grades. 
CHATHAM INSTITUTE 
Chatham 
Secondary School Work in Ceramics. 
NORFOLK COUNTY SCHOOLS 
Norfolk 
Buildings, Course of Study and Pupils’ 
Work, and Special Mention of the History 
and. Present Condition. 
MILLER MANUAL LABOR SCHOOL 
Albemarle 
Industrial Labor 


PORTO RICO 
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OF PORTO 
RICO 
San Juan 
Industrial Work. 


Work, Administra- 


Products. 


General School Work. 


SILVER MEDALS 


BELDING BROS. CoO. 
New York City 
Educational Display, Showing Silk from the 
Egg to the Finished Product. 
BLACKSTONE FEMALE INSTITUTE 
Blackstone, Virginia 
Buildings Showing the Development of Insti- 
tute. Drawing and Painting. Pictures of 
Building. 
F. W. DEVOE & C. T. RAYNOLDS COMPANY 
New York City 
School Water Color 
VAN EVRIE KILPATRICK 
Tew York City 
Health School Desks. 
B. F. JOHNSON PUBLISHING COMPANY 
Richmond, Virginia 
School and College Text Books. 
THE PERRY PICTURE COMPANY 
Malden, Massachusetts 
Pictures for Decorating School Rooms. 
LAIRD AND LEE 
Chicago, Illinois 
Webster’s Dictionaries. 
THE PHILADELPHIA MUSEUMS 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Material Useful in Commercial Geography and 
Nature-Study. 
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA 
Raleigh 
Buildings, Progress and Work. 
STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
Spartanburg 
School Work and Progress. 


CONNECTICUT COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
BRIDGEPORT PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Bridgeport 
General School Work. 
DEEP RIVER PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Deep River 
General School Work. 
HARTFORD PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL 
Hartford 
General School Work. 
MERIDEN PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Meriden 
General School Work. 
MIDDLETOWN PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Middletown 
General School Work. 
NEW BRITAIN PUBLIC HIGH AND NORMAL 
SCHOOLS 
New Britain 
General and Normal School Work. 
NEW HAVEN PUBLIC AND NORMAL SCHOOLS 
New Haven 
General and Normal School Work, Manual 
Training, Drawing, Language. 
STAMFORD PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Stamford 
General School Work. 


GEORGIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


STATE OF GEORGIA 
Atlanta 
Buildings, Work of Pupils and Course of 
Study. 


Paints. 


464 


Jury of Awards. 


PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF PUTNAM COUNTY 
Eatonton 
Study of Local Industry. 


MISSOURI COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
BENTON SCHOOL OF COLUMBIA 
Columbia 
Manual Training in 
Seventh Grades. 
NEW JERSEY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
Trenton 
Comparative Exhibit for the Purpose of 
Showing Progress. 
MONTCLAIR BOARD OF EDUCATION 
Montclair 
General Work. 
ASBURY PARK BOARD OF EDUCATION 
Asbury Park 
General Work. 
ATLANTIC CITY PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Atlantic City 
Design of Books and Other Work. 
CAMDEN PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Camden 
Musie and Manual Training. 
GARFIELD PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Garfield (Passaic) 
Manual ‘Training. 
EAST ORANGE BOARD OF EDUCATION 
East Orange 
General Work. 
NEWARK PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Newark 
Drawing and General Work. 
PATERSON PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Paterson 
Carving, Turning, Drawing and Sewing. 
PLAINFIELD PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Plainfield 
General Work. 
TRENTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Trenton 
Drawing, Music and General Work. 
STATE NORMAL & MODEL SCHOOLS 
Trenton 
General Work. 
VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
ACCOMACK COUNTY RURAL SCHOOLS 


Fourth, Fifth and 


Buildings, Course of Study and Pupils’ 
Work, and Special Exhibit of Nature 
Study. 

ALBEMARLE COUNTY 
Improvement in School Buildings. Value 


of Consolidation Shown by Pictures of 
Centralized School Buildings. Miniature 
of Alberene School. Reed and Rafia Work. 
Interior Views. 

ALLEGHENY COUNTY SCHOOL BOARD 
Pupils’ Work and Buildings. 

AUGUSTA COUNTY SCHOOL BOARD 
Educational Display. 

ELIZABETH COUNTY 
Buildings, Course of Study and Pupils’ 
Work. Special Mention of the Exhibit of 
Founding of the First Free School. 

NELSON COUNTY 
Buildings and Pupils’ Work. 

NORFOLK CITY SCHOOL BOARD 
Environment, Course of 
Work and General Display. 

PULASKI COUNTY SCHOOLS 
General School Work. 

RICHMOND PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Course of Study, Pupils’ Work, Adminis- 
tration and General Display. 

PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF ROANOKE COUNTY 
Buildings and Pupils’ Work. 

STAUNTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Industrial Work and General Class Work. 

SCOTT COUNTY SCHOOLS 
Pictures of Old and New 

WISE COUNTY SCHOOLS 
3uildings, Course of Study, Pupils’ Work. 

WEST VIRGINIA 

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA 

Collective Educational Exhibit. 
CONNECTICUT COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
HARTFORD PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL 
Hartford 

General School Work. 

BRIDGEPORT PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

Bridgeport 

General School Work. 


Study, Pupils’ 


Schools. 


465 


DEEP RIVER PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Deep River 
General School Work. 
MIDDLETOWN PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Middletown 
General School Work. 
STAMFORD PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Stamford 
General School Work. 
NEW BRITAIN PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
New Britain 
General Sehool Work. 
NEW HAVEN PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL 
New Haven 
General Sehool Work, 
Drawing, Language. 
NEW BRITAIN NORMAL SCHOOL 
Training School Work. 
NEW HAVEN NORMAL SCHOOL 
Training School Work. 
WILLIMANTIC NORMAL SCHOOL 
Training School Work. 


Manual Training, 


BRONZE MEDALS 


VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


ALEXANDRIA COUNTY 
Buildings and Pupils’ Work. 
CHARLOTTESVILLE PUBLIC SCHOOL 
General Exhibit. 
CULPEPER HIGH SCHOOL AND GRADED 
SCHOOL 
General School Work. 
HENRICO COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Buildings and Pupils’ Work. 
PITTSYLVANIA COUNTY 
Rural Work in Pittsylvania County. 
PORTSMOUTH PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
Course of Study, Pupils’ Work. 
DINWIDDIE COUNTY SCHOOLS 
School Work. 
NORTHAMPTON COUNTY SCHOOLS 
School Work. 
NOTTOWAY COUNTY SCHOOLS 
School Work. 
IOANOKE CITY SCHOOLS 
School Work. 


DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL 
ECONOMY 


GOLD MEDALS 


AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR 

Washington, District of Columbia 
Statistics and Publications Illustrating the 
Work of the Federation and Finished Prod- 
ucts of Its Members. 

AMERICAN HUMANE SOCIETY 

Albany, New York 
Object, Scope and Results of the Work of 
the Association. 

AMERICAN PEACE SOCIETY 

Boston, Massachusetts 
Aim, Scope and Results of the Work of the 
Society. 

BALLARD & BALLARD COMPANY 

Louisville, Kentucky 
Industrial Betterment Work 
Lantern Slides and Lectures. 

COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN 
Object, Scope and Results of Immigrant Aid 
Work. 

THE DETECTIVE PUBLISHING COMPANY 

Chicago, Illinois 
Scientific Identification System. 

H. J. HEINZ CoO. 

Pittsburg, Pennsylvania 
Industrial Betterment Work 
Lantern Slides and Lectures. 

INDIANA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH 

Indianapolis, Indiana 
Photographs and Charts Relating to the Pre- 
vention of Infective Diseases. 

THE INDUSTRIAL REMOVAL OFFICE 

New York City 


Illustrated by 


Illustrated by 


Photographs and Charts Descriptive of the 
Important Work of the Industrial Removal 
Office. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY AND 
PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS 
New York City 
Illustrations of the 
Cure of Tuberculosis. 
THE NATIONAL CASH REGISTER COMPANY 
Dayton, Ohio 
Social Betterment Work among Employees and 
Their Families Illustrated by Lectures and 
Lantern Slides. 
NATIONAL CHILD LABOR COMMITTEE 
New York City 
Charts, Photographs, Pamphlets, and Illus- 
trated Leaflets, Describing Extent, Conditions, 
and Effects of Child Labor in America. 
NATURAL FOOD COMPANY 
Niagara Falls, New York 
Welfare Work, Llustrated by 
Lantern Slides. 
PLAYGROUND ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Model of Playground Showing Possibilities of 
Inexpensive Apparatus. 
THE PRUDENTIAL INSURANCE COMPANY OF 
AMERICA 
Newark, New Jersey 
Statistics and Graphie Charts Illustrating Life 
Insurance Methods. 
MRS. HENRY PARSONS 
New York City 
Photographs Ulustrating Pioneer Work in Es- 
tablishing the First Children’s School Farm 
in New York’ City. 
MRS. ELLEN H. RICHARDS 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 
Charts, Photographs and Models. 
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR CHILDREN’S LIBRARI- 
ANS 
Carnegie Library of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania 
Photographs, Placards and Publications Ilus- 
trating the Objects, Scope and Results of the 
Training School of Children’s Librarians. 
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 
Blacksburg, Virginia 
Method of Producing, Transporting and Dis- 
tributing Pure Milk. 
THE WOMAN’S AUXILIARY OF THE CIVIL 
SERVICE LEAGUE 
Boston, Massachusetts 
Objects, Scope and Results of Work. 
CONNECTICUT COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
CONNECTICUT STATE COMMISSION 
Hartford 
Photographs, Statistics, etc., Relating to 
State Institutions. 
HIGHWAY COMMISSION OF CONNECTICUT 
Hartford 
Photographs, Materials and Illustrations 
of Construction of Good Roads. 
INSURANCE DEPARTMENT OF CONNECTICUT 
Hartford 
Literature and Statistics of Life and Fire 
Insurance Companies of Connecticut. 
MASSACHUSETTS COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
MASSACHUSETTS BOARD OF JAMESTOWN 
EXPOSITION MANAGERS 
Boston 
Photographs, Statistics, Charts and Litera- 
ture Relating to the State Institutions of 
Massachusetts. 
NEW JERSEY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
GOOD ROADS DEPARTMENT 
Trenton 


Causes, Prevention and 


Lectures and 


Photographs, Maps and Statistics, Tllus- 
trating Good Roads System. 
NEW JERSEY STATE COMMISSION OF THE 


TER-CENTENNIAL 
Photographs, Paintings,  ete., 
Health Resorts of New Jersey. 
NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM 
Trenton 
Collective Display  Tllustrating State 
Activities in the Development of Social 
and Industrial Betterment. 


SILVER MEDALS 


THE CITY HISTORY CLUB OF NEW YORK 
New York City 
lustrations of Methods and Work. 
DICK J. CROSBY 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Collective Exhibit Illustrating School Garden 
Work. 
FAIRVIEW GARDEN SCHOOL 
Yonkers, New York 
Photographs and Statistics of School Gardens. 


Showing 


FREE PUBLIC BATH COMMISSION 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Photographs and Model of Puble Baths. 
THE HARRISBURG BOARD OF TRADE 
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 
Photographs Showing Civic Improvements in 
Harrisburg. 
RUTH ASHLEY HIRSHFIELD 
New York City 
Model Household Nursery. 
THE JUVENILE COURT OF CHICAGO 
Chicago, Illinois 
Photographs, Statistics, ete., Showing the 
Work of the Chicago Juvenile Court. 
THE JUVENILE COURT OF DENVER 
Denver, Colorado 
Photographs, Statistics, etc., of the Work of 
the Denver Juvenile Court. ’ 
THE KANSAS CITY BOARD OF TRADE 
Kansas City, Missouri 
Photographs, Showmg Civic Improvement in 
Kansas City. 
THE NEW YORK SOCIETY FOR THE PREVEN- 
TION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN 
New York City 
Photographs and Statistics Bearing on the 
Work of the Society. 
WALSH WINDOW TENT COMPANY 
Morris, Illinois 
An Adjustable Window Tent for Consump- 
tives. 


- LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


CITY BOARD OF HEALTH 
. New Orleans 
Maps, Charts and Photographs. 
NEW JERSEY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
NEW JERSEY STATE SCHOOL FOR BOYS 
Lower Jamesburg 


Photographs and Specimens of Pupils’ 
Work. 
NEW JERSEY STATE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS 
(REFORM) 
Trenton 
Photographs and Specimens of Pupils’ 
Work. 
STATE INSTITUTE FOR FEEBLE MINDED 
WOMEN 
Vineland 
Photographs and Specimens of Work of 
Pupils. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


AMERICAN SEAMEN’S FRIEND SOCIETY 
New York City 
Sample Loan Library. 
BELDING BROS. & CO. 
New York City 
Illustration of System of Maintenance of 
Boarding Houses for Female Employees. 
CLARA DE HIRSCH TRADE TRAINING SCHOOL 
New York City 
Photographs and Work of Students. 
MANHATTAN TRADE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS 
New York City 
Literature, Descriptive of School and Photo- 
graphs of Work Rooms. 
LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
STATE BOARD OF HEALTH OF LOUISIANA 
New Orleans 
Maps, Charts and Photographs Illustrating 
Methods of Sanitation. 


PENNSYLVANIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


BOARD OF TRADE OF CHESTER 
Chester 
Photographs of Civie Improvements. 
BOARD OF TRADE OF SCRANTON, PENNSYI- 
VANIA 
Scranton 
Photographs of Civic Improvements. 


DEPARTMENT OF MANUFAC- 
TURES AND LIBERAL ARTS 


GOLD MEDALS 


ACME LEATHER GOODS COMPANY 
New York City 
Small Leather Goods. 
AMERICAN WOOLEN COMPANY 
Boston, Massachusetts 
Worsted and Woolen Goods. 


466 


Jury of Awards. 


THE AMSTERDAM GEM CUTTING COMPANY 
New York City 
Gem Cutting. 
AUSTIN ORGAN COMPANY 
Hartford, Connecticut 
Austin Universal Air-Chest with Electro and 
Tubular Pneumatie Actions. 
AMERICAN BIBLE SOCIETY 
Bible House, New York 
Bibles, Testaments and Portions in 
and Foreign Languages and Dialects. 
THE BABCOCK PRINTING PRESS MANUFACTUR- 
ING COMPANY 
New London, Connecticut 
‘* Optimus ’’? Printing Presses. 
BECKWITH ORGAN COMPANY 
Louisville, Kentucky 
Beckwith Reed Organs. 
BELDING BROS. & CO. 
New York City 


English 


Silks, Sewing Silks, Surgical Silks and 
Products. 
F. P. BHUMGARA COMPANY 
New York 


East Indian Art Wares. 
BIRDSEY, SOMERS COMPANY 
New York City 
EK. P. and La’ Reine 
Knitted Waists. 
THE BRUNSWICK-BALKE-COLLENDER COMPANY 
New York City 
Billiard and Pool Tables, Billiard Room 
Equipment and Accessories, Bar Fixtures and 
‘Household Refrigerators. 
J. F. BUDD SHOE COMPANY 
Burlington, New Jersey 
Misses’, Children’s and Infants’ Shoes. 
CARBORUNDUM COMPANY 
Niagara Falls, New York 
Metallic Silicon. 
Cc. R. CARVER COMPANY 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
An Automatic Press for Stamping and Em- 
bossing from Steel Dies and Plates. 
CLAUSS SHEAR COMPANY 
Fremont, Ohio 
Clauss Cutlery. 
Cc. G. CONN COMPANY 
Elkhart, Indiana 
Band and Orchestra Instruments. 
CRADDOCK-TERRY COMPANY 
Lynchburg, Virginia 
Long Wear Shoes for Men, Boys, 
Misses and Children. 
COLUMBIA PHONOGRAPH COMPANY 
Bridgeport, Connecticut 
Graphophones and Accessories. 
Commercial. 


THE DE FORD COMPANY 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Oak Bark Tanned Belting Leather. 
DODD, MEAD & CO. 
New York City 
The New International 
ELLIS-CHALMERS COMPANY 
New York City 
Phenoid and Coppersote. 
DAISY E. ERB 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Art Leather for Interior Decoration and Hand 
Colored Work. 
EXPANDED METAL & CORRUGATED BAR COM- 
PANY 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Johnson and Corrugated Bars. 
FRIES BROS. 
New York City 
Kelene (Ethyl Chloride and Kelene Medicinal 
Autosprays). 
0. GRAZIOSI & SON 
Florence, Italy 
Mosaic and Cut Silver Jewelry. 
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY 
Schenectady, New York 
Are and Incandescent 
Cooking Appliances. 
J. E. HANGER 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Artificial Limbs. 
THE KNY-SCHEERER COMPANY 
New York City 
Surgical Instruments, Hospital Supplies and 
Apparatus. 
KOKEN BARBER’S SUPPLY COMPANY 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Barbers’ Chairs. 


Corsets and Children’s 


Women, 


Musical and 


Encyclopedia. 


Lamps and Electric 


467 


LAMBERT PHARMACAL COMPANY 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Listerine, Listerine Dermatic Soap and Lister 
ine Tooth Powder. 
LANSTON MONOTYPE MACHINE COMPANY 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Monotype Casting Machines and Keyboards. 
MAJESTIC MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Ranges and Stoves and Kitchen Ware. 
A. A. MARKS 
New York City 
Artificial Limbs. 
MATHIESON ALKALI WORKS 
Saltville, Virginia 
Soda, Potash and Lye. 
MUNN & CO. 
New York 
The Scientific American. 
THE McCASKEY REGISTER COMPANY 
Alliance, Ohio 
The McCaskey Account Register. 
THE NATIONAL CASH REGISTER COMPANY 
Dayton, Ohio 
Cash Registers and Triplicate Credit System. 
NATIONAL CASKET COMPANY 
Oneida, New York 
Burial Caskets, Garments, and Hardware and 
Funeral Director Supplies. 
THE ORGAN POWER COMPANY 
Hartford, Connecticut 
The Spencer Steel Orgoblo. 
PHILADELPHIA FIRE BRICK WORKS 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Fire Brick, Tiles, Clay Retorts and Muffles. 
POGGIONI & SPINELLI 
Volterra, Italy 
Marble Statuary. 
JACOB REED’S SONS 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Uniforms and Equipment. 
RICHMOND CEDAR WORKS 
Richmond, Virginia 
Woodenware. 
ROCKSTROH & SCHNEIDER NACHE, A. G. 
Dresden-Heidenau, Germany 
Printing and Hot Embossing Presses. 
ROMANELLI BROS. 
Florence, Italy 
Sculpture on Marble. 
ROTH & ENGELHARDT, PROPRS. PEERLESS 
PIANO PLAYER COMPANY 
New York City 
Harmonist Electric Pneumatic Self-Playing 
Pianos, Harmonist Foot Power Player Pianos, 
Peerless Automatic Pianos, Piano Actions 
and Piano Keys. 
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN COMPILING DEPART- 
MENT 
New York 
The Americana. 
THE CHARLES E. SHOLES COMPANY 
New York City 
Imported and Domestic Chemicals. 
SINGER SEWING MACHINE COMPANY 
New York City 
Sewing Machines for Family Use. 
SMITH-BRISCOE SHOE COMPANY, INC. 
Lynchburg, Virginia 
Men’s Biltrite and Steadfast Shoes. 
F. G. SMITH PIANO COMPANY 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Bradbury and Webster Pianos. 
THE SOUTHERN COTTON OIL COMPANY 
New York City 


Snowdrift Soaps, Washing Powder, Cotton 
Bats and Linters. 
CHAS. M. STIEFF 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Concert Grand, Parlor Grand, Baby Grand, 


Upright and Self-Player Pianos. 
TIFFANY STUDIO 
New York City 
Pottery, Glass and Bronze. 
A. J. TOWER COMPANY 
Boston, Massachusetts 
Waterproof Oiled Clothing and Hats, Water- 
proof Oiled Sheeting and Duck. 
UNDERWOOD TYPEWRITER COMPANY 
New York City 
Typewriters, Billing Devices and Duplicators 


UNITED SHOE MACHINERY COMPANY 
Boston, Massachusetts 
Shoe Machinery in Operation Showing Com- 
plete Process Making Shoes. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


VAN HORN & SAWTELLE 
New York City, New York 
Sterilized Catgut and Hospital Supplies. 
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 
Blacksburg, Virginia 
Models and Plans of Railway Bridges (Dif- 
ferent Classes), Trusses and Girders, ete. 
Instruments of Precision. 
WAKELEE’S CAMELLINE 
San Francisco, California 
Camelline. 
WALTHAM WATCH COMPANY 
Waltham, Massachusetts 
Waltham Watches. 
WILLIAM R. WARNER COMPANY 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Pharmaceutical Products. 
L. E. WATERMAN COMPANY 
New York City 
Waterman’s Ideal Fountain Pen. 
WELLS & RICHARDSON COMPANY 
Burlington, Vermont 
Diamond Package Dyes. 
WINGO, ELLETT & CRUMP SHOE COMPANY 
Richmond, Virginia 
Shoes. 
GEO. D. WITT SHOE COMPANY 
Lynchburg, Virginia 
Shoes. 
YORK SAFE & LOCKE COMPANY 
York, Pennsylvania 
Deposit Boxes. 


SOUTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE 
BROGON MILLS 
Anderson 
Faney Cotton Flannels. 
COLUMBIA DUCK MILL 
Columbia 
Yarns, Ropes and Cotton Ducks. 
GLENWOOD COTTON MILL 
Easley 
Pereales. 
HIGHLAND PARK MFG. COMPANY 
Rock Hill 
Ginghams. 
McGEE MFG. COMPANY 
Greenville 
Wool Blankets and Swatches. 
MONETTA MILLS 
Landom 
Blankets and Swatches. 
ANDREWS REED & LOOM HARNESS COMPANY 
Spartanburg 
Loom and Reed Harness. 
SOUTH CAROLINA COTTON MFG. ASSOCIA- 
TION 
Easley 
Collective Textile Display. 
UNION BLEACHING AND FINISHING 
PANY 
Greenville 
Cotton 
Carolina 
Bleachery. 
VICTOR & APPALACHEE COTTON MILLS 
Greenville 
3atiste Lawn, Nainsooks and Long Cloth. 


EXHIBIT 


COM- 


Manufactured in South 
Finished hy the © Union 


Fabrics 
and 


IRTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
CHATHAM MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Elkin 
Wool Blankets. 
CONE EXPORT & COMMISSION COMPANY 
Greensboro 
Display of Textiles from 25 Mills. 
DURHAM COTTON MFG. COMPANY 
East Durham 
Faney Dress and Staple Ginghams. 
ELK MOUNTAIN COTTON MILLS 
Asheville 
Crochet Quilts. 
ERWIN CLUSTER OF MILLS 


Y 


Durham 
Denims, Draperies, Tickings, and Can- 
tons. 
P. H. HANES KNITTING MILLS 
Winston-Salem 
Men’s Underwear. 
CITY OF HIGH POINT 
High Point 
Manufactured Products (Collective Dis- 
play). 
HOPE MILLS MFG. COMPANY 
Hope Mills 


Madras and Faney Ginghams. 


HUNTER MANUFACTURING AND COMMIS- 
SION COMPANY 
Greensboro, North Carolina 
Sheetings, Cheviots and Plaids. 
MALINE MILLS 
Winston-Salem 
Ladies’ Underwear. 
MINNEOLA MFG. COMPANY 
Gibsonville 
Drap Delaines and Minneola Dress Flan- 
nels. 
OSSIPEE COMPANY MILLS 
Elon College 
Flannels. 
PILOT COTTON MILLS 
Raleigh 
Pilot Chambrays. 
REVOLUTION COTTON MILLS 
Greensboro 
Revolution Cantons. 
SPRAY TEXTILE ASSOCIATION 
Spray 
Cotton Yarns, Colored 
Woolen Blankets. 
SPRAY WOOLEN MILLS—MILL No. 8 
Spray 
Wool Blankets, Dress 
and Slasher Cloth. 
TEXTILE SCHOOL A. & M. COLLEGE 
West Raleigh 
Fabrics Woven and Designed by Students. 
WHITE OAK COTTON MILLS 
Greensboro 
Denims. 


LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT. 
LOUISIANA STATE MUSEUM 
New Orleans 
Model of U. S. New Orleans Floating Dry- 
dock. 
ART DEPARTMENT OF H. SOPHIE NEWCOMB 
MEMORIAL COLLEGE 
NEWCOMB POTTERY 
New Orleans 
THE ROYAL PLAITER COMPANY, LTD. 
New Orleans 
Aceordeon, Knife and Box 
Plaiters for Dress Goods. 
G. WILLIAM SCHLICHTEN 
New Orleans 
Ramie Fabries. 


OHIO COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO 
Columbus 
Collective Display of Pottery and Glass. 
POPE-GOSSER CHINA COMPANY 


Piece Goods and 


Goods, Cassimeres 


and Sunburst 


Coshocton 
Decorated and Plain China and Semi-Por- 
celain. 
ROOKWOOD POTTERY 
Cincinnati 


Art Pottery. 


CONNECTICUT COLLECTIVE DISPLAY 
HAWES VON GAL COMPANY 
Danbury 
Collection of Hats Showing Evolution 
Raw Material to Finished Product. 


LOS ANGELES CO. (CAL.) COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
LOS ANGELES SOAP COMPANY 


Los Angeles 
Toilet Soap. 


NORFOLK & WESTERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILWAY COMPANY 
Roanoke, Virginia 
Manufactured Products of City of Peters- 
burg, Virginia. 
SEABOARD AIR ‘LINE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
SEABOARD AIR LINE RAILWAY 
Portsmouth, Virginia 
Florida Sponges and Coral. 
SOUTHERN RAILWAY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
WOOD-MOSAIC FLOORING & LUMBER COM- 
PANY 
New Albany, Indiana 
Wood-Mosaic Flooring. 


MEXICAN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
DEPARTMENTO DE DETALL 
Mexico City 
Army and Navy Uniforms. 
ESTADO MAYOR 
Mexico City 
Drums and Trumpets for Use in the Army. 


468 


Jury of Awards. 


MAYOR SALVADOR HERRERA 
War Department, Mexico City 


Rules for Using the Calculating Seale. 


CUERPO MEDICO 


Curative 


Mexico City 
Medical and Surgical Chests. 
Knapsack and Medical Purse. 


HAITIAN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


MERCEUS ESCANNE 
Quartier Roche-a-Bateau 


Panama Hat. 
N. MARCOU, BENTBERGSON 
Port-au-Prince 
Gents’ Night Caps. 


JAPANESE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


Y. HASHIMATO 
Yokohama 
Drawn Work and Embroidered Silk Screen 


Ss. IWAMOTO 
Shizoka 
Lacquered Wares. 
JAPAN ART ASSOCIATION 
Tokio 
Collection of Japanese Art Objects. 


Ss. MORITA 
Osaka 


Embroidery. 


TAKEDA 
Aichiken 


Cloisonne Ware. 
DOMINICAN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


JORGE CUESTA 
Sto. Domingo City 


Shoes. 

MANUEL MENEND2EZ 

Sto. Domingo City 
Straw Hats. 


PORTO RICAN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


ROY C. HAINES 
San Juan 
Embroidery. 
E. RAMIRES MARTY 
Cabo Rojo 
Straw Hats. 
MRS. AMY B. ZIMMERMAN 


San Juan 
Hand Embroidery, Hand Work and Hand 


Lace. 


Made 
SILVER MEDALS 


ACME STAPLE COMPANY, LTD. 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Wire Staple Binders. 


ACTIENGESELLSCHAFT FUR 
LEUCHTUNG 
Leipsig-Stoetteritz, Germany 
Alcohol Lamps. 


MRS. S. S. SMITH 
Roanoke, Alabama 
Indestruetible Dolls. 


Cc. ALBERT & CO. 
Barmen, Germany 
Cooking 


Rapid 


Alcohol-Gas 
Kitchen Ranges, Hand Stoves and Irons. 


JOHN W. ALLEN 
Chicago, Illinois 
Hygienic Glass 
Products. 
THE AMERICAN LOKTILE 
Alexandria, Virginia 
Loktile. 


Vacuum 


AUTOMATIC REFRIGERATING COMPANY 


of Refrigeration 


Hartford, Connecticut 
Automatic System 
Thermostat. 


MRS. SAMUEL BOEHM 
New York City 
Hand Made Waist. 
J. S. BARRON 
New York 


Peerless Street and Floor Sweeper. 


THE BAUSCH, LOMB OPTICAL COMPANY 


Rochester, New York 


Stereopticon Lantern. 


LUIGI BELLINI 
Florence, Italy 
Terra Cotta. 


BLACK FOREST CUCKOO CLOCK COMPANY 
Triberg Schartzwald, Germany 


Cuckoo Clocks. 


469 


SPIRITUSBE- 


Apparatus, 


Jar 


BUSH & GERTS PIANO COMPANY 
Chicago, Illinois 
Grand and Upright Pianos. 


CARL BAJOHR 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Lighting Apparatus. 
THE BRISTOL COMPANY 
Waterbury, Connecticut 
Bristol’s Recording 
ALBERT L. CALDER COMPANY 
Providence, Rhode Island 
Calder’s Saponaceous Dentine for 
Teeth. 


D. CARPENTER 
Norfolk, Virginia 
General Household Furniture and Furnish- 


Voltmeters. 


the 


ings. 


GEO. CASSENS 
Hamel, Illinois 
Eaves Trough. 


CAUCASIA IMPORTER COMPANY 
Paris, France 
Laces, Shawls, Jewelry and Silver Scarfs. 


C. W. CHAMBERLAIN 


Granville, Ohio 
Instruments of Precision. 


CHOPARD FRERES 
Paris, France 
French Jewelry Novelties. 


M. De DILECTIS & CO. 
Torre Del Greco, Italy 
Coral Jewelry, Tortoise-Shell Combs 
Shell Cameos. 
DEUTSCHE CERAMIC 
Metlach, Germany 
Joseph Blemo Beer Steins. 


THE DUNN, JENNING, BAUMANN AUTO- 


MATIC HINGE 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 


Automatic Hinge. 
ENFIELD POTTERY & TILE WORKS 
Laverock, Pennsylvania 
Crude Ceramics (Hand Made) and Plain 


and 


and Decorated Tiles. 


FEARN SISTERS 
Roby, Indiana 
Broeades and Plain Silk Weaving and Art 


Woven Silk Pictures. 


FOSTER & REYNOLDS 
New York City 
Guide Books. 
FRIES-HARLEY COMPANY 
Gloucester City, New Jersey 
Kashmir Rugs. 


S. GABATI 


Harphung, China 
Hand Made Embroideries. 


JOHN H. GARO 
Boston, Massachusetts 


Portraits. 
GERMAN-AMERICAN AMBER MFG. COMPANY 


New York City 
Amber Goods. 
GLEASON MFG. COMPANY 


Brockport, New York 
Embalming and Cooling Table. 


KARL G. GODDARD 


Lorain, Ohio 
Photographs. 
GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY SYSTEM 
Montreal, Canada 
Photographic Scenes. 
THE GRIEST MFG. COMPANY 


New Haven, Connecticut 
The Griest Self-Shortening Belt Coupler. 


for Food 


HIRES TURNER GLASS COMPANY 


eral Philadelphia 
Plate Glass Mirrors. 
LOUIS C. HOBART 
Southington, Connecticut 
Self-Lubricating Loose Pulley. 


E. F. HODGSON 
Dover, Massachusetts 
Portable House and Garages. 


INDUSTRIAL ART SCHOOL 
Trenton, New Jersey 
Art Designs. 
ROBT. H. INGERSOLL & BRO. 
New York City 
Watches. 
INTERNATIONAL SANITARY MFG. COMPANY 


Port Chester, New York 
Cunneen Sanitary Washer. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


JAMESTOWN LOUNGE COMPANY 
Jamestown, New York 
Sofa Beds, Sofas and Couches. 
THE MAURICE JOYCE ENGRAVING COM- 
PANY 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Photo and Line Engraving. 
KENT FURNITURE COMPANY 
Petersburg, Virginia 
Library Furniture. 
GEO. P. KILLIAN COMPANY 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Paper Boxes. 
KINDEL BED COMPANY 
New York City 
Somersaultic Davenport Bed. 
LARKIN & CO. 
Buffalo, New York 
Soaps and Toilet Preparations. 
LEDERLE ANTITOXIN LABORATORIES 
New York City 
Refined and Concentrated Diphtheria Anti- 
toxin. 
LEUTHOLD FRERES & CIE 
Zurich, Switzerland 
Lace and Fringe Silk Shawls and Searfs. 
JOSEPH D. LEWIS 
St. Paul, Minnesota 
Eye-Glass Mounting. 
FRANK LINDSAY 
Portsmouth, Virginia 
Felt Mattresses and Springlock Uphol- 
stered Springs. 
DAVID LUPTON’S SONS COMPANY 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Metal Windows and Sheet Metal Work. 
MARKS ADJUSTABLE CHAIR COMPANY 
New York City 
Adjustable Reclining Stationary and Rock- 
ing Chairs. 
MITCHELL INVALID BED COMPANY 
Fort Smith, Arkansas 
Invalid Bed. 
THE MONUMENTAL BRONZE COMPANY 
Bridgeport, Connecticut 
Metal Headstones, Family Monuments and 
Memorial Statuary. 
W. B. MOSES AND SONS 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Artistic Room Furnishing. 
R. C. NELSON 
Hastings, Nebraska 
Photographs. 
NEWCOMBE PIANO COMPANY 
Toronto, Canada 
Newcombe Piano. 
THE OHIO VARNISH COMPANY 
Cleveland, Ohio 
Chi-Namel Graining, Staining and Varnish- 
ing Process. 
CHARLOTTE PENDLETON 
Laurel, Maryland 
Vegetable Art Dyes. 
PHONOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE 
Cincinnati, Ohio 
Text Books. 
W. REESING & CO. 
Bremen, Germany 
Aleohol Gas Lamps. 
RELIABLE FURNITURE MANUFACTURING 
COMPANY 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Oak Furniture. 
RHEINISCHE BADEOFENFABRIK, G. m. b. H. 
Mannheim, Germany 
Alcohol-Gas Bathing Stoves. 
SALO ART METAL COMPANY 
Binghampton, New York 
Table Electrollers. 
THE SCHNEIDER SISTERS COMPANY 
Chicago, Illinois 
Face Cream. 
THE THOMAS SHOTTEN CUT GLASS CO. 
Brooklyn 
Cut Glass Vases, Punch Bowls, Pitchers 
and Electrollers. 
EDWIN D. SMITH 
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania 
“* Rough Rider ’’ See-Saw and Slide. 
T. W. SMITH 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Mantels. 
JOSEPH F. SMITH 
Salt Lake City, Utah 
Book of Mormon. 


GEO. E. SNOWDEN 
New Cumberland, West Virginia 
Model Kiln and Plans for same 
STANFORD STEEL RANGE COMPANY 
Sheffield, Alabama 
Steel Ranges. 
TALLADEGA MARBLE COMPANY 
Talladega, Alabama 
Marble Sculpture. 
SETH THOMAS CLOCK COMPANY 
New York City 
Electrically Wound Tower Clock. 
UNITED ELECTRIC MFG. COMPANY 
Norcross, Georgia 
Vibroplex. 
GEO. H. VANORMAN 
Springfield, Massachusetts 
Photographs. 
THE 1900 WASHER COMPANY 
Binghampton, New York 
Washing Machines. 
FRANK W. WHITCHER & CO. 
Boston, Massachusetts 
Velvet Rubber Heels. 
M. V. WILSON 
Bishopville, South Carolina 
Horseshoes. 
W. R. WOODWARD 
New York 
The Signagraph. 
WORCESTER COUNTER COMPANY 
Worcester, Massachusetts 
Oak Grain Shoe Counters, Oak Insoles. 
G. F. S. ZIMMERMAN & CO. 
Frederick, Maryland 
Shutter Fasteners and Hinges and Case- 
ment Window. 


SOUTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


BELTON MILLS 
Belton 
Sheeting. 
BLUE RIDGE HOSIERY COMPANY 
Landrum 
Hosiery. 
BUFFALO MILLS 
Buffalo 
Sheeting. 
DARLINGTON MFG. COMPANY 
Darlington 
Pereale. 
DERRING, MILLIKEN & CO. 
New York City, New York 
Cotton Fabries. 
LAURENS COTTON MILLS 
Laurens 
Pereale. 
MOLAHON MFG. COMPANY 
Newberry 
Pereales and Madras Cloths. 
PEIDMONT MILLS 
Peidmont 
Standard Drills and Sheeting. 
PELZER MFG. COMPANY 
Pelzer 
Sheetings and Drills. 
ROYAL BAG AND YARN COMPANY 
Charleston 
Bags. 
SPRINGSTEIN MILLS 
Chester 
Ginghams. 
H. C. TOWNSEND 
Anderson 
Colored Twines. 
VICTORIA COTTON MILLS 
Rock Hill 
Ginghams and Threads. 


NORTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


CARALEIGH MILLS 
Raleigh 
Olympia, Kinross and Yuccatan Ginghams. 
COCHRANE SHOWCASE COMPANY 
Charlotte 
Museum Showeases. 
CREW MFG. COMPANY 
Kernersville 
Woolen Blankets. 
F. & H. FRIES 
Winston-Salem 
Woolen Suitings and Stripes. 
ARISTA MILLS Nos. 1 AND 2 
Winston-Salem 
Arista Cheviots and Yarns, Woolen Suit- 
ings and Stripes. 


470 


Jury of Awards. 


GERMAN-AMERICAN COMPANY MILL No. 9 
Spray 
Cotton-wool Blankets and Yarns. 


GOLDEN-BELT MFG. COMPANY 


Durham 
Sheeting Yarns and Tobacco Pouches. 
HENRIETTA MILLS Nos. 1 AND 2 FOREST 
CITY MILLS 
Carolean 
Bleached and Brown Cottons. 
HOLT-MORGAN MILLS 
Fayetteville 


Puritan and Kuroki Zephyrs. 
LORAY COTTON MILLS 
Gastonia 
Sheetings. 
MELROSE KNITTING MILLS 
Raleigh 
Men’s Underwear. 
NANTUCKET MILLS 
Spray 
Outings, Fine Ginghams, 
Men’s Wear, Worsteds, ete. 
NEWTON HOSIERY MILLS 
Newton 
‘* Black Crow Stoeken ’’ 
PEOPLES HOUSE FURNISHING COMPANY 
High Point 
Mahogany Parlor Suits. 
RALEIGH COTTON MILLS 
Raleigh 
Yarns in Cones. 
SHAMROCK MILLS 
Winston-Salem 
Men’s, Women’s and Children’s Hosiery. 
THE SOUTHERN COTTON OIL COMPANY 
New York City 
Oasis Mattresses and Comforts. 
WHITE FURNITURE COMPANY 
Mebane 
Furniture. 
WILMINGTON COTTON MILLS 
Wilmington 
Saxon Cheviots. 


LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
LOUISIANA SUGAR EXPERIMENT STATION 
New Orleans 
Sugar Cane Bagasse Paper. 
WILLIAM G. TEBAULT 
New Orleans 
Furniture. 


OHIO COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
ETRUSCAN ANTIQUE ART WORKS 
Sebring 
Art Pottery. 
THE HOMER LAUGHLIN CHINA COMPANY 
East Liverpool 
Semi-Porecelain, Decorated Dinnerware and 
Specialties. 
KNOWLES, TAYLOR & KNOWLES COMPANY 
East Liverpool 
China and Semi-Porcelain Specialties and 
Dinnerware. 
ROSEVILLE POTTERY CO. 
Zanesville 
Mogol and Rozane Ware. 
WELLER POTTERY COMPANY 
Zanesville 
Art Pottery. 
LOS ANGELES CO. (CAL.) COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
JOHN Q. BRAUN 


Los Angeles 
Lemola Toilet Soap. 


VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


BLUE RIDGE WOOLEN MILLS 
Basic City 
Woolen Blankets. 


VIRGINIA MINERAL AND TIMBER COLLECTIVE 
EXHIBIT 
THE NORTH CAROLINA PINE ASSOCIATION, 


Dress Goods, 


INC. 
Norfolk 
North Carolina Pine for Interior Finish. 
GEORGIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


WOODWARD LUMBER COMPANY 
Atlanta 
Mantel Piece of Georgia Curly Pine. 


MICHIGAN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


ACME WHITE LEAD COMPANY 
Detroit 
Paints and Pigments. 


ALABASTINE COMPANY 
Grand Rapids 
Alabastine. 
BERRY BROS. PAINTS 
Detroit 
Paints. 
LEE PAPER COMPANY 
Vicksburg 
Faney Paper, Boxes and Writing Paper. 
MICHIGAN CUT GLASS COMPANY 
Lansing 
Cut Glass from the Mold to the Finished 
Article. 
PENINSULA PAPER COMPANY 
Ypsilanti 
Plain and Printed Cover Papers. 
H. M. REYNOLDS ROOFING COMPANY 
Grand Rapids 
Ready Roofing. 


CHESAPEAKE & OHIO RAILWAY 
EXHIBIT 
OLIVE HILL FIRE BRICK COMPANY 
Olive Hill, Kentucky 
Olive Hill Fire Brick. 


NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILWAY 
EXHIBIT 
MRS. J. F. HUDDLE 
Rural Retreat, Virginia 
Skein of Flax. 
LOOK & LINCOLN 
Marion, Virginia 
Hubs, Spokes, 
Handles. 
THE LYNCHBURG PIPE FOUNDRY 
Lynchburg, Virginia 
Cast Iron Sewer and Water Pipe. 
PETERSBURG LEATHER COMPANY 
Petersburg, Virginia 
Kid Leather. 
ROANOKE COTTON MILLS 
Roanoke, Virginia 
Cotton Twine and Warp. 
STONEWALL JACKSON INSTITUTE 
Abingdon, Virginia 
Hand Carved Furniture. 
E. W. UMBERGER 
Wytheville, Virginia 
Hand Work in Frame Made in 1834. 
FOREIGN COLLECTIVE EXHIBITS 
MEXICO 
ALMACENES ARTILLERIA 
Mexico City 
“« Zeiss ’’ Telemeter. 
GENERAL M. MONDRAGON 
Mexico City 


75 mm. ‘* Mondragon ’’ Instruments and 
Tools. 


HAITI 
MADAME ADELINE DEJARDIN 
Port-au-Prince, Haiti 
Fancy Work. 
FRANCESCO DESUSE 
Port-au-Prince, Haiti 
Boots, Shoes and Slippers. 
and Children’s. 
MADEMOISELLE ETOMANTE DUROSEL 
Roche-a-Bateau 
Panama Hat. 


JAPAN 


T. AKUTAGAWA 
Tokio 
Art Wares. 
THE ASAHI COMPANY 
Kioto 
Bronze and Brass Wares, Embroidered Silk 
Dress Goods, ete. 
J. FUJINO 
Omi 
Bronze Ware, Satsuma 
and Carved Furniture. 
ICHITARO-ISHIGUAO 
Nagoya 
Artistic Photography. 
KAWAMATA-KEUPU-SEIREN-KABUSHIKI- 
KAISHA 
Yokohama 
Habutai Silk. 
Ss. KONDO 
Yokohama 
Cloisonne and Satsuma Ware, 
Brass Ware, Carved Furniture, 
Carving and Embroidery. 


COLLECTIVE 


COLLECTIVE 


Felloes, Hounds and 


Men’s, Ladies’ 


Ware, Porcelain 


3ronze and 
Ivory 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


T. KUMENO 
Nagoya 
Cloisonne Ware. 
K. MORI 
Kaga 
Kutani-Porcelain. 
KANGO MURAO 
Kyoto 
Rugs. 
T. MIGUTANI 
Nagoya 
Satsuma Cloisonne Work on Satsuma Pot- 
tery. 
TATSUO OGAWA 
Tokio 
Commercial Bronze and Iron Lamps and 
Lanterns. 
THE SAMURAI COMPANY 
Yokohama 
Toilet Goods. 
J. SHIBATA 
Yokohama 
Satsuma Wares and Kutani Porcelains. 
K. SONORE 
Tokio 
Porcelain Wares. 
oO. TSUJI 
Tokio 
Ivory Work and Embroidery. 
S. WATANABE 
Tokio 
Art Wares. 
K. YAMADA 
Nagoya 
Cloisonne Wares. 
YASUJIRO YAMAJI 
Tokio 
Art Wares. 
PORTO RICO 
RODOLFO COLBERG 
Cabo Rajo, Porto Rico 
Straw Hats. 
PORTO RICAN BENEVOLENT SOCIETY 
Ponce, Porto Rico 
Hand Embroideries and Miscellaneous 
Hand Work. 
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 
NARCISO ALONSO 
Sto. Domingo 
Leggins and Leather Holsters. 
CRISTOBAL ESTELRICH 
Sto. Domingo 
Shoes. 
FOTOGRAFIA PALLAN 
Sto. Domingo City 
Photographs. 
NICOLAS H. PICHARDO 
Sto. Domingo City 
Men’s Shoes. 
DOMINICAN GOVERNMENT 
S. Jose de Ocoa, Azua 
Straw Hats. 
FOTOGRAFIA VILLALBA 
Sto. Domingo City 
Photographs. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


R. P. ANDREWS PAPER COMPANY 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Papers. 
BALL JEWELRY 
Philadelphia 
Jewelry. 
REV. M. BARABASS 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Art Buckles. 
BEEKMAN SANITARY SPECIALTY COMPANY 
New York 
Devices for Testing Sanitary Condition of 
Plumbing and Gas Piping Systems. 
Ss. A. BENJAMIN 
San Diego 
Turkish Embroideries. 
CHAS. G. BLAKE & CO. 
Chicago, Illinois 
Sun Dial and Pedestal. 
CARL W. E. BOEGEL 
Lima, Ohio 
Carpet Cleaning Devices. 
JENNIE L. BORNSTEIN 
Dayton, Ohio 
Sanitary Holder. 
J. W. BROOKS 
Newport News, Virginia 
Seamless Shoe. 


A. BUCH’S SONS COMPANY 
Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania 
Eagle Steel Lawn Swing. 
JOSEPH BYRON 
New York 
Photographs. 
BENJAMIN ELECTRIC MFG. COMPANY 
Chicago, Illinois 
Wireless Clusters for Incandescent Lamps. 
F. A. CAUCHOIS & CO. 
New York City 
Coffee Percolator 
CHAIN PORTIERE MFG. COMPANY 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Chain Portieres. 
THE CHAPPLE PUBLISHING COMPANY 
Boston, Massachusetts 
National Magazine and Heart Throb’s 
(Book). 
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE PUB. SOCIETY 
Boston, Massachusetts 
Books. 
THE COLUMBUS ASEPTIC FURNITURE CO. 
Columbus, Ohio 
Aseptic Furniture. 
THE COPPER MARBLE WORKS 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Monumental Work. 
THE DATUROL DRUG CORPORATION 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Medicine Applicator. 
DAVIS ACETYLENE COMPANY 
Elkhart, Indiana 
Carbide Feed Acetylene Generator and 
Lighting Apparatus. 
DODD & STRUTHERS 
Des Moines, Iowa 
Copper Cable Lightning Rods. 
CARL EICKEMEYER 
Yonkers, New York 
Photographs. 
CHAS. EMMERICH & CO. 
Chicago, Illinois 
Feathers and Pillows. 
F. W. GARTRELL 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Anchoring Device in Building Construe- 
tion. 
A. C. GLAUBERT 
New York 
Quick Firing Harmless Gun. 
GLOBE DENTAL MFG. COMPANY 
Worcester, Massachusetts 
Paper File. 
GOLD MEDAL CAMP FURNITURE COMPANY 
Racine Junction 
Camp Furniture. 
FRANK A. HALL 
New York City, New York 
Hospital Beds and Mattresses. 
MILLER H. HART 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Safety Holder. 
A. M. HARTUNG 
Brownwood, Texas 
Sepia Photo. 
J. G. HENZEL 
Chicago, Illinois 
Mish Hook. 
HINDE & DAUCH PAPER COMPANY 
Sandusky, Ohio 
Paper Boxes. 
MARIA P. HOFFMAN 
Canajoharie, New York 
Strainer and Sifter. 
HOHLFELD MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Hammocks. 
MRS. J. G. HOLLYDAY 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Chair Phone. 
J. H. HUNTZINGER & CO. 
Wichita, Kansas 
Peneil Holder. 
H. J. HEINZ COMPANY 
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania 
Enameled Can without Solder. 
HANCK MFG. COMPANY 
Brooklyn, New York 
Crude Oil Burning Apparatus. 
FREDERICK F. INGRAM & CO. 
Detroit, Michigan 
Perfumes and Toilet Articles (Milkweed 
Cream and Zodenta). 


472 


Jury of Awards. 


D. W. KEITH 
Keithville, Louisiana 
Window Screen. 
KRAUTH & BENNINGHOFEN 
Hamilton, Ohio 
Musie Stands. 
LYNCHBURG LOUNGE MANUFACTURING 
COMPANY 
Lynchburg, Virginia 
Upholstered Lounges and Chairs. 
J. H. McCORKLE 
Portland, Maine 
Carbon and Platinum Prints. 
H. MILEY 
Lexington, Virginia 
Colored Photographs. 
THE NEWARK NOVELTY COMPANY 
Newark, Ohio 
Snelling Meat Tendering Machine. 
NOONEN MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
New Rochelle, New York 
The Ideal Searf Form and Holder. 
NATIONAL ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Wood Insulator Pins and Brackets. 
THE ‘‘ O. K.’’ MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Syracuse, New York 
Washburne’s Patent Adjustable ‘‘ O. K.’’ 
Paper Fasteners. 
FRANK L. PALMER 
Brooklyn, New York 
Portraits by Pyrography. 
GEO. W. PARKER 
Norwalk, Connecticut 
Pottery. 
THE PAUL MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Boston, Massachusetts 
Egyptian Deodorizer. 
PRIMERA PHOTO SPECIALTY COMPANY 
Johnstown, Pennsylvania 
Photographic Apphances. 
THE PROMETHEUS ELECTRIC COMPANY 
New York City 
‘“ Prometheus ’’ Electric Air 
N. W. RASNICK 
Dante, Virginia 
Quick-Acting Wrench. 
THE REVENUE PROTECTION COMPANY 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Cigar Box with Sectional Cover. 
WALTER S. ROPES 
Buffalo, New York 
Violin. 
JOHN SCHEIBNER 
Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania 
Patent Folding Adjustable Bedside Table. 
SCHIELD’S MAGAZINE OF ART 
New York City 
Art Magazines. 
T. F. SOMERS COMPANY 
New York City 
Teddy Waists. 
OTTO W. STEINDORF 
Wheeling, West Virginia 
Claw Tripod for Cameras and Kodaks. 
MRS. ANNIE W. THOMPSON 
Cincinnati, Ohio 
Silk Velvet Quilt. 
MRS. MARIA MATTHEWS THORN 
Max Meadows, Virginia 
Lace Centerpieces. 
JESSE C. TINDALL 
St. Louis, Missouri 
School Loom. 
TUTHILL SCREEN COMPANY 
Middletown, New York 
Window Screen. The Whitman Adjustable. 
DR. RAMON VELASCO 
Guadalajara, Jal. Mex., Santa Monica 184— 
Surgical Instrument. 
WILLIAM E. WALL 
Somerville, Massachusetts 
Oval Table Top, Painted and Grained to 
Represent Inlaid Woods. 
WASHINGTON HERALD 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Matrices for Newspaper Work. 
F. E. WHITNEY 
Boston, Massachusetts 
Ice Cream Freezer. 
WILSON & DAVID 
Epes, Alabama 
Minnow Bucket. 
DR. WM. H. YOUNG 
Athens, Georgia 
Folding Commode Chair for Children. 


Heaters. 


SOUTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 
Charleston 
Relief Map of Charleston Harbor. 
COLUMBIA LUMBER & MANUFACTURING 
COMPANY 
Columbia 
Depot and Waiting Room Furniture. 
ENTERPRISE MFG. COMPANY 
Rock Hill 
Bagging. 
EXCELSIOR KNITTING MILLS 
Union 
Hosiery. 
GRANITEVILLE MFG. COMPANY 
Graniteville 
Export Drills and Sheetings. 
LEXINGTON MILLS 
Lexington 
Tickings. 
MUCKENFUSS MFG. COMPANY 
Spartanburg 
Brooms and Whisk Brooms. 


NORTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


ALMA FURNITURE COMPANY 
High Point 
Furniture. 
BEST CHAIR COMPANY 
High Point 
Chairs and Rockers. 
CAROLINA KNITTING MILLS 
Winston-Salem 
Misses’ Derby Ribbed Hose. 
COLUMBIA FURNITURE COMPANY 
High Point 
Oak Dresser and Washstand. 
CONTINENTAL FURNITURE COMPANY 
High Point 
Furniture. 
DALTON FURNITURE COMPANY 
High Point 
Post Office Routing Table. 
Center Tables. 
EAGLE FURNITURE COMPANY 
High Point 
Dressers and Chiffoniers. 
ELLISON & INGRAM 
High Point 
Furniture. 
FOREST FURNITURE COMPANY 
North Wilkesboro 
Dresser and Chiffonier. 
CILKEY VENEER COMPANY 
Marion 
Veneer. 
GLOBE-HOME FURNITURE COMPANY 
High Point 
Furniture. 
GLOBE PARLOR FURNITURE COMPANY 
High Point 
Leather Chairs and Couches. 
HIGH POINT HUB & HANDLE COMPANY 
High Point 
Hubbs and Handles. 
HIGH POINT METALLIC BED COMPANY 
High Point 
Metal Beds. 
HIGH POINT ORGAN COMPANY 
High Point 
Organs. 
HILL VENEER COMPANY 
High Point 
Oak, Poplar, Pine and Gum Veneers. 
IMPERIAL FURNITURE COMPANY 
Statesville 
Oak Sideboards. 
JAMESTOWN CONCRETE WORKS 
High Point 
Conerete Building Materials. 
KEARNS FURNITURE COMPANY 
High Point 
Hat Rack. 
KINCAID FURNITURE COMPANY 
Statesville 
Furniture. 
KITCHEN CABINET & TABLE COMPANY 
High Point 
Kitchen Cabinets. 
THE LAMBERT-MURRAY COMPANY 
Asheville 
Wood Toilet Boxes for Pyrography. 
OXFORD FURNITURE COMPANY 
Oxford 
Oak Furniture. 


Extension and 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


PEERLESS MACHINE WORKS 
High Point 
Trucks. 
RANKIN COFFIN AND CASKET COMPANY 
High Point 
Square Cloth Covered Burial Case. 
RHODE ISLAND CO. MILL No. 7 
Spray 
Cotton Blankets and Yarns. 
SANDERS SMITH COMPANY 
Charlotte 
Quilts and Battings. 
SOUTHERN CHAIR COMPANY 
High Point 
Lawn Swings and Rockers. 
STATESVILLE FURNITURE COMPANY 
Statesville 
Oak Furniture. 
TATE FURNITURE COMPANY 
High Point 
Bed Springs and Dressers. 
TOMLINSON CHAIR MFG. COMPANY 
High Point 
Office, Dining Chairs and Rockers. 
UNION FURNITURE COMPANY 
High Point 
Furniture. 
LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE 
WILLIAM BEER 
New Orleans 
Hand Maps of Louisiana 
1860. 
J. L. KNOEPLER 
New Orleans 
Rice Straw Paper Pulp. 
J. TENNENT LEE 
New Orleans 
Cane Bagasse Fiber Board. 
MAGINNIS MILLS 
New Orleans 
Unbleached Cotton Goods for Export. 
ELIZABETH SAUNDERS BLAIR STUBBS 
New Orleans 
Early Settlers of Alabama and Genealogies. 
(Book.) 


OHIO COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
BURLEY & WINTER POTTERY COMPANY 
Crooksville 
Stoneware. 
CAMBRIDGE ART POTTERY COMPANY 
Cambridge 
Art Pottery, ‘‘ Guernsey Cooking Uten- 
sils ’’?’ Earthenware—Rich Brown Exterior, 
with Porcelain White Glazed Interior. 
CAMBRIDGE GLASS COMPANY 
Cambridge 
Pressed Glass, ‘‘ Otoe Ware ’’—Mat Green 
Effects in Jardinieres, Pedestals, Umbrella 
Stands, Art Vases and Specialties. 
CHAMBERS WINDOW GLASS COMPANY 
Mt. Vernon 
Cylinders and Raw Materials. ‘‘ Color 
Glaze Effects ’’ in Jardinieres, Pedestals, 
Umbrella Stands and Specialties. 
STAR STONEWARE COMPANY 


EXHIBIT 


from 1705 to 


Crooksville 
Stoneware. 
LOS ANGELES AND SAN DIEGO COUNTIES 


(CAL.) COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
ARTHUR E. POWER 
Los Angeles, California 
Hand Made Furniture and Show Cases. 
VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
MRS. DELIA BABCOCK 
Hampton 
Bead Painting. 
MISS AMANDA J. CALDWELL 
New Castle 
United States Map Quilt with Signatures 
of Governors. 
MRS. A. P. HAWKINS 
Norfolk 
Embroidered Quilt. 
MISS ADA V. MILLER 
New Market 
Hand Made 
Fly Brushes. 
MRS. W. B. NYE 
Glade Spring 
Portiére Curtain of Quills. 
MICHIGAN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
BISSELL’S CARPET SWEEPER 
Grand Rapids 
Carpet Sweeper. 


Indian Basket and Peafowl 


ROBERT KEELER INK COMPANY 
Detroit 
Ink, Mucilage and Sealing-Wax. 
STICKLEY BROS. COMPANY 
Grand Rapids 
Goat Skin Furniture Leather. 
SUPERIOR PIN COMPANY 
Detroit 
Pins. 
WALLIN LEATHER COMPANY 
Grand Rapids 
Sole Leather. 
WOODOLEUM COMPANY 
Detroit 
Woodoleum. 


CHESAPEAKE & 
EXHIBIT 


COLUMBIAN PAPER COMPANY 
Buena Vista, Virginia 
Chemical Fiber and Paper. 


RAILWAY 


OHIO RAILWAY COLLECTIVE 


NORFOLK & WESTERN 
EXHIBIT 
FRANK E. BROWN 
Roanoke, Virginia 
Furs. 
MRS. J. STANGER BROWN 
Rural Retreat, Virginia 
Quilts and Counterpanes. 


APPOMATTOX SHIRT & OVERALLS COMPANY 
Petersburg, Virginia 
Shirts, Blouses and Overalls. 
MRS. E. F. CANNADY 
Roanoke, Virginia 
Articles Made from Egg Shells. 
MISS DORA CORNETTE 
Cedar Springs, Virginia 
Embroidered Doilies. 
MRS. C. W. DEAN 
Cedar Springs, Virginia 
Embroidery. 
MRS. JAS. A. DIX 
Rural Retreat, Virginia 
Bed Spread. 
MISS LUCY DIXON 
Rural Retreat, Virginia 
Bed Spread. 
MRS. G. A. LAMBERT 
Rural Retreat, Virginia 
Embroideries. 
MRS. GEO. L. NYE 
Wytheville, Virginia 
Point Lace Collar. 
PETERSBURG TRUNK & BAG COMPANY 
Petersburg, Virginia 
Trunks. 
THE ROMAINE FIRE WORKS COMPANY 
Petersburg, Virginia 
Fire Crackers, Rockets, Torpedoes, atid 
Other Pyrotechnic and Signal Appliances. 
STONE PRINTING AND MFG. COMPANY 
Roanoke, Virginia 
Printing, Bookbinding, 
Wash Drawings. 
CAPTAIN W. V. B. TILSON 
Tilson’s Mill, Virginia 
Home Spun Hand Woven Bed Quilt. 
VIRGINIA TRUNK & BAG COMPANY 
Petersburg, Virginia 
Trunks. 
SOUTHERN RAILWAY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
HIGH POINT SHOW CASE WORKS 
High Point, North Carolina 
! Show Cases. 
RUSTIC FURNITURE COMPANY 
Tallulah Fails, Georgia 
Rustic Settees. 
Cc. C. SMOOT & SON 
Alexandria, Virginia 


COLLECTIVE 


Color Work and 


Leather. 
FOREIGN COLLECTIVE EXHIBITS 
HAITI 


MADEMOISELLE NEPHTALIE BERNARD 
Riche-a-Bateau 
Panama Hat. 
EMM. CHARLES 
Port-au-Prince 
Eau de Cologne. 
L. DEROCHE 
Port-au-Prince 
Chairs. 
MLLE. ALICE EOLANGES 
Port-au-Prince 
Babys’ Boots. 


Jury of Awards. 


A. D. THEARD 
Port-au-Prince 
Toilet Accessories. 
MLLE. FRANCINE ZEPHIR 
Port-au-Prince 
Babys’ Woolen Hoods. 
Ss. M. PIERRE 
Port-au-Prince 
Honey and Rum. 


JAPAN 
S. ASHIDA 
Tokio 
Artificial Flowers, Silk or Linen. 
YUJI FUJIMURA 
Tokio 
Rattan Settee 
T. FUKAI 
Japan 
Slippers, 
Parasols. 
H. HAYASHI 
Nagoya 
Cloisonne Ware. 
Ss. MAKINO 
Nagoya 
Cloisonne Vase. 
NIPPON SHIKA GOMEI SHIZAI KAISHA 
Tokio 
Tooth Powder. 
SADATOSHI NOZAIKA 
Yokohama 
Bamboo Baskets and Tooth Brushes. 
Ss. OTA 
Nagoya 
Cloisonne Ware. 
SABURO SONODA 
Nagoya 
Kites. 
I. TASHIRO 
Yokohama 
Decorated Porcelain, 
Y. TSUCHIYA 
Mino 
Persimmon Jelly. 
J. TSUKAMATO 
Nayoga 
Silver Cloisonne. 
M. YAMANE 
Tokio 
Tooth Powders. 
Cc. YOSHIDA 
Yokohama 
Embroidered 
Doilies. 


and Brass Ornaments. 


Sandals and Embroidered Silk 


Silk Handkerchiefs and 


PORTO RICO 


NEMESIO YBERN CUESTA 
Cabo Rojo 
Extracts. 


DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 
W. S. & STO. DOMINGO KNITTING COMPANY 
Sto. Domingo City 
Stockings. 
RICHARD SOLLNER 
Sgo. de los Caballeros 
Lithographic Samples. 
DOMINICAN GOVERNMENT 
Sto. Domingo City 
Lithographs, Pieces of Music. 
PORTO RICO. 
CAYEY-CAGUAS TOBACCO COMPANY 
Cayey 
Manufactured Tobacco. 


DEPARTMENT OF MACHINERY 


GOLD MEDALS 


ARGUTO OILLESS BEARING COMPANY 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Arguto Oilless Bearing and Worsted Tension 
Equipment. 
ALLIS-CHALMERS COMPANY 
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 
Electric Generators and Motors. 
THE AUSTIN WESTERN COMPANY, LTD. 
Chicago, Illinois 
Road Machine. 
BRISTOL COMPANY 
Waterbury, Connecticut 
Recording Pressure Gauges. 


CLYDE IRON WORKS 
Duluth, Minnesota 
McGiffert Steam Log Loader and Skidder. 
THE DAYTON ELECTRICAL MFG. COMPANY 
Dayton, Ohio 
Apple Ignition Apparatus. 
THE DETRICK & HARVEY MACHINE COMPANY 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Machine Tools. 
THE GOULDS MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
New York City 
Power Pumps. 
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY 
Schenectady, New York 
Motors. 
THE GEISER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Waynesboro, Pennsylvania 
Portable, Traction and Gasoline Engines. 


GENERAL COMPRESSED AIR & VACUUM HOUSE, 
VACUUM MACHINERY COMPANY 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Compressed Air Vacuum House Cleaning Ma- 
chinery. 
THE PETER GERLACH COMPANY 
Cleveland, Ohio 
Stove and Heading Machinery. 
THE GLAMORGAN PIPE AND FOUNDRY COM- 
PANY 
Lynchburg, Virginia 
Valves, Hydrants and Pipes. 
THE GRATON AND KNIGHT MFG. COMPANY 
Worcester, Massachusetts 
Leather Belting. 


HYATT ROLLER BEARING COMPANY 
Newark, New Jersey 
Flexible Roller Bearings. 
E. W. McCONNELL AND E. T. AUSTIN 
Merrimac and Monitor, War Path 
3207 Highland Ave., Cleveland Park, Wash- 
ington. Moving Scenery Effects of the Merri- 
mac and Monitor, Electrically Produced. 
NATIONAL METER COMPANY 
New York City 
Nash Gas Engines and Water Meters. 
THE PITTSBURGH AUTOMATIC VISE & TOOL 
COMPANY 
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 
Vises. 
RICHARDSON SCALE COMPANY 
New York 
Automatic Weighing Scales. 
ROOT & VAN DERVOORT ENGINEERING COM- 
PANY 
East Moline, Illinois 
Gasoline Engines. 
SHELBY STEEL TUBE COMPANY 
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 
Seamless Steel Tubing. 
CHAS. A. SCHIEREN & CO. 
New York City 
Duxbak Waterproof and Duxbak Steamproof 
Leather Belting. 
SIMONDS MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Fitchburg, Massachusetts 
Saws, Machine Knives and Saw Steel. 
J. STEVENS ARMS & TOOL COMPANY 
Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts 
Shot Guns, Single and Double. 
and Repeater, and Pistols. 
UNITED CEMENT MACHINERY COMPANY 
Columbus, Ohio 
Mixers, Tampers and Block Machines for 
Cement Work, Mold and Designs for Artistic 
Cement Work. 
UNITED STATES MARINE SIGNAL COMPANY 
New York City 
Automatic Acetylene 
Hampton Roads. 
VICKER’S SONS MAXIM, LTD. 
London, England 
Ordnance Equipment. 
WALWORTH MFG. COMPANY 
Boston, Massachusetts 
Steam, Gas Fitters’ 
and Supplies. 
THE WOLF COMPANY 
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 
Roller Grain Mills and Gyrator. 
WILLIAMSON VISE COMPANY 
Bradford, Pennsylvania 
Double Swivel Vises. 
S. A. WOODS MACHINE COMPANY 
Boston, Massachusetts 
Wood-working Machinery. 


Rifles, Single 


Gas Buoys Used in 


Users’ Tools 


and Water 


The Jamestown 


BABCOCK & WILCOX COMPANY 
Bayonne, New Jersey 
Water Tube Boiler, Semi-Marine Type. 
Ss. F. BOWSER 
Ft. Wayne, Indiana 
Measuring Pumps and Storage Tanks. 
DE LAVAL STEAM TURBINE COMPANY 
Trenton, New Jersey 
Steam Turbines. 
HEINE BOILER COMPANY 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Water Tube Boilers. 
OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Gasoline Engines. 
PITTSBURGH METER COMPANY 
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 
Gas Meter. 
RENEROW BRIQUETTE MACHINE COMPANY 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Briquette Machine. 
ROBBINS BELT CONVEYOR COMPANY 
New York 
Belt Conveyor. 
WESTINGHOUSE MACHINE COMPANY 
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 
Gas Producer Engines and Stoker. 
R. D. WOOD & COMPANY 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Gas Producers. 
TINNIUS OLSEN AND COMPANY 
Philadelphia 
Automatic Cement Testing Machine 200,000 
Pounds Capacity. Universal Testing Machine 
50,000 Pounds Capacity. Hydraulic Compres- 
sion Testing Machine. 
FOREIGN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
MEXICO 
GENERAL M. MONDRAGON 
Mexico City 
Guns of Different Systems and Artillery 
Materials. 
MUSEO DE ARTILLERIA 
Mexico City 
Collection of Small Models of Guns. 
ous Types.) 
WAR DEPARTMENT 
Mexico City 
Collection of ‘‘ Mondragon,’’ ‘‘ Mayen 
and Other Systems of Rifles. 
FUNDICION NACIONAL 
Mexico City 
Collection of Shells 
Systems and Classes). 


SILVER MEDALS 


ADVANCE PUMP & COMPRESSOR COMPANY 
Battle Creek, Michigan 
Duplex Steam Pump. 
ATLAS ENGINE WORKS 
Indianapolis, Indiana 
Gasoline Engines. 
BALTIMORE BELTING COMPANY 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Leather Belting. 
WILLIAM BARTLEY & SONS 
Bartley, New Jersey 
Portable Saw-Mill. 
BULLARD AUTOMATIC WRENCH COMPANY 
Providence, Rhode Island 
Automatie Wrenches. 
CROCKER WHEELER ELECTRIC COMPANY 
Ampere, New Jersey 
One G. Waobieeea DiaGy 
Driving Dairy Machinery. 
CHICAGO BELTING COMPANY 
Chicago, Illinois 
‘Sea Lion ’’ Waterproof Leather Belting. 
CONTRACTORS’ SUPPLY AND EQUIPMENT COM- 
PANY 
Chicago, Illinois 
‘¢ The Little Shaver ’’ Floor Seraper. 
CUSTER COUPLING COMPANY 
Bradford, Pennsylvania 
Pipe Coupling. 
DAVENPORT ICE CLIPPING MACHINE COMPANY 
Davenport, Iowa 
Tee Clipping Machine. 
GIBSON IRON WORKS COMPANY 
Jersey City, New Jersey 
Dumping Grates. 
INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF 
AMERICA 
Chicago, Illinois 
Gasoline Engines. 


(Vari- 


rie 


and Fuses (Various 


Motor and Starter 


' 


Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


JORDAN BROS. 
New York City 
Jordan Commutator Truing Device. 
KEELY-SPRINGFIELD ROAD ROLLER COMPANY 
Springfield, Ohio 
Road Rollers Used on Exposition Grounds. 
McDONALD BROTHERS PITLESS SCALE COM- 
PANY 
Pleasant Hill, Missouri 
Pitless Wagon Seale. 
MIDDLETOWN MACHINE COMPANY 
Middletown, Ohio 
Liquid Fuel and Gas Engines (Liquid Fuels 
and Gas Engines). 
MINNESOTA MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION 
North St. Paul, Minnesota 
Gravity Roller Conveyors. 
MORAN FLEXIBLE STEAM JOINT COMPANY 
Louisville, Kentucky 
Flexible Joints. 
NEW YORK LEATHER BELTING COMPANY 
New York City 
Leather Belting. 
PHILLIPS PRESSED STEEL PULLEY WORKS 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Pressed Steel Pulleys. 
RICHMOND FORGINGS CORPORATION 
Richmond, Virginia 
Drop Forgings. 
SOUTHERN CONCRETE MACHINERY COMPANY 
Charlotte, North Carolina 
Conerete Machinery. 
FRED J. STEULP 
Muskegon, Michigan 
Steulp Automatic Safety Water Gauge. 
WILSON SAW & MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Port Huron, Michigan 
Saws. 
WAGNER ELECTRIC COMPANY 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Single Phase Alternating Current Motor and 
Motor Generator Set. 
UNDER FEED STOKER COMPANY OF AMERICA 
Chicago, Illinois 
Under Feed Stoker. 
WILLIAMS PATENT CRUSHER AND PULVER- 
IZER COMPANY 
St. Louis, Missouri 


Crusher. 
COLLECTIVE FOREIGN EXHIBIT 
MEXICO 


ALMACENES DE ARTILLERIA 
Mexico City 
Collection of Models of Guns, Ammunition 
Wagons, Field Forge and Equipment. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


J. D. AUSTIN 
Tampa, Florida 
Hoisting Engine and Trolley Conveyor. 
J. W. CARTER 
Abilene, Texas 
Eclipse Electric Light Drop Cord Adjuster. 
DAVIS FIRE ESCAPE COMPANY 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Portable Fire Escape. 
ELECTRIC BLOWER COMPANY 
Newton Center, Massachusetts 
Electric Forge Blower. 
HIGH POINT MACHINE COMPANY 
High Point, North Carolina 
Steam Engine Saw and Gas Cylinder. 
J. H. HUNTZINGER 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Pen and Peneil Holder Machine. 
CHARLES PETRIE 
St. Johns, Newfoundland 
Cable and Rope Cutting Device. 
W. H. STEWART. 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Sewer Cleaning Machine. 
STERLING ELECTRIC MOTOR COMPANY 
Dayton, Ohio 
Monorail Motors. 
VIRGINIA PIPE & FOUNDRY COMPANY 
Richmond, Virginia 
Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings. 
HENRY VOGT MACHINE COMPANY 
Louisville, Kentucky 
Model of Water Tube Steam Boiler. 
MILTON WENGER 
New Holland, Pennsylvania 
Quick Acting Wrench. 


Jury of Awards. 


KENTUCKY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
OHIO VALLEY PULLEY WORKS 
Maysville 
All Wood Pulleys. 


DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTA- 
TION 


GOLD MEDALS 


AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE COMPANY 
New York City 
Locomotives. 
ANDERSON SPARK-PLUG COMPANY 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Spark-Plugs. 
ATLANTIC EQUIPMENT COMPANY 
New York City 
Atlantic Steam Shovel. 
BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Locomotives. 
THE J. G. BRILL COMPANY 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Convertible and Semi-Convertible Cars, City 
and Interurban Trucks. 
BUFFALO GASOLINE MOTOR COMPANY 
Buffalo, New York 
Buffalo Gasoline Motors. 
CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY 
Johnstown, Pennsylvania 
Steel Cars. 
CHESAPEAKE LAUNCH & MOTOR COMPANY 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Gasoline Motors. 
CLIMAX MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Corry, Pennsylvania 
Geared Locomotive. 


COSTON SIGNAL COMPANY, INC. 
New York City 
Marine Night Signals, Water Lights and Ship 
Rockets. 
DAYTON MOTOR CAR COMPANY 
Dayton, Ohio 
Stoddard-Dayton Automobiles. 
INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF 
AMERICA 
Chicago, Illinois 
Auto Buggy. 
LACKAWANNA MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Newburgh, New York 
Valveless Two-Cycle Marine Motors. 
LAMB BOAT AND ENGINE COMPANY 
Clinton, Iowa 
Four-Cycle Marine Gasoline Engines. 
NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING & DRYDOCK 
COMPANY 
Newport News, Virginia 
Model of Ship Fully Equipped. 
PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD SYSTEM 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Full Section of Tunnel Under Hudson River 
and Models and Maps and Drawings. 
PHILADELPHIA MUSEUMS 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Historical Display Illustrating the Develop- 
ment of Commerce. 
THE PULLMAN COMPANY 
Chicago, Illinois 
All Steel Pullman Sleeping Car. 
RAPID MOTOR VEHICLE COMPANY 
Pontiac, Michigan 
Commercial Power 
Sight-Seeing Cars. 
A. SCHRADER’S SON, INC. 
New York City 
Diving Apparatus, 
Hose, Hot Water 
Couplings, Fittings. 
THE STANDARD STEEL WORKS 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Steel Tires and Steel Tired Wheels, Solid 
Forged and Rolled Steel Wheels, Open Hearth 
Steel Springs of Various Types. 
STUDEBAKER BROS. MFG. COMPANY 
South Bend, Indiana 
Gasoline and Electric Automobiles, 
baker Vehicles and Harness. 
GEO. H. TERRY COMPANY 
New York City 
Marine Gasoline Engines, Reversing Propel- 
lers, Boat and Engine Equipments. 


Wagons, Trucks, Busses, 
5b 


Valves, 
Hose 


Pneumatic Tire, 
Bottle Stopples, 


Stude- 


TRUSCOTT BOAT & AUTO SUPPLY COM- 
PANY 
St. Joseph, Michigan 
Boat and Auto Supplies. 
TRUSCOTT BOAT MFG. COMPANY 
St. Joseph, Michigan 
Launches and Motors. 
TH™ WALBORN & RIKER COMPANY 
Saint Paris, Ohio 
Pony & Cob Type Pleasure Vehicles. 
A. WRENN & SONS 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Carriages, Buggies, Harness and Saddles. 


FOREIGN COLLECTIVE EXHIBITS 
MEXICO 


ALMACENES DE ARTIJ.LERIA 
Mexico City 
Forage Wagon and Equipment. 
CUERPO MEDICO 
Mexico City 
Ambulance Wagon and Equipment. 
SECRETARIA DE GOBERNACION 
Mexico City 
Saddle for Rural Soldier. 
GENERAL M. MONDRAGON 
Mexico City 
Pack Saddle for Use in the Army and 
Battery Wagon and Equipment. 
WAR DEPARTMENT 
Mexico City 
37 mm. Hotchkiss Gun Carriage, Ammuni- 
tion Wagon, Limber and Equipment. 


VATE 
J. B. HILARION CAYEMITE 
Port-au-Prince 
Saddle, Bridle, 
Guard. 
WELBY CATTS PRESSOIR 
Port-au-Prince 
One Saddle. 


Straps, Head-Stall, Leg- 


SILVER MEDALS 


AMERICAN MONORAIL COMPANY 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Monorail Railway System with Equipment. 
J. BOLICK 
Conover, North Carolina 
Steel Wheel. 
H. H. FRANKLIN & CO. 
Syracuse, New York 
Model ‘‘ D ’’ Air-Cooled Motor Car. 
CHESAPEAKE & OHIO RAILWAY COMPANY 
Richmond, Virginia 
Complete Vestibuled, Steam 
Electric Lighted F. F. V. 
HAYNES AUTOMOBILE COMPANY 
Kokomo, Indiana 
Chassis. 
HUDSON RIVER DAY LINE 
New York 
Models of Fulton’s Original Steamboat, the 
‘¢ Clermont,’’ 1807, and the Steamer ‘‘ Hen- 
drick Hudson,’’ 1907. 
JOHN DEERE PLOW COMPANY 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Buggies, Driving Wagons and Surreys. 
THE LANE & DEGROOT COMPANY 
Long Island City, New York 
Life Boat and Collapsible Boat. 
WM. J. OLIVER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Knoxville, Tennessee 
Complete Mining 
ment. 
TOPPAN BOAT MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Boston, Massachusetts 
Toppan Power Dories, Whaleboat Launches 
and Engines. 
U. S. HAME COMPANY 
Buffalo, New York 
Hames. 
VELIE CARRIAGE COMPANY 
Moline, Illinois 
Buggies, Driving Wagons, Surreys. 
WORCESTER PRESSED STEEL COMPANY 
Worcester, Massachusetts 


Heated and 


and Contractors’ Equip- 


Pressed Steel Product for Automobiles and 
Motor Boats, ete. 
MICHIGAN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


MICHIGAN WHEEL COMPANY 
Grand Rapids 
Marine Propellers. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


MORGAN & WRIGHT 
Detroit 
Bicycle Tires, Molded Rubber Goods, and 
Sundries. 
NORFOLK & WESTERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
J. H. BUTLER & SONS 
Suffolk, Virginia 
Logging Wagon, Lumber Carriage, Edney 
Stake and Holder for Logging Cars. 
LOOK & LINCOLN 
Marion, Virginia 
Heavy Wagon for Logging and Trucking 
Purposes. 
NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILWAY COMPANY 
Roanoke, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit of Transportation Ap- 
pliances Manufactured Along the Line of 
Railway. 
Ss. M. WILBOURN 
Buena Vista, Virginia 
Wilbourn Saddles. 


FOREIGN COLLECTIVE EXHIBITS 
MEXICO 
WAR DEPARTMENT 


Mexico City 
Artillery and Cavalry Saddles and Harness. 


DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 


NARCISO ALONSO 
Sto. Domingo City 
Saddle, Stirrups and Bridle. 


ITALY 


NAVIGAZIONE GENERALE ITALIANA 
Florio-Rubattino, Rome, Italy 
Model of S. S. Re Vittorio and Statistics. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


J. K. BROWN 
Wichita, Kansas 
“« Excelsior ’’? Single Blade Steel Curry-comb. 
GILBERT D. BUCHANAN 
Saratoga, Wyoming 
Brake Mechanism for Vehicles. 
GEORGE W. CRANE 
Veedersburg, Indiana 
Dumping Wagon. 
JOHN G. HELVIN 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Hand-Made Copper Horse Shoes. 
HOUSE COLD TIRE SETTER COMPANY 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Cold Tire Setter. 
KILBOURNE & JACOBS MFG. COMPANY 
Columbus, Ohio 
Steel Wheelbarrows, 
Metal Life-Boat. 
Serapers and Four Wheel Baggage Truck. 
DAVID KAHNWEILERS SONS 
Newport News, Virginia 
Metal Life-Boat. 
HARTWELL LAMBERT 
Fitzgerald, Georgia 
Draft Attachment for Wagons. 
OLD DOMINION IRON & NAIL WORKS COMPANY 
Richmond, Virginia 
The Hammer Brand of Horse and Mule Shoes. 
JAMES A. PERRY 
- Burgaw, North Carolina 
Self-Loading Log Cart. 
GEORGE 8S. PRESCOTT 
New London, Connecticut 
Stall Cleaner. 
RACINE BOAT MFG. COMPANY 
Muskegon, Michigan 
Racine Canoes. 
TAYLOR IRON AND STEEL COMPANY 
High Bridge, New Jersey 
Panama Dipper Tooth. 
F. P. WHITE 
Shallotte, North Carolina 
Vehicle Shaft Brace. 
J. S. WILLIAMS 
Hurley, South Dakota 
Wheel Washer. 
HIRAM WELLERS SONS 
Trenton, New Jersey 
Model of Open Pleasure Launch. 


KENTUCKY COLUECTIVE EXHIBIT 


HAWESVILLE HUB & MANUFACTURING COM- 
PANY 
Hawesville, Kentucky 
Wooden Hubs. 


Wheel Scrapers, 


Drag 


NORTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
HIGH POINT BUGGY COMPANY 
High Point, North Carolina 
Cushion Tire Runabout and Top Buggy. 
NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILWAY COLLECTIVE 
EXHIBIT 
VIRGINIA CARRIAGE FACTORY, INC. 
Roanoke, Virginia 
Light Carriage. 
SALEM WAGON COMPANY 
Salem, Virginia 
Farm Wagon. 
J. V. WORTHINGTON 
Buena Vista, Virginia 
Wilbourne Saddle-trees and Block Stirrups. 
FOREIGN COLLECTIVE EXHIBITS 
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 
MUNICIPALITY OF SAN JUAN 
San Juan, Azua 
Pack-Saddle and Head-Stall of Halter. 
DOMINICAN GOVERNMENT 
San Juan, Azua 
Pack-Saddle and Side Bags. 
DOMINICAN GOVERNMENT 


San Jose, Azua 
Head-Stall of Halter. 


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


GOLD MEDALS 


Ss. BERNHEIMER & SON 
Port Gibson, Mississippi 
Allen Long Staple Cotton. 
ANGELL & CASH 
Providence, Rhode Island 
Specimens of Plants and Insects Preserved in 
Riker Mounts. 
THE CLEVELAND LAWN WEEDER COMPANY 
Cleveland, Ohio 
Lawn Weeders Used at the Exposition. 
CHAMPION POTATO MACHINERY COMPANY 
Hammond, Indiana 
O. K. Champion Two Horse Elevator Potato 
Digger. 
COLDWELL LAWN MOWER COMPANY 
Newburgh, New York 
Hand, Horse and Motor Lawn Mowers. 
ARTHUR COWEE 
Berlin, New York 
Gladiohi in Beds. 
THE CORNO MILLS COMPANY 
East St. Louis, Missouri 
Corno Hen Feed and Corno Chicken Feed. 
FRANCIS DANZENBAKER 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Bee Smoker. 
DAIN MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Ottumwa, Iowa 
Mowers, Hay Machinery, 
Grinding Mill. 
DEERE & CO. 
Moline, Illinois 
Plows, Cultivators and Harrows. 
DEERE & MANSUR COMPANY 
Moline, Illinois 
Cotton and Corn Planters, Disk Harrows, Disk 
Cultivators, Shellers, Hay Loader. 
JOHN DEERE PLOW COMPANY 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Collective Exhibit of 
Wagons and Vehicles. 
W. G. EISELLE 
West End, New Jersey 
Long Branch Cannas. 
THE HICKMAN-EBBERT COMPANY 
Owensboro, Kentucky 
Farm Wagons. 
FARMER’S MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Fruit and Vegetable Packages and Coopers’ 
Supplies. 
A. B. FARQUHAR, LTD. 
York, Pennsylvania 
Engines, Boilers, Saw Mills, Threshers, Grain 
Drills and Agricultural Implements Generally. 
THE GEISER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Waynesboro, Pennsylvania 
Grain Threshers and Wind Stackers. 
GERMAN KALI WORKS 
New York City 
Potash Salts for Fertilizing Purposes. 


Corn Cutters and 


Farm Machinery, 


Jury of Awards. 


PETER HENDERSON & CO. 
New York City 
Lawn Grass and Asters. 
HUBERT BULB COMPANY 
Portsmouth, Virginia 
Flowering Bulbs. 
HUNTLEY MFG. COMPANY 
Silver Creek, New York 
Grain and Coffee Machinery. 
INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF 
AMERICA 
Chicago, Illinois 
Hay Tedder, Manure Spreader, Feed Mills, 
Corn Sheller, Steel Wagon and Reversible Dise 
Harrow. 
KEMP & BURPEE MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Syracuse, New York 
Manure Spreader. 
Ss. D. MATTHEWS 
Hamilton, North Carolina 
Comb Honey. 
W. C. MEADOWS & SON 
Poors Knob, North Carolina 
White Flint Granite Mills. 
MOLINE WAGON COMPANY 
Moline, Illinois 
Farm Wagons. 
THE NEW CENTURY GATE 
Hennessey, Oklahoma 
New Century Gate. 
THE POCOMOKE GUANO COMPANY 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Fertilizer. 
PEORIA DRILL AND SEEDER COMPANY 
Peoria, Illinois 
Fertilizer Dise Grain Drill. 
R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY 
Winston-Salem, North Carolina 
Manufactured Tobacco. 
F. S. ROYSTER GUANO COMPANY 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Fertilizers. 
SALT SPECIALTY COMPANY 
Brooklyn, New York 
Sanitary Salt Feeders and Compressed Salt 
Cakes. 
CHARLES SCOTT 
Rosedale, Mississippi 
Cotton. 
STOVER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Freeport, Illinois 
Wind mills and Power Grinding Mills. 
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 
Blacksburg, Virginia 
Methods and Illustrations of Instruction in 
Dairying and Economic Entomology. 
THE UNITED STATES TOBACCO COMPANY 
Richmond, Virginia 
White Rolls Cigarettes. 
CONNECTICUT COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
STATE OF CONNECTICUT 


Hartford 
Collective Agricultural Exhibit. 
EDMUND HALLADAY 
Suffield 
Leaf Tobacco. 
GEORGIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
STATE OF GEORGIA 
Atlanta 
Collective Agricultural Exhibit. 
KENTUCKY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
KENTUCKY JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION COM- 
MISSION 
Louisville 
White Burley and Dark Tobacco. 


KENTUCKY JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION COM- 


MISSION 
Louisville 
Hemp. 
LOS ANGELES AND SAN DIEGO COUNTIES 


(CALIFORNIA) COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
CAWSTON OSTRICH FARM 
South Pasadena 
Ostrich Feathers, Plumes and Boas. 
LOS ANGELES AND SAN DIEGO COUNTIES 
Los Angeles 
Collective Exhibit of Products of Counties. 
SAN DIEGO COUNTY 
San Diego 
Raw Silk, Silk Cocoons, Silk Worms, 
JOHNSON & MUSSER 
Los Angeles 
Collection of Commercial Beans—Twenty- 
two Varieties. 


LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


LEA BEATTY 
Shreveport 
Triumph Seed Cotton. 
BOLAND MACHINE AND MANUFACTURING 
COMPANY 
New Orleans 
Model Rice Mills and Warehouses. 
CHATTANOOGA PLOW COMPANY, LTD. 
Mermentau 
Fancy Milled Rice. 
T. L. DAVIS 
Shreveport 
Yellow Dent Corn. 
W. J. DAWSON 
Brenton 
Comb Honey, Extracted Honey, Wax and 
Honey Vinegar, 
J. DEMOSS 
Plain Dealing 
White Dent Corn. 
W. W. DUSON AND BRO. 
Crowley 
Sheaf Rice—Honduras and Japan. 
GUEYDAN RICE MILLING COMPANY 
Gueydan 
Fancy Milled Honduras and Japan Rice. 
LOUISIANA RICE IRRIGATION AND MILLING 
COMPANY 
Crowley 
Faney Milled Honduras Rice. 
LOUISIANA STATE MUSEUM 
New Orleans 
Wax Models of Sugar 
Fields and Cotton Plant. 
LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY STATION 
Baton Rouge 
Hay and Forage Crops. 
STATE OF LOUISIANA 
Baton Rouge 
Relief Map of Louisiana Showing Principal 
Agricultural Features of the State. 
GEORGE E. MANN 
Dalcour 
Broom Straw. 
COL. F. L. MAXWELL 
Mound 
Bender Cotton. 
J. BURRISS McGEHEE 
Laurel Hill 
Lespedeza Hay and Seed. 
NATIONAL RICE MILLING COMPANY 
New Orleans 
Rice Mill Products and By-Products. 
NEW ORLEANS COTTON EXCHANGE 
New Orleans 
Type Samples of Commercial Grades of 
Cottons. 
GEN. J. A. PRUDHOMME 
Bermuda 
Long Staple Cotton. 
EDGAR ROBICHAUX AND SON 
Raceland 
Creole Onion Seed. 
G. WILLIAM SCHLICHTEN 
New Orleans 
Ramie Floss and Fiber. 
COL. CHARLES SCHULER 
Keatchie 
Griffin Upland Cotton. 
ST. JAMES PERIQUE TOBACCO GROWERS’ AS- 
SOCIATION 
Lutcher 
Perique Tobacco Leaf and Carrots. 
SUGAR EXPERIMENT STATION 
New Orleans 
Charts, Photos, Reports, Sugar and Labora- 
tory Outfits, Chemicals and Sugar House 
Products, Sugar Canes. 
Ss. L. WRIGHT 
Crowley 
Sheaf Japan Rice. 
MICHIGAN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
GEO. E. HILTON 
Fremont 
Honey. 
STATE OF MICHIGAN 
Collective Exhibit of Grains in Straw and 
in Grain. 
MISSOURI COLLECTIVE 


STATE OF MISSOURI 
Jefferson City 
Collective Exhibits of Agricultural Prod- 
ucts. 


Cane and Rice 


EXHIBIT 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


STATE OF MISSOURI 
Jefferson City 
Collective Exhibit of Corn. 
NORTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
P. J. McMILLAN 
Henderson 
Leaf Tobacco. 
SOUTHERN COTTON OIL COMPANY 
Charlotte 
Cotton Seed and Its Products. 
OHIO COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
H. K. LEE 
New Guilford 
Rambouilette Fleece Wool. 
OHIO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 
Columbus 
Collective Corn Exhibit. 
OHIO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 
Columbus 
Collective Exhibit of Grains, Grasses, and 
Sedges in the Straw. 
OHIO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 
Columbus 
Beeswax, Honey, Bee Keepers’ Supplies. 
OHIO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 
Columbus 
Small Grain and Grass Seeds. 
OHIO STATE EXPERIMENT STATION 
Wooster 
Fifty-seven Varieties of Wheat. 
OHIO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 
Columbus 
Collective Exhibit of Beans and Peas. 


OKLAHOMA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
OKLAHOMA-JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION COM- 
PANY _ 
Oklahoma City 
Collective Exhibit of Agriculture. 
SOUTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
MAJ. JULIAN MITCHELL 
Charleston 
Cotton. 
SOUTH CAROLINA CRUSHERS’ 
Columbia 
Cotton Seed and Products. 
STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
Columbia 
Collective Agricultural Exhibit 
Ss. G. STONY 
Charleston 
Rice. 
BENJ. WILLIAMSON 
Darlington 
Tobaceo. 
McIVER WILLIAMSON 
Darlington 
Corn. 
VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
ASSOCIATED PEANUT COMPANIES OF VIR- 
GINIA 
Suffolk 
Graded Peanuts. 
T. E. CHAMBERS 
Era 
Graded Leaf Tobacco. 
DANVILLE TOBACCO ASSOCIATION 
Danville 
Leaf Tobacco. 
G. O. TUCK & CO. 
Danville 
Leaf Tobacco Stems and Serap. 
E. K. VICTOR & CO. 
Richmond 
Leaf Tobacco. 
VIRGINIA STATE COMMISSION 
Richmond 
Collective Exhibit of the Agricultural Re- 
sources of the State. 


ATLANTIC COAST LINE EXHIBIT 


A. COHN & CO. 
Amsterdam, Georgia 
Sumatra Tobacco. 


CHESAPEAKE & OHIO COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
CHESAPEAKE & OHIO RAILWAY COMPANY 
Richmond, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit of Agricultural Prod- 
ucts Along Lines of C. & O. Reilway. 
NORFOLK & SOUTHERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


CAROLINA RICE MILLS 
Goldsboro, North Carolina 
Rice and Rice Products. 


ASSOCIATION 


PEANUT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION 
Suffolk, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit of Peanuts and Peanut 
Products. 
NORFOLK & WESTERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
THE W. A. BROWN TOBACCO COMPANY 
Martinsville, Virginia 
Old Log Cabin Plug Chewing Tobacco. 
ALBERTI AND COMPANY 
Bedford City, Virginia 
Dark Leaf Tobacco 
County, Virginia. 
SPARROW AND GRAVELY 
Martinsville, Virginia 
Manufactured Tobacco. 


SEABOARD: ATR LINE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


THE OWL COMMERCIAL COMPANY 
Quincy, Florida 
Florida Tobacco. 
SEABOARD AIR LINE RAILWAY 
Portsmouth, Virginia 
Collective Display of Products Obtained 
Along Line of Road. 
SOUTHERN RAILWAY COLLECTIVE 
W. L. PETTY & CO. 
Lexington, Kentucky 
Leaf Tobacco. 
SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Collection of Agricultural Products. 


FOREIGN COLLECTIVE EXHIBITS 
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 


BOARD OF FOMENTO 
La Romana, Seibo 
Leaf Tobacco. 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 
Samana 
Cocoanuts. 
CARLOS BAEZ LAVANDIER 
Samana 
Giant Cocoanuts. 
SRES. PELLERANO POU & CO. 
Sto. Domingo 
Honey. 


HAITIAN GOVERNMENT 
J. C. L. DIQUINI 
Port-au-Prince, Haiti 
Cigars. 
EUGENE F. NAZOU 
Cap-Haitien, Haiti 
Honey. 


Grown in Bedford 


EXHIBIT 


SILVER MEDALS 


THE AMERICAN WOODEN-WARE MANUFACTUR- 
ING COMPANY 
Toledo, Ohio 
Dairy Churns and Washing Machines. 
BERKELEY CHEMICAL COMPANY 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Fertilizer. 
CHATTANOOGA IMPLEMENT AND MANUFAC- 
TURING COMPANY 
Chattanooga, Tennessee 
Dise Plows. 
CHATTANOOGA WAGON COMPANY 
Chattanooga, Tennessee 
Farm Wagons. 
CORDELAY AND HAYES 
New York City 
Fircotta Vases for Florists’ Use. 
FRANK CUMMINGS BULB & PLANT COMPANY 
Meridian, Mississippi 
Cannas and Caladiums. 
ECONOMY SILO & TANK COMPANY 
Frederick, ‘Maryland 
Silos and Tanks. 
GORDON & GORDON 
Elizabeth City, North Carolina 
Pea Harvester. 
HAMPTON GUANO COMPANY 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Fertilizer. 
J. G. HARRISON SONS 
Berlin, Maryland 
Nursery Stock. 
T. J. KING 
Richmond, Virginia 
A ‘* Weeder Chopper.’’ 
THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS, INC. 
Germantown, Pennsylvania 
Meehan’s Mallow Marvels. 


480 


Jury of Awards. 


HENRY F. MICHELL COMPANY 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Cannas. 
EUGENE MOULIE 
Jacksonville, Florida 
Trees, Pollen Collecting 
and Products. 
PERENNIAL GARDEN COMPANY 
Toledo, Ohio 
Pink Baby Rambler Rose, ‘‘ Annie Muller.’’ 
PITTSBURGH TUBULAR WHIFFLETREE COM- 
PANY 
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 
““ The Everlasting ’’ Tubular Steel Eveners, 
Whiffletrees, Neck Yokes, and Vehicle Forg- 
ings. 
ELMORE 8. RICHARDSON 
Edgerton, Ohio 
Drinking Fountain for Watering Poultry, Pet 
Stock, Pigeons, ete. 
JULIUS ROEHRS COMPANY 
Rutherford, New Jersey 
Bay Trees. 
N. W. SAUNDERS 
Rockville, Maryland 
White Clover Comb Honey. 
STATE CROP PEST COMMISSION 
Blacksburg, Virginia 
GEO. B. TRIPLET 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Hay Baler. 
CONNECTICUT COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
E. A. & W. F. FULLER 


Suffield 
Leaf Tobacco. 


KENTUCKY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


KENTUCKY JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION COM- 
MISSION 
Louisville 
Collective Exhibit of Corn. 
DR. I. W. McGINNIS 
New Castle 
White Burley Tobacco. 
ST. BERNARD MINING COMPANY 
Earlington 
Grasses and Grains. 


LOS ANGELES AND SAN DIEGO COUNTIES 
(CALIFORNIA) COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
ROSS & GERRY 


Los Angeles 
Lawn Sprinkler. 


LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


ATLAS FEED PRODUCTS AND MILLING COM- 
PANY 
New Orleans 
Molasses Mixed Feed for Dairy and Stock. 
AVALON FARM 
Alden Bridge 
Chops and Grits, and Cowpea Chops and 
Meal. 
J. B. CASTAGNES 
White Castle 
Silk Cocoons and Silk. 
F. DODSON 
New Orleans 
Alfalfa Varieties. 
W. R. DODSON 
Baton Rouge 
Upland Cotton. 
DOUSSAND PERFUMERY COMPANY 
New Orleans 
Vetivert Root. 
J. W. FRANKENBUSH & SONS 
New Orleans 
Long Staple Upland Cottons. 
H. R. FULTON 
Baton Rouge 
Cotton Varieties in Bolls and Combed Out 
Staples. 
NORTH LOUISIANA EXPERIMENT STATION 
Calhoun 
Wheat, 
Sheaves. 
NUTRILINE FEED AND OIL COMPANY 
New Orleans 
Nutriline Dairy and Stock Feed. 
STATE CROP PEST COMMISSION OF LOUIS- 
IANA 
Baton Rouge 
Life History of Texas Cattle Fever Tick. 
T. IVY WATSON 
Calhoun 
Bright Leaf Tobacco. 


Device, Soap Nut 


Barley, Oats and Grasses in 


481 


MISSOURI COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


STATE OF MISSOURI 
Jefferson City 
Collective Exhibit of 
STATE OF MISSOURI 
Jefferson City 
Illustrating Live Stock Industry. 
STATE OF MISSOURI 
Jefferson City 
Collective Exhibit of Oats. 
STATE OF MISSOURI 
Jefferson City 
Collective Exhibit of Wheat. 


OHIO COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


A. T. GAMBER 
Wakeman 
Delane-Merino Fleece Wool. 
OHIO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 
Columbus 
Collective Exhibit of Fleece Wool. 


OKLAHOMA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


OKLAHOMA SEED CORN BREEDERS’ 
CIATION 
Okalohoma City 


Grain Corn, Ear Corn and Kaffir Corn. 
NORTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


W. H. BOYD 
Cove City 
Leaf Tobacco. 
HICKORY SEED COMPANY 
Hickory 
Cleaned Grains and Seeds. 
NORTH CAROLINA STATE BOARD OF AGRI- 
CULTURE 
Raleigh 
Collective Exhibit of Grains and Seeds. 
W. H. ROBERTS 
Raleigh 
Sheaf Grains and Forage Crops. 
R. P. WATSON & CO. 
Wilson 
Leaf Tobacco. 


SOUTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


EXCELSIOR SEED FARM 
Cheraw 
Cotton and Corn. 
E. J. WATSON 
Columbia 
Cotton—Showing Experiments in Fixing 
Types and Improving Staple by Hybridiza- 
tion. 


VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


BRUNSWICK COUNTY EXHIBIT 
Lawrenceville 
Collective 
ucts. 
Ss. M. BOWMAN 
Timberville 
White Corn in Ear. 
M. F. GAYHEART 
Greenville 
Rye in the Grain. 
c. B. & S. D. MANGUS 
Vesuvius 
Buckwheat in Grain. 
R. A. PATTERSON TOBACCO COMPANY 
Richmond 
Manufactured Tobacco. 
GEN. JOHN E. ROLLER 
Harrisonburg 
Green Carpet Wheat. 
H. J. ROSENBERGER 
New Market 
Yellow Corn in Ear. 
Cc. R. SANDERSON 
Ashby 
Brown Shipping Tobacco. 
COL. J. T. TILLY 
Greenville 
Wheat in the Grain. 
G. W. TRIMBLE 
Swoope 
Wheat in the 


A. J. WHEAT 
Curtis 
Wheat in the Grain. 


ATLANTIC COAST LINE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


ATLANTIC COAST LINE RAILWAY 
Wilmington, North Carolina 
Collective Tobacco Exhibit. 


Farm Grasses. 


ASSO- 


Exhibit of Agricultural Prod- 


ain. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


MELCHERS AND COMPANY 
Charleston, South Carolina 
Rice. 
W. W. GORDON & CO. 
Savannah, Georgia 
Sea Island Cotton. 
ALEXANDER SPRUNT & SON 
Wilmington, North Carolina 
Short Staple Cottons. 

CHESAPEAKE & OHIO COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
CHESAPEAKE & OHIO RAILWAY COMPANY 
Richmond, Virginia 

Collective Exhibit 
bacco. 
NORFOLK & SOUTHERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
NORFOLK & SOUTHERN RAILWAY (LAND and 
INDUSTRIAL DEPARTMENT) 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit in Agriculture. 
NORFOLK & SOUTHERN RAILWAY (LAND and 
INDUSTRIAL DEPARTMENT) 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit of Cotton 
By-Products. 
NORFOLK & SOUTHERN RAILWAY (LAND and 
INDUSTRIAL DEPARTMENT) 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit of Tobacco. 
NORFOLK & WESTERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
THE BENTHAL MACHINE COMPANY 
Suffolk, Virginia 
Peanut Picker. 
MAC. H. NANCE 
Davis Mills, Virginia 
Dark Leaf Wrapper Tobacco. 
PULASKI COUNTY 
Pulaski, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit Farm Products, Grasses, 
Cereals, ete. 
SOUTHERN RAILWAY COLLECTIVE 
AMERICAN HEMP COMPANY 
Lexington, Kentucky 
Hemp. 
FOREIGN COLLECTIVE EXHIBITS 
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 
H. BERETA & CO. 
Samana 
Cocoanuts. 
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 
Collective Exhibit of 
Honey. 
JOSE FOLENTINO 
Sgo. de los Caballeros 
Cigarettes, Cigars, Snuff and Tobacco. 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 
Azua 
Chick Peas. 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 
Azua 
Leaf Tobaceo. 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 


of Natural Leaf To- 


and Cotton 


EXHIBIT 


Bees’ Wax and 


Azua 
Collective Exhibit of Castor Oil Seeds, 
Beans and Tobacco. 


BOARD OF FOMENTO 
Sgo. de los Caballeros 
Leaf Tobacco. 
GERUNDA & BUSTAMANTE 
Samana 
Cigars. 
PEREZ HERMANOS 
Seibo 
Bene-Seed. 
F. LAVANDERO & CO. 
Sto. Domingo City 
Cigarettes. 
RICHARD SOLLNER 
S. de los Caballeros 
Cigarettes. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


CONRAD APPEL 
Darmstadt, Germany 
Grass Seeds. 
PERCY TRIPP BAILEY 
Newport, Rhode Island 
Anchoring Device for Metal Fence Posts. 
HENRY P. BOGGS 
Mosiertown, Pennsylvania 
Trap Gun. 
ANDREW BOWERS 
Stroud, Oklahoma 
Cement Fence Post. 


WM. HE. ELLIOTT 
De Kalb, Illinois 
Fly Shield for Horses. 
THE HARRIMAN MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Harriman, Tennessee 
Cotton Seed Dropper. 
JOSEPH KOPESAY 
South Bend, Indiana 
Lawn or Garden Sprinkler. 
J. H. PARSONS 
Florida, New York 
Folding Crate Box. 
CONNECTICUT COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
GEO. A. HARMON 
Suffield 
Leaf Tobacco. 
L. B. HASS & CO. 
Hartford 
Leaf Tobacco. 
W. C. MILLER 
Hartford 
Leaf Tobacco. 
W.S, PINNEY 
Suffield 
Leaf Tobacco. 
A. N. SHEPARD 
Portland 
Leat Tobacco. 
E. WEAVER 
West Suffield 
Leaf Tobacco. 
KENTUCKY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
KENTUCKY JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION COM- 
MISSION 
Louisville 
Collective Agricultural Exhibit. 
WOOD, STUBBS & CO. 
Louisville 
Field and Garden Seeds. 


LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
J. E. ADGER 
Aldenbridge 
Long Staple Upland Cotton. 
B. F. AVERY & SONS 
New Orleans 
Models of Sugar Agricultural Implements. 
R. E. BLOUIN 
New Orleans 
Ramie Stalks. 
J. DeMOSS 
Plain Dealing 
White Oats and Wheat in Sheaf. 
J. STECKLER SEED COMPANY, LTD. 
New Orleans 
Farm and Garden Seeds. 
CAPT. J. M. WHITE 
Cedarton 
Raw and Scoured Wool. 


MARYLAND COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
GEORGE MORRISON 
Baltimore 
Palms and Crotons. 
MISSOURI COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
STATE OF MISSOURI 
Jefferson City, 
Collective Exhibit of Alfalfa. 
STATE OF MISSOURI 
Jefferson City, 
Middling Cotton. 
NORTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
J. H. ROBBINS 
Raleigh 
Sheat Grains and Forage Crops. 
R. P. THOMAS 
Cofield 
Corn. 
OHIO COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
BOYD & KING 
Hillsboro 
Cheviot Fleece Wool. 
CLARKE BROTHERS 
Freeport 
Rambouilette Fleece Wool. 
FRED. FREY 
Georgetown 
White Burley Tobacco. 
H. P. MILLER 
Sunbury 
Dorset Fleece Wool. 
NILES BROS. 
Circleville 
Broom Corn. 


482 


Jury of Awards. 


WAYNE C. POSTLE 
Camp Chase 
Cheviot Fleece Wool. 
L. H. ROSS 
Bucyrus 
Shropshire Fleece Wool. 
SOUTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


BOMBAYREED JARDINIERE COMPANY 
Columbia 
Bombayreed Jardinieres. 
VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
ALBEMARLE COUNTY 
Charlotte 


Collective Exhibit of Agricultural Prod- 


ucts. 
M. L. AREHART 
Middlebrook 
Wheat in the Grain. 
W. B. BAINE 
De Los 
Wheat in the Grain. 
J. LACY BLACK 
Staunton 
Yellow Seed Corn and Oats in the Grain. 
M. G. BROADUS 
Smoots 
Fuleaster Wheat in the Grain. 
CHESTERFIELD COUNTY, VIRGINIA 
Chesterfield C. H. 


Collective Exhibit of Agrieultural Prod- 


ucts. 
J. W. CHURCHMAN 
Staunton 
Barley in the Grain. 
COFFMAN BROS. 
Harrisonburg 
Timothy Hay in Bales. 
J. W. VAN FOSSEN 
Staunton 
Wheat in the Grain. 
DINWIDDIE COUNTY EXHIBIT 
Dinwiddie C. H. 


General Exhibit of Agricultural Products. 


W. W. HAMILTON 
Swoope 
Wheat in the Grain. 
M. F. GILKERSON 
Staunton 
Fall Barley in the Grain. 
ISLE OF WIGHT COUNTY 
Smithfield 


General Exhibit of Agricultural Products. 


J. E. JOHNSTON & CO. 
Farmville 
Leaf Tobacco. 
MRS. SAM HOUSER 
Spottswood 
Strawberry and Red Corn, in Ear. 
J. H. HUMPHRIES 
Greenville 
Wheat in the Grain. 
R. ALLEN KAY 
New London 
Wheat in the Grain. 
ISAAC J. KEISTER 
Stuarts Draft 
Wheat in the Grain. 
MINNICK & AREHART 
Timberville 
Timothy Hay in Bales. 
R. W. MOFFETT 
Staunton 
Oats in the Grain. 
J. M. MOREHEAD 
Pulaski 
Canada Flint Wheat in the Grain. 
Ss. M. PAGE 
Red Hill 
Wheat in the Grain. 
MRS. ESTEL PATTERSON 
Middlebrook 
Orchard Grass in the Seed. 
GEO. W. PILSON 
Staunton 
Rye in the Grain. 
LE ROY ROPER SONS & CO. 
Petersburg 
Black African Export Leaf Tobacco. 
Cc. T. SMITH 
Croxton 
Smith’s Harly Wheat. 
R. A. STRICKLER 
Raphine 
Wheat in the Grain. 


483 


SUSSEX COUNTY, VIRGINIA 
Waverly 
Collective 
ucts. 
JEREMIAH WAKEMAN 
Fishers Hill 
Fuleaster Wheat in the Grain. 
T. H. WAKER 
Staunton 
Barley in the Grain. 
WALLERSTEIN PRODUCE COMPANY 
Richmond 
Wool in Bales. 
ATLANTIC COAST LINE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
ATLANTIC COAST LINE RAILROAD 
Wilmington, North Carolina 
Collective Exhibit of Cotton. 
E. H. DAUGHTRIDGE 


Rocky Mount, North Carolina 
Short Staple Cotton. 


CHESAPEAKE & OHIO COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
AMERICAN HEMP COMPANY 


Lexington, Kentucky 
Hemp. 
NORFOLK & WESTERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
W. H. ASTON 
Meadow View, Virginia 
Farm and Mill Products and Farm Photo- 
graphs. ; 
T. E. HICKS 
Davis Mills, Virginia 
Dark Leaf Wrapper Tobacco. 
NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILWAY COMPANY 
Roanoke, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit of Agricultural Prod- 
ucts and Miniature Buildings of Model 
Farm. 
ROANOKE COUNTY 
Salem, Virginia 
Farm Products. 
SOUTH ATLANTIC CIGAR COMPANY 
Petersburg, Virginia 
Cigars. 
SEABOARD AIR LINE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
SEABOARD AIR LINE RAILWAY 
Portsmouth, Virginia 
Florida Plants. 


SOUTHERN RAILWAY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Models Representing the Old and New 
Methods of Baling and Transportation of 
Cotton. 


FOREIGN COLLECTIVE EXHIBITS 


DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 


BOARD OF FOMENTO 
Azua 
Corn. 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 
La Romana, Seibo 
Rice. 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 
Seibo, La Romana 
Vija Fruit Seed. 
M. & J. GALVA DEL COCO 
San Juan, Azua 
Tobacco. 
TORIBIO L. GARCIA 
Monte Cristi 
Cotton. 
CHRISTIAN LIED 
Sto. Domingo City 
Cigars. 
SRA. VINDA MARTINEZ 
Monte Cristi 
Bees’ Wax. 
CEFERINO MORALES 
Seibo 
Tobaceo Leaf. 
JOSE PEGUERO 
Sto. Domingo 
Cigars. 
M. PINA & CO. 
San Juan, Azua 
Manufactured Tobacco. 
RICHARD SOLLNER 
Sgo. de los Caballeros 
Cigarettes. 
PORTO RICAN GOVERNMENT 
INFANZON & RODRIGUEZ 
Mayaguez, Porto Rico 
Manufactured Tobacco. 


Exhibit of Agricultural Prod- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


PORTO RICAN — AMERICAN TOBACCO COM- 
PANY 
San Juan, Porto Rico 
Leaf Manufactured Tobacco. 


DEPARTMENT OF HORTICUL- 
HIRE 


(Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, Flowers and 
Nuts.) 


STATE OF CONNECTICUT 


GOLD MEDALS 


MAXWELL BROS. 
Rockyhill 
Cranberries. 
CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 
Storrs 
Continuous Display of Fruits. 
WESTLAND FARM 
Pomfret 
Continuous Display of Apples. 
Cc. N. BAKER 
Andover 
Apples. 
CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
Milford 
Collective Exhibit of Fruits. 


SILVER MEDALS 


MBS. H. A. EATON 
Windham 
Cranberries. 
GREENFIELD COUNTRY CLUB 
Fairfield 
Apples. 
GEO. F. PLATT & SON 
Milford 
Apples. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


DWIGHT S. FANTON 
Westport 
Wealthy Apples. 
HENRY HOGAN 
Westville 
Pears. 
NORMAN S. PLATT 
Milford 
Elberta Peaches. 
Ss. D. WOODRUFF & SONS 
Orange 
Fruits. 


STATE OF GEORGIA 
GOLD MEDALS 


THE STATE OF GEORGIA 
Collective Exhibit of Fruits. 

THE STATE OF GEORGIA 
A Continuous Display of Garden Vegetables 
and Melons. 


SILVER MEDAL 


MRS. DANIEL G. HEIDT 
Guyton 
Chrysanthemums. 


STATE OF MARYLAND 


GOLD MEDALS 


MARYLAND STATE COMMISSION 
Baltimore 
Collective Horticultural Exhibit. 
MARYLAND STATE COMMISSION 
Baltimore 
Continuous Display of Cut Flowers. 
JOHN COOK 
Baltimore 
Roses and Chrysanthemums. 
FLORISTS’ EXCHANGE 
Baltimore 
Cut Flowers. 
MRS. H. B. JACOBS 
Baltimore 
Roses and Chrysanthemums. 


GEORGE MORRISON 
Baltimore 
Cut Flowers, American Beauty 
Chrysanthemums. 
ISAAC MOSS 
Govanstown 
Cut Roses, Carnations and Chrysanthemums. 
J. J. PERRY 
Baltimore 
Cut Flowers. 
R. VINCENT, JR. 
White Marsh 
Dahlias. 
J. W. KERR 
Denton 
Nuts. 
J. SPENCER LAPHAM 
Goldsboro 
Fruits and Vegetables. 
Ss. L. BYRN 
Cambridge 
Cantaloupes and Tomatoes. 
HENRY TRAIL 
Frederick County 
Chrysanthemums. 
WEBBER & SONS 
Oakland 
Display of Cauliflower. 
SANGER BROS. 
Cordova 
Continuous Display of Fruit and Vegetables. 
W. F. ALLEN 
Salisbury 
Watermelons and Cantaloupes. 
J. G. HARRISON & SONS 
Berlin 
Fruits. 
WEBBER & SONS 
Oakland 
Cut Flowers, Carnations, Chrysanthemums and 
Peonies. 
A. T. GOLDSBORO 
Wesley Heights 


Strawberries. 


SILVER MEDALS 


Roses and 


F. C. BAUER 
Govanstown 
Chrysanthemums. 
Cc. W. ROE 
Easton 
Chrysanthemums. 
Cc. L. SEYBOLD 
Baltimore 
Cut Flowers. 
W. E. SCHOCKLEY 
Goldsboro 
Peaches, Delaware 
JOHN S. BARNHART 
Denton 
Apples and Cantaloupes. 
MISS M. EVANS 
Rolphs 
Kieffer Pears. 
J. S. HARRIS 
Coleman 
Apples—Winter. 
J. AIKENHEAD 
Easton 
Strawberries. 
M. GOLDSBORO 
Easton 
Vegetables. 
FRANK A. WHITE 
Easton 
Tomatoes. 
E. P. COHILL 
Hancock 
Fruits. 
MISS E. WILLING 
Nanticoke 
Kieffer Pears. 
F. H. PETERS 
Snow Hill 
Pears. 
MARYLAND EXPERIMENT STATION 
College Park 
Collection of Fruits. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


Z. H. PHELPS 
Brooklyn 
Potatoes. 
ALEXANDER McCORMICK 
Vegetables, 


Elberta. 


484 


A. H. ROGERS 
Shockey 
York Imperial Apples. 
GUS SEILER 
Baltimore 
Tomatoes. 
J. R. DAVIS 
Woodbine 
Fruits and Vegetables. 
J. A. DAVIS 
Goldsboro 
Lueretia Dewberries. 
W. T. SEWARD 
Goldsboro 
Strawberries. 
J. L. SCOTT 
Goldsboro 
Elberta Peaches. 
J. OBER 
Goldsboro 
Tomatoes. 
W. SAPP 
Goldsboro 
Potatoes. 
MISS D. C. KELLEY 
Preston 
Fruits and Vegetables. 
W. F. ZIEGLER 
Henderson 
Elberta Peaches. 
E. E. BROWN 
Calvert 
Vegetables. 
J. HAYES McCAULEY 
Leeds 
Sweet Potatoes. 
W. W. COBEY 
Grayton 
Winesap Apples. 
J. B. ANDREWS 
Hurlock 
Watermelon. 
L. N. CORKRAN 
Rhodesdale 
Cantaloupes—Eden Gem. 
W. McCOLLOCH BROWN 
Oakland 
Apples. 
Cc. C. BROWN 
Chestertown 
Bartlett Pears. 
R. BENTLEY THOMAS 
Ednor 
Apples. 
E. P. THOMAS 
Ednor 
Fruits and Vegetables. 
F. A. SELLMAN 
Beltsville 


Cabbage, Landreth’s Late Flat Dutch. 


H. A. DRURY 
McKendree 
York Imperial Apples. 
F. E. MATTHEWS 
Pocomoke 
Fruits and Vegetables. 
DR. CHARLES LOWNDES 
Easton 
Fruits and Vegetables, Pears. 
MRS. M. B. THOMPSON 
Easton 
Japanese Plums. 
ROBERT SYMONS 
Easton 
Apples. 
J. P. BLESSING 
Brownsville 
Vegetables and Fruits. 
Cc. D. SPRECKER 
Hagerstown, R. F. D. % 
Vegetables, Potatoes. 
AARON NEWCOMER 
Smithburg 
Apples. 
A. L. TOWSON 
Smithburg 
Fruits. 
S. B. LOOSE 
Edgemont 
Peaches. 
J. A. NICODEMUS 
Edgemont 
Grapes and Plums, 
J. W. HALL 
Marion 
Strawberries. 


485 


Jury of Awards. 
STATE OF LOUISIANA 


GOLD MEDALS 


SAM H. JAMES 
Mound 
Pecans. 
JOHN MEYER 
New Orleans 
Madarin Oranges in Liquid. 
LOUISIANA STATE MUSEUM 
New Orleans 
Collective Exhibit of Fruits and Vegetables. 
EDGAR RICHARDSON & SON 
Raceland 
Creole Lemons. 
CHAS. E. PABST 
Ocean Springs, Mississippi 
Pecans and Japanese Persimmons. 


SILVER MEDALS 


WILLIS J. COUDRON 
New Iberia 
Main White Buck Peanuts. 
MRS. A. DUSTMAN 
Nairn 
Oranges in Liquid. 
A. COMMANDE 
New Orleans 
Pomeloes in Liquid. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


CLINGMAN NURSERY COMPANY 
Keithville 
Paragon Chestnuts. 
MRS. J. W. PUGH 
Remy 
Pecans. 
DR. A. GUILBEAU 
Breaux Bridge 
Lemons in Liquid. 
E. ROCKEFELLER 
Jewella 
Japan Persimmons in Liquid. 
R. 8. MOORE 
Naomi 
Washington Navel Oranges in Liquid. 
J. DeMOSS 
Plain Dealing 
Kieffer Pears. 
BLANCHARD 
New Orleans 
Merlitons in Liquid. 
R. E. BLOUIN 
New Orleans 
Guavas in Liquid. 
A. H. ATHEN 
Southport 
Winter Cucumbers in Liquid. 
F. A. QUINETTE 
New Orleans 
Kumquats in Liquid. 


STATE OF MICHIGAN 
GOLD MEDALS 


T. A. SMITH 
Frankfort 
Apples. 
J. W. VAN DEMAN 
Benzonia 
Fruits. 
MRS. H. C. WARD 
Pontiac 
Fruits. 


SILVER MEDALS 


F. M. BENHAM 
Grand Rapids 
Fruits. 
WM. K. MUNSON 
Grand Rapids 


Grapes. 
STATE OF MISSOURI 
GOLD MEDALS 


STATE OF MISSOURI 
Jefferson City 
Collective Exhibit of Horticulture. 
N. F. MURRAY 
Oregon 
Continuous Display of Fruits. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ARTHUR T. NELSON 
Lebanon 
Continuous Display of Fruits. 


STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA 
GOLD MEDALS 


J. E. PHILLIPS 
Cameron 
Lueretia Dewberries. 
JOHN HUTTENHAUER 
Southern Pines 
Peaches. 
J. M. SLOAN 
Belmont 
Watermelon Weighing One Hundred Pounds. 
SOUTHERN VINEYARD COMPANY 
Sandy Cross 
Scuppernong Grapes. 
SPARGER ORCHARD COMPANY 
Mt. Airy 
Apples. 
W. A. SIMPKINS 
Raleigh 
Continuous Exhibit of Vegetables. 
T. C. MORRIS 
Raleigh 
Watermelons. 


SILVER MEDALS 


NIAGARA FRUIT & VINEYARD COMPANY 
Southern Pines 
Peaches. 
J. VAN LINDLEY ORCHARD COMPANY 
Southern Pines 
Peaches and Pears. 
H. T. CAMPBELL & SON 
Taylorville 
Apples. 
WALTER CLARK 
Raleigh 
Elberta Peaches. 
D. J. CAMPBELL 
Aberdeen 
Watermelons. 
W. H. ROBBINS 
Raleigh 
Watermelons. 
WHITING BROS. 
Raleigh 
Grapes and Figs. 
NORTH CAROLINA STATE MUSEUM 
Raleigh 
Fruits and Vegetables in Glass. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


D. C. WHITTED 
Chadbourn 
Pecans. 
OWEN FRAYER 
Turkey 
Pecans. 
W. T. ROWLAND 
Taylorville 
Apples. 
HAYWOOD COUNTY 
Waynesville 
Collection of Apples. 
CAROLINA TRUCKING & DEVELOPMENT COM- 
PANY 
Wilmington 
Vegetables. 
THEODORE S. MEEKINS 
Manteo 
Wild Cranberries. 
W. R. CRAWFORD 
Raleigh 
Abundance Plums. 
J. H. ROBBINS 
Raleigh 
Watermelons. 
N. B. DAWSON 
Coneto 
Display of Potatoes. 
JESSE BRAKE 
Medora 
Potatoes. 


STATE OF OHIO 
GOLD MEDALS 
OHIO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 


Columbus 
Collective Exhibit of Horticulture. 


OHIO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 
Columbus 
Collective Exhibit of Potatoes. 
OHIO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 
Columbus 
Collective Exhibit of Vegetables. 
J. C. HOFFMAN 
Lancaster 
Apples. 
LIVINGSTON SEED COMPANY 
Columbus 
Tomatoes. 
U. T. COX 
Rockwood 
Apples. 
J. F. KELLER 
Newark 
Potatoes. 
A. H. POWELL 
Newark 
Vegetables. 
W. W. FARNSWORTH 
Apples. 
WILLIAM MILLER 
Gypsum 
Fruits. 
M. I. SHIVELE 
Chillicothe 
Apples. 


SILVER MEDALS 


M. M. MIESSE 
Lancaster 
Vegetables. 
E. S. TUSSING 
Canal Winchester 
Vegetables and Fruits. 
L. RONDEBUSH 
New Richmond 
Rome Beauty Apples. 
COUNTRY CHILDREN’S HOME 
Newark 
Celery. 
Ss. R. GILL 
Port Clinton 
Fruits. 
EARL B. TUSSING 
Canal Winchester 
Nuts and Vegetables. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


GEORGE LOUCKS 
Canal Winchester 
Apples. 
JACOB FIKE 
Leipsic 
Fruits and Vegetables. 
H. H. OVERMYER 
Lindsey 
Apples. 
Ss. A. BROOKHART 
Wapakoneta 
Northern Spy Apples. 


STATE OF OKLAHOMA 


GOLD MEDAL 


THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA 
Oklahoma City 
Collection of Fruits. 


SILVER MEDAL 


FRANK HOUSEHOLDER 
Guthrie 
Apples. 


STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
GOLD MEDAL 


J. W. COOPER 
Mayesville 
Kieffer Pears. 


SILVER MEDAL 


JOHN S. HORLICK 
Charleston 
Pecans. 


STATE OF VIRGINIA 


GOLD MEDALS 


VIRGINIA STATE COMMISSION 
Collective Exhibit of Fruits. 


486 


Jury of Awards. 


VIRGINIA STATE COMMISSION DINWIDDIE BROS. 
Display of Fruits and Vegetables in Liquid. Greenwood 
EASTERN SHORE PRODUCE EXCHANGE Apples. 
Onley Ss. B. SURBER 
Potatoes. Clifton Forge 
SOUTHERN PRODUCE EXCHANGE Vegetables. 
Deans Cc. F. WIRSHCING 
Garden Vegetables. Newport News 
EDWARD T. BONHAM Egg Plant. 
Richmond MISS IRENE J. CARROLL 
Apples Preserved in Liquid. Fontella 
ALBEMARLE COUNTY Apples. 
yeneral Exhibit of Fruits. BLAND MASSIE 
CROZET FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION Massie’s Mills 
Crozet Winesap Apples. 
Fruits. T. H. COLEMAN 
CONSOLIDATED ORCHARD COMPANY Covington 
Crozet Grapes. 
Fruits. W. B. GRISSOM 
SAMUEL B. WOODS Blacksburg 
Arrow Head Strawberries. 
Apples and Chestnuts. M. W. DENNIS 
M. L. McCUE & SON Dest: 
Greenwood Strawberries. 
Apples. R. R. LAMBERT 
S. S. GUERRANT ee. it 
Callaway vantaloupes. 
Apples. WALLACE HAWKINS 
JAMES DICKIE Wore 
Roseland TEC OEY 
Apples K. Q. BACHUS 
eae Norfolk 


NORFOLK COUNTY 
General Exhibit of Garden Vegetables. 


J. LYMAN BABCOCK 


Cantaloupes. 
W. G. NIVENS 


Berkeley 
Norfolk ; Strawberries. 
Strawberries and Orchard Fruits. J. R. MOORE 
GEORGE W. VIA "Norfolk 
Lee beiey Cantaloupes. 
Apples. YOUNG OLD & BRO. 
STUART ORCHARD COMPANY Deep Creek 
Stuart Vegetabies. 
Apples. WILLIAMS BROS. 
CHEW & TYNE Deep Creek 
Waynesboro Watermelons. 
Apples. J. H. ROBERTSON 
ALPHIN BROS. Deep Creek 
Buchanan Spinach. 
Winesap Apples. W. A. GENTRY 
LUTHER A. ZIRKLE Crozet 
Waynesboro Apples. 
Pilot Apples. CHAS. PLUMB 
Waynesboro 
SILVER MEDALS Lowry’s Seedling Apples. 
WALTER WHATELY Mi storm ces te 
Crozet 
Apples and Potatoes. Tetuce, 
J. W. HUDSON gece tayo 
Covesville hee demind 
Apples. Vegetables. 
W. S. RODES A. oie 
span ice Vegetables. 
W. C. L. WILLIAMSON a rena one 
eed th Potatoes. 
J. B. FERRATT, JR. cE tame 
Norfolk . Sweet Potatoes. 
\ egetables. WwW T PEAKE 
J. R. CROMWELL Churchland 
Norfolk 


Potatoes. 


J. M. JOHNSON 


Cantaloupes. 


REGINALD WRIGHT Deep Creek 
Portsmouth Potatoes. 
Vegetables and Fruits. T. i. DASHIELL 
J. G. EBERWINE Smithfield 
Deans ee Cabbage. 
Fruits and Vegetables. W. R. OLD, JR. 
W. W. SPROUL Deans 
Middlebrook Vegetables. 
Potatoes. FRANK WRIGHT 
W. B. DODGE Deans 
Stuarts Draft Vegetables. 
Cranberries. AMOS LASSETER 
MANN & BROWN Deans 
Richmond Cantaloupes. 
Chrysanthemums. Cc. E. SYDNOR 
MRS. C. H. BRIMMER Richmond 
Danville Apples. 
‘* Brimmer ’’ Tomatoes. MRS. L. T. McCORMICK 
BRONZE MEDALS Neer 
R. L. WAYLAND ROSE CLIFF FRUIT FARM 
Crozet Waynesboro 
Apples. Apples. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. : 


W. R. CROCKETT CALIFORNIA FRUIT GROWERS’ EXCHANGE 
Draper Los Angeles 
Apples. Washington Navel Oranges. 
= a OO ee ; CALIFORNIA FRUIT GROWERS’ EXCHANGE 
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA Los Angeles 
Eureka Lemons. 
GOLD MEDALS CALIFORNIA FRUIT GROWERS’ EXCHANGE 
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA Los Angeles 
Continuous Display of Fruits. Eureka Pomeloes. 
ALEXANDER CLOHAN A. MARTIN 
Martinsburg Little Rock 
Continuous Display of Apples. Bartlett Pears. 
S. W. MOORE RIVERS BROS. 
Elwell Los Angeles 
Continuous Display of Apples. Grapes. 
D. A. ARNOLD LOS ANGELES COUNTY 
Keyser Los Angeles 
Apples. Continuous Display of Fruits and Vegetables. 
Cc. S. SCOTT W. S. DIETRICK, 
Sinks Groves San Diego, Julian 
Continuous Display of Apples. Apples, Twenty-One Varieties. 
NATHANIEL BACON Prem Lire SHAW 
Talcott Julian 
Fruits. Apples. 
B. F. MILLER 
SILVER MEDALS Julian 
J. R. CATROW eve 
, Martinsburg H. ae el 
Apples. ane 
J. H. SMITH Apples. 
, Martinsburg CHESTER GUNN 
Apples. Julian 1 
GUSEMAN EDD 
a. Role W. BREWER 
firethorive R. F. D. No. 2, Fullerton 
ae te ‘¢ Showme ’’ Peanuts. 
B. F. MANN 
Fa elspa SILVER MEDALS 
W. C. MAHAN A. A. GAST 
Arroyo Fruitland 
Willow Apples. Fruits. 
E. B. JONES GEORGE C. ROEDING 
Point Pleasant Fresno 
Apples. Plums. 
H. W. MILLER 
Paw Paw BRONZE MEDAL 
Apples. J. B. WAGNER 
BRONZE MEDALS pase deue 


Wagner’s Winter Rhubarb. 
G. W. DANIELS 


Gorarasian ATLANTIC COAST LINE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
Apples. 
J. N. THATCHER GOLD MEDALS 
Martinsburg ATLANTIC COAST LINE RAILWAY 
Early Harvest Apples. Jacksonville, Florida 
J. P. HYDER Tropical and Semi-Tropical Fruits and Nuts, 
Proctor : GRIFFING BROS. COMPANY 
Rome Beauty Apples. Jacksonville, Florida 
E. L. CROSS Pecans (Sixteen Named Varieties). 
Ripley E. V. BLACKMAN 
Rome Beauty Apples. Miami, Florida 
J. B. NEWELL Avocadoes, 
Newell S. H. POLLOCK 
Willow Apples. Miami, Florida 
E. D. HIGH Avocadoes, 
Des ere E. J. BLOUNT 
Apples. Alva, Florida 
D. S. HUFFMAN Pomeloes. 
esl D. D. SWARTLEY 
Apples. Green Cove Springs, Florida 
T. J. TAYLOR Japanese Persimmons. 
ees E. J. EGBERT 
Apples. Narcoosee, Florida 
L. E. VILLERS Pineapples. 
Tyler CHASE & CO. 
Russet Apples. Sanford, Florida 
LOS ANGELES AND SAN DIEGO ‘COUNTIES Cig 12 Boke SOE 
(CALIFORNIA) COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT PUNTA GORDA PINERY 
Punta Gorda, Florida 
GOLD MEDALS Continuous Display of Pineapples. 


ATLANTIC COAST LINE RAILWAY 
Fruits and Vegetables Preserved in Liquid. 
G. M. BACON COMPANY 
DeWitt, Georgia 


LOS ANGELES CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 
Los Angeles 
Collection of Peanuts. 


LOS ANGELES CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 


Los Angeles ASE 
Fruits Preserved in Liquid. 
LOS NIETOS RANCHITO WALNUT GROWERS’ SERENAMISS UA DERIVE 
ASSOCIATION MRS. C. W. JACOCKS 
Rivera Formosa, Florida 
English Walnuts. Pecans. 
J. H. F. FARCHOW F. Ww. INMAN 
San Gabriel Winter Haven, Florida 
Valencia Oranges. Valencia Oranges. 


488 


Jury of Awards. 


E. H. YOUNGS 
Lakeland, Florida 


Guavas. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


R. B. LEAK 
Fort Myers, Florida 
Guavas. 
T. A. COLLINS 
Miami, Florida 
Mangoes. 


NORFOLK & SOUTHERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


GOLD MEDALS 


McC. J. SMITH 
Seven Springs, North Carolina 
Improved Scuppernong Grapes. 
NORFOLK & SOUTHERN RAILWAY 
Norfolk, Virginia 
General Exhibit of Fruits in Liquid. 


SILVER MEDALS 


P. D. LEWIS 
Newberry, North Carolina 
Watermelons. 
NORFOLK & SOUTHERN RAILWAY 
Norfolk County, Virginia 
General Exhibit of Pecans and Walnuts. 
T. E. HUDSON 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Vegetables. 


NORFOLK & WESTERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


BRONZE MEDAL 


MRS. WALKER 
Bedford City, Virginia 
Chestnuts Preserved in Liquid. 


SEABOARD ATR LINE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


GOLD MEDALS 


W. R. STOKELY 
St. Augustine, Florida 
A Cylindrical Fruit Box with Compartments 
and Trays. 
SEABOARD AIR LINE RAILWAY 
Portsmouth, Virginia 
Collection of Citrus Fruit from Florida. 
SOUTHERN RAILWAY 


COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


GOLD MEDALS 


ALBEMARLE ORCHARD COMPANY 
Charlottesville, Virginia 
Apples. 
SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY (INDUSTRIAL 
DEPARTMENT) 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Fruits in Liquid. 


SILVER MEDALS 


FAY KENYON 
Albion, Illinois 
Apples. 
Cc. R. WINTERSINGER 
Albion, Illinois 
Apples. 
SOUTHERN STOCK & FARMING COMPANY 
Brevard, North Carolina 
Vegetables. 
COVE LAWN ORCHARD COMPANY 
Covesville, Virginia 
Apples. 
RANGELEY ORCHARD COMPANY 
Stuart, Virginia 
Apples. 


INDIVIDUAL EXHIBITORS 


GOLD MEDALS 


JAMES CARTER & CO. 
237 High Holborn, London, England 


Carter’s Feathered Cocksecomb (Celosia Plumo- 


sia) and Other Annual Flowers. 


PETER HENDERSON 
New York City 
Annual Flowers. 


489 


SILVER MEDALS 


NORMAN G. KITTRELL 
Brownsville, Texas 
Grapes and Bananas. 
PARKE R. LONGWORTH 
Brownsville, Texas 
Grapes and Bananas. 
H. G. STILLWELL 
Brownsville, Texas 
Grapes and Bananas. 


DEPARTMENT OF FOODS 
AND ACCESSORIES 


GOLD MEDALS 


WALTER BAKER & CO. 
Dorchester, Massachusetts 
Chocolate Preparations, Breakfast Cocoa and 
Cocoa Butter. 
BALLARD & BALLARD 
Louisville, Kentucky 
““ Obelisk ’’? Flour. 
MRS. NATHALIE BUCHANAN 
Louisville, Kentucky 
Brandied Fruits, Fruit Cake and Mince Meat 
Pickles, Condiments and Relishes. 
L. A. BECKER COMPANY 
Chicago, Illinois 
“¢ 20th Century Sanitary Soda Fountain, 
*€ Dripless ’’ Syrup Service, and ‘‘ Duplex ’’ 
Cooler System. 
THE CONSUMERS’ BREWING COMPANY 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Bottled Beer—‘‘ Bronco Export.’’ 
THE CROWN CORK AND SEAL COMPANY 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Bottlhng Machinery. 
CLIMAX ICE MACHINE SUPPLY & PUMP COM- 
PANY 
New York City 
Refrigerating Machinery. 
CREAMERY PACKAGE MFG. COMPANY 
Chicago, Illinois 
Pasteurizer. 
DWINELL-WRIGHT COMPANY 
Boston, Massachusetts 
White House Coffee, Tea and Royal Spices. 
THE FRANKLIN SUGAR REFINING COMPANY 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Raw and Refined Sugars. 
GARRETT & CO. 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Wines. 
GREEN KIVER DISTILLING COMPANY 
Owensboro, Kentucky 
“¢ Green River ’’ Whiskey. 
H. J. HEINZ COMPANY 
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 
57 Varieties of Food Products. 
CHR. HEURICH BREWING COMPANY 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Lager, Maerzen and Senate Beers in Bottles. 
B. H. HOWELL SON & CO. 
New York City 
Sugar. 
IOWA DAIRY SEPARATOR COMPANY 
Waterloo, Iowa 
Cream Separators. 
THE QUAKER OATS COMPANY 
Chicago, Illinois 
Cereal Products, Rice Candy and Machinery 
for Puffing and Baking Cereals. 
THE LARGE DISTILLING COMPANY 
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 
Rye Whiskey. 
SIR THOMAS J. LIPTON 
New York City 
Teas and Coffees. 
WALTER LOWNEY COMPANY 
Boston, Massachusetts 
Candies. 
McCORMICK & CO. 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Bee and Banquet Brand Teas and Spices and 
Bee and Banquet Brand Flavoring Extracts 
and Root Beer. 
NATIONAL STARCH COMPANY 
New York City 
Starch. 


, 


ae) 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


THE NATURAL FOOD COMPANY 
Niagara Falls, New York 
Shredded Wheat Biscuit and Triscuit. 
OLD DOMINION BREWING AND ICE COMPANY 
OF VIRGINIA, INC. 
Newport News, Virginia 
Bottled Beer. 
SCHWARZCHILD & SULZBERGER COMPANY 
Chicago, Illinois 
Packing House Products. 
THE SOUTHERN COTTON OIL COMPANY 
New York City 
Wesson Cooking and 
Drift Lard. 
T. S. SOUTHGATE & CO., INC. 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Collective Display of Food Products. 
VERMONT MAPLE SUGAR MAKERS’ ASSOCIA- 
TION 
Randolph, Vermont 
Maple Syrup, Maple Sugar and Maple Sugar 
Makers’ Apparatus. 


Salad Oils and Snow 


LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


THE AMERICAN SUGAR REFINING COMPANY 
New Orleans, Louisiana 
Refined Cane Sugars. 
E. McILHENNY’S SON 
New Iberia, Louisiana 
Tobasco Sauce and Extracts. 
LOUISIANA DISTILLERY COMPANY, LTD. 
New Orleans, Louisiana 
Deodorized Alcohols, Gins and Spirits Dis- 
tilled from Molasses. 
NEW ORLEANS SUGAR EXCHANGE 
New Orleans, Louisiana 
Type Samples of Commercial 
Plantation Sugars and Molasses. 
STANDARD BREWING COMPANY 
New Orleans, Louisiana 
Light and Dark Pilsener Beer. 


Grades of 


LOS ANGELES AND SAN DIEGO COUNTIES 
(CALIFORNIA) COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
BISHOP AND COMPANY 

Los Angeles, California 
Preserves, Jellies, Jams, Fruit Ades and 
Marmalades, Crystallized Fruits and 
‘* Glace Prunes.’’ 
ROEDING FIG PACKING COMPANY 
Fresno, California 
Prepared and Canned Figs. 
SIERRA MADRE VINTAGE COMPANY 
Lamanda, California 
Port, Sherry, Angelica, Muscatel Wines. 
WETMORE BOWEN & CO. 
San Francisco, California 
“¢ Cresta Blanca ’? Wines. 


MARYLAND COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


MARYLAND STATE COMMISSION 
Baltimore, Maryland 


Collective Exhibit of Canned and Pre- 
served Fruits and Vegetables. 
SOUTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
CHARLES U. SHEPARD 
Summerville, South Carolina 
American Grown Tea. 
STATE FAIR ASSOCIATION 
Columbia, South Carolina 
Collective Exhibit of Fruits and Vege- 


tables in Jars. 


VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


MONTICELLO WINE COMPANY 
Charlottesville, Virginia 
Virginia Wines in Commercial Bottles. 
BOSMAN & LOHMAN 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Peanut Products. 


ATLANTIC COAST LINE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
W. B. RODDENBER 
Cairo, Georgia 
Georgia Cane Syrup. 
NORFOLK & WESTERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILWAY COMPANY 
Roanoke, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit of Mineral Waters. 
VIRGINIA BREWING COMPANY 


Roanoke, Virginia 
Pilsener Style Export Beer. 


FOREIGN COLLECTIVE EXHIBITS 


DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 


J. R. AGUIAR 
Pto. Plata 
Manufactured Chocolate. 
FELIX ALVA 
Hato Viero 
Cacao. 
MUNICIPALITY OF BONAO 
La Vega 
Cacao. 
MANUEL CACERES 
Moca 
Cacao. 
H. A. CAMPEN & CIA 
La Romana 
Cacao. 
AUGUSTO ESPALLAT & SR. 
S. de los Caballeros 
Coffee. 
FINCA ‘‘ LAS DELICIAS ”’ 
Seibo and Higuei 
Cacao. 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 
La Vega 
Cacao. 
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 
Collective Exhibit of Yueea Starch, Sugar, 
Sago, and Preserved Fruits. 
I. GASPOGHE 
Higuei 
Cacao. 
DANIEL HERRERA 
Hiubi 
Cacao. 
MANUEL HERRERA 
Seibo 
Cacao. 
MANUEL DE HERRERA 
Magdalena, Higuei 
Cacao. 
A. E. S. 
Dominican Republic 
Caeao. 
E. H. LOINAZ 
Pto. Plata 
Cacao. 
AWA, 136, ake 
Moca 
Cacao. 
ELISEO PEREX 
San Luis, Moca 
Cacao. 
MUNICIPALITY OF SAN JUAN 
Azua 
Brown Sugar. 
SANTANA & HERNANDEZ 


Altagracia 
Coffee. 
HAITIAN GOVERNMENT 


REPUBLIC OF HAITI 
Port-au-Prince 
Collective Exhibit of Sugar and Coffee. 
PORTO RICAN GOVERNMENT 
FEDERICO GATELL 
Mayaguez, Porto Rico 
Old Rum. 
OLIVAS & CO. 
San Juan, Porto Rico 
Sweet Liquors. 


SILVER MEDALS 


ALEXANDER & McDONALD 
Leith, Scotland 
Scotch Whiskeys. 
ARONDACK SPRING COMPANY 
Saratoga Springs, New York 
Saratoga Arondack Water. 
BATTLE CREEK BREAKFAST FOOD COMPANY, 
LTD. 
“¢ Egg-O-See ’? and ‘‘ B-C-Corn 
SANITAS FOOD COMPANY, LTD. 
Battle Creek, Michigan 
Health Foods. 
BORDEN’S CONDENSED MILK COMPANY 
New York City 
Evaporated, Condensed and Malted Milk. 
D. H. BURRELL & CO. 
Little Falls, New York 
Hand Cream Separators. 
CALIFORNIA FRUIT CANNERS’ 
San Francisco, California 
Canned Fruits, Preserves, Dried Fruits. 


Flakes.?? 


ASSOCIATION 


490 


Jury of Awards. 


F. A. CAUCHOIS & CO. 
New York City 
Private Estate Coffee. 
Ss. B. FRIDAY 
Brandon, Wisconsin 
Butter Printing and Cutting Machine. 
THE JAMES G. GILL COMPANY 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Teas and Coffees. 
MARTIN GILLET & CO. 
Baltimore, Maryland 
“¢ He-No ”? Tea. 
CHR. HANSEN’S LABORATORY 
Little Falls, New York 
Junket Tablets. 
THE JAMES HEEKIN COMPANY 
Cincinnati, Ohio 
“* Kinhee ’’ Blended Coffee. 
HORLICK’S MALTED MILK COMPANY 
Racine, Wisconsin 
Horlick’s Malted Milk Products. 
INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF 
AMERICA 
Chicago, Illinois 
“* Cream Harvester. ’’ 
J. & E. MAHONEY 
Portsmouth, Virginia 
Whiskeys and Gins. 
MECKLENBURG MINERAL SPRINGS COMPANY 
Chase City, Virginia 
Mecklenburg Chloride Calcium 
Sparkling (Carbonated) Water. 
D. P. McDONALD & SONS 
Fort-William, Scotland 
Whiskey. 
PENICK & FORD, LTD. 
Shreveport, Louisiana 
Canned Molasses and Syrups. 
THE C. F. SAUER COMPANY 
Richmond, Virginia 
Flavoring Extracts. 
B. F. SHRIVER & CO. 
Union Mills, Maryland 
Canned Corn and Other Vegetables. 
ST. CHARLES CONDENSING COMPANY 
St. Charles, Illinois 
Evaporated Milk. 
R. H. THOMPSON & CO. 
Leith, Scotland 
“Grand Highland 
keys. 
TOASTED CORN FLAKE COMPANY 
Battle Creek, Michigan 
Toasted Corn Flakes. 
THE WELCH GRAPE JUICE COMPANY 
Westfield, New York 
Welch’s Grape Juice. 
W. WISSOTZKY & CO. 
New York City 
Russian Teas. 
CONNECTICUT COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
CONNECTICUT DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION 
Hartford 
Cheese and Butter. 
LOS ANGELES AND SAN DIEGO COUNTIES 
(CALIFORNIA) COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
MRS. LOUISE CARY SMITH 
Pomona 
Unfermented Grape Juice. 
AMERICAN OLIVE COMPANY 
Los Angeles 
Olive Oil, Pickled Olives. 
GERMAIN WINE COMPANY 
Los Angeles 
Wines. 
Cc. M. GIFFORD 
San Diego 
Pickled Ripe Olives and Olive Oil. 
H. JEVNE COMPANY 
Los Angeles 
Wines. 
H. P. KINGSBURY 
Redlands 
Preserves, Jams and Marmalades. 
LAGOMARSINO WINE COMPANY 
Los Angeles 
Wines. 
LOS ANGELES OLIVE GROWERS’ 
TION 
Los Angeles 
Ripe Olives and Olive Oil. 
NORTH ONTARIO PACKING COMPANY 
Los Angeles 
Assorted Dried Fruits. 


Lithia and 


Liqueur’? Scotch Whis- 


ASSOCIA- 


491 


PACIFIC COAST SYRUP COMPANY 
Los Angeles 


Preserves, Jams and Honey. 
ROEDING OLIVE COMPANY 
Fresno 


Pickled Ripe Olives and Olive Oil. 
LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
E. J. GAY PLANTING AND MANUFACTURING 
COMPANY 
Plaquemine 
Plantation Sugar and Molasses. 
G. G. GRECO 
New Orleans 
Macaroni. 
LOPEZ AND DUKATE 
Rigolets 
Canned Oysters. 
ALEXANDER MOUTON 
Lafayette 
Sugar Cane Syrup. 
NEW IBERIA EXTRACT OF TOBACCO PEPPER 
COMPANY, LTD. 
New Iberia 
Extract of Tobacco Pepper. 
SEABOARD REFINING COMPANY 
New Orleans 
Refined Cotton Seed Oils. 
SMITH BROTHERS COMPANY, LTD. 
New Orleans 
Cobana Coffee (Creole Roast) and Uwanta 
3rand Canned Goods. 
WIBRAY THOMPSON 
Calumet 
Large Grain Confectioners Sugar. 
MICHIGAN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
STATE OF MICHIGAN 
Collective Exhibit of Cereal 
VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
AUGUSTA MILLING & MERCANTILE COM- 
PANY 
Mosey Creek 
Flour and Meal. 
J. BUMGARDNER DISTILLING COMPANY 
Greenville 
Whiskey. 
ANDREW BOWLING 
Staunton 
Flour and Meal. 


McALLISTER & BELL 
Covington 
Flour and Meal. 


ATLANTIC COAST LINE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
AMERICAN TEA GROWING COMPANY 
Tea, South Carolina 
American Grown Tea. 
NORFOLK & WESTERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
SALEM FOUNDRY & MACHINERY COMPANY 
Salem, Virginia 
Flouring Mill Roller Process. 
NORFOLK & SOUTHERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
NORFOLK & SOUTHERN RAILWAY 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit of Native 
from the Scuppernong Grape. 


Foods. 


Wines Made 


FOREIGN COLLECTIVE EXHIBITS 
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 
AGUSTIN FRANCO BIDO 
Sgo. de los Caballeros 
Chocolate. 
MANUEL CACERES 
Moca 
Cacao. 
INGENIO CENTRAL 
Azuano, Azua 
Sugar. 
AUGUSTO ESPALLAT & SR. 
Sgo. de los Caballeros 
Cacao. 
NOLASCO FERMIN 
Lagunas 
Cacao. 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 
Pacificador 
Cacao. 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 
La Romana 
Cacao. 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 
S. Jose de Ocoa 


Cacao. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


JUAN A. GARCIA 
Aguacate, Moca 
Cacao. 
IGNACIO HEREDIA & CIA 
S. J. Azua 
Washed and Unwashed Coffee. 
SGO. HERNANDEZ 
Altagracia 
Coffee. 
JACAS & CIA 
Sto. Domingo 
Old Rum, and Pine Apple Wine. 
HACIENDA MANACLAR 
San Jose, Azua 
Cacao and Coffee. 
EDUARDO SANCHEZ 
San Victor 
Cacao. 
PORTOSRICO 
INSULAR COFFEE COMPANY 
San Juan 
Coffee. 
JOSE ROMAGUERA 
Ponce, Porto Rico 
Old Rum and Commercial Alcohol. 
NARCISCO VILARO 
Ponce, Porto Rico 
Old Rum and Anis. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


ALBERT BITZA 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Vienna Dried Green Beans. 
BUCKHORN LITHIA WATER COMPANY 
Henderson, North Carolina 
Buckhorn Lithia Water. 
CHRISTIAN’S NATURAL FOOD COMPANY 
New York City 
Protoid Nuts and Uncooked Cereals. 
GEO. COHN & CO. 
Louisville, Kentucky 
Three Crown Whiskey. 
THE THOS. P. CONVERSE COMPANY 
San Diego, California 
California Club Water. 
J. M. ECHOLS COMPANY 
Lynchburg, Virginia 
Piedmont Bedford 
Alum Water. 
ALEXANDER FERGUSON & CO. 
Glasgow, Scotland 
Whiskeys. 
THE GENESEE PURE FOOD COMPANY 
Le Roy, New York 
Jello, Jell-O Tee Cream Powder and Grain-O 
Cereal Coffee. 
THE SOUTHERN MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Richmond, Virginia 
SC oodslueke ae 
D. STUTZMAN 
Ligonier, Indiana 
Fruit Evaporator and Evaporated Fruit and 
Vegetables. ; 
THE WAGNER WATER STILL COMPANY 
Chicago, Illinois 
Water Still. 


LOS ANGELES AND SAN DIEGO COUNTIES 
(CALIFORNIA) COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
CALIFORNIA FISH COMPANY 

Los Angeles 
Canned Fish and Sardines. 
CALIFORNIA CITRUS PRODUCTS COMPANY 
National City 
Citrie Acids, Lemon Oils and Fruit Juices. 
F. W. BRAUN & CO. 
Los Angeles 
Olive Oil. 
ACKERMAN & TUFFLEY 
North San Diego 
Pickled Ripe, Olives and Olive Oils. 
LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
L. C. ARNY 
New Orleans 
Carbonated Beverages. 
G. W. DUNBARS SONS 
New Orleans 
Canned Figs and Oysters. 
L. E. JUNG 
New Orleans 
Peychaud Bitters and Cocktails and French 
Cordials. 
OZONE SPRING WATER COMPANY 
New Orleans 


Concentrated Iron and 


Baking Powder. 


Carbonated Spring Water and Beverages. 


SEAGULL SPECIALTY COMPANY 
New Orleans 
Prepared Rice Flour. 


MARYLAND COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


GIBBS PRESERVING COMPANY 
Baltimore 
Canned and Preserved Fruits and Vege- 
tables. 
MRS. K. N. HARDCASTLE 
Denton 
Preserved Cantaloupe and Pears. 
MARTIN WAGNER & CO. 
Baltimore 
Preserved Fruits, Vegetables and Oysters. 
MICHIGAN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
MICHIGAN STATE COMMISSION 
Collective Exhibit of Tea-Rusk. 
SYMONS BROS. 
Saginaw 
Spices. 
NORTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


BARIUM SPRINGS COMPANY 
Barium Springs 
Mineral Water. 
HIGH POINT MILLING COMPANY 
High Point 
Flour and Meal. 
JACKSON SPRINGS COMPANY 
Jackson Springs 
Mineral Water. 
VADE MECUM SPRING COMPANY 
Vade Mecum 
Mineral Water. 
OHIO COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
D. GWYN COYNER 
Lyndon 
Maple Syrup. 
ELLA NEIFER 
Weston 
Jellies. 


OKLAHOMA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 
Guthrie 
SOUTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE 
J. H. BARNETT 
Westminster 
Canned Fruits and Vegetables. 
CHICK SPRINGS COMPANY 
Chick Springs 
Plain and Carbonated Mineral 
GLENN SPRINGS COMPANY 
Glenn Springs 
Plain and Carbonated Mineral 
HARRIS LITHIA COMPANY 
Waterloo 
Plain and Carbonated Mineral 
VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
ASTON MILLING COMPANY 
Meadow View 
Flour and Meal. 
BURKES GARDEN COUNTRY CLUB 
Burkes Garden 
Purity Flour. 
J. W. CHURCHMAN 
Brookewood 
White Flint Water 
Cc. F. DAY 
Smithfield 
Hams. 


Ss. Y. GILLIAM 
Church Road 
Hams and Shoulders. 


MRS. W. E. GREENE 
Richmond, 7 North Cherry Street 
Preserves, Marmalades, Jellies, 
Cantaloupe and Brandied Fruit. 
V. W. JOYNER 
Smithfield 
Hams. 
MATTAPONI PICKLING COMPANY 
Walkerton 
Brine Pickle. 
RICHARDSON PICKLING COMPANY 
Fredericksburg 
Pickles. 
STUARTS DRAFT MILLING COMPANY 
Stuarts Draft 
Flour and Meal. 


MISS REBEKAH S. SHRECKHISE 
Spottswood 
Preserves, Jellies and Canned 


EXHIBIT 


Water. 


Water. 


Water. 


Ground Meal. 


Pickles, 


Fruits. 


492 


H. B. STALLEY COMPANY 
Marion 


Flour, Meal and Breakfast Food. 


SUFFOLK PACKING COMPANY 
Suffolk 
Peanut Fed Hams. 
J. O. THOMAS 
Smithfield 
Hams. 
WALLACE AND MONCURE 
Falmouth 


Midget Gherkin Pickles in Brine. 
WALLERSTEIN PRODUCE COMPANY 


Richmond 
Evaporated Iruits. 
WHITE STAR MILLS 
Staunton 
*¢ Melrose ’’ 
Flour. 


High Grade, 


Roller 


Jury of Awards. 


ELISEO PEREZ 
San Victor 


Coffee. 


RAFAEL POU 
Samana 


Chocolate. 


B. SANGIOVANI 


Samana 
Caeao. 
LORENZO THOMAS 
Samana 
Preserved Bananas. 


VALDEZ & BATELLO 
Sto. Domingo City 


HAITIAN 
CHARLES BALBHARZAR 


Process 


Coffee. 
GOVERNMENT 


Port-au-Prince 


ATLANTIC COAST LINE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


ATLANTIC COAST LINE RAILROAD 
Wilmington, North Carolina 


Collective Exhibit of Guava Jelly. 


W. L. VAN DUZOR 
Kissimer, Florida 
Cane Syrup. 


CHESAPEAKE & OHIO COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
VIRGINIA HOT SPRINGS COMPANY 


Hot Springs, Virginia 
Mineral Water. 


NORFOLK & WESTERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


NYE LITHIA SPRINGS COMPANY 
Wytheville, Virginia 
Lithia Water. 
M. C. THOMAS 
Crockett Springs, Virginia 
Arsenic Lithia Water. 


VIRGINIA ETNA SPRINGS COMPANY 


Vinton, Virginia 
Lithia Water. 


FOREIGN COLLECTIVE EXHIBITS 


DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 


M. AMESQUITA 
Barranca, La Vega 
Cacao. 
G. BERETTA & CIA 
Samana 
Cacao. 
BRUGAL, SOBRINOS & CIA 
Pio elata 
Rum. 
M. DE J. CABRAL 
San Jose de Ocoa 
Coffee. 
J. F. DE CASTRO 
S. Pedro de Macoris 
Sugar. 
GASPARD FISHARD 
Samana 
Fermented Cacao. 
AUGUSTO GARCIA & CIA 
Sto. Domingo 
Chocolate. 
JUAN GARCIA 
Aguacate, Moca 
Coffee. 
JOAQUIN GRAU 
S. Jose, Azua 
Coffee. 
PEREZ HERMANOS 
Seibo 
Starch. 
HONT & SEVEZ 
Samana 
Chocolate. 
CARLOS BAEZ LAVANDIER 
Sto. Domingo City 
Copra. 
T B. DE MARCHENA 
San Pedro de Macoris 
Liqueurs. 
MARCHENA Y DEL GUIDICE 
San Pedro de Macoris 
Rum and Bitters. 
FINCA ‘‘ MERCEDES ’’ 
Pto. Plata 
Sugar. 
MERCEDES PERALTA 
Sabana Piedra 
Chocolate. 


493 


BARAU 


Liquors and Spirits. 


Port-au-Prince 


Rhum Barau. 


BARBAUCOURT & CO. 


Port-au-Prince 


Rum. 


CASSAGNOL 


Port-au-Prince 


Liquors. 


CASTERA 
Port-au-Prince 


Rum. 


CENTENAIRE DE LA REPUBLIQUE 


Port-au-Prince 


Liquors. 


MME. S. DECASTRA 
Port-au-Prince 


Preserved Limes. 


JULES LAVILLE 
Port-au-Prince 


Cocoa, Chocolate and Vanilla. 


SALOMON LINDOR 
Leogane 


White Rum. 


MLLE. TH. H. LUCAS 
Port-au-Prince 


Liquors, Syrups, Preserved Fruits and Eau 


de Melisse. 


LUCHESSI & FERRANDINI 
Cap-Haitien 


Liquors, Rum and Bay Rum. 


A. MEBELLUS 
Port-au-Prince 


Liquors. 


B. MIRABEAU 
Port-au-Prince 


Liquors. 


PAPAILLER NARCISSE (PHARMACIEN) 
Port-au-Prince 


Stomach Bitters. 


B. JEAN PIERRE 
Port-au-Prince 


Liquors. 


BRENOR PROPHETE 
Port-au-Prince 


White Rum. 


ROBERT DUTTON & CO., USINES CEN- 
TRALES 
Port-au-Prin¢ée 


Coffee. 


D. ROMELES 
Port-au-Prince 


Liquors, Syrups and Rums. 


T. COUTILIEN ROY 
Port-au-Prince 


Liquors. 


D. SERRES 
Port-au-Prince 


Baking Powder. 


SYLVAIN 
Port-au-Prince 


Rum. 


BLAS VIERAS 
Port-au-Prince 


Liquors, Spirits and Bay Rum. 


VILLYOINT 
Port-au-Prince 


Rum. 


PORTO RICAN GOVERNMENT 


SANDERS, PHILLIPPI & CO. 
Aguadilla 


Coffee and Sugar. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY 


GOLD MEDALS 


YELLOW PINE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Interior Finish of Yellow Pine. 
KENTUCKY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
ANDERSON BOX AND BASKET COMPANY 
Henderson, Kentucky 
Woven Wire Receptacles 
Crates. 
KENTUCKY JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION COM- 
MISSION 
Louisville, Kentucky 
Collective Forestry Exhibit. 
TURNER, DAY & WOOLWORTH HANDLE COM- 
PANY 
Louisville, Kentucky 
Ax and Tool Handles. 


LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


AMERICAN TURPENTINE AND TAR COMPANY 
New Orleans 
Fat Pine Distillation Products. 
BOWIE LUMBER COMPANY 
Bowie 
Large Cypress Boards. 
BROOKLYN COOPERAGE COMPANY 
New Orleans 
Cypress Cooperage. 
CRESCENT CITY MOSS GINNERY 
New Orleans 
Prepared Spanish Moss and Vegetine Hair. 
J. P. FRERET AND COMPANY 
New Orleans 
Wood Spirits of 
Dust. 
LOUISIANA STATE MUSEUM 
New Orleans 
Collective Forestry Exhibit. 
MICHIGAN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


PUBLIC MUSEUM 
Grand Rapids 
Collective Forestry Exhibit. 
NORTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


NORTH CAROLINA STATE MUSEUM 
Raleigh 
Collective Exhibit of Cross and Longitu- 
dinal Sections of Native Forest Trees and 
Seeds. 
SOUTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


ATLANTIC COAST LUMBER COMPANY 


and Shipping 


Turpentine from Saw 


Georgetown 
Commercial Cypress and Pine Lumber. 
SANTEE RIVER CYPRESS LUMBER COMPANY 
Ferguson 


Commercial Lumber. 
VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
WEST VIRGINIA PULP AND PAPER COMPANY 


Covington 
Wood Pulp and Paper. 
CHESAPEAKE & OHIO COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
CHESAPEAKE & OHIO RAILROAD COMPANY 
Richmond, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit of Commercial Timber 
Along the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio 
Railway. 
VIRGINIA MINERAL & TIMBER EXHIBIT 
ASSOCIATION 
Richmond, Virginia 
Colleetive Exhibit of Timber and Lumber. 


SEABOARD AIR LINE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


SEABOARD AIR LINE RAILWAY 
Portsmouth, Virginia 
Collective Timber and Boxed 
pentine) Exhibit. 


SOUTHERN RAILWAY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


SOUTHERN RAILWAY 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Collection of Timbers and 
Woods. 
I. F. FORCE HANDLE COMPANY 
New Albany, Indiana 
Wood Handles. 


NORFOLK & WESTERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


J. R. K. BELL 
Pulaski, Virginia 
Fifty Different Varieties of Timber, 


Pine (Tur- 


Ornamental 


THE CENTRAL MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Roanoke, Virginia 
Quartered Oak Stairway. 
THE COLONIAL MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Abingdon, Virginia 
Thirteen Sizes and Styles of Solid Bored 
Colonial Columns. 
NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILWAY COMPANY 
Roanoke, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit of Forestry. 
PULASKI TIMBER COMPANY 
Pulaski, Virginia 
White Oak, White Pine and Sycamore. 
H. B. ROBERTS 
Abingdon, Virginia 
Yellow Poplar and White Oak. 
THE SHOFFNER LUMBER COMPANY 
Honaker, Virginia 
Yellow Poplar Lumber. 
STONEGA COKE AND COAL COMPANY 
Stonega, Virginia 
Poplar Trees in Sections and Yellow Pop- 
lar Lumber. 
THE U. 8S. SPRUCE LUMBER COMPANY 
Marion, Virginia 
Spruce Lumber. 
J. A. WILKINSON 
Bristol, Virginia 
Yellow Poplar and White Oak Lumber. 


FOREIGN COLLECTIVE EXHIBITS 


DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 
Azua 
Collective Exhibit of Forestry Products, 
Native Woods, ete. 
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 
Sto. Domingo 
Native Woods Used in Construction of Ex- 
hibit Building. 
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 
Sto. Domingo 
Collective Display of Valuable Timber. 
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 
Sto. Domingo 
Collective Exhibit of Fibers 
Manufactures. 
HAITIAN GOVERNMENT 
REPUBLIC OF HAITI 


Port-au-Prince 
Collective Forestry Exhibit. 


SILVER MEDALS 
KENTUCKY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
B. F. AVERY & SONS 
Louisville 
Plow Stock. 
PRATT & WORTHINGTON 
Crofton 
Wagon Stock. 
ST. BERNARD MINING COMPANY 
Earlington 
Timber Specimens and Photographie Ilus- 
trations of Forest Growth. 
LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
JEANERETTE LUMBER COMPANY 
Jeanerette 
Curled and Red Cypress Boards. 
LOUISIANA STATE MUSEUM 
New Orleans 
Okra and Jute Fiber Water Retted. 
OTIS MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
New Orleans 
Mahogany and Cottonwood Boards. 
WHITED AND WHELESS COMPANY, LTD. 
Alden Bridge 
Yellow Pine Mill Work. 
MICHIGAN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
GREAT LAKES VENEER COMPANY 
Munising 
Rotary Cut Birch and Birds Eye Maple. 
MITCHELL BROS. 
Cadillac 
Products of Maple Timber Including Char- 
coal, Wood Alcohol, Maple Flooring, ete. 
NEW JERSEY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM 
Trenton 
Collection of Wood Sections. 
NORTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
SNOW LUMBER COMPANY 
High Point 
Yellow Pine and Oak. 


and Their 


494 


Jury of Awards. 


KINCAID VENEER AND LUMBER COMPANY 
Salisbury 
Quartered Oak and Sycamore Veneers. 
D. A. PUTNAM & SON 
Spruce Pine 
Pipe Blocks of Kalmia and Rhododendron. 
ATLANTIC COAST LINE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
AMERICAN NAVAL STORES COMPANY 
Savannah, Georgia 
Rosin Oil. 
ATLANTIC COAST LINE RAILROAD 
Wilmington, North Carolina 
Collective Exhibit of Woods 
Line of Railway. 


NORFOLK & WESTERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


THE BOICE LUMBER COMPANY 
Abingdon, Virginia 
Hardwood Lumber. 
THE BUCKLEY LUMBER COMPANY 
Abingdon, Virginia 
Curley Poplar Lumber. 
THE HASSINGER LUMBER COMPANY 
Azen, Virginia 
Hard and Soft Wood in the Log. 
MARTINSVILLE LOCUST PIN COMPANY 
Martinsville, Virginia 
Yellow Locust Insulator Pins. 
PETERSBURG RIM & VENEER COMPANY 
Petersburg, Virginia 
Hubs, Boats, Felloes and Barrel Heading. 
WASHINGTON COUNTY 
M. H. Honaker, Abingdon, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit of Timber. 


SOUTHERN RAILWAY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


GURNEY MFG. COMPANY 
Johnson City, Tennessee 
Wood Bowls. 
WEST POINT VENEER COMPANY 
West Point, Virginia 
Wood Veneers. 


FOREIGN COLLECTIVE EXHIBITS 


DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 


BOARD OF FOMENTO 
La Vega 
Collective Forestry Exhibit. 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 
Pacificador 
Wood Samples and Baskets. 
LEMBCKE 
Monte Cristi 
Logwood Mangle Tree Bark and Mahogany. 
JOSE L. OLIVO DE PETIT SALINE 
Monte Cristi 
Rope Made of Agave Fiber. 


HAITIAN GOVERNMENT 


JOHN D. METZGAR 
Port-au-Prince 
Wood Pavement Blocks of 
Bayahond, Ash and Mahogany. 
H. MICHAND 
Port-au-Prince 
Turned Lignum Vita. 


Grown on 


Hardwood, 


BRONZE MEDALS 


FRANK McMANUS 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Adjustable Clothes Line Support. 


MICHIGAN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


DUTCH WOODEN SHOE COMPANY 
Holland 
Duteh Wooden Shoes. 


NORFOLK & WESTERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


W. E. DILLARD 
Petersburg, Virginia 
Crosee-Cut Saw Handles. 


NORFOLK & SOUTHERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


NORFOLK & SOUTHERN RAILWAY (LAND and 
INDUSTRIAL DEPARTMENT) 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit in Forestry Showing 
Forest Products and Resources Along Its 
Lines of Road. 


SOUTHERN RAILWAY 


WM. HAAS & SONS 
Cairo, Illinois 
Shovel Handles. 


COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


495 


FOREIGN COLLECTIVE EXHIBITS 
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 


CONTRERA AND ESPINAL 
Sgo. de los Caballeros 
Rustie Chairs. 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 
Higuei, Seibo 
Wood Samples. 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 
La Romana, Seibo 
Wood Samples. 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 
Samana 
Wood Samples. 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 
Sgo. de los Caballeros 
Wood Samples. 
BOARD OF FOMENTO 
Azua 
Guayacan Resin. 
AMABLE JULIEN 
Higuei, Seibo 
Carob Tree Resin. 
F. LAVANDERO & CO. 
Sto. Domingo 
Dominican Republic Vegetable Wools. 
DOMINGO A. DE PENA 
Monte Cristi 


Divividivi Bark. 
HAITIAN GOVERNMENT 


HEYLIGER SON 
Port-au-Prince, Haiti 
Tables, Fancy, Inlaid Wood Box. 
JOSEPH FRANCOIS SCOTT 
Port-au-Prince, Haiti 
Turned Fruit and Flower Stand. 


DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND 
GAME 


GOLD MEDALS 


GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY SYSTEM 
Montreal, Canada 
Specimens of Mounted Fish and Game. 
CHAS. K. REED 
Worcester, Massachusetts 
Ornamental Taxidermy-—Game 
Convex Glass. 


LOS ANGELES AND SAN DIEGO COUNTIES 
(CALIFORNIA) COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


BANNING COMPANY 
Los Angeles, California 
Mounted Fish from Avalon Bay, California. 


LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


LOUISIANA OYSTER COMMISSION 
New Orleans 
Collective Exhibit of Oysters 
from Louisianan Waters. 
JNO. LUDWIG 
Grand Isle 
Living Diamond Back Terrapin, 4 Years 
Old Males and Females. 
MARYLAND COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
MARYLAND SHELL FISH COMMISSION 
Annapolis 
Oysters in Preserving Fluids, Shells, 
Oyster Survey Charts and Charts Showing 
Per Cent. in Natural Beds. 
NEW JERSEY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
NEW JERSEY MUSEUM 
Trenton 
Collective Exhibit of Stuffed Birds, Birds’ 
Eggs and Nests, Forest Insects, Collection 
of Woods and Wild Animals. 
NORTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
J. H. DOXSEE & SON 
Oracoke 
Canned Clams and Clam Juice. 
LITTLE NECK CLAM COMPANY 
Beaufort 
Canned Oysters. 
NORTH CAROLINA STATE BOARD OF AGRI- 
CULTURE 
Raleigh 
Collection of Mounted and 
Specimens in Natural History. 


Birds under 


and Fish 


Preserved 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 
¢ 


VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
VIRGINIA STATE COMMISSION 
Richmond 
Collective 
Virginia. 
ATLANTIC COAST LINE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
JOHN K. CHEYNEY 
Tarpon Springs, Florida 
Unbleached Sponges. 
JAPANESE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
YUJI ONUMA FISH CULTURE COMPANY 


Tsuchiura, Japan 
Japanese Live Gold Fish. 


SILVER MEDALS 


LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


OSTRICA PLANTING, CANNING AND 
COMPANY 
Ostrica 
Coquille Bay Plant Oysters. 
PELICAN LAKE OYSTER COMPANY 
Houma 
Plant Oysters. 
NORTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


W. F. BAUM 
Manteo 
Model of Skiff. 
B. F. CREEF 
Manteo 
Model of Shad Boat. 
GEO. L. SCARBOROUGH 
Avon 
Models of Schooner and Skiff. 
A. D. WILLIS 
Morehead City 
Sharpie Model. 


BRONZE MEDALS 
NORTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
R. W. SMITH 


Manteo 
Specimens of Shad Preserved in Fluid. 


OKLAHOMA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


DR. F. D. STALFORD 
Frederick 
Large Mounted Eagle. 


VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA GAME PRO- 
TECTIVE ASSOCIATION 
Onley 
Collection of Land Birds and Water Fowl] 
on Placques. 
ATLANTIC COAST LINE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


W. D. STARK 
Quincy, Florida 
Mounted Tarpon. 


NORFOLK & SOUTHERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


NORFOLK & SOUTHERN RAILWAY (LAND and 
INDUSTRIAL DEPOT) 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit of Game, Showing Mam- 
mals, Wild Fowl] and Game Birds Found 
Along Its Lines of Road. 


Exhibit of Fish and Game of 


MFG. 


DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND 
METALLURGY 


GOLD MEDALS 


ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA 
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 
Manufactured Products of 
Alumina. 
AMERICAN INSTITUTE MINING ENGINEERS 
New York City 
Publications 1897 to 1907. 
BAKER & CO. 
Newark, New Jersey 
Platinum Ore and Products. 
EDWIN C. ECKEL 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Collective Exhibit Illustrating the Material, 
Manufacture and Uses of Portland Cement. 
CARBORUNDUM COMPANY 
Niagara Falls, New York 
Carborundum and Manufactured Products. 


Bauxite and 


DAVIS COLLIERY COMPANY 
Elkins, West Virginia 


Steam-Coke and Gas Coal, Foundry and 
Furnace Coke. 
EIMER AND AMEND 
New York City 
Assaying and Metallurgical Apparatus and 


Eleetro-Chemical and Mineral Collection. 
GALENA-SIGNAL OIL COMPANY 
Franklin, Pennsylvania 
Galena Oils. 
JAS. T. HAYWARD 
Denver, Colorado 
Working Model of Gold Mine. 
INGERSOLL-RAND DRILL COMPANY 
New York City 
Ingersoll-Temple Electric-Air Rock Drill. 
THE KEYSTONE DRILLER COMPANY, INC. 
Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania 
Portable and Self-Transporting Drilling Ma- 
chinery, Placer Gold Testing, and Mineral 
Prospecting Machines—Percussion Core Drills, 
Drilling Tools. 
GEORGE F. KUNZ 
New York City 
Collective Exhibit Dlustrating the Occurreney, 
Extraction, and Utilization of Radium. 
MANGANESE STEEL SAFE COMPANY 
Plainfield, New Jersey 
Manganese Steel Bank Safe. 
NORTON COMPANY 
Worcester, Massachusetts 
Alundum. 
PIKE MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Pike, New Hampshire 
Abrasives. 
THE POCAHONTAS COAL OPERATORS ASSOCIA- 
TION 
Powhatan, West Virginia 
Coal and Coke. 
JOSEPH HYDE PRATT 
Collective Exhibit of Corundum and Abrasives. 
PRIMOS CHEMICAL COMPANY 
Primos, Pennsylvania 
Tungsten and Molybdenum Metals and Alloys. 
WM. ROBINSON & SON COMPANY 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Lubricating Oils and Greases. 
THE ROESSLER & HASSLACHER CHEMICAL 
COMPANY 
New York City 
Ozone. 
STANDARD OIL COMPANY 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Capitol Cylinder Oil and Renowned Engine 
Oil. 
TIFFANY & CO. 
New York City 
Collection of Precious, Semi-Precious and Gem 
Stones. 
WELSBACH LIGHT COMPANY 
Gloucester City, New Jersey 
Bare Earth Minerals, Chemicals and Welsbach 
Mantles. 
S. S. WHITE DENTAL MFG. COMPANY 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Platinum for Dental Purposes. 


GEORGIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
STATE OF GEORGIA BY W. S. YEATES, EXEC. 


COM’R. 
Atlanta 
Collective Mineral Exhibit. 
LOS ANGELES AND SAN DIEGO COUNTIES 


(CAL.) COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
F. W. BRAUN 
Los Angeles 
Metallurgical Laboratory Applances and 
Clay Test Kiln. 
SAN DIEGO COUNTY 
San Diego 
Semi-Precious Gems. 
LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
ROYAL PETROLEUM COMPANY 
Jennings 
Distillation Products from Petroleum. 
MARYLAND COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
Baltimore 
Maps, Models and Publications Relating to 
Work in the Maryland Geological Survey. 
NEW JERSEY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NEW JERSEY 
Trenton 
Collective Mineral Exhibit. 


496 


? Jury of Awards. 


NORTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF AGRI- 
CULTURE 
Raleigh 
Gems and Gem Minerals. 
NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL AND ECO- 
NOMIC SURVEY 
Raleigh 
Tale and Soapstone. 
THE NORTH CAROLINA GRANITE CORPORA- 
TION 
Mount Airy 
Mount Airy Granite. 
STATE MUSEUM 
Raleigh 
Mica. 
OHIO COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
THE STATE OF OHIO 
Columbus 
seneral Mineral 


and Ceramie Exhibit. 


VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
VIRGINIA MINERAL AND TIMBER EXHIBIT 
ASSOCIATION 
Richmond 
Collective Mineral Exhibit. 
VIRGINIA IRON, COAL & COKE COMPANY 
Bristol 
Coal, Coke, Iron Ores, Pig and Commercial 
Tron. 
NORFOLK & WESTERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
BERTHA MINERAL COMPANY 
Pulaski, Virginia 
Mineral Exhibit. 
NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILWAY COMPANY 
Roanoke, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit of Coal and Coke and 
Copper Ore Mined Along the Norfolk & 
Western Railway 
POCAHONTAS COLLIERIES COMPANY 
Pocahontas, Virginia 
Pocahontas Coal. 
PULASKI COUNTY 
Pulaski, Virginia 
Collective Mineral Exhibit. 
PULASKI IRON COMPANY 
Pulaski, Virginia 
Iron Ore, Pocahontas Coal and Coke, Pig 
Tron and Limestone. 
STONEGA COKE AND COAL COMPANY 
Stonega, Virginia 
Roda Gas Lump and Cannel Coal and Coke. 


SOUTHERN RAILWAY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Collective Exhibit of Minerals. 
NOVA SCOTIA 
GOVERNMENT OF PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA 
Halitax, Nova Scotia, Canada 
Collection of Economie Minerals of Nova 
Scotia. 


SILVER MEDALS 


DR. TRUMAN ABBE 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Compounds Illustrating the 
Radium, in Medicine. 
ALABAMA WHITE MARBLE COMPANY 
Gantts Quarry, Alabama 
Marble Slabs and Cut Block of Monumental 
Marble. 
AMERICAN CEMENT COMPANY 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Portland and Rosedale Cement. 
AMERICAN PEAT SOCIETY 
Collective Exhibit of Peat and Peat Products 
and Peat Literature. 
KLONDIKE GOLD MINE 
Working Model of Mine. 
DR. R. VON FOREGGER 
New York City 
Process and Machine for Regeneration of Air. 
MYLES SALT COMPANY, LTD. 
New Orleans, Louisiana 
Salt. 
NEW RIVER COMPANY 
MacDonald, West Virginia 
Coal and Coke. 
SANDUSKY PORTLAND CEMENT COMPANY 
Sandusky, Ohio 
Portland Cement. 
UNITED STATES ROOFING TILE COMPANY 
Parkersburg, West Virginia 
Roofing Tile. 


Application of 


497 


KENTUCKY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
KENTUCKY JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION COM- 
MISSION 
Louisville 
Collective Mineral Exhibit. 
WADSWORTH STONE & PAVING COMPANY 
Asphalt 
“« Standard ?? 
Mastie. 


GEORGIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


GEORGIA MARBLE COMPANY 
Tate 
Georgia Marble. 


LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


THE RECORD OIL REFINING COMPANY 
New Orleans 
Petroleum Distillation Products. 


MICHIGAN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


KENT SCIENTIFIC MUSEUM 
Grand Rapids 
Caleite and 
and Iron Ore. 
STATE OF MICHIGAN 
Collective Mineral Exhibit. 


NORTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


AMERICAN GEM AND PEARL COMPANY 
New York City 
Rough and Cut North Carolina Gem Min- 
erals. 
BALFOUR QUARRY COMPANY 
Salisbury 
Pink Granite. 
CAROLINAS MONAZITE COMPANY 
Shelby 
Monazite, Crude and Refined and Associ- 
ated Minerals. 
HARRIS CLAY COMPANY 
Dillsboro 
Kaolin and Its Manufactured Products. 
HOWARD AND MORSE 
Laboratory Testing Sieves. 
NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL AND ECO- 
NOMIC SURVEY 
Chapel Hili 
Publications Relating to the Natural His- 
tory Resources of the State. 
ROWAN GRANITE COMPANY 
Granite Quarry 
Gray Granite. 
SCHOOL OF MINES, UNIVERSITY OF NORTH 
CAROLINA 
Chapel Hill 
Copper Ores of North Carolina. 
OHIO COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO 
Columbus 
Publications and Charts. 


VERMONT COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


STATE OF VERMONT 
St. Albans 
Collective Mineral Exhibit. 
VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
COLONIAL COAL & COKE COMPANY 
Dorchester 
Coal and Coke. 
TAZEWELL COAL AND LAND COMPANY 
Gigstone Gap 
Coal. 
VIRGINIA MINERAL AND TIMBER COLLECTIVE 
EXHIBIT 


BLACKWOOD COAL & COKE COMPANY 
Blackwood 
Coal and Coke. 
CHESAPEAKE & OHIO COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
ALLEGHANY COMPANY 
Covington, Virginia 
Collective Mineral Exhibit. 
ELECTROLYTIC COMPANY 
Holcomb’s Rock, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit Chrome Ores and Prod- 
ucts from Same. 


CHESAPEAKE & OHIO RAILROAD COMPANY 
Richmond, Virginia 
Collective Mineral Exhibit. 


NORFOLK & WESTERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


AMERICAN ASBESTOS COMPANY 
Bedford City, Virginia 
Asbestos. 


Kentucky Rock Asphalt 


Gypsum Cabinet Specimens 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


BUENA VISTA PLASTER AND MINING COM- 
PANY 
Plasterco, Virginia 
Gypsum. 
CLINCHFIELD COAL CORPORATION 
Johnson City, Tennessee 
Collective Exhibit Coal, Mining Equipment 
Maps and Pictures. 
GOODMAN MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
Chicago, Illinois 
Electric Mining Machine. 
JACKSON COAL AND COKE COMPANY 
Petersburg, Virginia 
Pocahontas Coal. 
KILBOURNE AND JACOBS MANUFACTURING 
COMPANY 
Columbus, Ohio 
Steel and Wood Mining Cars. 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY, PROF. L. S. RAN- 
DOLPH 
Christiansburg, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit of Minerals. 
ORCHARD KNOB CLAY MFG. COMPANY 
Ironton, Ohio 
Brick, Tile, Vases, Water Tables, Window 
Sills, and Terra Cotta. 
VIRGINIA ANTHRACITE COAL & RAILWAY 
COMPANY 
Blacksburg, Virginia 
Anthracite Coal. 
WALLER BROS. 
McDermott, Ohio 
Blue and Buff Sandstone. 
SOUTHERN RAILWAY 
The Associated Marble Producers of Knox- 
ville, Tennessee, Marble Slabs. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


ALPHA PORTLAND CEMENT COMPANY 
Easton, Pennsylvania 
Portland Cement. 
AMERICAN RUTILE COMPANY 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Rutile. 
ARIZONA TURQUOISE MINES COMPANY 
Denver, Colorado 
Turquoise, Cut and Uncut. 
CASTNER, CURRAN & BULLITT 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Collection of Analyses and Calorimeter Tests. 
THE COAL TRADE JOURNAL 
New York City 
Bound Volume of Edition for the Year 1906. 
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY 
Schenectady, New York 
Special Motor Used with Rock Drill. 
HANCE ASBESTOS MINING COMPANY 
New York City 
Asbestos. 
MINE SMELTER & SUPPLY COMPANY 
Denver, Colorado 
Wilfley Concentrating Table. 
MINES AND MINERALS 
Scranton, Pennsylvania 
Publications. 
OIL WELL SUPPLY COMPANY 
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 
Model Oil Derrick. 
RISDON IRON & LOCOMOTIVE WORKS 
San Francisco, California 
Risdom Johnston Concentrator. 
KENTUCKY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
GERMAN LITHOGRAPHIC STONE COMPANY 
Louisville 
Lithographic Stone. 
NOLIN ASPHALT, COAL & NAVIGATION COM- 
PANY 


Edmonson County 
Asphalt Rock. 


LOUISIANA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


UNION SULPHUR COMPANY 
Sulphur City 
La Crude Sulphur. 
HILL TOP OIL COMPANY, LTD. 
New Orleans 
Graphite Axle Grease. 
CRESCENT SILICATE WORKS 
New Orleans 
Liquid Silicate of Soda. 


MICHIGAN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
OLIVER MINING COMPANY 
Ishpeming 
Tron Ores and Sectional Models of Mines. 


PORT HURON SALT COMPANY 
Port Huron 
Salt. 
VENETIAN MOSAIC ART COMPANY 
Detroit 
Marble Mosaic Art Tablets. 


NORTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


CLAY COUNTY 
Clay County 
Corundum. 
CONSOLIDATED GRANITE COMPANY 
Winston 
Blue Pearl Granite. 
E. C. FAIRES 
Kings Mountain 
Tin Ore and Crystals. 
GASTON COUNTY 
North Carolina 
Tin Ore. 
THE F. R. HEWITT KAOLIN COMPANY 
Almond 
Kaolin. 
MECKLENBURG COUNTY 
North Carolina 
Collective Mineral Exhibit. 
NATIONAL MARBLE COMPANY 
Regal 
Polished Marble. 
POMONA TERRA COTTA COMPANY 
Pomona 
Sewer Pipe and Tiling. 
REV. WILLIAM R. SAVAGE 
Blowing Rock 
Collection of Indian Relies from Watauga 
County. 


SOUTH CAROLINA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
EARLE SLOAN, STATE GEOLOGIST 


Charleston 
Economie Minerals of South Carolina. 
VIRGINIA COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
ALBERENE SOAPSTONE COMPANY 
Alberene 
Wash Tub and Slab of Soapstone. 
J. H. BROWN 
Richmond 
Granite. 
GEORGE M. CROFT 
Bouney 
Minerals. 
MRS. A. S. LEE 
Richmond 
White Sand. 
WARNER-MOORE 
Richmond 
Lime. 


CHESAPEAKE & OHIO COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
BUCKINGHAM SLATE COMPANY 
Arvonia, Virginia 
Slate. 
EAST KENTUCKY COAL COMPANY 
Paintsville, Kentucky 
Flambeau Cannel Coal. 
KENTUCKY BLUE STONE COMPANY 
Freestone, Kentucky 
Blue Stone. 
LOW MOORE IRON COMPANY 
Richmond, Virginia 
Potts Creek Iron Ore and Quartzite. 
SULPHUR MINING & RAILROAD COMPANY 
Richmond, Virginia 
Pyrites of Louisa County, Virginia. 
VIRGINIA SLATE COMPANY 
Arvonia, Virginia 
Slate. 
NORFOLK & WESTERN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
THE ARLINGTON COAL AND COKE COMPANY 
Eckman, West Virginia 
Coal. 
BLUE RIDGE KAOLIN COMPANY 
East Liverpool, Ohio 
Kaolin and Feldspar. 
BORDERLAND COAL COMPANY 
Roanoke, Virginia 
Hand-Picked Lump Coal. 
BUENA VISTA IRON COMPANY 
Buena Vista, Virginia 
Brown Hematite Iron Ore. 
CLINCH VALLEY BARYTES COMPANY 
Honaker, Virginia 
Barytes. 


498 


Jury of Awards. 


W. F. COLBERT 
Marion, Virginia 
Limestone. 
DILLON BROTHERS 
Buchanan, Virginia 
Gray Limestone and Dolomite. 
THE GLEN ALUM FUEL COMPANY 
Glen Alum, West Virginia 
Coal. 
INDIAN RIDGE COAL COMPANY 
Prendergast, West Virginia 
Coal and Coke. 
KENDALL AND FLICK 
Elkton, Virginia 
Manganese. 
J. H. MARSTELLER 
Roanoke, Virginia 
Sandstone and Marble. 
THE MOUNTAIN LAKE LAND COMPANY 
New Castle, Virginia 
Hard Brown Hematite Iron Ore. 
HUGHE TAYLOR 
Front Royal, Virginia 
Brown Hematite Iron Ore. 
R. L. OLINGER 
Prices Fork, Virginia 
Millstone. 
PITTSBURGH BARYTES AND MILLING CO. 
Richlands, Virginia 
Barytes. 
PULASKI ANTHRACITE COAL COMPANY 
Parrott, Virginia 
Anthracite Coal. 
RED JACKET CONSOLIDATED COAL AND 
COKE COMPANY 
Roanoke, Virginia 
Coal. 


H. J. SEIBEL, JR. 
Front Royal, Virginia 
Manganese. 
SMYTH COUNTY 
Geo. W. Richardson, Marion, Virginia 
Collective Exhibit of Minerals and Timber. 
THE SOUTHERN GYPSUM COMPANY 
Broadford, Virginia 
White and Gray Gypsum 
Core. 
SOUTHERN OHIO VAULT COMPANY 
McDermott, Ohio 
Stone Burial Vaults. 
W. V. B. TILSON 
Tilsons Mill, Virginia 
Red Hematite Iron Ore. 
WALTON & CO. 
Falls Mill, Virginia 
Structural and Building Stone. 
WAR EAGLE FUEL COMPANY 
War Eagle, West Virginia 
Coal. 


and Gypsum 


SEABOARD AIR LINE COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


SEABOARD AIR LINE RAILWAY 
Portsmouth, Virginia 
Assorted Minerals. 


SOUTHERN RAILWAY COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 


MISS KATE CARTER 
Leesburg, Virginia 
Marble Slabs, Balls and Statuary. 
OLD DOMINION SOAPSTONE COMPANY 
Esmont, Virginia 
Soapstone Posts and Balls. 


THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT 


Dr. Albert Shaw, President of the Jury of Awards, in his letter transmitting to the 
Governor of Exhibits the findings of the Jury, mentions that notwithstanding the custom of the 
United States Government to hold out of competition all of the National exhibits it had seemed 
appropriate to the Jury to accord some recognition of the great display which had so well illus- 
trated the operations of the Government Departments, consequently a special jury was empan- 


eled for the purpose of recommending diplomas in connection with the Federal display. 
Commemorative gold medals were awarded to a few high officials of the Government 


and to the principal representatives of the United States at the Exposition. 


These awards 


were limited to eleven and were bestowed on the following persons: 


THE HONORABLE THEODORE ROOSEVELT, President of the United States. 

THE HONORABLE GEORGE B. CORTELYOU, Secretary of the Treasury. 

THE HONORABLE LESLIE M. SHAW, Secretary of the Treasury. 

THE HONORABLE WILLIAM H. TAFT, Secretary of War. 

THE HONORABLE VICTOR H. METCALF, Secretary of the Navy. 

JOHN H. EDWARDS, Secretary of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Commission and Chairman of the United 


States Government Board. 


WILLIAM M. GEDDES, Assistant Secretary of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Commission and Secretary 


of the United States Government Board. 
PAUL MACLEAN, Special Disbursing Agent. 


DANA WHITE, JR., Private Secretary to William M. Geddes. 


C. E. THATCHER, Special Transportation Agent. 
MISS BERT M. WILLIAMS, Assistant. 


The Jurymen did not, however, deem that the Departments and Bureaus of the Gov- 
ernment had received due recognition by the bestowal of these few awards; and they were not 
content to withhold from a number of Government officials and employees a merited testimony 


to the value of their services. 
approved the following certification: 


DEPARTMENT OF STATE 


Exhibits 
following 


Awards should be made to the Collective 
of the Department of State and to the 
persons: 

ELIHU ROOT, Secretary of State. 

CHARLES DENBY, formerly Chief Clerk of the De- 
partment of State and member of the Government 
Board. 

W. J. CARR, Chief Clerk of the Department of State 
and member of the Government Board. 

H. C. McARTHUR, Chief Special Agent. 

MISS MARY GREER, Assistant. 

ALBIN H. FAIRALL, Assistant. 


TREASURY DEPARTMENT 


Awards should be made to the Treasury Department 
and to Bureaus represented as follows: 


OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY. 
THE REGISTER OF THE TREASURY. 


499 


As a consequence they recommended, and the Jury of Awards 


U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT, Collective Ex- 
hibit. 

U.S. MINT, Collective Exhibit, Machinery and Coin- 
ing Presses in Operation. 

BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING, Col- 
lective Exhibit, Plate Presses in Operation. 

BUREAU OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND MARINE 
HOSPITAL SERVICE, Collective Exhibit. 

OFFICE OF SUPERVISING ARCHITECT, 
lective Exhibit. 

U. S. LIFE SAVING SERVICE, Collective Exhibit, 
Including Station with Complete Equipment. 

U. S. LIFE SAVING SERVICE, Drill of Crew with 
Boats and Apparatus. 

U. S. REVENUE CUTTER SERVICE, Collective Ex- 
hibit, Including Modern Marine Engine in Operation. 

JAMES B. REYNOLDS, Assistant Secretary. 

BEEKMAN WINTHROP, Assistant Secretary. 

WALTER W. LUDLOW, Chief Clerk, Treasury De- 
partment and Member U. 8. Government Board. 

EDWIN L. SPRINGMAN, Chief Special 
Treasury Exhibit. 


Col- 


Agent, 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


EDWIN R. SHARPE, JR., Secretary to Chairman, 
U. 8S. Government Board. 

SAMUEL H. MARKS, Assistant to Representative, 
Treasury Department. 

JOHN H. SCHAEFER, Assistant. 

CHARLES H. TREAT, Treasurer 
States. 

CAPTAIN WORTH G. ROSS, 
Revenue Cutter Service. 

W. V. E. JACOBS, Captain U. 8. Revenue Cutter 
Service. 

CHAS. A. KIRBY, Attendant. 

HUGH R. MACKENZIE, Attendant. 

ALBERT C. HOUGHTON, Attendant. 

ROBERT E. PRESTON, Acting Director of the Mint. 

ALBERT W. DOWNING, Coiner. 

A. J. LAWRENCE, Assistant. 

THOS. J. SULLIVAN, Director Bureau of Engraving 
and Printing. 

EDWARD MEYERS, Plate Printer. 

THEODORE H. HELMERICHS, Plate Printer. 

WALTER WYMAN, Surgeon-General Public Health 
and Marine Hospital Service. 

W. C. RUCKER, Passed Assistant Surgeon, Public 
Health and Marine Hospital Service. 

J. W. KERR, Assistant Surgeon-General, 
Health and Marine Hospital Service. 

J. W. COREY, Attendant. 

F. S. GOODMAN, Pharmacist. 

SUMNER I. KIMBALL, General 
Life Saving Station. 

CAPTAIN HENRY CLEARY, Keeper Life Saving 
Station. 

And to BENNETT M. SIMMONS, EARL HUNGER- 
FORD, VALERIOUS L. KNIGHT, SOREN PETER- 
SON, HUGH HARRITY, JOHN D. MILLER, LEVY 
E. NEWBERN, GEORGE M. BROMLEY, ALBERT 
BARCOE and FRANK PARTRIDGE, Surfmen. 


WAR DEPARTMENT 


Awards should be made to the War Department and 
Bureau, Exhibits and persons as follows: 

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 

QUARTERMASTER’S DEPARTMENT. 

CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 

ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT. 

SIGNAL CORPS. 

ARTILLERY CORPS. 

MILITARY INFORMATION 
Staff). 

ISTHMIAN CANAL COMMISSION. 

UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY. 

GETTYSBURG NATIONAL PARK COMMISSION. 

PORTO RICO. 

JOHN C. SCOFIELD, Chief Clerk War Department. 

JOSEPH J. HITTINGER, Chief Special Agent. 

MAJOR-GENERAL J. FRANKLIN BELL, U. S. A., 
Chief of Staff. 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL WILLIAM CROZIER, U. 
S. A., Chief of Ordinance. 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL JAMES ALLEN, U. S. A., 
Chief Signal Officer. 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL ARTHUR MURRAY, U. S. 
A., Chief of Artillery. 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL CHARLES F. HUMPH- 
REY, U. S. A., Quartermaster-General. 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL ALEXANDER MACKEN- 
ZIE, U. 8S. A., Chief of Engineers. 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL PETER C. HAINS, U.S.A. 

COLONEL HUGH L. SCOTT, U. S. A., Superin- 
tendent U. 8. Military Academy. 

COLONEL CHARLES W. LEARNED, U. S. A., Pro- 
fessor U. 8. Military Academy. 

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL THADDEUS W. JONES, 
Chief Military Information Division General Staff. 

MAJOR GEORGE MONTGOMERY, U. S. A., Ord- 
nance Department. 

MAJOR TRACY C. DICKSON, U. S. A., Ordnance 
Department. 

CAPTAIN F. W. LEWIS, U. S. A., Twenty-ninth 
Infantry. 

CAPTAIN ROBERT E. CALLAN, U. S. A., Coast 
Artillery. 

COLONEL JOHN P. NICHOLSON, Chairman Get- 
tysburg National Park Commission. 

COLONEL E. B. COPE, Engineer, 
tional Park Commission. 

COLONEL CORNELIUS CADIE, 
National Military Park Commission. 

H. D. SAXTON, Chief Clerk, Quartermaster-Gen- 
eral’s Office. 

And to RALPH WHITMAN, CHARLES EBERT, 
THE WATERTOWN ARSENAL, THE SPRINGFIELD 
ARMORY, THE WATERVLIET ARSENAL, THE 
FRANKFORD ARSENAL, THE ROCK ISLAND 
ARSENAL, THE SCHUYLKILL ARSENAL, THE 
SCHOOL OF SUBMARINE DEFENCES, SANDY 
HOOK PROVING GROUND, and BOEBKMAN WIN- 
THROP, DR. HOLLAND P. FALKNER, ROY C. 
HAINES, PAUL E. TAYLOR, DANIEL KELLEY and 
O. M. WOOD, with the Porto Rico Section. 


of the United 


Chief Division of 


Publie 


Superintendent 


DIVISION (General 


Gettysburg Na- 


Chairman Shiloh 


DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 


Awards should be made to the Collective Exhibit of 
the Department of Justice and to the following: 

WILLIAM H. MOODY, Attorney-General. 

CECIL CLAY, Representative (Deceased). 

O. J. FIELD, Representative. 

CORNELIA CLAY, Special Agent. 

WM. H. WHITTLESEY, Assistant. 


POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT 


Awards should be made to the Collective Exhibit, 
Post Office Department, and to the following: 

MODEL POST OFFICE, Collective Exhibit. 

MAIL TRANSPORTATION, Collective Exhibit. 

CANCELING MACHINES AND MUTOSCOPES, 
Collective Exhibit. 

HISTORY, RECORDS AND STATISTICS, Collective 
Exhibit. 

DEAD LETTER COLLECTION. 

POSTAGE STAMP COLLECTION. 

G. & L. MEYER, Postmaster-General. 

M. O. CHANCE, Chief Clerk, Post Office Department 
Representative. 

G. G. THOMSON, Acting Representative. 

WILLIAM A. BARR, Assistant Representative. 

C. A. CONRAD, Chief Clerk, 4th Assistant P. M. 
Gen’l, Asst. Rep. 

STANLEY I. SLACK, Chief Special Agent. 

C. W. KITTERMAN, Chief Special Agent. ‘ 

MORRIS P. WALSH, Assistant. 

EDWARD F. WARREN, Assistant. 

EDWARD J. DOWLING, Assistant. 

To be considered in collaboration: 

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATIONAL HISTORY, 
New York City (Furnished the Dogs to Illustrate 
Alaskan Service). 

CUTLER MFG. COMPANY, Rochester, New York 
(Mail Chute). 

INTERNATIONAL POSTAL SUPPLY COMPANY, 
New York City (Canceling Machines). 

WALTHAM MFG. COMPANY, Waltham, 
chusetts (Mail Automobile Service). 

AMERICAN MUTOSCOPE & BIOGRAPHY COM- 
PANY, New York City (Mutoscope Machines). 


NAVY DEPARTMENT 


Awards should be made to the Navy Department 
and to the following for Collective Exhibits: 

BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS. 

BUREAU OF EQUIPMENT. 

BUREAU OF NAVIGATION. 

BUREAU OF ORDNANCE. 

BUREAU OF CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR. 

BUREAU OF STEAM ENGINEERING. 

BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS. 

MODEL EXHIBIT OF ATLANTIC FLEET. 

ARTIFICERS’ SCHOOL NAVY YARD, Norfolk. 

VICTOR H. METCALF, Secretary of the Navy. 

TRUMAN H. NEWBERRY, Assistant Secretary of 
the Navy. 

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN PETERS, Late Represent- 
ative of the Navy Department, on the Board of 
Management of the U. S. Government Exhibit. 

F. S. CURTIS, Representative of the Navy Depart- 
ment, on the Board of Management of the U. 8S. Gov- 
ernment Exhibit. 

REAR-ADMIRAL RICHARD C. HOLLYDAY, Chief 
of the Bureau of Yards and Docks. 

REAR-ADMIRAL WILLIAM S. COWLES, Chief of 
the Bureau of Equipment. 

REAR-ADMIRAL WILLARD H. BRONSON, Chief 
of the Bureau of Navigation. 

REAR-ADMIRAL NEWTON E. MASON, Chief of 
the Bureau of Ordnance. 

REAR-ADMIRAL WASHINGTON L. CAPPS, Chief 
of the Bureau of Construction and Repair. 

REAR-ADMIRAL CHARLES W. REA, Chief of the 
Bureau of Steam Engineering. 

REAR-ADMIRAL EUSTACE B. ROGERS, Chief of 
the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts. 

REAR-ADMIRAL PRESLEY M. RIXEY, Chief of 
the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL GEORGE F. ELLIOT, 
Commandant United States Marine Corps. 

R. H. ROBINSON, Naval Constructor, Chief Con- 
structor, U. S. N. 

CHARLES W. HANDY, Chief Special Agent, Navy 
Department ’s Exhibit. 

And to COLONEL FRANK L. DENNEY, U.S. M.C.; 
MAJOR CYRUS S. RADFORD, U. S. M. C.; LIEU- 
TENANT-COMMANDER A. L. NORTON, U. S. N.; 
LIEUTENANT J. W. TIMMONS, U. S. N.; SURGEON 
J. F. VRIE, U. S. N.; W. G. CRAWFORD, Chief Clerk 
Navy Department’s Exhibit; McCALL PATE, Chief 
Carpenter; A. C. STEINBRENNER, Chief Gunner; B. 
M. AITCHESON, Master Mechanic; J. L. YOBCKEL 
and THOMAS HOLLAND. 


Massa- 


500 


Jury of Awards. 


Hin OUPARTMEN I Ok [HE. 
INTERIOR 


Awards should be made to the Collective Exhibit of 
the Department of the Interior and to the following: 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 

BUREAU OF EDUCATION. 

THE BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. 

THE PATENT OFFICE. 

PENSION OFFICE. 

GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 

THE RECLAMATION SERVICE. 

Awards should be made to the Department of the 
Interior, for Collection Exhibits, and to the Follow- 
ing: 

GEHOLOGICAL SURVEY, Collective Exhibit. 

BUREAU OF EDUCATION, Collective Exhibit. 

BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, Collective Ex- 
hibit. 

PATENT OFFICE, Collective Exhibit. 

PENSION OFFICE, Collective Exhibit. 

GENERAL LAND OFFICE, Collective Exhibit. 

RECLAMATION SERVICE, Collective Exhibit. 

BIOGRAPH AND STEREOPTICON EXHIBITS, 
Collective Exhibit. 

EXHIBITS OF TRANSPARENCIES, Collective Ex- 
hihit. 

JAMES RUDOLPH GARFIELD, Secretary of the 
Interior. 

JESSE E. WILSON, Representative. 

"JAMES C. BOYKIN, Assistant Representative. 

HORACE P. DeHART, Valuable Co-operation in 
Preparation and Maintenance. 

E. B. THOMPSON, Valuable Services in Operation 
of Exhibit. 

BE. C. CULVER, Valuable Services as Lecturer. 

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Geological Survey. 

DR. DAVID T. DAY, Special Agent Geological Sur- 
vey. 

DR. JOSEPH S. DILLER, MARSHALL C. LEIGH- 
TON and H. M. WILSON, Committee on Preparation. 

RICHARD B. DOLE, Valuable Services in Prepara- 
tion of Exhibit. 

EIMER & AMEND, of New York City, Gratuitously 
Prepared and Furnished Equipment of Chemical Lab- 
oratory. 

W. S. ROBBINS, Valuable Services in Preparation 
and Maintenance. 

W. D. COLLINS, Valuable Services in Operation of 
Exhibit of Water Testing. 

EB. HE. BROWN, Commissioner of Education. 

MARION LETCHER, Special Agent Bureau of Edu- 
eation. 

F. E. LEUPP, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. 

MISS M. 8S. COOK, Special Agent Bureau of Indian 
Affairs. 

EDWARD S. CURTIS, Contributed a Collection of 
Indian Photographs of Unusual Merit. 

MISS ANGEL DECORA, Valuable Aid in Installa- 
tion. 

VESPASIAN WARNER, Commissioner of Pensions. 

T. D. YEAGER, Special Agent Pension Office. 

E. B. MOORE, Commissioner of Patents. 

H. C. ARMSTRONG, Special Agent Patent Office. 

R. A. BALLINGER, Commissioner of General Land 
Office. 

FRANK BOND, Valuable Services in Preparation. 

I. P. BERTHRONG, Valuable Services in Prepara- 
tion. 

F. H. NEWELL, Director of 
Service. 

Cc. J. BLANCHARD, Special Agent of the Reclama- 
tion Service. 


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


Awards should be made to the Department of Agri- 
culture for Collective Exhibits and to the following: 

THE WEATHER BUREAU, Collective Exhibit. 

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, Collective Ex- 
hibit. 

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, 
hibit. 

BUREAU OF SOILS, Collective Exhibit. 

BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, Collective Exhibit. 

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, Collective 
Exhibit. 

JAMES WILSON, Secretary 
lective Exhibit. 

W. H. HAYS, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, 
Collective Exhibit. 

S. R. BURCH, Representative. 

F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER, Chief Special Agent. 

J. H. SPENCER, Special Agent in Charge of the 
Weather Bureau Exhibit. 

J. H. BARNES, Special Agent in Charge of the 
Bureau of Soils Exhibit. 

E. V. WILCOX, Special Agent in Charge of the Ex- 
hibit of the Office of Experiment Stations. 

A. L. PITNEY, Special Agent in Charge of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry. 


the Reclamation 


Collective Ex- 


of Agriculture, Col- 


501 


WILLIS L. MOORE, Chief of Weather Bureau. 

C. F. MARVIN, in Charge of the Instrument Divi- 
sion, Weather Bureau. 

A. D. MELVIN, Chief of the Bureau of Animal In- 
dustry. 

DR. B. T. GALLOWAY, 
Plant Industry. 

DR. L. O. HOWARD, Chief of the Bureau of Ento- 
mology. 

DR. A. C. TRUE, Director of the Office of Experi- 
ment Stations. 

G. B. BRACKETT, Entomologist; W. N. ERWIN, 
FRANK L. GOLD and J. G. SAUNDERS, Valuable Aid 
in Installation. 

DR. RODNEY H. TRUE, C. R. BALL, EDGAR 
BROWN, LYSTER H. DEWEY, E. B. BOYKIN, C. P. 
HARTLEY, W. J. SPILLMAN, D. A. BRODIE, C. C. 
GEORGESON, D. W. MAY, A. D. SHAMEL, KARL 
KELLERMAN, J .C. CORBETT, L. W. COY and DR. 
MILTON WHITNEY, for Valuable Services in Prep- 


aration. 


DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
AND LABOR 


Awards should be given to the Department of Com- 
merce and Labor for a collective exhibit and to the 
Light-House Establishment for a Collective Exhibit as 
follows: 

1. In showing the purpose and scope of the Estab- 
lishment as a whole, and the apparatus employed in 
the protection of commerce, consisting of a collection 
of typical light-house lenses ranging from the largest 
lens ever constructed for use in the United States 
down to the smallest lanterns used on navigable in- 
land streams; and exhibit of signaling apparatus for 
use in case of fog, consisting of bells and automatic 
apparatus for striking the same, steam whistles and 
two forms of sirens; an exhibit of the various kinds 
of lamps used in the Light-House Establishment; model 
of a light-ship used at dangerous points where it is 
impossible to build a tower, and an exhibit showing 
the construction of some of the most noted light-houses 
of the United States. 

2. An exhibit showing the latest achievement in 
Light-House equipment, consisting of a vapor lamp 
burning ordinary mineral oil in a gaseous state, produc- 
ing a brilliant white incandescent hght of much higher 
candle-power than the best oil light heretofore used, 
and at a greatly decreased consumption of oil, thus 
increasing the efficiency of every light-house in the 
United States. Several sets of apparatus are shown 
and two lights are being maintained in operation dur- 
ing the Exposition, to illustrate the difference between 
the old and the new. And to 

EXHIBITS OF THE LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISH- 
MENT. 

OSCAR STRAUS, Secretary; 

FRANK H. BOWEN, Representative. 

1. The LIGHT-HOUSE BOARD, collectively for 
furnishing materials for the exhibit of the Light- 
House Establishment, and facilities for the assembling, 
preparation and maintenance. 

2. MAJOR CHARLES L. POTTER, Corps of Engi- 
neers, U. S. A., Engineer of the Third Light-House Dis- 
trict, for assembling, preparing and installing the 
exhibit of the Light-House Establishment. ‘ 

BUREAU OF FISHERIES AQUARIUM. 

FIXED EXHIBITS. 

Awards should be made to the Bureau of Fisheries 
for Collective Exhibits. And to 

GEO. M. BOWERS, Commissioner of Fisheries, for 
furnishing material for the exhibit of the Bureau of 
Fisheries, and facilities for its assembling, preparation 
and maintenance. 

IRVING H. DUNLAP, Chief Agent of the Bureau 
of Fisheries, for assembling, preparing and installing 
the exhibit of the Bureau, and the immediate direction 
of its maintenance. 

LEIGHTON G. HARRON, Special Agent of the 
Bureau of Fisheries, for the preparation and installa- 
tion of the aquarium exhibit of the Bureau and imme- 
diate care thereof. 

GEO. A. SCHNEIDER, Special Agent of the Bureau 
of Fisheries, for designing, constructing and installing 
the aquarium of the Bureau. 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND 
UNITED STATES NATIONAL 
MUSEUM 


Awards should be made to the following: 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Collective Exhibits. 
THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

C. D. WALCOTT, Secretary. 

RICHARD RATHBUN, Assistant Secretary. 

W. DE C. RAVENEL, Representative. 

W. H. HOLMES, 

CYRUS ADLER, 

A. H. CLARK, 

O. T. MASON, 


Chief of the Bureau of 


The Jamestown 


J. M. FLINT, 

T. W. SMILLIE, 

G. C. MAYNARD, 
WALTER HOUGH, 
E. W. LAMON, 

H. W. HENDLEY, 
J. S. GOLDSMITH, 
T. W. SWEENY, 
CARL GUNDLACH, 
E. E. WHITING and 
H. C. TAYLOR. 


Exhibits of special importance may be mentioned 
as follows: 

1. THE JOHN SMITH GROUP. 

2. THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 

3. THE HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY. 

4. THE SERIES OF PORTRAITS OF PROMINENT 
PERSONS AND THE HISTORICAL PAINTINGS 
AND PICTURES. 

5. MODELS OF INVENTIONS, ESPECIALLY 
THE SERIES ILLUSTRATING THE DEVELOP- 
MENT OF THE BELL TELEPHONE. 

6. HISTORICAL SERIES OF FIRE ARMS. 

7. LAND AND WATER TRANSPORTATION. 

8. COSTUMES OF PEOPLE MOST PROMI- 
NENTLY CONCERNED IN THE SETTLEMENT OF 
THE UNITED STATES. 


LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 


Awards should be made to the Library of Congress 
and to the following: 

THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Collective Exhibit. 

HERBERT PUTNAM, Librarian. 

DIVISION OF PRINTED BOOKS. 

DIVISION OF MANUSCRIPTS. 

DIVISION OF MAPS AND CHARTS. 

DIVISION OF PRINTS. 

DIVISION OF PERIODICALS. 

DIVISION OF MUSIC. 

OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF BUILD- 
ING AND GROUNDS. 

CATALOGUE DIVISION. 

CARD SECTION. 

BINDERY DIVISION. 

READING ROOM FOR THE BLIND. 


Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


DAVID HUTCHESON, Superintendent of the Read- 
ing Room. 

WORTHINGTON CHAUNCEY FORD, Chief of the 
Manuscripts Division. 

PHILLIP LEE PHILLIPS, Chief of the Maps and 
Chart Division. 

OSCAR GHORGE THEODORE SONNECH, Chief of 
the Music Division. 

CLAUDE B. GUITARD, 
Periodicals. 

DAVID ELLSWORTH ROBERTS, Acting Chief of 
the Prints Division. 

ARTHUR R. KIMBALL, in charge of binding. 

MISS ETTA JOSSELYN GIFFIN, Assistant in 
charge of Reading Room for the Blind. 

MISS IRENE GIBSON, Assistant in the Order Divi- 
sion. 

WILLIAM DEAN GODDARD, Assistant in 
Section. 

Exhibits of special importance may be mentioned 
as follows: 

THE EXHIBITS OF MANUSCRIPTS ILLUSTRA- 
TIVE OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF JAMESTOWN 
AND VIRGINIA. 

THE EXHIBIT OF EARLY AMERICAN 
PRINTS. 

THE EXHIBIT OF CATALOGUES ILLUSTRA- 
TING THE USE OF THE PRINTED CATALOGUE 
CARDS OF THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS AND 
THE METHOD OF DISTRIBUTING THEM. 

THE EXHIBIT OF MUSICAL COMPILATIONS 
ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE HISTORY OF MUSIC. 


INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF 
AMERICAN REPUBLICS 


Awards should be given to the International Bureau 
of American Republics for Collective Exhibit. 

JOHN BARRETT, Director. 

F. J. YANES, Representative. 

CARLTON FOX, 

JULIAN M. LACALLE, 

CHARLES E. BABCOCK, 

WILLIAM J. KOLB and 

WILLIAM P. MONTGOMERY, Special Agents. 

PHILADELPHIA COMMERCIAL MUSEUM (for 
loan of material). 


Chief of the Division of 


Card 


IM- 


INDIVIDUALS MEDALS 


The following is a list of persons to whom the Jury awarded gold medals in considera- 


tion of valuable services rendered: 


HARRY ST. GEORGE TUCKER, President. 

ALVAH H. MARTIN, Director-General and Member 
of Board of Governors. 

J. M. BARR, Director-General. 

C. BROOKS JOHNSTON, Chairman 
Governors. 

Cc. S. SHERWOOD, Vice-Chairman of Board of Goy- 
ernors. 

T. S. SOUTHGATE, Governor of Exhibits. 

BARTON MYERS, Member of Board of Governors. 

J. TAYLOR ELLYSON, Governor of History and 
Edueation, and Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia. 

W. EH. COTTRELL, Member of Board of Governors, 

GWYNN T. SHEPPERD, Secretary 

NATHANIEL BEAMAN, Treasurer. 

THEODORE J. WOOL, General Counsel. 

O. D. BACHELOR, General Counsel. 

R. L. PAYNE, M. D., Medical Director. 

MAJOR-GENERAL F. D. GRANT, U. S. A. 

REAR-ADMIRAL P. F. HARRINGTON, U. S. N. 

HONORABLE JOHN W. DANIEL, U. S. Senator 
from Virginia. 

HONORABLE THOMAS MARTIN, U. S. Senator 
from Virginia. 

HONORABLE CLAUDE A. 
of Virginia. 

HONORABLE HARRY L. MAYNARD, M. C. 
Virginia. 

DR. ALBERT SHAW, President Jury of Awards. 

AMBROSE SWASEY, Vice-President Jury of 
Awards. 

JAMES L. FARMER, Secretary Jury of Awards. 

MAJOR JOHN S. MALLORY, 12th Infantry, 
Wg OaeA. 

CAPTAIN J. L. HINES, U. S. A. 

DAVID T. DAY, Honorary Director of Mines De- 
partment. 

DR. RUPERT BLUE, U. S. P. H. and M. H. &,, 
Director of Sanitation. 

DR. WERTENBAKER, U. S. P. H. and M. H. S., 
Director of Sanitation. 

J. A. HOLMES, Director of Power. 

HON. N. VELOZ GOITICOA, Commissioner to Latin 
America. 

DR. J. A. CHANDLER, Director of History and 
Edueation. 

R. H. SEXTON, Director of Congresses and Special 
Events. 


of Board of 


SWANSON, Governor 


from 


J. A. WAKEFIELD, Director of Concessions and 
Admissions. 

S. W. BOLLES, Director of Publicity. 

CHARLES W. KOHLSAAT, Commissioner-General. 

JOSEPH HYDE PRATT, Chief of Mines Department. 

CAPTAIN J. E. REINBURG, Chief of Machinery. 

H. E. SHERWOOD, Chief of Admissions. 

R. GORDON FINNEY, Chief of Agricultural De- 
partment. 

MISS MINNIE BRONSON, Chief of Social Economy. 

SILAS E. SNYDER, Chief of Exploitation. 

W. H. H. WEATHERWAX, Chief of Department of 
Works. 

A. M. WHEELER, Chief of Manufactures Department. 

W. P. HILTON, Auditor. 

MISS NINA NIBLETT, Assistant Secretary. 

DR. PAUL N. GREEN, Assistant, Medical Depart- 
ment. 

E. J. CUNNINGHAM, Superintendent of Traffic and 
Transportation. 

CAPTAIN H. W. CARPENTER, Commandant of 
Powhatan Guards. 

SYDNEY LLOYD WRIGHTSON, Honorary Director 
of Music. 

WILLIAM WALL WHIDDITT, Superintendent of 
the Bureau of Music. 

J. A. DORSEY, Assistant Chief, Mining Department. 

JULIUS HEINRICH, Superintendent of Landscape 
Department. 


LIST OF FOREIGN COMMISSIONERS TO WHOM 
COMMEMORATIVE DIPLOMAS AND MEDALS 
HAVE BEEN AWARDED. 


MEXICO 


LIEUTENANT-COLONEL JOSE MANTEROLA. 
LIEUTENANT ANGEL DEL CORZO. 
CAPTAIN E. RUIZ FERNANDEZ. 

CAPTAIN MANUEL GARCIA LUGO. 


HAITI 


DR. EDMUND HERAUX. 
FERNAND HIBBERT. 
LOUIS LARAQUE. 


DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 


DR. P. M. GARRIDO. 
VELOZ-GOITICOA. 
JACINTO LOPEZ. 


Jury of Awards. 
COLLABORATORS’ AWARDS 


In the rules regulating the system of awards, section twenty-seven authorized the jury to 
recognize those whose efforts had conspicuously contributed to the success of any exhibit. 
Those who had merely arranged and installed an exhibit were not entitled to a medal, however 
well their talents might have been employed. In order to be accepted as a “ Collaborator” one 
must have designed or created some object of special merit that was shown at the Exposition. 
By a logical extension, the discretion of the jury so far as related to awards in this class, was 
deemed to comprehend the claims of those who had been the principal contributing factors 
to the success of collective exhibits, whose attractiveness depended alike upon the judgment used 
in the selection of subjects and the skill with which these subjects were displayed. The fol- 
lowing list, by its very conciseness, shows how rigidly the jury scrutinized each claim for a 
diploma. 


DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY 


GOLD MEDALS 


ALBERT COOK MYERS, Moyland, Pennsylvania (with the Pennsylvania Historical Collection). 

WILLIAM C. MILLS, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (with the Historical Exhibit of the State of 
Ohio). 

MARION DEXTER LEARNED, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (with the Pennsyl- 
vania Historical Collection). 

JOHN TAGGARD BLODGETT, State House, Providence, Rhode Island (with the Historical Exhibit of the 
State of Rhode Island). 

MRS. HUGH NELSON PAGE, 154 Yorke Street, Norfcelk, Virginia (with the Historical Collection of the 
National Society Colonial Dames of America). 

MRS. BENJAMIN L. PURCELL, Richmond, Virginia (with the Historical Collection of the National Society 
Daughters of American Revolution). 

MRS. BARRETT WENDELL and MRS. WILLIAM RUFFIN COX. 


SILVER MEDALS 


H. J. ECKENRODE, Richmond, Virginia (with the Historical Collection of the Virginia Historical Society). 

WILFRED H. SCHOFF, Philadelphia Museums, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (with the Historical Collection of 
the Philadelphia Museums). 

CUYLER REYNOLDS (with the Historical Collection of the State of New York). 

DR. C. B. BRYAN, Petersburg, Virginia (with the Historical Collection of the Episcopal Church of America). 

MRS. LINDSAY ieiiica eae Winston, North Carolina (with the Exhibit of the North Carolina Historical 
Commission). 


CLARENCE S. BRIGHAM, MISS NANNIE RANDOLPH HETH and MRS. JAMES F. MAUPIN. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


MISS MARY HILLIARD HINTON (with the Exhibit of the North Carolina Historical Commission). 

MISS REBECCA SCHENCK (with the Exhibit of the North Carolina Historical Commission). 

MRS. C. ALBERT HILL, The Ontario, Washington, District of Columbia (with the Historical Collection of the 
State of South Carolina). 

FRANCIS B. LEE, Trenton, New Jersey (with the Historical Collection of the State of New Jersey). 

VIRGIL A. LEWIS, Charleston, West Virginia (with the Historical Collection of the State of West Virginia). 

MISS ANNA CAROLINE BENNING. 


DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION 


GOLD MEDALS 


MRS. EUGENE B. HEARD (with the Exhibit of the Seaboard Air Line Free Traveling Libraries). 

WILLIS A. JENKINS (with Collective Exhibit of State of Virginia). 

E. C. GLASS (with Collective Exhibit of Lynchburg Public Schools). 

JOHN T. WEST (with Collective Exhibit of Norfolk County Public Schools). 

GEORGE H. MARTIN, Secretary State Board of Education; GERTRUDE L. BRINKHAUS, Director of Official 
Exhibits; COOPER & BAILEY, Architects, and E. C. & G. C. GARDNER, Architects (with Collective 
Exhibit of Board of Jamestown Exposition Managers of Massachusetts). 

CHARLES R. RATHMAN, DR. F. L. SCDAN and WILLIAM B. ITTNER (with Collective Exhibit of St. Louis 
Board of Education). 


SILVER MEDALS 


J. T. FENTRESS, Assistant Superintendent of Public Schools (with Collective Exhibit of Norfolk County 
Publie Schools). 

A. H. HILL, Assistant Superintendent (with Collective Exhibit of State of Virginia). 

MISS MARY McCULLOCK (Kindergarten), MRS. MATILDA F. RILEY, MATTHEW J. SHERER, MISS 
JENNIE GILMORE and MISS NELL G. NICHOLSON (with Collective Exhibit of St. Louis Board of 
Education). 

NORTH ADAMS PUBLIC SCHOOL, SALEM PUBLIC SCHOOL, EVERETT PUBLIC SCHOOL, SOMER- 
VILLE PUBLIC SCHOOL, FALL RIVER PUBLIC SCHOOL, WORCESTER PUBLIC SCHOOL, 
HAVERHILL PUBLIC SCHOOL, SPRINGFIELD PUBLIC SCHOOL, SPRINGFIELD EVENING 
SCHOOL, SPRINGFIELD TECHNICAL SCHOOL, SOMERVILLE HIGH SCHOOL, BRIDGEWATER 
NORMAL SCHOOL, NEWTON PUBLIC SCHOOL, HYANNIS TRAINING SCHOOL, LOWELL PUBLIC 
SCHOOL, MASSACHUSETTS NAUTICAL SCHOOL, STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, 
MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY COMMISSION, 
LOWELL TEXTILE SCHOOL, BOSTON NORMAL ART SCHOOL, STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, 
Bridgewater; FRAMINGHAM PUBLIC SCHOOL, HYANNIS NORMAL SCHOOL, WESTFIELD NOR- 
MAL SCHOOL, LOWELL NORMAL SCHOOL, FITCHBURG NORMAL SCHOOL, BROOKLINE PUB- 
LIC SCHOOL, CYRUS E. DALLIN, Sculptor of Paul Revere; GEORGE E. RAY, Superintendent Schools 
of Haverhill (with Collective Exhibit of Board of Jamestown Exposition Managers of Massachusetts). 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL ECONOMY 


GOLD MEDALS 


HENRY GRISCOM PARSONS, Children’s School Farm, New York City. 

J. HOWARD BRADSTREET, Playground Association of America, Washington, District of Columbia. 
LIVINGSTON FARRAND, National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, New York City. 
SAMUEL GOMPERS, American Federation of Labor, Washington, District of Columbia. 

MRS. M. E. HOLLAND, The Detective Publishing Co., Chicago, Illinois. 

MISS SARAH J. EDDY, Bristol, Rhode Island—American Humane Society, Albany, New York. 


DEPARTMENT OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS 


GOLD MEDALS 
ALCOHOL UTILITIES COMPANY, New York (with Collective Display of Alcohol Utilities). 
HERBERT BROWN (with Austin Organ Company, Hartford, Connecticut). 
ROBERT GLENK (with Louisiana State Collective Display). 
JOINT JAMESTOWN COMMITTEE (with Collective Display of the City of Washington, District of Columbia). 
LOUIS TIFFANY (with the Tiffany Studio, New York City). 
A. R. CHISHOLM, Sanford, North Carolina (with Collective Display of State of North Carolina). 


SILVER MEDALS 

MR. KANEKO, MR. OKAZAKI, T. OKUTAGAWA, and STRICH & ZEIDLER PIANO COMPANY (with Japan 
Art Association). 

BRONZE MEDALS 
. W. CLARK, Spray, North Carolina (with North Carolina Collective Exhibit). 
. R. PARKER, High Point, North Carolina (with City of High Point Collective Exhibit). 
. H. McCORMICK (with Cone Export and Commission Company, Greensboro, North Carolina). 
. J. MUIR (with Cone Export and Commission Company, Greensboro, North Carolina). 


30H 


hy 


DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND METALLURGY 


GOLD MEDALS 
DR. H. B. KUMMEL (with New Jersey State Collective Display). 
WM. S. YEATES (with Georgia State Collective Display). 
JAMES A. JASPER, San Diego (with San Diego County (California) Collective Display). 


SILVER MEDALS 
J, A. BOWNOCKER and ARTHUR L. SMITH (with Ohio Collective Mineral Exhibit.) 
AMERICAN GEM AND PEARL COMPANY, New York City (with North Carolina State Collective Display). 
NORTH CAROLINA TALC AND MINING COMPANY, Hewitts, North Carolina (with North Carolina State 
Collective Display). 
THE gaokee MICA MINING COMPANY, Sylva, North Carolina (with North Carolina State Collective Dis- 
play). 
BRONZE MEDALS 
BLUE WING MINE, Blue Wing, North Carolina (with North Carolina State Collective Display). 
AMERICAN LAVA COMPANY, Chattanooga, Tennessee (with North Carolina State Collective Display). 
TALCUM PUFF COMPANY, Asheville, North Carolina (with North Carolina State Collective Display). 
HERCULES GOLD AND COPPER COMPANY, Cid, North Carolina (with North Carolina State Collective 
Display). 
CANTON PRESSED BRICK COMPANY, Columbus, Ohio (with Ohio Collective Mineral Exhibit). 
COLUMBUS BRICK AND TERRA-COTTA COMPANY, Columbus, Ohio (with Ohio Collective Mineral Ex- 
hibit). 
COLUMBUS CLAY PRODUCTS COMPANY, Columbus, Ohio (with Ohio Collective Mineral Exhibit). 
FEDERAL CLAY PRODUCTS COMPANY, Mineral City, Ohio (with Ohio Collective Mineral Exhibit). 
HANOVER PRESSED BRICK COMPANY, Hanover, Ohio (with Ohio Collective Mineral Exhibit). 
HYDRAULIC PRESSED BRICK COMPANY, Zanesville, Ohio (with Ohio Collective Mineral Exhibit). 
IRON CLAY BRICK COMPANY, Columbus, Ohio (with Ohio Collective Mineral Exhibit). 
LOGAN BRICK MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Logan, Ohio (with Ohio Collective Mineral Exhibit). 
LOGAN CLAY PRODUCTS COMPANY, Logan, Ohio (with Ohio Collective Mineral Exhibit). 
NEW LEXINGTON PRESSED BRICK COMPANY, New Lexington, Ohio (with Ohio Collective Mineral Exhibit). 
OAKLAND PRESSED BRICK COMPANY, Zanesville, Ohio (with Ohio Collective Mineral Exhibit). 
OHIO MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Shawnee, Ohio (with Ohio Collective Mineral Exhibit). 
SOUTH WEBSTER BRICK COMPANY, South Webster, Ohio (with Ohio Collective Mineral Exhibit). 


DEPARTMENT OF FOODS AND ACCESSORIES 


SILVER MEDALS 


MRS. ERNEST LUCHTING (with Genesee Pure Food Company). 
WALLACE S. SHAW and ARTHUR M. DOW (with Walter Baker & Company, Ltd.). 
J. S. FOSTER (with H. J. Heinz Company). 


BRONZE MEDAL 
JAMES B. PRATT (with Southern Cotton Oil Company). 


DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME 


GOLD MEDALS 
SILAS R. MORSE, Curator New Jersey State Museum, Trenton (with New Jersey State Collective Display). 
H. H. BRIMLEY, Raleigh (with North Carolina State Collective Display). 


SILVER MEDAL 
WILLIAM H. WERNER, Atlantic City, New Jersey (with New Jersey State Collective Exhibit). 


Jury of Awards. 


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


GOLD MEDALS 
R. JUDSON TUSSING (with Ohio State Collective Display). 
G. B. WALL (with Chesapeake & Ohio Collective Display). 
PAUL V. MOORE (with South Carolina Collective Display). 
CHARLES L. WILSON (with Los Angeles County (California) Collective Display). 
T. K. BRUNER, Raleigh (with North Carolina State Collective Display). 


SILVER MEDAL 
MRS. R. J. TUSSING (with Ohio State Collective Display). 


DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE 
(FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, ETC.) 
GOLD MEDALS 
R. J. TUSSING (with Ohio Collective Display). 
8S. W. MOORE (with West Virginia Collective Display). 
I. C. FANTON (with Connecticut Collective Display). 
T. E. HUDSON (with Norfolk & Southern Railway Collective Display). 
T. B. SYMONS (with Maryland Collective Display). 
H. H. BRIMLEY (with North Carolina Collective Display). 
FRANK WRIGHT and G. JULIAN PRATT (with Virginia Collective Display). 
FRANK WIGGINS (with Los Angeles County (California) Display). 
J. A. JASPER (with San Diego County (California) Display). 
SILVER MEDALS 
MRS. R. J. TUSSING (with Ohio Collective Display). 
MRS. S. W. MOORE (with West Virginia Collective Display). 
MRS. T. E. HUDSON (with Norfolk & Southern Railway Collective Display). 
MRS. T. B. SYMONS (with Maryland Collective Display). 
W. S. RODES (with Virginia Collective Display). 


DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 


GOLD MEDALS 

CHARLES M. JACOBS (with Pennsylvania Railroad Company). 

CHARLES H. KERN (with International Union of Journeymen Horseshoers). 
SILVER MEDALS 


HERBERT CROSS, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (with the Philadelphia Museums). 
HAROLD McGEORGE, Cynwyd, Pennsylvania (with the Philadelphia Museums). 
CHARLES M. JACOBS, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (with the Philadelphia Museums). 
AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS (with the Philadelphia Museums). 

H. W. ROBINSON, 111 Broadway, New York (with the Philadelphia Museums). 


INSTALLATION 


Awarding prizes for displays considered as pictures and entirely disassociated with the 
character of the goods on exhibition, the special Jury used the following verbiage: ‘‘ For the 
Most Admirable, Effective and Artistic Installation of Exhibit.” In the consideration of medals 
in this division the buildings of the Government and the exhibits contained therein were not in- 
cluded, nor was account taken of the State buildings or their contents or the palaces of the Ex- 
position Company. ‘There were very few of these medals awarded. ‘The list follows: 


GOLD MEDALS 
FOR INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS 


AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY 
111 Broadway, New York. Montreal, Canada. 

WALTER BAKER COMPANY, LTD. JOHN DEERE PLOW COMPANY 
Dorchester, Massachusetts. Baltimore, Maryland 

BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE COMPANY LARKIN COMPANY 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Buffalo, New York. 

BAPTISTS OF AMERICA PAN-PRESBYTERIAN EXHIBIT 

EXHIBITS IN FOOD PRODUCTS BUILDING 

EGG-O-SEE CEREAL COMPANY GENESEE PURE FOOD COMPANY 

Buffalo, New York. Leroy, New York. 
EXHIBITS IN MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION BUILDING 

ALLIS-CHALMERS CHESAPEAKE & OHIO RAILWAY COMPANY 
Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Richmond, Virginia. 

PULLMAN COMPANY PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD 
Chicago, Illinois. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 


REPUBLIC OF MEXICO, War Department. 
EXHIBIT IN MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING 
YELLOW PINE MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION, St. Louis, Missouri. 


EXHIBIT IN MARINE BUILDING 
NEWPORT NEWS SHIP-BUILDING AND DRY-DOCK COMPANY, Newport News, Virginia 


EXHIBITS IN MINES BUILDING 


STATE OF GEORGIA STATE OF OHIO , 
W. S. Yeates, Ex. Com., Atlanta, Georgia. R. S. Bolin, Circleville, Ohio 

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA Collective Exhibit of Lighting Materials and 
Col. J. E. Pogue, Raleigh, North Carolina Platinum. 


oO 
=) 
ot 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


EXHIBITS IN STATES EXHIBIT PALACE 


SOUTH CAROLINA EXHIBIT 
CHESAPEAKE & OHIO RAILWAY 


NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILWAY 
SOUTHERN RAILWAY 


LOS ANGELES AND SAN DIEGO COUNTIES, California. 


EXHIBIT IN SOCIAL ECONOMY BUILDING 
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY AND PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS 


EXHIBITS IN 
MEXICO 
EXHIBIT IN 


INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF 


AMERICAN REPUBLICS BUILDING 
PORTO RICO 


NEGRO BUILDING 


HAMPTON INSTITUTE EXHIBIT, Hampton, Virginia. 


SILVER MEDALS 
FOR INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS 


BALTIMORE CITY 


CONNECTICUT INSURANCE DEPARTMENT 


EXHIBITS IN FOOD PRODUCTS BUILDING 


BALLARD & BALLARD COMPANY 
Louisville, Kentucky. 

THOS. P. CONVERSE COMPANY 
San Diego, California. 

F. A. CAUCHOIS & CO. 
New York City, Fulton Street. 


THOMAS J. LIPTON 
39 Pearl Street, New York City. 
NATURAL FOOD COMPANY 
Niagara Falls, New York. 
SOUTHERN COTTON OIL COMPANY 
New York City. 


T. S. SOUTHGATE & CO., INC., Norfolk, Virginia. 


EXHIBITS IN MACHINERY 
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY 
Schenectady, New York. 


EXHIBITS IN MANUFACTURES 


AMERICAN WOOLEN COMPANY 
Boston, Massachusetts. 

BECKWITH ORGAN COMPANY 
Louisville, Kentucky. 

BHUMGARA COMPANY 
New York City and India 

D. CARPENTER 
Norfolk, Virginia. 

COLUMBIA PHONOGRAPH COMPANY 
Bridgeport, Connecticut. 

CRADDOCK-TERRY COMPANY 
Lynchburg, Virginia. 

JAPAN COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT 
Tokio, Japan. 

WALTER LOWNEY COMPANY 
Boston, Massachusetts. 


AND 


AND TRANSPORTATION BUILDING 


SIMONDS MANUFACTURING COMPANY 

Fitchburg, Massachusetts. 

LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING 

NATIONAL CASH REGISTER COMPANY 
Dayton, Ohio. 

NATIONAL CASKET COMPANY 
Oneida, New York. 

SINGER SEWING MACHINE COMPANY 
New York City 

STIEFF PIANO COMPANY 
Baltimore, Maryland. 

UNDERWOOD TYPEWRITER COMPANY 
New York City. 

VIRGINIA SHOE CORPORATION 
Richmond and Lynchburg 

WALTHAM WATCH COMPANY 
Waltham, Massachusetts. 


L. E. WATERMAN & CO. 
New York City 


EXHIBITS IN STATES EXHIBIT PALACE 


NORFOLK & SOUTHERN RAILWAY 
NORTH CAROLINA EXHIBIT 


SEABOARD AIR LINE RAILWAY 
VIRGINIA EXHIBIT 


MISSOURI EXHIBIT 


EXHIBIT IN 


SOCIAL ECONOMY 


BUILDING 


INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN’S SCHOOL FARM LEAGUE, New York City. 


BRONZE MEDALS 
FOR INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS 


OLD VIRGINIA KITCHEN 
(Mrs. Buchanan) Louisville 


RICHMOND CITY 


EXHIBIT IN FOOD BUILDING 
McCORMICK & COMPANY, Baltimore, Maryland. 
EXHIBITS IN MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING 


ENFIELD POTTERY COMPANY 
Laverock, Pennsylvania 


RUTH ASHLEY HIRSHFIELD 
Model Nursery. 


KOKEN BARBERS’ SUPPLY COMPANY, St. Louis, Missouri. 


EXHIBIT IN 


MINES BUILDING 


STANDARD OIL COMPANY, Baltimore, Maryland. 
EXHIBITS IN SOCIAL ECONOMY BUILDING 


PRUDENTIAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY 
Newark, New Jersey. 


TRAINING SCHOOL FOR CHILDREN’S LI- 
BRARIANS 
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania 


EXHIBIT IN STATES EXHIBIT PALACE 
INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY, Chicago, Illinois. 


The following report made by the Special Jury on Buildings and Grounds includes com- 


memorative medals as well as the ordinary and ‘ 


The Committee awards a Commemorative Medal to 
the Board of Design, Messrs. Parker, Thomas and 
Peebles; to Mr. Peabody, as Advisory Architect; to 
the Chief of Design, Mr. Ritchie, and to his Assistant, 
Mr. Faelton, for the general plan and arrangement of 
the Jamestown Exposition; also for the Auditorium 
and Administration Building, History Building, Edu- 
eation and Social Economy Building, Manufactures and 
Liberal Arts Building, Machinery and Transportation 
Building, State Exhibit Palace, Pure Food Building, 
Mines and Metallurgy Building, Arts and Crafts Village, 
Pocahontas Hospital, and upon the diploma to each of 
these gentlemen these words are to be inscribed: 

““ awarded for excellence in Architecture and for 
the successful planning and arrangement of the Ex- 
position Grounds and Buildings.’’ 


* Collaborator ’’ Awards. 


This is the full text: 


The Committee awards a Commemorative Medal to 
Mr. James Knox Taylor, Supervising Architect of the 
Treasury Department, for the design of the Govern- 
ment Building, Fisheries Building, Smithsonian Insti- 
tute, Panama and Porto Rico Buildings, Life Saving 
Station, Army and Navy Club House, Club for Enlisted 
Men, Bureau of American Republic Building, and upon 
the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

‘« Awarded for excellence in architecture of Build- 
ings directed by the United States Government at the 
Jamestown Exposition.’’ 

The Committee awards a Commemorative Medal to 
Messrs. Warren H. Manning, Messrs. Parker, Thomas 
and Peebles; Mr. Peabody, as Advisory Architect; to 
the Chief of Design, Mr. Ritchie, and to his Assistant, 
Mr. Faelton, landscape architecture and gardening in 


506 


Jury of Awards. 


connection with the Jamestown Exposition, and upon 
the diploma these words were to be inscribed: 

“* Awarded for excellence of landscape work, plant- 
ing and general treatment of natural accessories of the 
Jamestown Exposition.’’ 

The Committee awards a Commemorative Medal to 
Board of Design for the design of the Government 
Pier at the Jamestown Exposition, and upon the 
diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

““ Awarded for excellence in design, construction 
and execution ot the Government Pier at the James- 
town Exposition.’’ 

The Committee awards a Commemorative Medal to 
Mr. Wm. Dixon for the installation of the electric 
‘lighting at the Jamestown Exposition, and upon the 
diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

““ Awarded for the installation of the electric light- 
ing of the Jamestown Exposition; for the originality 
of the treatment of the central dome and the success- 
ful and dignified method of illumination of the entire 
exhibition. ’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to Mr. Wm. 
Cooper for his ‘‘ Captain John Smith ’’ in the History 
Building at the Jamestown Exposition, and upon the 
diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

“« Awarded for the statue of Captain John Smith.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to Mr. Wm. 
Ordway Partridge for his statue of ‘‘ Pocahontas ’’ at 
the Jamestown Exposition, and upon the diploma these 
words are to be inscribed: 

“* Awarded for the statue of Pocahontas.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to Mr. H. K. 
Bush-Brown for his statue group of the ‘‘ Buffalo 
Hunt ’’ at the Jamestown Exposition, and upon the 
diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

“¢ Awarded for the group of sculpture of ‘‘ The 
Buffalo Hunt.’’ 

The Committee awards a Commemorative Medal to 
Mr. James Knox Taylor, Supervising Architect of the 
Treasury Department, for the Officers’ Club and Office 
of the United States Commission, and upon the diploma 
these words are to be inscribed: 

‘« Awarded for excellence in architecture and for 
the appropriateness and charm of the exterior and the 
interior of the Officers’? Club and Office of the United 
States Commission.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State 
of Maryland for the Maryland State Building, and 
upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

““ Awarded for the Maryland State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to Messrs. 
Parker & Thomas and D. H. Thomas Jr., architects 
of the Maryland State Building, and upon the diploma 
these words are to be inscribed: 

““ Awarded for excellence in architecture of the 
Maryland State Building. The Building which is in- 
spired by ‘ Homewood ’ has preserved the charm and 
delicacy of the original, and in both exterior and 
interior freatment is a fine example of Colonial archi- 
tecture. ’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of 
Virginia for the Virginia State Building, and upon the 
diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

““ Awarded for the Architecture of the Virginia 
State Building, an excellent example of Colonial 
Architecture. ’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to Messrs. 
Breese & Mitchell, architects of the Virginia State 
Building, a correct example of Colonial design. 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of 
New Jersey for the New Jersey State Building, and 
upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

“¢ Awarded for the architecture of the New Jersey 
State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to Mr. Geo. 
E. Poole, architect of the New Jersey State Build- 
ing, and upon the diploma these words are to be in- 
scribed: 

‘« Awarded for the architecture of the New Jersey 
State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of 
Missouri for the Missouri State Building and upon the 
diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

‘¢ Awarded for the Missouri State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to Messrs. 
Mariner & La Beaume, architects of the Missouri State 
Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be 
inseribed: 

‘¢ Awarded for the architecture of the 
State Building.’? 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State 
of North Carolina for the North Carolina State Build- 
ing, and upon the diploma these words are to be in- 
seribed: 

‘« Awarded for the North Carolina State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to Mr. I. 8. 
Zimmerman, architect of the North Carolina State 
Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be 
inscribed: 

“* Awarded for the architecture of the North Caro- 
lina State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold 


Missouri 


Medal to the State 


507 


of Ohio for the Ohio State Building, and upon the 
diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

‘* Awarded for the Ohio State Building.’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to Joseph N. 
Beadford, architect of the Ohio State Building, and 
upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

‘“* Awarded for the architecture of the Ohio State 
Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the 
State of Rhode Island for the Rhode Island State 
Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be 
inscribed: 

‘* Awarded for the Rhode Island State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to Messrs. 
Banning & Thornton, architects of the Rhode Island 
State Building, and upon the diploma these words are 
to b> inscribed: 

“* Awarded for the architecture of the Rhode Island 
State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State 
of Massachusetts for the Massachusetts State Build- 
ing, and upon the diploma these words are to be in- 
scribed: 

‘“* Awarded for the Massachusetts State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to Mr. John 
La Valle, architect of the Massachusetts State Build- 
ing, and upon the diploma these words are to be in- 
scribed: 

‘« Awarded for the architecture of the Massachusetts 
State Building, which was inspired by the old State 
House in Boston and admirably preserved the spirit 
ov the original.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State 
of Connecticut for the Connecticut State Building, and 
upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

‘“* Awarded for the Connecticut State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to Messrs. 
Rossiter & Wright, architects of the Connecticut State 
Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be 
inscribed: 

‘“ Awarded for the architecture of the Connecticut 
State Building and the skill in which they have 
preserved the Colonial spirit both in the interior and 
exterior.’” 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State 
of Lennsylvania for the Pennsylvania State Building, 
and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

‘© Awarded for the Pennsylvania State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to Messrs. 
Brockie & Hastings, architects for the Pennsylvania 
State Building, and upon the diploma these words are 
to be inscribed: 

‘“ Awarded for the architecture of the Pennsylvania 
State Building, and for the admirable manner in which 
the spirit of Independence Hall has been preserved, 
both in general design and detail.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State 
of Kentucky for the Kentucky State Building, and 
upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

‘* Awarded for the Kentucky State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Silver Medal to Mr. Ken- 
neth McDonald, architect of the Kentucky State Build- 
ing, and upon the diploma these words are to be in- 
scribed: 

‘* Awarded for the interesting realization of Daniel 
Boone’s Fort Boonesboro.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of 
Georgia for the Georgia State Building, and upon the 
diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

** Awarded for the Georgia State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Silver Medal to Thornton 
Marye, architect of the Georgia State Building, and 
upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

‘* Awarded for the architecture of the Georgia State 
Building. ’’ ; 

The Committee awards a Silver Medal to the 
Daughters of the Confederacy, and upon the diploma 
these words are to be inscribed: 

‘* Awarded for the interesting Building erected by 
the Daughters of the Confederacy.’’ ; 

The Committee awards a Silver Medal to the Walter 
Baker Chocolate Company, and upon the diploma these 
words are to be inscribed: 

“« Awarded for the Bakers’ Chocolate House.’’ 

The Committee awards a Silver Medal to Kevill 
Glennan, designer of the Virginian-Pilot Building, and 
upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

“« Awarded for the Virginian-Pilot Building.’’ 

The, Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State 
of Illinois for the Ilinois State Building, and upon the 
diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

‘¢ Awarded for the Illinois State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Silver Medal to W. Carby 
Zimmerman, architect of the Illinois State Building, 
and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

““ Awarded for the architecture of the Illinois State 
Building. ’”’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State 
of New York for the New York State Building, and 
upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

‘“ Awarded for the New York State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to 


’ 


Mr. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Clarence Luce, architect of the New York State Build- 
ing, and upon the diploma these words are to be in- 
scribed: 

“* Awarded for the 
State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State 
of West Virginia for the West Virginia State Build- 
ing, and upon the diploma these words are to be in- 
seribed: 

“* Awarded for the West Virginia State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Silver Medal to Rabein- 
stein & Warner, architects of the West Virginia State 
Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be 
inscribed: 

““ Awarded for 
ginia State Building. 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State 
of North Dakota for the North Dakota State Building, 
and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

‘« Awarded for the North Dakota State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the City of 
Richmond for the Richmond City Building, and upon 
the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

““ Awarded for the Richmond City Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State 
of Vermont for the Vermont State Building, and upon 
the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

“* Awarded for the Vermont State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the City of 


architecture of the New York 


the architecture of the West Vir- 


a} 


Baltimore for the Baltimore Building, and upon the 
diploma these words are to be inseribed: 

“* Awarded for the Baltimore Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State 
of Louisiana for the Louisiana State Building, and 
upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

‘* Awarded for the Louisiana State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State 
of Michigan for the Michigan State Building, and 
upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

“« Awarded for the Michigan State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State 
of Delaware for the Delaware State Building, and 
upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

““ Awarded for the Delaware State Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State 
of New Hampshire for the New Hampshire State 
Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be 
inscribed: 

‘* Awarded for the New Hampshire State Build- 
aac 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the Domini- 
can Republic for the Dominican Republic Building, 
and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: 

“« Awarded for the Dominican Republic Building.’’ 

The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the Negro 
Exhibit and upon the diploma these words are to be 
inscribed: 

‘« Awarded for the Negro Building.’’ 


NEGRO PARTICIPATION 
ADVISORY BOARD OF AWARDS FOR THE NEGRO BUILDING 


The United States Government was principally responsible for the conduct of the Negro 
Exhibit and to a large extent the splendid display made by the black race may be attributed 
to the watchfulness, the care and the interest manifested by the men appointed to supervise 


the Federal expenditures. 


position history had they done so well. 


The Negroes of the country were proud of the showing they 
had made, and rightly did they place a high estimate on their collection. 


Messrs. Edwards and Geddes, the President and the 


Never before in Ex- 


Secretary of the United States Government Board, requested the Jury of Awards to 
recognize the Negro effort by a special consideration and appoint some members of that race 
to judge the exhibits in the Negro Building. Admitting the reasonableness of this request, Dr. 
Shaw, President of the Jury, appointed an advisory board consisting of two distinguished edu- 
cators, I. S. Inborden, D. S., of Enfield, North Carolina, Principal of the Joseph Keasby 
Brick Agricultural, Industrial and Normal School, and W. T. B. Williams of Hampton, Vir- 
ginia, a Bachelor of Arts of Harvard University and the agent of the John F. Slater Board at 
Hampton Institute; two prominent professional men, W. D. Crum, M.D., a practicing physi- 
cian and the Collector of the Port of Charleston, South Carolina, and J. C. Napier, an attor- 
ney-at-law and the Cashier of the One-Cent Savings Bank of Nashville, Tennessee. The fifth 
member was Mrs. Mary Church Terrell of Washington, a member of the Board of Education 
of the District of Columbia. This Advisory Board examined all the exhibits in the Negro 
Building and the judgment of the experts on the main jury was at their disposal at all times. 
Their recommendations were submitted to a special sub-jury and finally were accepted or 
rejected by the “ Jury of Awards.” No exhibits were, therefore, judged with greater dis- 
crimination than those in the Negro Building and it is splendid testimony to the intelligence and 
progress evidenced by the Negro race that their awards were so numerous. 


HAMPTON NORMAL AND AGRICULTURAL IN- 
STITUTE 
Hampton, Virginia 
Photographs and Industrial Work. 
HOWARD UNIVERSITY 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Photographs. 
LYNCHBURG PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Lynchburg, Virginia 
Class Room and Industrial Work. 
NORFOLK COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Industrial Work. 
PENN SCHOOL 
St. Helena Island, South Carolina 
Photographs and Basket Work. 
ST. EMMA INDUSTRIAL & AGRICULTURAL COL- 
LEGE 
Rock Castle, West Virginia 
Industrial Work. 
ST. FRANCIS DE SALES 
Rock Castle, Virginia 
Fine. Needle Work. 
VIRGINIA UNION UNIVERSITY 
Richmond, Virginia 
Photographs and 
Work. 


DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY 


GOLD MEDALS 


FISK UNIVERSITY 
Nashville, Tennessee 
Painting of Original Jubilee Singers. 
MISS META VAUX WARRICK 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Historic Tableaux of Negroes Progress. 


DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 


GOLD MEDALS 


AGRICULTURAL AND NORMAL UNIVERSITY 
Langston, Oklahoma 
Photographs and Industrial Work. 
CLAFLIN UNIVERSITY 
Orangeburg, South Carolina 
Class Room Work and Industrial Exhibits. 
FISK UNIVERSITY 
Nashville, Tennessee 
Demonstrations and Literary Work. 


Literary and Industrial 


508 


Jury of Awards. 


WEST VIRGINIA COLORED INSTITUTE 
Charleston, West Virginia 
Industrial Exhibit. 
WILBERFORCE UNIVERSITY 
Wilberforce, Ohio 
Drawings, Paintings, Literary and Industrial 
Work. 


SILVER MEDALS 


AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE 
Greensboro, North Carolina 
School Room and Industrial Work. 
ALCORN AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL 
COLLEGE 
Alcorn, Mississippi 
Class Room and Industrial Work. 
ALCORN A. & M. COLLEGE 
Alcorn, Mississippi 
Houses. 
ARMSTRONG MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Furniture, Iron Work, Drawings, Sewing. 
JOSEPH K. BRICK SCHOOL 
Enfield, North Carolina 
School Room and Industrial Work. 
HARTSHORN MEMORIAL COLLEGE 
Richmond, Virginia 
Literary and Industrial Work. 
HIGH POINT NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL 
SCHOOL 
High Point, North Carolina 
Industrial Work. 
ROBERT HUNGERFORD NORMAL AND INDUS- 
TRIAL SCHOOL 
Eatonville, Florida 
Industrial Work. 
KNOXVILLE COLLEGE 
Knoxville, Tennessee 
Photographs. 
LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Leavenworth, Kansas 
Drawings. 
MT. VERNON PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Camden, New Jersey 
Class Room Work and Normal Training. 
NEWPORT NEWS PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Newport News, Virginia 
Class Room and Industrial Work. 
NORFOLK MISSION COLLEGE 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Photographs and Industrial Work. 
PORTSMOUTH PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Portsmouth, Virginia 
Industrial Work. 
PRINCESS ANN ACADEMY 
Princess Ann, Maryland 
Photographs and Industrial Work. 
RICHMOND PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Richmond, Virginia 
Class Room Industrial Work. 
SHELDON’S KINDERGARTEN SCHOOL 
Topeka, Kansas : 
Kindergarten Work. 
ST. AUGUSTINE SCHOOL 
Greensboro, North Carolina 
School Room and Industrial Work. 
TEMPERANCE AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE 
Claremont, Virginia 
Industrial Exhibits. 
TOUGALOO UNIVERSITY 
Tougaloo, Mississippi 
Class Room and Industrial Work. 
VIRGINIA NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTI- 
TUTE 
Petersburg, Virginia 
Literary and Industrial Work 
XENIA PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Xenia, Ohio 
Class Room and Industrial Work. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


AMERICAN BAPTIST HOME MISSIONARY SO- 
CIETY 
New York City 
Photographs. 
ASHEVILLE PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Asheville, North Carolina 
School Room and Industrial Work. 
ATTUCKS PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Carbondale, Illinois 
Class Work. 
REV. R. H. BOWLING 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Photograph of Bute St. Baptist Church. 


BOYDTON ACADEMY 
Boydton, Virginia 
Class Room and Industrial Work. 
CHILLICOTHE PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Chillicothe, Ohio 
Class Work. 
CURRY NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE 
Urbana, Ohio 
Class Room and Industrial Work. 
DORCHESTER ACADEMY 
Thebes, Georgia 
Examinations. 
GEORGIA STATE COLLEGE 
Collegepark, Georgia 
Industrial Exhibit. 
HARLEM ACADEMY 
Tampa, Florida 
Class Work. 
HENDERSON PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Henderson, Kentucky 
Class Room and Industrial 
LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOL 
East St. Louis, Illinois 
Class Work. 
MANASSAS PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Memphis, Tennessee 
Examinations. 
ORANGE PARK NORMAL SCHOOL 
Orange Park, Florida 
Photographs. 
OWENSBORO PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Owensboro, Kentucky 
Class Work. 
PORTSMOUTH PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Portsmouth, Ohio 
Class Room and Industrial 
ST. JOSEPH PUBLIC SCHOOL 
St. Joseph, Missouri 
Industrial Work. 
ST. JOSEPH’S INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL 
Clayton, Delaware 
Industrial Work. 
ST. PAUL NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL 
Lawrenceville, Virginia 
Industrial Exhibit. 
ST. PETER CLAVER’S SCHOOL 
Tampa, Florida 
Class Work. 
TALLADEGA COLLEGE 
Talladega, Alabama 
Literary and Industrial Work. 
TERRE HAUTE PUBLIC SCHOOL 
Terre Haute, Indiana 
Class Work. 
THYNE INSTITUTE 
Chase City, Virginia 
Class Work. 
WESTERN UNIVERSITY 
Quindaro, Kansas 
Class Room and Industrial Work. 
WHITTED GRADED SCHOOL 
Durham, North Carolina 
Sehool Room and Industrial Work. 


Work. 


Work. 


DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL 
ECONOMY 


GOLD MEDAL 


NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND AND 
THE DEAF 
Raleigh, North Carolina 
Students’ Work in the Industrial Department. 


SILVER MEDAL 


FREEDMEN’S HOSPITAL 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Photographs. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


BATH-HOUSE 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Photographs. 
W. H. CROCKER 
Suffolk, Virginia 
Negroes Progress in Suffolk. 
KELLY MILLER 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Statistical Chart. 
DR. J. T. WILSON 
Nashville, Tennessee 
Wilson’s Infirmary. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


DEPARTMENT OF MANUFAC- 
TURES AND LIBERAL ARTS 


GOLD MEDALS 


A. P. BEDOU 
New Orleans, Louisiana 
Photographs. 
FRANCES SPENCER DORKINS 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Hand Painted China. 
MRS. MARGARET FORTIE 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
MRS. MARCELIA MECKENS 
Covington, Virginia 
Mountmelick Centerpiece. 
EDNA NIXON 
Trenton, New Jersey 
Centerpiece. 
A. N. SCURLOCK 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Photographs. 
IDA UNDERWOOD 
Rainbow, Connecticut 
Centerpieces. 


SILVER MEDALS 


H. M. BRAZELTON 
Chattanooga, Tennessee 
Photographs. 
GEO. 0. BROWN 
Richmond, Virginia 
Photographs. 
LETTIE BUFORD 
Colorado Springs, Colorado 
Table Cover and Centerpiece. 
ANNIE N. CORMICK 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Pillows. 
WALTER S. EBB 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Buffet—Hand-made. 
JENNIE HIGGINS 
Westville, Ohio 
Battenburg Work. 
GEO. W. HILL 
Anderson, South Carolina 
Photographs. 
ANNIE F. HOLLOWAY 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Burial Robe. 
MRS. JULIA HARRIS 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Embroidered Skirt. 
MBS. M. R. JENNINGS 
Roanoke, Virginia 
Centerpiece. 
DR. E. B. JEFFERSON 
Nashville, Tennessee 
Plate Work. 
J. J. LAY 
Nashville, Tennessee 
Photographs. 
A. L. MACBETH 
Charleston, South Carolina 
Photographs. 
MRS. ANNA C. MARROW 
New York City 
Table Cover. 
MRS. KATIE MOSELEY 
Stoneville, Mississippi 
Crochet Bed Set. 
ANNA McNORTON 
Yorktown, Virginia 
Centerpiece. 
MRS. IDA PARSONS 
Princess Anne C. H., Virginia 
Battenburg Work. 
FLORENCE PAUL 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Table Cover. 
VIRGINIA SCOTT 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Luneh Set. 
MRS. ESTHER TURNER 
Richmond, Virginia 
Counterpane. 
G. A. TURNER 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Photographs. 
MRS. ELIZA WILLIAMS 
Brooklyn, New York 
Child’s Dress, Hand-made. 


MRS. J. L. WRIGHT 
Lincoln, Nebraska 
Bureau Searf and Table Cover. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


MRS. BETTIE ALLEN 
Stems, North Carolina 
Home Woven Blankets. 
CLARA E. ALLEN 
Sweet Springs, West Virginia 
Counterpane. 
JAMES ARCHER 
Chester, North Carolina 
Casket. 
MRS. E. L. BARBER 
Norfolk. Virginia 
Knitted Work. 
BLANCHE BROWN 
Findlay, Ohio 
Table Cover. 
MRS. J. M. BROWN 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Centerpiece, 
MATTIE J. BROWN 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Dress Shadow-Work. 
MRS. ANNA BURCKHARDT 
Lincoln, Nebraska 
Hand Painted China. 
MRS. EVA BUNDY 
Somerset, Pennsylvania 
Lunch Set. 
MISS ADDIE BYRD 
Columbus, Ohio 
Hand Painted China. 
DR. RICHARD G. BAKER 
Baltimore 
Plate Work. 
DR. HOWARD BUNDY 
Trenton, New Jersey 
Plate Work. 
G. F. CARR 
Lexington, Kentucky 
Incubator and Bread Maker. 
MRS. T. E. CERUTI 
Jacksonville, Florida 
Hair Work. 
MRS. SUSIE CLINGMAN 
Denver, Colorado 
Lace Collar. 
MRS. FANNIE CLINKSCALES 
Topeka, Kansas 
Hand Painted China. 
MRS. MARTHA COOPER 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Doily. 
MRS. LINNIE DAVIS 
Portsmouth, Virginia 
Counterpane. 
Cc. W. DIGGS 
Burlington, New Jersey 
Furniture. 
JOHN T. DOOLEY 
Old Sweet Springs, West Virginia 
Jewelry. 


DURHAM ELITE MATTRESS COMPANY 


Durham, North Carolina 
Mattress. 
DURHAM HOSIERY MILLS 
Durham, North Carolina 
Hose. 
JAS. DeSHIELDS 
Wilmington, Delaware 
Frame House Model. 
MRS. FOWLER 
Henderson, Kentucky 
Hair Work. 
J. C. FARLEY 
Richmond, Virginia 
Photographs. 
DANIEL FREEMAN 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Photographs. 
ELLA P. GREEN 
Cornwall, New York 
Pillow. 
MRS. PHILLIPS HARDY 
Wilmington, Delaware 
Silk Waist. 
A. J. HOWARD 
New York City 
Shoe Polish. 
FRANCIS F. JACKSON 
Sutherlin, Virginia 
Centerpiece. 


MRS. SADIE PRICE LEWIS 
William’s Bridge, Kentucky 
Suit of Underwear. 
G. ARTHUR LEWIS 
St. Louis, Missouri 
Pyrography. 
KAE MOODY 
New York City 
Centerpiece. 
L. D. MOORE 
Little Rock, Arkansas 


Cotton Chopper, Seraper, Cultivator. 


MRS. B. M. McFARLAND 
Tampa, Florida 
Bureau Searf and Pillow. 
CHAS. McNEIL 
Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina 
Frame House Model. 
KATE NELSON 
Battery, Virginia 
Faney Work. 
W. M. PAGE 
Providence, Rhode Island 
Violin. 
MRS. F. E. PAUL 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Table Cover. 
MRS. HARRY A. PLATO 
Hartford, Connecticut 
Battenburg Collar. 
MRS. MOLLIE POLLOCK 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Table Cover. 
MRS. ELIZABETH POPE 
Raleigh, North Carolina 
Battenburg Collar. 
R. P. ROGERS 
Spartanburg, South Carolina 


Improved Plow and Heel Sweep. 


L. SIMS 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Shoe Making and Repairing. 
MRS. R. W. SMITH 
Covington, Virginia 
Centerpiece. 
WILLIAM E. SPENCER 
Cedarville, Ohio 
Combination Bookease. 
WILLIAM SUTTON 
Henderson, Kentucky 
Tobacco. 
A. C. TAYLOR 
Charleston, South Carolina 
Extension Ladder. 
MR. W. A. THOMAS 
Millwood, Virginia 
Table Cover. 
oO. M. TIBBS 
Boston, Massachusetts 
Musical Instruments. 
J. W. VANDERVALL 
East Orange, New Jersey 
Mattresses. 
MRS. E. WARRICK 
Atlantic City, New Jersey 
Hair Dressing. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


GROUP OF EXHIBIT PALACES AT NIGHT 


Jury of Awards. 


WOMAN’S EXCHANGE 
Norfolk, Virginia 
Needle Work. 
J. H. WOOD 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Tron Work. 


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
AND HORTICULTURE 


SILVER MEDALS 


RUFUS JORDAN 
Henderson, Kentucky 
Tobacco. 
A. C. TAYLOR 
Charleston, South Carolina 
Cotton Planter. 


DEPARTMENT OF FOODS 


GOLD MEDAL 


HENRY KIRKLIN 
Columbia, Missouri 
Canned Vegetables. 


SILVER MEDAL 


L. E. KENNEDY 
Interlachen, Florida 
Canned Fruit. 


DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTA- 
TION 


GOLD MEDAL 


Ss. G. CRAWFORD 
Baltimore, Maryland 
Boat Propeller. 


SILVER MEDALS 


A. C. NEWMAN 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Rlectric Block Signal System. 
J. H. STONE 
Atchison, Kansas 
Horseshoe. 


BRONZE MEDALS 


ROBERT COATES 
Washington, District of Columbia 
Overboot for Horses. 
WILLIAM HILL 
Denver, Colorado 
Horse Overshoe. 
J.B. POWELL 
Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina 
One Buggy. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


INTRODUCTORY NOTE TO EXHIBIT CHAPTERS 


town Exposition did not include ex- 


(Sewn Es to precedent, the James- 


hibits of every kind under a single 
management, but created two distinct Di- 
visions. One was known as the “ Division 
of History, Education and Social Econ- 
omy,” the other, as the “ Division of 
Exhibits.” The sphere of activity for 
the former was restricted to the three 
topics indicated in the title, while the 
latter comprehended every other class 
of display. Honorable J. Taylor 
Ellyson, Lieutenant-Governor of Vir- 
ginia, was Governor of History, Educa- 
tion and Social Economy; Thomas S. 
Southgate, a prominent citizen of Norfolk, 
was Governor of Exhibits. 

Although this fact has been noted in the 
earlier pages of the book, it appears proper 
that it should be repeated here because 
there are two forewords to the Exhibit 
chapters, and without some adjacent expla- 
nation the independent introductions 
would seem not only unnec- 
essary but incomprehensi- ge 
ble. J. A. C. Chand- gg 
ler, LL.D., the Di- 
rector of History, 
Education and So- 
cial Economy, and 
Governor Ellyson’s 
chief assistant, wrote 
one of the fore- 
words, and Mr. 
Southgate, the other. 

It was the orig- 
inal purpose of the 
Publishers of 
the Blue-Book 
to describe only 
those exhibits 
which obtained 
gold medals and 
this course has been pur- 
sued with very few exceptions. In 
some instances, a silver medal 
display has been noted, when 
no gold medal was awarded in that particular 
class. In other instances, exhibits which failed 
to receive the highest award have been de- 
scribed and occasionally illustrated when the 
displays made by the exhibitors were sufficiently 
noteworthy to cause them to be regarded as dis- 
tinct additions to the attractiveness of the Expo- 
sition. 

To describe and illustrate every exhibit that 
received a gold medal was the earnest desire of 
the Publishers, and they spared no reasonable 
effort to ensure this result. The Jury of 


Conse 
Sigh 
8ht, 3 
J ™EStow,,, O 
Po 
Doe 


i an ring the 


& 


GREEK RUNNER 
One of the Statues adorning Raleigh Square 


Awards did not publish the results of their de- 
liberations until the Exposition had nearly ended, 

and consequently .4@>. it was impossible, du- 
brief period remain- 
ing, to secure descrip- 
tions of all the exhibits 
which received the highest 
awards. 

Frequently the chiefs of the various 
departments had no records of the 
details of exhibits and still more fre- 
quently the official photographer had 
made no pictures of the prize winning 
displays. In such instances the only 
course was to make direct appeals to 
the exhibitors for data and illustra- 
tions. 

Notwithstanding all of the efforts 
’ put forth by the Publishers to secure 
- accurate information upon which to base 
a true descriptive article, there were oc- 

casional failures. It seemed very diffi- 

cult to convince some of 

~~~, the exhibitors that space 

. in this history was not 
for sale, and that, in 
’ the opinion of the 

Publishers, the story 
| of the exhibits was 

an integral part of 
- the Exposition his- 

tory to which the 
purchasers of this 
volume were en- 
titled. How- 
ever, few of 
the important 
displays have 
gone unde- 

te scribed. 
ae It is not in the least un- 
likely that some of the tech- 
nical descriptions may be inac- 
curate in details. Wath the exception 
of a few papers describing his- 
torical or educational dis- 
plays, none was prepared by 
an exhibitor. Many of them were compiled 
from several sources of information. Some of 
them were prepared from catalogues as the only 
guides except the actual records of articles 

exhibited. 

From the material available, the Editor ob- 
tained the best results he could secure. The de- 
scriptions in the following chapters include the 
most noteworthy and valuable exhibit features 
of the Exposition; and they prove, that though 
not as large as other great fairs, the Ter-Cen- 
tennial was at least as dignified and important. 


Nore.—In the descriptive articles relating to exhibits, the names of those who received gold medals are printed in an- 


tique type. 
awarded to the same exhibitor—Eb. 


This style of letter is not repeated when a name appears more than once unless two or more gold medals were 


512 


THE DIVISION OF HISTORY, EDUCATION AND 
SOCIAL ECONOMY 


BY J. A. C. CHANDLER, LL.D., DIRECTOR 


HE Jamestown Exposition Company was chartered by the Legislature of Virginia to 
hold an historical celebration at some place on Hampton Roads in the year 1907. 
The general impression prevailed that the Exposition was to be chiefly historical in 
character. For one reason or other, however, after the organization of the company, 
it seemed more practical to the authorities to develop the Exposition along commercial and in- 
dustrial lines, though Frederick J. F. Skiff, an exposition expert, whose opinion was se- 
eured, advised that the Exposition would do well to limit its industrial exhibits and to develop 
itself chiefly along historical and literary lines. Finally, however, in April, 1906, a Division 
of History, Edueation and Social Economy was established with Lieutenant-Governor J. Taylor 
Ellyson as Governor of this division. Governor Ellyson was fully saturated with the idea that 
the historical side of the Exposition should be made an important one and on the first of 
June, 1906, realizing the magnitude of the work, he called to his assistance as Director of the 
Division, the author of this paper. A few days later, Miss Minnie Bronson, who had had wide 
experience in expositions both in this country ard abroad, was made assistant to the director. 
Later Miss Bronson was appointed Chief of the Department of Social Economy and Arts and 
Crafts. In September, 1906, Wiliam M. Black, principal of the high school of Lynchburg, 
Virginia, was made Superintendent of Educational Exhibits, and on February 1, 1907, Albert 
Cook Myers was added to the Division as Superintendent of Historical Exhibits. This com- 
pleted the organization of the Division, save the fact that on February 6, 1907, after many 
months of discussion by the Board of Governors as to whether there should or should not be 
a fine arts exhibit, Richard N. Brooke of Washington, D. C., was selected as Chief of the Fine 
Arts Department and instructed to secure a fine arts exhibit. Shortly after this, however, 
in view of the fact that the Division deemed it best to make efforts to secure an English exhibit 
of an historical nature and in view of the fact that the fine arts exhibit would cost more than 
the Exposition’s financial condition warranted, Mr. Brooke asked that he be released from his 
engagement. Francis Howard of London, was appointed as collector of an English historical 
exhibit. 

The work of the Division from June 1, 1906, to December 1, 1907, could be chronicled with 
dates for every step, but this does not seem necessary. It suffices to say that the great diffi- 
eulty which confronted this Division was lack of funds to collect exhibits and laek of buildings 
in which to place them, for as late as June, 1906, no plans had been approved or buildings be- 
gun for this Division. 


HISTOR 


On either side of the Auditorium the Board of Governors proposed to construct two small 
buildings, each containing floor space of about eleven thousand square feet, one for history 
and one for historical art, no plans being under consideration for social economy or education. 
Realizing the available capital of the company, this Division endeavored to proceed upon an 
economical basis with the hope of having an exposition which could be properly financed, and 
asked on July 3, 1906, for two small buildings; one, a fireproof building containing floor space 
of eleven thousand square feet for history and historical art; the other, a temporary non-fire- 
proof building of twelve thousand square feet floor space for education and social economy. 
This recommendation of the Governor of the Division of History, Edueation and Social Eeon- 
omy was referred to the Governor of Ways and Means. I do not know the nature of his re- 
port, but received the impression that the two buildings would be constructed according to 
the wishes of the Division. Thereupon, circulars were sent out requesting an historical exhibit 
from the various States and historical societies for material as follows: 


TOPICS IN HISTORY CLASSIFICATION 


1. Remains and literature relating to the period of the Mound Builders. 

2. Indian implements, dress and handicrafts with wall maps and charts showing location 
of tribes and giving data concerning population, tribal organization and customs. 

3. Collections of classified objects, photographs, paintings, medals, statuary; heirlooms of 
prominent men; original documents, journals and rare books on Colonial days; maps and charts 
showing expansion and settlements and data relating to the historic and economic development 
and to the life, political or religious, of Colonial days. 

4. Relies of the Revolutionary War; photographs of places of historie interest and of 
great leaders, civil or military; charts and data showing the part of each State in the Revolu- 
tion; materials illustrative of the social and financial life during the period of our struggle 
with the mother country and original documents, rare books, papers, ete. 

5. Collections of materials relating to leaders from 1787 to 1860 with especial stress on 
the industrial and economie life of the time. 

6. Graphic illustrations of the contributions of each State to the United States and to the 
Confederate States during the period of 1860-65, including various war relics relating to great 
leaders and their armies; battle flags and swords, colored maps and charts of campaigns with 
letters and original orders of generals, ete., and data relating to resources and economic life. 

7. Material showing growth, changes in centers of population and progress in civilization 
since the Civil War. 

This same circular assured exhibitors that the building for history and historic art would 
be absolutely fireproof. On July 17 the Board of Governors instructed the Governor of Works 
to advertise for bids to construct the historical art building, to the east of the Auditorium, 


513 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


according to original plans, which, as I understood it, called for a fireproof building. The same 
resolution authorized the building to the west of the Auditorium to be constructed as per revised 
plan, which IT assumed was for the erection of a non-fireproof temporary building. 


CONTRACTS FOR CONSTRUCTION 


Some time about the first of August, contracts were let for the construction of these build- 
ings. A little later it became clear to this Division that if the exhibits—especially education 
and social economy—of this Division, were to be in keeping with the plan for the other exhibits, 
it would be necessary to have more space, and on August 17 Governor Ellyson recommended 
the erection of a temporary building of twenty-five thousand square feet for Education and 
Social Economy. It is to be remembered that up to this time Miss Bronson was making ef- 
forts to collect a social economy exhibit without knowing in what building such an exhibit 
would go. 

Already the Governor of Exhibits had secured approval of plans for exhibits of manufactures, 
liberal arts, machinery, transportation, agriculture, pure foods, mines, ete., requiring buildings 
containing floor space approximating over six hundred thousand square feet. In a conference 
with the Governor of Works, the opinion was expressed that the exhibit buildings already 
under construction could not be filled; so the Governor and Director of this Division together 
with the Governor of Works had a conference with the Governor of Exhibits, asking for 
twenty-five thousand square feet of floor space in one of the large exhibit buildings. The efforts 
of this Division to secure space from the Division of Exhibits had to be abandoned, for the Goy- 
ernor of Exhibits felt sure that space in all of his buildings had already been or could easily be 
sold at from one dollar to one dollar and fifty cents per square foot. It was, therefore, inecum- 
bent upon the Exposition authorities to make other provisions for History, Education and Social 
Economy. 


INADEQUATE EXHIBIT FACILITIES 


The Board of Governors was unwilling, in view of the vast outlay already planned for the 
Division of Exhibits, to make additional outlay, and for some time this Division floundered 
and was greatly embarrassed—being in a position to collect splendid exhibits and yet not 
having buildings in which to place them. To add to the consternation of this Division, the 
historical art building, on which construction was begun the tenth day of September, was found 
about November 1 to be a slow burning and not a fireproof building. At that time, with the 
walls up, the contractor was preparing to have a concrete floor laid upon wood superstrue- 
ture, while the clear story was to be of brick veneering. To attempt to house 
history and historical art in such a building would have placed the Di- 
vision in a false position. Governor Ellyson at once informed the Board 
of Governors that his Division could not proceed further with 
the collection of an_ historical art exhibit unless the building 
for history and historical art should be made fireproof. <A 
long series of delays followed. It was agreed to fireproof the 
history and_ historical art building, and a fine arts ex- 
hibit having been determined upon, 1t was further resolved 
by the Board of Governors to make an addition, also fire- 
proof, to the history and his torical art building. These 
plans could not be consum mated on account of the ex- 
pense attached and the delay in construction, as it was 
doubtful whether the alter tions and additions could be 
completed before the time for the closing of the Exposition. 

The efforts of this Divi sion had failed in three par- 
ticulars: To secure the fire- proofing of the historical art 
building; to secure an addi tional space from the Divi- 
sion of Exhibits for eduea tion and social economy and 
to secure an addition for the same purpose to the build- 
ing to the west of the Audi torium. 

Therefore, the Governor of the Division on January 11, 1907, 
asked for a strictly fireproof his tory structure of twenty thou- 
sand square feet. In the mean time, the Division of Exhibits 
had asked for the construction of a marine apphances building 
on a lot facing the Transporta J. A. C. CHANDLER, LL.D. tion Building. This would leave 
a vacant lot facing the Liberal Director Dept. History, Education Apts Building. The Board of 

vp inne : Reathe and Social Economy ber : : ee 
Governors decided to construct the Marine Appliances Building 
and also a fireproof history building of twenty-seven thousand square feet, seven thousand feet 
more than had been asked for by this Division. The construction of this fireproof building was 
begun on the twenty-ninth of January, though the Exposition was scheduled to open April 26. 
The contractors gave every assurance that the building would be ready early in May. 


CURTAILING EXHIBITS 


The Exposition authorities had placed upon this Division a stupendous task, to attempt at 
that late day to fill so large a building with valuable historical exhibits and at a time when 
the Exposition could not make an appropriation to defray even the expenses of collection. 
No money being available, the desire to exploit the historical side of the Southern States had 
to be abandoned and the Division had to rely upon exhibits from patriotic societies and from 
the States represented at the Exposition, such exhibits to be made at the expense of exhibitors. 

Unfortunately for the Division, May passed and June passed and the building for history 
had not been completed. The exhibitors who had promised to come into the building threat- 
ened to withdraw and it was only by unceasing efforts and earnest persuasion that two-thirds 


514 


Division of History, Education and Social Economy. 


of the exhibitors were induced to hold out to the last and to begin installation as late as July 
13. The building was open to the public on August 5. 


EDUCATION 


The edueational exhibit of the Jamestown Exposition was closely connected with the his- 
torical, and the problem of where it was to be placed, as shown in our account of the efforts to 
secure a History Building, was unsettled and finally not determined upon until January 29, 1907, 
when the construction of a new history building was begun. It was then determined that the 
two buildings—one to the east and the other to the west of the Auditorium—should go to edu- 
cation and social economy, the social economy problem having also remained unsettled while the 
question of the history was to be determined. Floor plans were immediately sent out to the 
various institutions, the States and cities that had contemplated making exhibits. On account 
of the late date, a number of exhibitors declined at that time to come in, but from the amount 
of space desired by those agreeing to exhibit it was seen that the building to the west of the 
Auditorium could not possibly accommodate primary and secondary education and social econ- 
omy. On February 19, 1907, at the request of the Governor of Exhibits, the Exposition 
authorities undertook to construct a new building for graphic arts, but about the first of April 
it was discovered that the Division of Exhibits would not be able to utilize this building for 
the purpose for which it had been built. It was finally passed on April 15 to the Division of 
History, Education and Social Economy and designated as the Social Economy Building. 


INCOMPLETE BUILDINGS 


New assignments were now made in the buildings for education and exhibitors were ready 
to install, but, unfortunately, the contractors had not completed the buildings on either side of 
the Auditorium, in spite of the fact that when the contract was let on September 10, 1906, 
eight thousand dollars additional was allowed the contractor for the completion of the said 
buildings by February 1. April 26 found the buildings still incomplete, and as a matter of fact 
they were never finished. The plastering was never completed, and—after a struggle—in May 
the buildings were draped in bunting and the educational exhibits installed. The buildings were 
finally opened to the publi early in June. 

A treatment of the Social Economy side of the Exposition, written by Miss Bronson, Chief 
of that Department, will be found in another portion of this book.* 


ANALYSIS OF CONDITIONS 


The above summary of the work of this Division indicates that there were 
many ups and downs. It is not the : purpose of the writer of this article 
to censure anyone, but to tell the plain facts. Those facts show that 
the commercial side of the Exposi tion, unfortunately, dominated the 
authorities and for a time the historical and educational side— 
the one side above all others on which the celebration should 
have been founded—was over looked. The result was that 
about the first of June, 1907, when the Exposition was in 
such financial straits, it was even proposed not to complete 
the fireproof History Building then under construction. At 
this time the Director offered to Governor Ellyson his resig- 
nation and shortly after that Governor Ellyson offered his 
resignation to the Board of Governors, Governor Elly- 
son’s resignation was not ac cepted by the Board of Gov- 
ernors, and he, therefore, de clined to aecept the resignation 
of the Director of the Division, assuranees being given by the 
Board of Governors and later by Director-General Barr that the 
fireproof building would be quickly completed. All connected with the 
Division were glad that the history exhibit was thus saved, though 
when finally it was installed it was not of the character planned. Had 
there been definite and fixed plans ars MINNIE. BRONSON from the beginning of the Exposi- 
tion for the installation of an his Chief of Socal Economy torical exhibit, the historical side 
of the Exposition would have been far better. But when it is 
considered that none of the plans of this Division could be made definite until within a few 
weeks of the opening of the Exposition, it is a marvel that the buildings assigned to this Divi- 
sion were filled at all. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Thanks are due to the exhibitors for their long-suffering and patriotic spirit and their de- 
termination to aid the Exposition, if possible. But no statement of the work of the Division is 
complete without a grateful word of acknowledgment to Lieutenant-Governor J. Taylor Elly- 
son, who used his strong personal connections and official position to aid the Division, and in a 
crisis, when no money was available to move and to install important exhibits, he voluntarily 
expended of his own means several thousands of dollars, in order to guaranty the installation 
of the history exhibit. He threw himself personally into the breach and assured wavering ex- 
hibitors that the promises of the Exposition Company should be kept, even if at his own per- 
sonal expense. 


*The report of Miss Bronson, to which Dr. Chandler alludes, forms the basis of the paper on Social 
Economy. To the information contained in her notes have been added the findings of the Jury of Awards 
and a few descriptions of the exhibits which received gold medals. All of these were outlined in Miss 
Bronson’s paper, which was prepared, at least in part, before the medals were awarded.—Ep. 


515 


. 
ia 


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Bs — 
fy 


AYOLSIH JO AOV1Vd AHL 


516 


Pane a weet lh a ak 
aie 
chad Se Uy Sle oy ne a ae ea 


Alt 


i 
Re. 


CHAPTER XIII 


HISTORY, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY 


HISTORY, VALUE OF COLLECTION; EXHIBIT OF THE STATES, RHODE ISLAND, VERMONT, MASS- 
ACHUSETTS, NEW YORK, PENNSYLVANIA, NORTH CAROLINA, WEST VIRGINIA, VIRGINIA, 


GEORGIA, SOUTH CAROLINA, OHIO, NEW JERSEY; 


INDIVIDUAL COLLECTIONS; NATIONAL PA- 


TRIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS; CHURCH COLLECTION—EDUCATION, HALLS OF PRIMARY AND SECOND- 
ARY EDUCATION AND HIGHER EDUCATION; EXHIBITS OF UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, TECH- 


NICAL 


INSTITUTIONS, NORMAL SCHOOLS, HIGH SCHOOLS, GRAMMAR AND PRIMARY GRADES, 


KINDERGARTENS—SOCIAL ECONOMY, TER-CENTENNIAL ESTABLISHES AMERICAN PRECEDENT; 
DIVISIONS IN CLASSIFICATION; ANTI-CRUELTY ENDEAVORS; SCHOOLS FOR BLIND AND DEAF; 
GOOD ROADS; INSTITUTES FOR CRIMINAL YOUTH AND MENTALLY DEFICIENT; DOMESTIC ECON- 


OMY; ENDEAVORS FOR CHILDREN, WOMEN’S PHILANTHROPIC EFFORTS; 


LABOR EXHIBIT; 


TUBERCULOSIS EXHIBITION. 


through the Mistory Building would fail 

to realize the great intrinsic value of the 
display before him. The house itself cost 
nearly one hundred and thirty thousand dollars 
and was constructed of concrete and brick, con- 
sequently it was practically fireproof, yet an 
insurance of three million dollars was carried 
on the building and its contents. Even the 
large monetary value placed on the exhibits for 
insurance purposes by no means represented 
the appraisement of the owners, for few of the 
relics could have been bought at any price, 
many were heirlooms in families who had 
owned them for generation after generation, 
and others, part of the treasury of States or of 
patriotic societies and, therefore, unpurchas- 
able. 

The walls of the Rhode Island section of the 
History Building bore panels containing refer- 
ences to the early days of the Colony. Some 
of these showed the chronology of the State 
and its principal incorporated towns, and others 
carried extracts from ancient papers reprinted 
from the writings of Roger Williams. The ex- 
hibit proper was composed partly of original 
documents and partly of photographic repro- 
ductions which were drawn from. several 
sources, the principal divisions being British 
State papers, Colonial and State records, Prov- 
idence Records and the collections of the Rhode 
Island Historical Society and Fred. A. Arnold. 

Two papers of 1643 were especially interest- 
ing to the students of New England history. 
One was dated Mareh 19th and the other De- 
cember 10th. The former was a parliamentary 
patent granting a free and absolute charter 
of civil incorporation to the Providence Planta- 
tions. The latter, known as the Narragansett 
Patent, gave the present territory of Rhode 
Island to Massachusetts but being signed by 
- only nine members of the Colonial Board, one 
less than the majority, the grant was invalid. 
Among other papers connected with the British 
rule were: The voluntary and free submission 
by the Narragansett Sachems of their lands 
and people to King Charles I. (April 19, 1644) ; 
the Order of Council, proclaiming Oliver Crom- 
well as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth 
(Mareh 8, 1654); the Roval Charter from 
Charles IT. (1663), and a letter from the King 
acknowledging the thanks of the colonists; a 
letter from Charles IT. requiring aid of the 
Colony in repressing Bacon’s Rebellion in Vir- 
ginia (November 3, 1676); instructions by 
James II. to Sir Edmund Andros to demand 
the Charter of Rhode Island (September 12, 
1686); an Opinion of the Attorney-General of 
England upon the validity of Rhode Island’s 


A N Exposition visitor who casually walked 


517 


Charter (December 2, 1693); a letter from 
Queen Mary relative to the command of militia 
in Rhode Island under the Charter of 1663 
(August 21, 1694). 

The famous Charter of Charles II. was ‘‘ to 
hold forth a lively experiment that a most 
flourishing civil State may stand and best be 
maintained with a full liberty in religious con- 
cernments.’’ A copy of this Charter was 
shown in the collection and there were few 
State papers or Colonial records which pos- 
sessed greater interest. 

The deed of ‘‘ the great Island of Aquid- 
neck ’’ (dated March 24, 1637) was signed by 
the Sachems of the Narragansetts—Canonicus 
and Miantonomi—and witnessed by Roger 
Williams; and here it may be stated that the 
early settlers in Rhode Island purchased their 
lands from the Indians because Roger Williams 
denied the right of the King of England to 
grant a territory which he did not own. There 
was an Act of General Court of Election in 
May, 1647, which established an anchor as the 
seal of Providence, a design which has not been 
changed up to the present time, lasting through 
Colonial and State days. The ‘‘ Confirmation 
Deed ’’ of Roger Williams coneerning the site 
of the present city of Providence (December 
20, 1661) recited: ‘‘ And having in a sense 
of God’s merciful providence unto me in my 
distress called the place Providence, I desired 
it might be a shelter for persons distressed of 
conscience. ’’ 

In this Colonial division there were several 
interesting letters, among which were a com- 
munication bearing the Sign-Manual of King 
George II. to the Governor of Rhode Island 
authorizing the issuance of commissions of 
Marque and Reprisal against the subjects of 
the King of Spain (June 16, 1737); a letter 
from the Duke of Neweastle to the Governor 
of Rhode Island announeing the declaration of 
war with Spain (October 29, 1739); another 
letter from the same nobleman to the Governor 
of Rhode Island announcing a declaration of 
war with France (March 31, 1744) ; five letters 
from Captain Daniel Fones of the Colony Sloop 
‘“ Tartar ’’ (twenty-six guns and one hundred 
men) referring to the siege of Louisburg 
(1745). There were a number of other papers 
and letters dealing with the French and Indian 
Wars, such as the letter of Sir William Pep- 
perell announcing the surrender of Louisburg 
(July 25, 1745); a letter from Governor Sharp 
of Maryland, requesting aid to repeal the en- 
eroachments of the Freneh (Noy. 8, 1754); a 
letter of Governor Shirley of Massachusetts to 
John Gardner. Deputy Governor of Rhode 
Island, commending the action of the Colony 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


of Rhode Island (Jan. 13, 1755); a letter from 
Lord Loudoun to the Governor of Rhode Island 
announcing his appointment as General and 
Commander-in-Chief of all the King’s forces in 
America (July 17, 1756); three letters from 
Sir Jeffrey Amherst to the Governor of Rhode 
Island announcing respectively the evacuation 
of Ticonderoga (July 27, 1759), the evacuation 
of Crown Point (August 8, 1759), and the ecap- 
ture of the Island of Martinique (March 28, 
1762). Coneerning the St. John affair, which 
in brief consisted of a Rhode Island gunner 
firmg at an English vessel which had refused 
to stop its course, there was a letter of Captain 
Smith to Admiral Colvill which testified ad- 
mirably to the independence of the little 
Colony, as the following quotation will show: 


Copyright, PRATT “Oficial PAStGgTAOR Corporation. 
HONORABLE J. TAYLOR ELLYSON AND SOME OF THE CURATORS OF HISTORICAL EXHIBITS 
(1) W. C. Torrance, Virginia; (2) Dr. W. C. Mitts, Ohio; (3) Mrs. James F. Maupin, Daughters of the American 


Revolution; (4) Mrs. Linpsay Patterson, North Carolina; (5) Miss Respecca Scuenck, North Carolina; 
BiaNcHE Baker, Colonial Dames; (7) Mrs. W. C. Mitts, Ohio; 


Burgesses of Virginia, on March 12, 1773, of 
the Resolutions creating a Standing Committee 
of Correspondence and providing: ‘‘ That it 
be an instruction to the said Committee that 
they do, without delay, inform themselves 
particularly of the principles and authority on 
which was constituted a Court of Inquiry said 
to have been lately held in Rhode Island with 
powers to transmit persons accused of offences 
committed in America to places beyond the seas 
to be tried.’”’ The Committee of Correspond- 
ence thus formed was in due time succeeded 
by the Continental Congress and this latter 
body was in time succeeded by the Congress 
of the United States. 

There were copies of resolutions of the Gen- 
eral Assembly adopted August 17, 1775, in- 


(6) Miss 
(8) Miss Mary Hittyarp Hinton, North Carolina; 


(9) Governor Exttyson; (10) Atsert Cook Myers, Pennsylvania; (11) Miss Corneia L. Wuite, New Jersey; (12) 
Miss May CorneviA Tatsott, Rhode Island 


‘*T immediately sent on Shore for the Gunner of 
the Fort to know his authority for Firing on the 
King’s Colours. He produced an order for stopping 
that Vessel signed by two of the Council, the Deputy 
Governor being absent at the time. I, in Compy with 
my Lieutt waited on the Governor and Council to 
demand a proper acknowledgment of the Insult they 
hadi Committed.’’ . ‘They agreed that the 
Gunner had acted by Authority and that they would 
answer for it when they thought it necessary.’’ 


Under the sign-manual of King George III. 
and dated September 4, 1772, there were in- 
structions to royal commissioners appointed 
‘* for enquiring into the circumstances relative 
to the attacking, plundering and burning our 
armed Schooner called the Gaspee Schooner 
within our Colony of Rhode Island, in America, 
on the 10th of June last.’? This attack on the 
Gaspee was the first overt act of the Revolu- 
tion, and led to the adoption, by the House of 


structing the delegates from Rhode Island ‘‘ to 
use their whole influence at the ensuing Con- 
gress, for building at the Continental Expense 
a Fleet of Sufficient Force for the Protection 
of these Colonies, and for employing them in 
such manner and Place as will most effectually 
annoy our Enemies and contribute to the com- 
mon Defence of these Colonies: And they are 
also instrueted to use all their Influence for 
carrying on the War in the most vigorous Man- 
ner, until Peace, Liberty, and Safety, be re- 
stored and secured to these Colonies upon an 
equitable and permanent Basis.’’ 

An important document was the Rhode 
Island Declaration of Independence, passed 
May 4, 1776, two months before the declaration 
made by the representatives of the United 
States Colonies, the first legislative renuncia- 
tion of allegiance to take effect immediately 


518 


* 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


VERMONT EXHIBIT 


that was enacted by any of the Colonies, and 
made Rhode Island the oldest independent 
sovereign State of the Western hemisphere. 
There was in the collection a case containing 
letters from Generals Washington and Greene 
to the Governor of Rhode Island and copies 
of the opinions of the Attorney-General and 
Solicitor-General of Great Britain denying that 
either Governor or King had the right of veto 
over legislation passed by the General As- 
sembly under the provisions of the Royal 
Charter of 1663, the Attorney-General declar- 
ing that “‘ in this Charter no negative voice is 
given to the Governor nor any power reserved 
to the Crown for approving or disapproving 
the laws to be made in this Colony,’’ and it is 
a fact that in Rhode Island the jealousy against 
a veto power was so great that, when the Royal 
Charter was abrogated by the adoption of the 
present Constitution of the State in 16438, no 
provision for the exercise of a veto by the 
Governor was included in the Constitution. 

Among the Revolutionary reminders were a 
military hat worn by the Providence Grena- 
diers, the Charter of 1774, a copy of the Fast 
Day programme of May 6, 1776, which con- 
cluded with the words: ‘‘ God save the United 
Colonies,’’? an Act of September 12, 1776, 
regulating the method of raising a battalion of 
State troops; a letter from the Marquis de la 
Fayette to Colonel Christopher Greene (July 
11, 1783), and a broadside issue of the Treaty 
Congress declaring a cessation of arms (April 
11, 1783), a broadside issue of the Treaty 
of Peace (September 3, 1783). Though Rhode 
Island was the first Colony to declare its inde- 
pendence it was the last State to join the 
federation, and among the interesting papers 
was a copy of an Act calling a convention to 
consider the proposed United States Constitu- 
tion (January 17, 1790). After a long debate 
and a great excitement Rhode Island ratified 
the Constitution on a Sunday morning, through 
the casting vote of Governor John Collins; and 
it is a matter of record that the enforced ab- 
sence of an anti-federalist pastor alone made it 
possible for Rhode Island then to join her sister 
States. 

The Rhode Island Historical Society furnished 
a number of photographs of various sites and 
residences and from the Fred. A. Arnold col- 
lection there were sent some well selected auto- 
graph letters and papers bearing famous signa- 
tures. Rhode Island received a gold medal for 
its Historical Collection. 

The historical exhibit made by Vermont was 
modest in extent, but highly creditable in char- 


519 


aa 


EROS RY (09 se Spear 


acter. The space occupied was tastefully 
decorated and scientifically arranged. Upon 
the walls were sepia portraits of all the Gov- 
ernors of the State, from Thomas Chittenden 
to Fletcher D. Proctor, inclusive. Unusually 
prominent positions were assigned by the Ex- 
position to the portraits of Admiral George 
Dewey and Rear-Admiral Charles E. Clark, 
U. 8. N., both distinguished naval heroes and 
sons of Vermont. The central attraction of 
the exhibit was the Daye press, the printing 
press which was brought from England in 1638 
and set up in Cambridge by Stephen Daye and 
used to print as its first work ‘‘ The Freeman’s 
Oath.’’ Later it was removed to Westminster, 
Vermont, and the ‘‘ Vermont Gazette,’’ the 
first newspaper in the State, was printed-on it. 
The first book printed in English-speaking 
America—the ‘‘ Bay Psalm Book ’’—was also 
one of its products. A valuable collection of 
State papers, documents, maps, coins and 
relics of the Colonial and Revolutionary period 
was shown in handsome eases. The collection 
depicted the story of the State. Most of the 
material in it was loaned by the Vermont His- 
torical Society and the arrangement and _ in- 
stallation was the work of Edward M. God- 
dard, Librarian of the Society and the resident 
Commissioner from Vermont. 

The Massachusetts Board early decided to 
secure for the Jamestown Exposition a Colonial 
exhibit worthy of Massachusetts and appealed 
to the people of the Commonwealth for the 
loan of articles illustrating Colonial history, 
such as furniture, clothing, articles manufac- 
tured in the Colonies (silver, ete.), books and 
autographs, jewelry, lace, miniatures and fans, 
samplers and examples of needle work, paint- 
ings and portraits. The appeal of the Board 
was eminently successful. The Board en- 
trusted to the Colonial Dames of Massachusetts 
and a committee of experts the selection of 
articles to be exhibited. The historical loan 
collection secured by the Board was completed 
in the first days of March and was exhibited 
at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, where 
for several months it was open to the public. 
For purposes of insurance, the historical col- 
lection was valued at about one hundred 
thousand dollars, but, of course, this was a 
merely nominal valuation placed for the pur- 
pose indieated. The articles comprising this 
collection were all in use in Massachusetts fam- 
ilies prior to the time of the American Revolu- 
tion. In fact, with few exceptions, everything 
in the exhibit belonged to the so-called ‘‘ Colo- 
nial period.’’ Within this period are found 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MASSACHUSETTS EXHIBIT OF COLONIAL SILVER 


the articles of American and English silver 
which were then in use in Massachusetts. The 
silver collection was most noteworthy, various 
articles wrought by Paul Revere being in the 
collection. The miniatures were painted in the 
years between 1600 and 1810. In this eollee- 
tion there were some excellent Malbones. The 
fans, laces, embroidery and costumes were all 
owned or used in Massachusetts families during 
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. As 
a part of the loan collection, there was a most 
interesting exhibit of old books and manu- 
scripts. The exhibit of books comprised speci- 
mens of all the New England Colonial printers 
with one exception—namely, Stephen Daye. 
The Massachusetts Colonial Loan Exhibit 
was not installed in the History Building at 
the Exposition until early in September. The 
delay in completing the building and the fact 
that the Massachusetts corner of the building 
Was supposed to be more or less damp caused 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


the Board to wait until September before send- 
ing the exhibit. The collection which received 
a gold medal was in charge of Miss Emma A. 
Allen of Needham, assisted by Captain James: 
P. Clare of Boston. 

The New York State historical exhibit was 
one of the most interesting on the grounds. In 
the selection of matter the most scholarly judg- 
ment was used and the arrangement was excel- 
lent, each exhibit being placed chronologically. 
This placing enabled a visitor to begin at one 
end of the section and trace by steps the com- 
plete history of the State from the pre-Colonial 
period to the present day. Around the three 
walls of the exhibit room were placed a number 
of heavy glass cases, displaying priceless relics. 
Over the cases there depended about thirty 
paintings and engravings illustrating the his- 
tory which the relics recalled. Cuyler Rey- 
nolds of Albany, New York, the State Libra- 
rian, was the curator and he was assisted by 


NEW YORK EXHIBIT 


History, Education and Soctal Economy. 


H. J. Kelley of the same city. Mr. Kelley rep- 
resented the State Educational Department and 
Mr. Reynolds the private exhibitors who had 
loaned the objects on display. 

At the extreme left, Indian relies were placed 
—wampum belts and records of rare value, one 
of these noting the first appearance of a white 
man in the territory that is now New York. 
Another record testified to the pre-Columbian 
union of the five tribes—the Mohawks, the 
Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas and the 
Senecas—making the Iroquois nation. With 
this collection there were some remarkable 
silver ornaments, one of which was a massive, 
curiously beaten and eut block of the white 
metal. After the Indian display Dutch relies 
were shown—heavy some of them and most of 
them crude. One of these was a wooden table, 
the first one built in New York. Then came 
mementoes of the English sway, leading one to 
the Revolutionary period, which was splendidly 
illustrated and contained a set of Washingtonia 
which it were difficult to collect in any other 
State of the Union. There was the original 
Rembrandt-Peele portrait painted about nine 
years before Washington’s death, and beneath 
the portrait were his surveying instruments, 


igh 


oer nght, Tapes Official Photograph Corporation. 
PENNSYLVANIA EXHIBIT 


including the transit, compass, marking pins, 
chains, ete. The watch-fob and seal of the 
Father of His Country were on view and with 
these was the sword which had been presented 
by Frederick the Great as coming ‘‘ From the 
oldest soldier in the world to the greatest.’’ 
Lying beside this sword was a heavy woolen 
quilt the center of which had been worked by 
Martha Washington and the rest made by the 
wives of members of the Colonial Congress. 
Continuing to the right, the visitor could 
keep picking up history by eras. Interesting 
maps, charts and documents related to the early 
government of New York State; and illustrative 
of customs there was a collection of old pewter 
plates, pitchers, mugs, ete. To the extreme 
right was shown the first Spanish flag captured 
during the recent war, which is now the prop- 
erty of a citizen of Albany. What never failed 
to attract attention was an enormous wrought 
iron link weighing between seventy-five and 
one hundred pounds. It was a part of a chain 
seventeen hundred feet in length that stretched 
across the Hudson River from West Point to 
Constitution Island during the War of 1812, in 
order to prevent the British fleet from ascend- 
ing the river to Albany. In addition to the 


521 


portrait of General Washington, there were 
Others that possessed distinct interest—John 
Brandt and Joseph Brandt, the two Indians 
mentioned by Cooper in his ‘‘ Leather Stock- 
ing ’’ series, were shown. There was an 
original of Philip Schuyler and another of Miss 
Ten Broeck, the ‘‘Knickerbocker Girl ’’? who 
married Philip Livingstone, one of the signers 


of the Declaration of Independence. There 
were a number of fine engravings of the 


Colonial Governors and the picture of Killaen 
Van Rensselaer, the Dutch diamond merchant 
who was the first patroon of Rensselaer Manor. 
Arranged in a long ease in front of the exhibit 
were a number of papers, letters and documents 
showing the original autographs of all the 
Colonial Governors, beginning with Wooten 
Von Twiller, 1646, and ending with James 
Robertson, 1757. The maps and papers were 
of keen historical significance. One old chart 
bore the signatures of Queen Elizabeth and Sir 
Walter Raleigh, and a paper dated July 22, 
1686, was the Charter of the City of Albany, the 
first city charter granted in the United States. 

In the Pennsylvania exhibit, for the first 
time in America was an attempt made to illus- 
trate by ethnological maps the actual settle- 


ment and economic development of the country 
of the Great Valley, which became the passage 
through which the hosts of Pennsylvania later 
found their way to the Valleys of Ohio and 
Mississippi. The maps explained the striking 
difference between the economic conditions of 
the uplands of Virginia and Maryland and their 
Tidewater districts and showed that it was the 
settlers from Pennsylvania who gave a new 
impulse to the growth and prosperity of the 
‘* Old Dominion’’ in the middle of the 
eighteenth century. There were five of these 
maps—‘ Pennsylvania in 1660 ’’ showed Swed- 
ish and Dutch occupation and the extent of 
settlement; ‘‘ Pennsylvania in 16907’ dis- 
played the settlement of the Swedes, Dutch, 
English and Welsh Quakers and the Germans 
at Germantown; ‘‘ Pennsylvania in 1715”’ 
showed the extension of settlement beyond the 
hills into the Valley of the Pequea, in the 
present Laneaster County; ‘‘ Pennsylvania, 
Maryland and Virginia in 1735’ traced the 
clearly defined migration into the Great Valley 
which became the pioneer path to Kentucky 
and the western slopes of the Appalachian sys- 
tem; ‘‘ Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia 
in 1750 ’’ showed the complex population from 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


cial Photograph Corporation. 


Seotch, Irish and German settlements in the 
migration to the southwest. 

There was a series of maps showing the dis- 
tribution of the important religious sects dur- 
ing the Colonial period. These illustrated, 
respectively, the habitation of the Quakers, 


Mennonites, Reformed Lutherans and Mora- 
vians. There were original drafts of land and 


copies of original maps showing the survey and 
location of early settlements and the courses 
of roads and streams. Among these were a 
Moravian map of Bethlehem and Nazareth and 
the other settlements made by the Moravians 
in the early Colomial days; maps of the first 
German settlement in Germantown, Lancaster, 
York and Cumberland counties; maps of the 
first settlements of Pennsylvanians in Virginia, 
and original maps of the Swedish settlements 
on the Delaware. These illustrations formed 
the first general feature of the exhibit, and 
with them was a comprehensive display of ob- 
jects illustrating the various phases of Colonial 
life in Pennsylvania. The historie societies of 
Pennsylvania loaned a series of portraits of the 
early Governors of the State and the Colony, 
together with many other valuable relics. The 
State Library loaned an interesting collection 
of photographs of the Ephrata cloister build- 
ing and some relics; the Moravian Archives 
and the Moravian Historical Society loaned 
freely many of their rare and invaluable paint- 
ings, maps, charts and relies; the Site and 
Relic Society of Germantown placed many of 
their choice relics and prints on exhibition; the 
German Society of Pennsylvania opened their 
invaluable archives and exhibited a collection 
of German prints; the Society of Colonial 
Dames presented their choicest objects from 
Stenton; the Franklin Inn Club, the Young 
Friends’ Association and the Friends’ Intel- 
ligencer presented valuable Quaker pictures. 
The most important county collections were 
also represented. The York County Historical 
Society furnished unique relies illustrating the 
early life of the City and County of York; 
Laneaster’s history was well shown, as were 
the stories of Cumberland, Montgomery and 
Chester—the latter by a fine collection of relies 


PENNSYLVANIA EXHIBIT 


and pictures and a unique set of Colonial paper 
currency. Franklin and Marshall College and 
the private collections of George Steinman, H. 
S. Dubbs, F. R. Dieffenderfer, Dr. H. S. Houston 
and Messrs. Heintzch and Missemer of Man- 
heim added notably to the general attraction 
of the exhibit. A very interesting collection 
was that made by the Schwenkfelders, partic- 
ularly the unique prints and manuscripts 
loaned by H. W. Kriebel, W. H. Anders, 
Reverend E. 8. Anders and Mrs. H. H. Heebner, 
articles belonging in part to the archives of the 
Schwenkfeldian Library at Pennsburgh, Penn- 
sylvania. 

Many individuals contributed generously of 
their private collections. Governor 8. W. Pen- 
nypacker, as Chief Executive of the State, 
offered the good example followed and lent 
some of his most prized relies; N. D. Fell loaned 
some interesting utensils and rare earthen- 
ware; Dr. Moon loaned a collection of valuable 
photographs illustrating Colonial life; C. F. 
Jenkins exhibited many valuable objects, as 
did Messrs. Ferris and Leach and Jacobs and 
Jompany; Mrs. W. D. Frishmuth loaned a eol- 
lection of samplers and Joseph G. Rosengarten 
made it possible to exhibit photographs from 
the Royal Archives in Sweden which related to 
the old Swedish settlements on the Delaware 
and Mrs. Charles W. Roberts of Westchester 
loaned the two first pictures painted by Benja- 
min West. 

The Pennsylvania history exhibit was placed 
next to the display of Virginia and West Vir- 
ginia. The end nearest to the entrance was 
devoted to the early Swedes on the Delaware 
and portraits of Gustavus Adolphus, Queen 
Christiana and Prime Minister Oxenstierner 
adorned a wall. In a ease under these were 
photographs of Swedish and other documents 
from the Royal Library at Stockholm and be- 
tween the case and the portraits the map— 
‘*Pennsylvania in 1660.’’ After the Swedes 
came ‘“‘Quakers in Pennsylvania,’’ a number of 
portraits of representative Quakers from 
George Fox to the ‘‘Underground Friends’’ 
of later date. In the cases below these por- 
traits were collections of photographs and rare 


522 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


manuscripts illustrating historie sites and in- 
eidents in the lfe of the early Quakers of 
Pennsylvania. Among these was a group of 
Friends who were prominent in the Under- 
ground Railway by which hundreds of fugitive 
slaves were aided to escape. 

In the center of the main side of the exhibit 
was a full length portrait of William Penn, 
first Proprietor of Pennsylvania. Above this 
portrait and extending the entire length of the 
space was a row of portraits of the early Gov- 
ernors of Pennsylvania, and pietures of Hamil- 
ton, Girard and other Pennsylvania notables 
adorned the wall. Among the characteristic 
portraits exhibited was a group of notable 
Colomal Germans, including Hans Herr, the 
German pioneer of Lancaster County; H. M. 
Muhlenberg, the organizer of the Lutheran 
Church in America, and Baron Steuben, the in- 
valuable drill-master of Washington’s Army at 
Valley Forge. There was a unique collection 
of paintings executed by Heyt, the great Ger- 
man artist of Colonial America. These paint- 
ings treated Bibheal or religious types and 
were a revelation to most of the visitors who 
saw them. Taken by and large, the pictures 
of Hevt were the most artistic objects exhibited 
at the Exposition. Near the pictures were 
many rare colored maps and charts of Bethle- 
hem, Nazareth and the other Moravian settle- 
ments, splendid evidences of the excellent car- 
tographic work done by the early Moravian 
draughtsman. A model of the first house built 
in Bethlehem, constructed of brick which had 
been used in the original building, was an in- 
teresting feature of the Moravian exhibit. In 
the center of this exhibit there was a portrait 
of Governor 8. W. Pennypacker, under whose 
administration the Commission to the James- 
town Exposition was appointed and whose con- 
stant support of the Exposition was invaluable 
to its cause. 

The great mass of objects collected by Marion 
Dexter Learned and Albert Cook Myers, the 
Directors of the exhibit, made it necessary to 
use every foot of available space. Agricultural 
implements and household utensils were formed 
into a frieze above the portraits. In order to 
make place for the County Exhibits, the col- 
umns in front of the open space were covered 
with pictures, while temporary tables erected 
in the center carried photographs and such 


f . ee - — 


Official Photograph Corporation. 


Copyright. Tamestown 


other objects as could be exhibited on flat sur- 
faces. On the columns were pictures of old 
Germantown, old Lancaster and old York and 
between the columns were suspended ancient 
tavern signs—‘‘ The Rising Sun Inn ”’ and the 
‘““Turk’s Head Inn.’? Among the important 
objects displayed in a large glass case in the 
center were many rare relics of Colonial social 
life, such as garter and shoe-buckles, toilet 
articles, flint and steel, lard and spirit lamps, 
pieces of fine old linen, the quaint costumes of 
Mennonite and Amish men and women, rare 
old pewter plate, earthenware and glassware 
and other objects covering a wide range of 
domestie industry. A feature of the exhibit 
which deserves especial mention was a large 
collection of manuscripts and prints, partic- 
ularly the papers loaned by the Moravians, 
such as Zeisberger’s original manuscripts of his 
Indian grammars, prayer-books and sermons 
and old Moravian diaries, as well as letters 
from Washington, Conrad, Weiser and others 
of the eighteenth century. Searcely less in- 
teresting were the unique specimens of old 
Schwenkfeldian letters written in the eight- 
eenth century and old manuscript school docu- 
ments of the second half of the eighteenth 
century, together with a most noteworthy collec- 
tion of baptismal and other documents illumi- 
nated with colored ink, including some splendid 
specimens of pen work as it was in vogue 
among the Germans in Pennsylvania from the 
days of Christopher Dock down into the nine- 
teenth century. This display of illuminated 
pen work contained over fifty pieces selected 
from the collections of Governor Pennypacker, 
Mr. Heebner and others. <A valuable set of old 
Pennsylvania prints, including rare specimens 
from the press of Ephrata of Sauer, German- 
town and of Franklin in Philadelphia were 
shown. Among these was a series of Bibles is- 
sued from the German press during the first 
hundred years of German printing in this coun- 
try. The exhibit received a gold medal. 

The North Carolina historical exhibit showed 
graphically the settlement, growth and develop- 
ment of the State. Forming a frieze around 
the walls were copies of the famous pictures 
painted by the Governor of Roanoke Island, 
John White, for Sir Walter Raleigh during the 
latter part of the sixteenth century. These 
pictures, exhibited in England at that time, 


NORTH CAROLINA EXHIBIT 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


gave the British people an idea of the re- 
sources of the New World and induced many 
of them to take passage to the Colonies—and 
they illustrated at the Exposition the first step 
in the history of the State. The second stage 
was exemplified by the King Charles II. and 
the Lords Proprietors collection. Edenton was 
well represented, and among the interesting 
things sent from that city were Governor 
Johnston’s silver, the communion service pre- 
sented to the church by Edward Moseley in 
1725, a model of the Edenton ** Tea-party 
House ’’ in which the patriotic ladies of the 
town signed an agreement October 25, 1774, not 
to drink tea that had been taxed. With the 
model was a picture of that assemblage; and 
there were a number of quaint pieces of silver 
from the Cameron collection. General Durant, 
the first man to settle on the mainland of North 
Carolina, was represented by a plate once used 
by him; Bath, the oldest town in the State, 
sent a brick from her first church and, as was 
the case with all the brick used in the old 
churches, it was of the style known as ‘‘ Im- 
ported.’’ It is questionable, however, if these 
bricks were actually brought from England. 
It is far more probable that the term was used 
to distinguish the shape. The Wachovian His- 
torial Society sent an unusually fine collection 
which represented the industry of the Moravi- 
ans at the date of their settlement in 1753. 
There was an interesting display of articles 
which showed the development of hghting ap- 
pliances from the wooden eandle block of the 
earhest days to the incandescent lamp of the 
present. In household showings, the calico 
printing block, the pewter plate mould, the 
wooden egg beaters and candle dip wheel were 
conspicuous; and the first fire engine brought 
to this country attracted much attention. The 
oldest printing press in North Carolina was 
shown. This press was used by Lord Corn- 
wallis during the Revolutionary War for print- 
ing his proclamations. An interesting display 
was a piano which had stood in the tavern at 
Salem in 1791 when General Washington visited 
the town and which was then used to entertain 
him. The bell used at the Battle of Alamance 
was there on exhibition, and in connection with 
this bell was the proclamation issued by Gov- 
ernor Tryon of North Carolina, providing for 
the pardon of all who took part in this armed 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


resistance to royal authority. The battle was 
fought on May 16, 1771. 

Among the portraits which adorned the walls 
were those of General Joseph Graham, Gov- 
ernor William Graham, James Iredell, William 
Gaston, Alfred Moore and Theodosia Burr Al- 
ston, the ill-fated daughter of Aaron Burr. 
Four pieces of silver once belonging to Flora 
MacDonald recalled the bravery and devotion 
of that Colonial dame and stood as evidences 
of the gratitude of ‘‘ Prince Charlie.’? The 
cologne bottle and writing desk of Dolly Madi- 
son awakened sentimental interest and a table 
of Andrew Jackson together with a chal- 
lenge penned by belligerent ‘‘ Old Hickory ”’ 
claimed interest. A picture of John Paul 
Jones, the great admiral and an adopted son 
of North Carolina, was shown, together with a 
picture of the house where he lived while in 
‘““ The Old North State.’’ David Crockett, the 
hero of the Alamo, was represented by a beauti- 
fully carved powder-horn, and a picture of 
‘* Blackbeard’s ’’ house appeared as a reminder 
of the most famous pirate in North Carolina’s 
history. 

There were numerous documents and historie 
signatures exhibited. The men whose names 
appeared on these papers covered every era of 
the history of the State. The exhibit was in 
charge of Miss Annie A. Vaughan; it was col- 
lected and installed by Miss Sehenck and Miss 
Mary Hinton. 

West Virginia reproduced as the principal 
piece of her exhibit the Blennerhassett Man- 
sion, famous in history as the scene of the 
hatching of the Burr-Blennerhassett conspiracy 
in 1806. The house was on Blennerhassett 
Island in the Ohio River, Wood County, West 
Virginia. In 1812 it was destroyed by fire. 
Theodosia Burr spent a season there; she after- 
wards married Governor Alston of South Caro- 
lina. When Burr returned to Boston from his 
exile, she sailed from the south in a vessel which 
was never again reported. The historical ex- 
hibit also showed a model of the first steam- 
boat—that of James Rumsey of Berkeley, Vir- 
ginia, now Morgan County, West Virginia. 
The original model was perfected as early as 
1783. <A pike earried in John Brown’s raid on 


Harper’s Ferry attracted attention; and a shaft 
of the bolting apparatus of Cummins Jackson’s 
flour mill at West York, Monongahela River, 


WEST VIRGINIA EXHIBIT 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


$s 


\eraSrecomreree, 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


PART OF VIRGINIA EXHIBIT AND EXHIBIT OF 


where ‘‘ Stonewall ’’ Jackson spent his boy- 
hood days, was a picturesque reminder of the 
great general. West Virginia showed pictures 
of the twelve general officers whom she had 
contributed to the Civil War, six to each side. 
These included Generals Jesse Lee Reno of 
Ohio County, who was killed at the battle of 
South Mountain in September, 1862 and was 
the highest ranking National officer who lost 
his life in the war for the Union. Thomas 
Jonathan Jackson (‘‘ Stonewall ’’), was born 
in what is now Lewis County, West Virginia. 
He was the second highest ranking Confederate 
officer who gave his life in battle for ‘‘ The Lost 
Cause.’’ Besides the pictures of these generals, 
there were the Federal officers, General Thomas 
H. Harris, General Isaac H. Duval, General J. 
M. J. Lightburn, General Ben F. Kelly and 
General David H. Strother, the latter better 
known as the famous ‘‘ Porte Crayon ”’ of Har- 
per’s Weekly. The Confederate officers were 
General John McCausland, the only survivor 
of the twelve; General John Echols, General 
John M. Clarkson, General William L. Jackson 
and General Albert Gallatin Jenkins, who was 
killed at the Battle of Floyd Mountain, May 9, 
1864. In the exhibit was a spy-glass which 
once had been the property of George Wash- 
ington and a cane which had been cut by Daniel 
Boone and given by him to his brother. 

One of the most interesting exhibits in the 
building and the largest was made by the Vir- 
ginia Historical Society. It occupied space in 
two parts of the building. The collection con- 
sisted of portraits, manuscripts, books and maps 
all bearing upon the history of the ‘‘Old Domin- 
ion.’”’ The hall at the end of the building, 
facing Lee’s Parade, was hung with portraits of 
the Governors of Virginia, her great statesmen 
and her great generals—Lee, Jackson, Stuart, 
Johnston and others. All of these portraits be- 
long to the State and are kept in the Virginia 
State Library at Richmond. The best single 
piece of the exhibit was Sully’s famous painting 
of Patrick Henry. The portraits of Claiborne 
and Sir William Berkeley and several other no- 
tables were painted expressly for the Exposi- 
tion and were there shown for the first time. 

An ante-room adjoining the hall contained 
the map collection, which included all the im- 
portant maps of Virginia from Captain John 
Smith’s chart to the latest drawings on the 
subject. With these were an interesting series 
of population maps which showed the spread of 
settlement westward. 


525 


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i 
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THOMAS JEFFERSON MEMORIAL ASSOCATION 


The manuscript exhibit occupied twenty- 
eight cases—about half of the space in the main 
hall—and this collection formed a documentary 
history of Virginia from the earliest times to 
the end of the Civil War. The documents were 
drawn from the State Archives in the Virginia 
State Library and from the Virginia Historical 
Society. The exhibit was prepared by William 
G. Stanard, Secretary of the Historical Society, 
and Dr. H. J. Eckenrode of the State Library. 
Accompanying the exhibit was a collection of 
title pages of all the important books bearing 
on the early history of Virginia. This collec- 
tion was made by William Clayton Torrence 
of the State Library. The manuscript exhibit 
was exceptionally important, because it illus- 
trated every period in the history of Virginia. 
A student had an opportunity of seeing the 
writing and autographs of the great men who 
have added to the fame of Virginia—for in- 
stance, the signatures of all the royal governors 
from Nott to Dunmore were shown, and among 
these were the writings of Sir William Berke- 
ley, Sir Alexander Spottswood, Lord Culpeper, 
Lord Effingham, Baron Tanguir and Baron 
Botetourt. 

The political and governmental institutions 
of Virginia in Colonial times were thoroughly 
illustrated. Papers treating of the relations 
between the Governor, the Council and the 
House of Burgesses were shown in great num- 
ber. There were the original drafts of many 
of the bills passed by the Burgesses in the 
earlier days and there were addresses by the 
several governors with seals attached. Original 
orders sent from the Council, documents from 
King William, Queen Anne and the several 
Georges were in cases. There were papers con- 
cerning the Indians in early days and other 
papers which related to measures aimed against 
the pirates who then harried the Virginia coast, 
and there was the bold signature of Nathaniel 
Bacon—the most interesting man in American 
Colonial history, the first Colonist to lead an 
armed host against official tyranny. 

The exhibit illustrated the Revolution in its 
incipiency and proved what an effective part 
Virginia had taken in the movement for inde- 
pendence. In this division, the papers of the 
Virginia Committee of Correspondence oceu- 
pied the most prominent position. The Revolu- 
tionary period proper was illustrated by a great 
series of papers which included the writings 
of Patrick Henry, Washington, Jefferson, Madi- 
son, Horatio Gates—the conqueror of Burgoyne 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


—LaFayette, Boem, Steuben, Nathaniel Greene, 
Daniel Morgan, Thomas Nelson and Viscount 
de Rochambeau. The signature of Lord Corn- 
wallis was attached to the parole which he 
gave to Washington after the surrender at 
Yorktown. <A collection of papers illustrated 
the individual careers of Washington, Henry, 
Jefferson, Madison and Monroe. Among the 
Henry papers was the first draft of his famous 
resolutions against the Stamp Act. Many of 
the most important letters written by Washing- 
ton were shown in the collection which bore his 
name. This included the report of his first bat- 
tle, which he wrote the day after the attack 
on de Jumonville which opened the French and 
Indian War. In the Jefferson collection was 
the marriage bond of Thomas Jefferson. <A 
case contained the signatures of all the Virginia 
signers of the Declaration of Independence, and 
in another case was a draft of the Virginia 
Bill of Rights, in the handwriting of George 
Mason, its author. One of the most popular 
exhibits was a collection of papers bearing 
upon John Brown’s raid, in 1859. This collec- 
tion consisted of hundreds of letters to Brown, 
and newspaper reports of the great meetings 


" 


§ HISTORICAL COLLECTION 


Bax 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


the Governor of History a sum _ sufficiently 
large to insure the making of an attractive col- 
lection. The oil paintings were of Sir Richard 
Granville; Sir Walter Raleigh, from the orig- 
inal by Federigo Zuecaro; Queen Elizabeth, 
by the same artist; Sir Francis Drake from the 
original in Trinity House, London; Sir Humph- 
rey Gilbert; King James I. from the original 
by Paul Van Somer; Anne of Denmark, the 
Queen Consort of James I., by the same artist; 
the Earl of Southampton, from a painting by 
Michael Jansz van Mieredeldt; King Charles L., 
from the original by Van Dyke; Sir George 
Somers, from the painting by Van Somer; 
Nicholas Ferrar the elder, by Cornelius Jans- 
sen; Edward Sackville, Fourth Earl of Dorset, 
by Van Dyke; Robert Rick, Second Earl of 
Warwick, by Van Dyke; George Sandys, by 
Cornelius Janssen and copies of portraits by 
unknown artists, including William Cavendish, 
First Earl of Devonshire, Nicholas Ferrar the 
younger, and Sir Edward Sandys. In addition 
to these portraits the collection contained sev- 
eral water colors, one of St. Sepulchre’s Church, 
London, where John Smith was buried and an- 
other of St. George’s Church, Gravesend, where 


PORTRAIT COLLECTION OF THOMAS F. RYAN 


of sympathy which were held all over the north 
when he was sent to the gallows. 

Finally, the exhibit had a splendid illustra- 
tion of Virginia’s part in the Civil War. There 
were letters written by George Thomas, after- 
wards Major-General of the U. 8S. A., when he 
was hesitating between Virginia and the Union. 
There were many letters of Robert E. Lee and 
his farewell address to the army of Northern 
Virginia, and letters of Stonewall Jackson, in- 
cluding the last one he ever wrote. A copy of 
a parole given at Appomattox fittingly brought 
this great exhibit to a close. A gold medal was 
awarded to the Virginia display. 

In the north court of the building was the 
handsome collection of oil paintings which 
Thomas F. Ryan of New York and Virginia had 
ordered to be copied in London for the express 
purpose of exhibiting at the Exposition. It 
formed a most comprehensively educational 
display of personages and scenes connected 
with the London Company, under whose aus- 
pices Virginia was settled. Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor Ellyson interested Mr. Ryan in the sub- 
ject of an exhibit and the capitalist placed with 


the bones of Pocahontas lie. Mr. Ryan also ex- 
hibited a splendid facsimile reproduction of the 
first charter granted by James I. to Virginia 
and a complete facsimile reproduction of the 
entire manuscript containing the laws of the 
first House of Burgesses, 1619. 

Georgia made an excellent display of Colonial 
records and costumes and showed a number of 
portraits of eminent Georgians beginning with 
James Edward Oglethorpe, the famous Colonial 
Governor, and including portraits of all the 
prominent Governors in the earlier days. 
There was a fine collection of war relies—an 
old Revolutionary drum, flint lock muskets of 
various periods, metal breast plates, several 
eross bones, old blunderbusses, swords, Indian 
Weapons and some bayonets which had been 
dug from the battle-field of Savannah. Ocecu- 
pying prominent places in the collection were 
the spinning wheel of Nancy Hart, the heroine 
whose name is perpetuated in Hart County, 
Georgia, and a gun which was once owned and 
used by Admiral John Paul Jones.* 

South Carolina sent a number of Colonial 
costumes and historic paintings together with 


*Tt was impossible to secure any further information concerning the exhibit made by Georgia.—ED. 


526 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


documents relating to the American wars. 
Some of the silverware sent from ‘‘ The Pal- 
metto State ’’’ was as fine as any in the build- 
ing and the manuscripts were full of interest. 
Among the more interesting specimens of letter 
writing were those which related to the south- 
ern poets Timrod and Hayne. In this exhibit 
were also portraits of all the Colonial Gov- 
ernors and some remarkably interesting land 
grants with plats and the seal of the Lords 
Proprietors dating back as far as 1694. There 
were some interesting autograph documents, 
and the first map of Charleston, drawn in 1671. 
Among costumes especially interesting was a 
brocade gown worn at the court of George ITI. 
by Mrs. Elizabeth Pinckney, on whose planta- 
tion the silk worms that made the material 
were raised and in whose house the silk was 
spun. For weaving, the reels had to be taken to 
London by Mrs. Pinckney and in that city the 
fabric was made into three gowns—one for the 
mother of George III., one for Lord Chester- 
field and the other, the one exhibited.* 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 
GEORGIA EXHIBIT 


The Episcopal Church displayed a fine his- 
toric collection which included a number of 
rare communion services and ancient prayer- 
books. Two of the most interesting features 
of the exhibit were plaster casts of the Hunt 
Memorial Tablet at Jamestown Island, erected 
in honor of the heroic English priest who ae- 
companied the expedition, and of the statue of 
Captain John Smith which later was unveiled 
on the Island. The historic church bell of 
Yorktown, and pictures of historic Colonial 
churches were attractive items of exhibit. 

Miss Nannie Randolph Heath showed a great 
number of articles which had been used by the 
Washington and Custis families. Miss Mary 
Custis Lee had lent to Miss Heath a treasure 
chest once owned by Mrs. Washington and the 
tent which the General had used through his 


campaigns. Among other articles in the col- 
lection were a dress which had been made 


by Mrs. Washington for her granddaughter, 
Elizabeth Parke Custis, an embroidered petti- 
coat which had been worn by Mrs. Washington, 
and a Marseilles counterpane which had covered 
reneral Washington when he died. Among the 
miscellaneous articles were a toast rack given 


* Tt was impossible to secure any further information concerning the exhibit made by South Carolina. 


to the Duke of Wellington by one of his gen- 
erals, a set of jewelry made from the wood of 
the ‘‘ Charter Oak ’’ and a Colonial mace pre- 
sented to Virginia by King George II., and used 
at the sessions of the House of Burgesses. 
The exhibit of the National Society of the 
Daughters of the American Revolution occu- 
pied a large section on the west side of the 
History Building. Though by no means as 
large or elaborate as several of the other col- 
lections, it is questionable if a single group in 
the entire building so thoroughly told its pur- 
posed story or more adequately represented the 
object of the exhibitors. The story of the War 
for National Independence is so replete with 
thrilling incidents, so fraught with deeds of 
consequence that its mementoes afford inspir- 
ing material, and the National Society of the 
Daughters of the American Revolution has con- 
tributed more largely than any other agency, 
if not more than all other agencies combined, 
to keep alive the story of the Revolution, and 
the display which the Daughters made at the 


Exposition was a splendid inculeator of Na- 
tional pride. 

It will be difficult to prepare a better deserip- 
tion of this exhibit than the one which appeared 
in the report of Miss Mary W. S. Taliaferro, 
who wrote: 

‘“ Here one could sit at the desk of Thomas 
Jefferson and, looking up, would see the 
Declaration of Independence which he had 
penned, and marvel at the giant intellect which 
conceived that great instrument. On the wall 
just beyond the Declaration was a letter writ- 
ten by Jefferson more than one hundred years 
ago, denouncing greed for public offices. Here 
one could see the table and the julep glass of 
Patrick Henry and seeing might recall with 
admiration the man brave enough to defy a 
king. Here were the spurs worn by Washing- 
ton and the canteen of Colonel Tarleton. <A 
baby’s shirt worn by Nathaniel Greene awak- 
ened memories and made one rejoice in ret- 
rospect with the young mother whose dreams 
were realized. One could look into the old hair 
trunk that carried the clothes of William Ellery 
as he traveled from Rhode Island to Phila- 
delphia, in the summer of 1776. The ink-stand 


Ep. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Pipe sene ae 
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Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


EXHIBIT OF EPISCOPAL CHURCH 


of Stephen Hopkins, the quill pens of Benjamin 
Franklin and the present which Charles the 
First gave to Richard Henry Lee, were in evi- 
dence. 

‘“The autograph hunter could gloat over 
manuscripts signed by the detested Dunmore, 
by Lord Fauquier, by Gooch, Madison, Monroe, 
George Whitefield, William Penn, Governor 
Spottswood, Washington, La Fayette, Patrick 
Henry, Nelly Custis, Dolly Madison and ‘‘ The 
Blind Preacher.’’ Among the writings, most 
rare and important and never before given to 
the public, were some letters of Robert Din- 
widdie, the most beloved Governor of the entire 
Colonial line. There were relics galore of 
Washington, Jefferson, Daniel Boone, Peter 
Francisco, William Byrd, Carter Braxton and 
of the Bolling, Randolph, Cary and Lee fam- 
ilies. 

‘“ The women of the earlier days were well 
represented in this exhibit. In that era of long 
ago, they had lived the Biblical type of virtuous 
womanhood. They spun, dyed, wove and made 
the clothes for themselves and for their hus- 
bands and sons; they reared generous families, 
as was attested by one cap used thirteen times 
by one mother when she dedicated her babies 
to God before giving them to her country. 
They cared too for the happiness of their little 
ones, as shown by the dolls, every stitch of 
whose clothing was made by hand; and that 
they denied themselves pleasures for religion’s 
sake was proven by the beautiful communion 
service made from the silver and jewelry 
eagerly donated by the womenfolk of Virginia. 

‘* These are but a few of the things gathered 
by the Daughters of the American Revolution 
and brought from all parts of the country as 
reminders that in the years gone by our ances- 
tors were worthy; and to arouse in us a sense 
of obligation to the present and to our descend- 
ants in the future.’’ 

One of the most unique and attractive ex- 
hibits in the History Building was shown under 
auspices of the National Society of Colonial 
Dames of America. Mrs. William Ruffin Cox 
of Richmond, the National President of the So- 
ciety, devoted her fine abilities to planning the 
exhibit and with rare executive ability con- 
ducted it most successfully. She was assisted 


by the National Chairman, Mrs. Hugh Nelson 
Page of Norfolk, and the Acting Chairman, 
Mrs. James F. Maupin of Portsmouth, who, 
during Mrs. Page’s absence, very ably filled the 
responsible position. Co-operating with these 
ladies were chairmen representing a number of 
States. 

The relics were collected by committees 
throughout the Union. Most of them came 
from the families of members; in some in- 
stances only one or two articles could be ob- 
tained from a single source, while in other in- 
stances one family supplied enough to fill cases. 

Officially, only five States were represented : 
Maryland, Vermont, Rhode Island, Georgia and 
Virginia. The unfortunate delay in completing 
the History Building caused several of the So- 
cieties to withdraw exhibits which had been 
collected, and among these were the magnifi- 
cent collections of New York, Connecticut, 
Delaware and North Carolina. 

Notwithstanding this unfortunate handicap, 
the exhibit was on the whole excellent and 
proved to be a most profitable field for history 
lovers to enter. Visitors lingered for hours in 
front of the cases, so important were the con- 
tributions and so interesting. The closing hour 
always found many unwilling to leave, and 
nothing but closing could eut short the eager 
inspection of many visitors, who were taken out 
of the present and placed in a different age. 

The old silver, cut glass and rare, ancient 
china told a story of the finely appointed 
though simple Colonial table; the castors, de- 
ecanters and wine coolers vividly recalled the 
bare mahogany where the gentlemen sat with 
their wine and discussed, after dinner, matters 
social and affairs of State; the carved four- 
poster bed with its steps and fringed valance 
might be pictured from the brass warming pan 
which hung by a long handle on the wall; and 
a foot warmer with a small piece of old char- 
coal reminded one of the long carriage drives 
in Colonial days, when the family went forth 
to church or to pay ceremonial visits. 

From the walls portraits of noted men and 
women of former days looked down upon the 
modern world. A genuine Van Dyke of Leon- 
ard Calvert, the first Governor of Maryland; 
pictures of Benedict Calvert and his wife, 


528 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


Elizabeth; a daughter of Charles Calvert, Mrs. 
John Eager Howard, and her child; Charles 
Carroll, the barrister, and his mother, Mrs. 
Charles Carroll, of Ely O’Carroll; Gunning 
Bedford and Mrs. Harry Dorsey Gough were 
among the portraits of the Maryland Division, 
and a most interesting collection of small pic- 
tures of the Maryland manors suggested the 
really Baronial life, which was peculiar to the 
Colonial days. 

Oglethorpe, Whitefield and Haversham re- 
called the past of Georgia; and Captain Elijah 
Dewey, old Vermont. Virginia contributed 
Governor Spottswood, the great leader of the 
first trans-Appalachian pilgrimage. At his left 
hung a picture of his daughter Dorothy, and 
nearby was a portrait of Bernard Moore, the 
Governor’s son-in-law. There were pictures of 
Augustine Moore and his wife, the parents of 
Bernard and the owners of ‘‘ Temple Farm,’’ 
the scene of Cornwallis’ surrender; and especial 
interest attached to the picture of Pocahontas 
which was copied from the portrait in posses- 
sion of Hastings Elden of London, for the 
late Judge Wyndham Robertson of Abingdon, 
Virginia. The first wife of Philip Ludlow, 
Luey Higginson, and her children, hung op- 
posite to Lady Frances Berkeley, whom he later 
married. John Robinson, Speaker of the House 
of Burgesses from 1738 to 1765, hung next to 
Peyton Randolph, the last Speaker, who pre- 
sided over the Assembly of Virginia from 1765 
until the Revolution, when he became President 
of the first Colonial Congress. Near them was 
Colonel John Tayloe, a member of the last 
House of Burgesses, whose session was dissolved 
by Lord Dunmore in 1774; and by his side was 
Mrs. Tayloe (Anne Ogle, daughter of Governor 
Ogle of Maryland). The Tayloe portraits were 
by Gilbert Stuart and were fine examples of his 
work. They were for years in the Tayloe col- 
lection at the Corcoran Art Gallery and were 
shown in 1893 at the World’s Fair, Chicago. 
Another Stuart picture was that of Moses Myers 
of Norfolk; and there was a second Myers por- 
trait, one of John Myers, painted by Sully who 
was also represented by his portrait of one of 
the six granddaughters of Jaequelin Ambler, 
the one who married David Norborne Norton 
of Alexandria. Other famous Virginia por- 
traits or portraits of famous personages were 
those of Evelyn Byrd, Nelly Custis, Thomas 
Mann Randolph, John Mayo, Bartholomew 
Dandridge, Robert Carter (‘‘ King Carter ’’), 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Betty Landon, his second wife; Charles Carter, 
William Browne of Salem, and his wife, Mary 
Burnet, Governor William Burnet and Marie 
Van Horn Burnet, his wife, Colonel Robert 
Gamble and wife, Colonel Nicholas Cabell, Jane 
Byrd and Mary Mann Page. 

Among the articles of notable historic in- 
terest was the crown of the Queen of Pamun- 
key, given by the Second Charles to the widow 
of Totopotomoy, the Pamunkey Chief who lost 
his life defending the western frontier of Vir- 
ginia against attacks of hostile Indians. When 
Charles Il. sueeeeded to the throne, he sent to 
the Indian Queen as a token of his sympathy 
the silver crown, which remained in the custody 
of the Pamunkeys until 1845, when they left 
their reservation around West Point and after 
camping for a few weeks on the Morson planta- 
tion near Falmouth on the Rappahannock, gave 
to Mr. Morson the crown as a memento of their 
visit. A few years ago the family sold the 
relic to the Society for the Preservation of 
Virginia Antiquities, who lent it to the Dames 
for their exhibit. 

Ranking perhaps next in importance to this 
erown, was the Norfolk City Mace, a most ex- 
quisite piece of workmanship, on the lower part 
of whose bowl was the inscription: ‘‘ The gift 
of Hon. Robert Dinwiddie to the Corporation 
of Norfolk, 1753.’’ The ornamentation at the 
top of the bowl represented the royal arms of 
England, Seotland, France and Ireland, during 
the reign of George II., and the letters G. R. 
were engraved between the English lion and 
unicorn. The mace, which was of. silver, 
weighed one hundred and eight ounces Troy 
and was twenty-eight inches long. 

A spoon commemorating the repealing of 
the Stamp Act was also interesting. In 1766 
Landon Carter of Sabine Hall ordered a dozen 
table spoons from a London jeweler. These 
were to be made of silver if the Stamp Act was 
repealed and of horn if sustained. The Act 
was repealed just as the order reached the 
jeweler, so each spoon was marked “‘ L. C. 
1766. Repeal of American Stamp Act.’’ 

Much interest attached to a pair of earrings 
which had belonged to Pocahontas and were 
sent to the Exposition by Mrs. John Rolfe of 
London, England, whose husband had inherited 
them in direct descent from Henry Rolfe, a 
brother of Pocahontas’ husband. These ear- 


rings were worn by Pocahontas when she sat 
for the picture which was taken of herself and 


EXHIBIT OF THE NATIONAL DAUGHTERS, AMERICAN REVOLUTION 


529 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


her little son. This picture is now in the pos- 
session of Holeomb Ingoldsby, of Norfolk, Eng- 
land, whose wife was a Rolfe. <A _ life-sized 
copy of this picture in black and white was 
with the King Edward Collection at the Ex- 
position. The earrings were made of mussel 
shells—a very delicate white variety which is 
only found on the eastern shore of Behring 
Strait. The shells were set in silver, inlaid 
with small steel points. 

President Roosevelt lent to the collection a 
picture of Archibald Bulloch, the first Gov- 
ernor of Georgia and Mr. Roosevelt’s great, 
great grandfather—James Stevens Bulloch, a 
grandson of the Governor, being the father of 
Mr. Roosevelt’s mother. The President also 
lent two handsome silver cups, formerly be- 
longing to the Bulloch family, and marked re- 
spectively ‘‘ M. Y. B.’’ and ‘‘W. W. B.’’ 

As attractive as any exhibit in the collection 
was a charming little doll’s tea-set made of 
solid silver, a part of the Georgia exhibit. It 
was made in the time of Queen Anne and bore 
a London hallmark. With the exception of 


one saucer and four spoons, the set was com- 
plete—a 


dozen each of cups, saucers and 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


the great grandson of Jefferson, to the late 
James C. Southall and lent by his heirs. 

Among the relics from the Ambler home at 
Jamestown Island were a watch which had be- 
longed to Edward Ambler; his silver seal 
mounted on a handsomely carved ivory handle 
with the Ambler coat-of-arms quartered with 
the arms of the Jacquelins and Carys; cut glass 
wine glasses and a jelly glass used by Edward 
Ambler and Johnson John of Jamestown, and 
ten Spanish coins, part of a collection left by 
Edward Ambler of Jamestown with his wife, 
Mary Cary Ambler, for the support of her 
children while he was with Washington in the 
Continental Army. Another Ambler relic was 
a bedspread designed and woven by a daughter 
of Jacquelin Ambler, the flax for which was 
grown on the Island. 

Among the many Henry relics were the silver 
castors and salt cellars marked ‘‘ P. H. 1777 ”’ 
and used by Patrick Henry when he was Goy- 
ernor of Virginia; his watch fob with a Ma- 
sonic device; his silver dish stand; a ring made 
from the eap strings of his wife, Dorothea 
Dandridge; and an old, time-worn knife. 

The Vermont exhibit delighted the lovers of 


EXHIBIT OF NATIONAL SOCIETY OF COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA 


spoons, a sugar bowl, a cream pitcher, a tea- 
pot, a coffee pot with an ebony handle and a 
tea caddy of the shape that was most favored 
at that date. 

From Richmond came the pap bowl with the 
christening robe and sampler of Susan Ran- 
dolph and the court dress of Doctor Douglas, 
whom she married, and a miniature of Bret 
Randolph, a pincushion, pin tray and reticule 
belonging to his wife, Mary Scott Randolph. 
Norfolk contributed the old Randolph-Tucker 
Bible which recorded the birth of Susan Ambret 
Randolph and also the marriage of Susan Ran- 
dolph to Doctor Douglas. 

Among the articles lent by Mrs. Cox was a 
stand cross formerly owned by the Hon. Wil- 
liam Browne of Salem, and among other inter- 
esting things in her collection were gold seals, 
jewelry, silver, cut glass and some valuable 
miniatures of noted people. 

There were several very interesting papers— 
the written orders of Thomas Jefferson, which 
were sent with the farm cart from Monticello. 
These were given by Dr. Wilson C. N. Randolph, 


old table ware, and in the collection were dis- 
played some beautiful copper and silver tea- 
sets; rare old pitchers and bowls and several 
handsome Delft plaques, one with the Manning 
arms; a Bristol plate; tortoise shell bowl and 
plate and some Lowestoft cups. Old pewter, too, 
attracted much attention in this collection. 
Sentimentally interesting were the baby 
shoes worn by John Richardson and John Fay; 
and two copies of ‘* Poor Richard’s Almanae ’’ 
delighted the lovers of rare volumes. Many 
odd and unique articles throwing light upon 
Colonial life were shown in the Rhode Island 
exhibit. Among these was an old coffee mill 
of 1721; a barley boiler; an ancient rum bot- 
tle; some antique brass and pewter lamps for 
burning sperm oil and an old pewter spice box 
circular in shape with twelve triangular com- 
partments and a revolving lid. A silver teapot 
which had belonged to Governor Stephen Hop- 
kins, a signer of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, though unornamented, was a fine exam- 
ple of designing; a sheet woven by Barbara 
Slade, the grandmother of James Fenner, a 


530 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


Colonial Governor of Rhode Island, and a pair’ 
of bed curtains owned by William Harris, one of 
the founders of the Colony, interested visitors. 

Georgia’s exhibit was especially fine and its 
silver rich and elegant. Among the metal ar- 
ticles were a silver teapot presented to James 
Havisham by Governor Oglethorpe; a tankard 
of James Havisham’s, dated 1755; an old 
Havisham waiter and some castors; a silver 
waiter and tea caddy belonging to Godfrey 
Malbone, 1740; a silver teapot from Jonathan 
Bryan, 1740, and a tankard of 1742; silver 
candlesticks which belonged to Chief Justice 
Marshall; a gravy-boat with an arrangement 
for hot water, brought from Paris by Captain 
McQueen; and a pewter teapot, a coffee pot and 
castors used by General Washington in his 
camp life during the Revolution. 

In this collection were also a number of other 
interesting objects; a miniature of Mrs. George 
Walton, wife of a signer of the Declaration; a 
shell comb over two hundred years old, worn 
by Mrs. Walton when she posed for the minia- 
ture; a letter of proposal over one hundred 
and seventy-five years old, written by George 


Among the interesting old papers were a copy 
of the original Declaration at Hartford town; 
a deed of a portion of Waldrop, 1705; the auto- 
graphs of Charles C. Greenberg, John Baldwin 
and Josiah Wilson. With the collection of pa- 
pers were a fine set of Maryland seals. The 
miniatures and Saint Menim profiles were most 
interesting, an especially beautiful group being 


that of Louis XVI., Marie Antoinette, the 
Dauphin and his Governors. 
An old Seotch claymore was shown. This 


was found entangled in the roots of an old tree 
which had been blown down near the battle- 
field of Fort Duquesne. Its history is unknown 
and, naturally, never will be known. 

No attempt has been made to catalogue or 
describe minutely this exhibit of the Colonial 
Dames. The facts on which this outline is 
based were furnished by Miss Blanche Baker 
of Norfolk, who was requested by Mrs. Cox 
to give the information. 

In the portrait gallery in the eastern end of 
the History Building there was installed at a 
very late day an interesting and valuable col- 
lection of Confederate relics. The case stood 


OPTIC) 


Lilie 
‘ea 1} 


2S Sey 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


OHIO EXHIBIT 


D. Surat to Ruth Godfrey, and a quaint note 
which reminded Captain McQueen that he had 
promised to dine with Thomas Jefferson. 

The rich brocade dresses in the Maryland ex- 
hibit recalled better perhaps than anything else, 
the belles and beaux of bygone days with their 
powdered hair and patches. Three handsome 
brocades which had belonged to Hannah Mana- 
dier, 1775; a beautiful amethyst necklace; a 
Colonial fan; the pink and blue brocades given 
by Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and James 
Buchanan to their respective sweethearts, Anne 
and Mary Cooke, appealed to the romance that 
underlies all love of history. A sampler be- 
longing to little Polly Hollingsworth was a 
marvelous example of needle work; Wedge- 
wood plate with the coat-of-arms of Richard 
Bennett Lloyd and Edward Lloyd were ex- 
quisite, as was also a plate of Samuel Chase. 
A silver tea caddy and waiter with the Lloyd 
crest, three pieces of porcelain brought from 
England by Mrs. Harry Gough, an old marrow 
spoon, small at one end and large at the other, 
and a brass door knocker from the house in 
which Archbishop Carroll, the first Catholic 
archbishop in America, was born, attracted 
much attention. 

531 


* 


directly before the portrait of General Robert 
EK. Lee and contained the parole of General Lee 
and six of his staff officers with their auto- 
graphs; the cavalry boots of General J. E. B. 
Stuart; the army jacket worn by Captain James 
Powers Smith, one of ‘‘ Stonewall ’’ Jackson’s 
aides; the old gray cap of General Jackson 
which was presented to his staff officer Major 
Joe Hotchkiss; a watch worn by Miss Winnie 
Davis which originally had belonged to the 
Princess Charlotte of England; a pipe used by 
President Jefferson Davis when a prisoner at 
Fortress Monroe; a calico dress worn by Mrs. 
Davis during the last year of the war and for 
which she paid one thousand dollars; a Con- 
federate naval uniform of Robert Dabney 
Minor, worn when flag lieutenant of the ‘‘ Vir- 
ginia ’’ (‘‘ Merrimac ’’). 

Ohio made an excellent historic exhibit, and 
under the auspices of the State Archeological 
Society showed a remarkable collection of In- 
dian relics. While investigators generally dis- 
credit alike the existence of a great pre-historic 
empire of the red men in North America, and an 
especially high state of cultivation among the 
Indians who lived in the territory now known 
as the United States, vet it is true that in Ohio 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


have been found articles which evidence more 
advance from strictly savage conditions than 
have been discovered elsewhere in this country. 

The name by which the Ohio Indians is best 
known is ‘‘Mound-Builders’’—the only evi- 
dences of their existence being a great number 
of tumuli or mounds seattered widely through- 
out the State, the best known group being near 
Newark, Ohio, though there are many of these 
earthworks elsewhere throughout the valleys 
of the Mississippi and Ohio. 

Perhaps the most interesting single feature 
of the exhibit was a miniature reproduction of 
one of the famous Ohio mounds. It was a cross 
section model, accurate in every detail and 
affording an excellent means for studying the 
building methods of the pre-historic Americans. 
The mounds were used as burial places, and, 
in addition to the skeletons found in these 
receptacles, a curious variety of ornaments and 
objects of utility have been unearthed from 
the same sources. 

There were a vast number of stone exhibits, 
especially flints. The arrow and spear heads 
which were displayed proved that there was no 
uniformity of design among the early artisans, 
for scarcely any two were alike. Some had 
plain edges, others were beveled. Some had 
polished bases, while more were plain. Many 
of the tips were notched at intervals and many 
were smooth. A curious lot of stone hammers 
and pestles were exhibited and stones for 
grinding or anvil purposes. Among the strang- 
est of the stone specimens were primitive stone 
drills and needles sharpened to a keen point 
for piercing purposes. Some chisel-edged stone 
tools were shown. There were a number of 
flint cores exhibited and flakes chipped from 
the cores. The Mexicans used obsidian flakes 
as razors and possibly the Mound-Builders 
employed flint for a similar purpose. In con- 
nection with this stone collection was a set of 
models showing how the tips, hammers or 
flakes were attached to handles. 

It is likely that next in antiquity to the stone 
devices came implements and objects of copper. 
As this metal does not melt at a temperature 
less than 1900 degrees Fahrenheit, it is in- 
eredible that the Indians could have worked 
copper except by hammering and rolling nug- 
gets. Another reason for this assumption is 
that copper in molds becomes porous at high 
temperature and needs special treatment. The 
objects of copper which were exhibited con- 
sisted of hatchets, knives, needles, awls and 
beads or other ornaments battered into odd 
shapes. Among these latter were spool-shaped 
ear ornaments, gorgets or neck plates, and 
symbols in curious forms resembling fishes, 
elaws and other objects. 

Bone was also a favorite material with the 
Ohio Indians, and in the State exhibit were 
arrow heads and spear heads, long, sharp and 
slender; finely pointed needles and awls; fish 
hooks of many sizes and outlines; hide serapers, 
and the inevitable ornaments. The Indians 
were fond of decorating themselves and used 
for that purpose almost every workable ma- 
terial. A prolific source of supply for adorn- 
ment was afforded by shells. In the collection 
were beads made from small shells and per- 
forated for stringing, shell beads tipped with 
copper, shell gorgets with rude engraving on 
them and strings of fresh water pearls. Shell 
also had its useful purposes and there was a 
hoe made out of shell and several shell spoons. 
The shell beads may not have been used en- 
tirely for ornamentation, for as wampum they 
took the place of circulating medium; but the 
teeth of animals served no utilitarian design 
and there were many of these all perforated for 
stringing. There were large bear teeth drilled 


to hold a smaller tooth or in some instances a 
pearl, and there were a great number of small 
teeth each with a hole drilled through it. 

Pottery of rude design formed part of the 
display. The earthenware in some instances 

ras crudely decorated and occasionally showed 
the impress of fabrics placed around the vessel 
while the clay was still soft. It was chiefly by 
means of these impressions that the fabries of 
the Mound-Builders have beenreproduced. Some 
of these weavings were exhibited. In the col- 
lection were bits of mica which may have served 
for the mirrors of the pre-historic tribesmen. 

The New Jersey Historical Collection was 
secured through the efforts of Francis B. Lee, 
a counsellor-at-law of Trenton, and author of 
a recently issued history of his State. In sev- 
eral respects the collection was distinctive. Mr. 
Lee first essayed a collection of posteards and 
photographs, showing points of historic inter- 
est, and addressed letters to the postmasters of 
New Jersey requesting that local views be sent 
to him. The postmasters responded so freely 
and promptly that the ‘‘Postmasters’ Collee- 
tion’? numbered over one thousand views, of 
which eight hundred were posteards. 

These were topically arranged, pasted twelve 
on a side on big sheets of cardboard and are 
exhibited in cases. Under each card or photo- 
graph was a short typewritten description of 
the historic scenes and _ public buildings, 
churches, taverns and monuments. It is pos- 
sible that no similar collection of posteards 
exists in the world. 

In the center of the space allotted to New 
Jersey was a case of firearms, loaned by James 
E. Coombes, of Newark, as well as specimens 
from the State arsenal at Trenton. Beginning 
with the Charleroi flint lock of 1755, the evolu- 
tion of the gun through flint, altered flint and 
percussion types to the modern magazine guns, 
was shown. The same was true of a set of 
revolvers, while upon a ecard the evolution of 
the cartridge was illustrated. The object was 
to display the types of guns used by New Jer- 
sev troops from the days of the French and 
Indian wars to the period of the Spanish- 
American conflict. 

There was a series of photographs showing 
the growth of methods of transportation, the 
pictures having been loaned by the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad Company. The photographs 
gave developments from the Algonquin canoe 
to the latest ferry boat and from an Indian 
pack carrier to the modern locomotive. 

A particularly novel feature was a series of 
SIX canvas maps and three tablets depicting 
New Jersey history. The maps were painted 
by Colonel William E. Pedrick, of Trenton, 
acting under Mr. Lee’s direction. In series the 
maps showed the location of the gens and sub 
tribes of the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) Indians, 
the growth of New Jersey’s counties, a color 
scheme giving the areas of races and creeds 
before the Revolution, location of first settle- 
ments, with dates, and the principal engage- 
ments, some fifty in number, fought during the 
Revolution. The last map was prepared by Dr. 
Carlos E. Godfrey, of the adjutant general’s 
office. Two tablets gave the history of General 
Washington’s residence in New Jersey and his 
passage through the State—April 1775-Decem- 
ber, 1783, or the entire period of the Revolu- 
tion. Authentic records show that Washington 
spent one-quarter of that time upon the soil of 
New Jersey. Another tablet gave the history 
of ‘‘first things’? in New Jersey. There were 
also views illustrating colonial and revolution- 
ary sites in Elizabeth, New Jersey, and pictures 
of early days in Jersey City. 

The curatrix of the collection was Miss Cor- 
nelia Lewis White of Eatontown, New Jersey. 


532 


History, Education and Social Economy. 
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 


N either side of the Auditorium there 
stood a massive brick building between 
which and the central structure there 

was a connecting colonnade. The eastern wing 
was devoted to Higher Edueation and the 
western to Primary and Secondary Edueation. 
When the Division of History, Education and 
Social Economy was organized there were al- 
ready on the Exposition Grounds five buildings 
Known as the Arts and Crafts Village. These 
had been constructed under the supervision of 
Warren H. Manning. Ht had been planned to 
have in four of these buildings live exhibits 
and handiwork in various materials—wood, 
iron and copper, textiles and pottery, while the 
fifth was intended to be the home of a model 
school. Owing to the inability of the Exposi- 
tion to secure craftsmen to operate these ex- 
hibits, except at an expense which was deemed 
excessive, the plan of an Arts and Crafts Vil- 
lage was abandoned and the structures given 
to the Governor of History, Education and So- 
cial Economy to be used for such purposes as 


i 


ail Ma* 4d# i4y 


aes 


1 


saucer Hee 


Copyiight, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


below the college grades since these largely con- 
sisted of examples of manual endeavor or com- 
mercial training and the development of that 
branch of instruction which seeks to make a 
student able not only to use his brains but 
equally as well his hands. The interest mani- 
fested in these endeavors made a convincing 
proof of the logieal spirit of the day that aims 
to equip all in the real struggle for existence. 
The fine showing made by the universities 
and colleges, and the statistics dealing with 
their graduates who were pursuing success- 
fully various seientifie and professional lines, 
afforded ample testimony to the fact that higher 
education was receiving its due meed and that 
manual training was not superseding scientific 
instruction, but on the contrary went far to 
show that with the growth of hand dexterity 
there came a stronger desire for brain cultiva- 
tion. <A large part of the propagandie litera- 
ture of the country had dealt with the intention 
of the Exposition to place education in the fore- 
ground and educators generally were aware 


EAST WING OF AUDITORIUM DEVOTED TO HIGHER EDUCATION 


might seem to him most practical. The Social 
Economy Building also housed some edueca- 
tional exhibits. In the very nature of things 
Social Economy is not an exact science whose 
bounds may be defined with exactness. There 
are a number of educational efforts which seem 
properly to belong in the sphere of Social Eeon- 
omy; especially is this true of schools which 
instruct or train those who are mentally or 
physically defective. Several of the educa- 
tional exhibits in these lines were contained 
in the social economy collection. So far as 
Primary and Secondary Education could be il- 
lustrated within the walls of the building de- 
voted to that cause, the showing principally 
dealt with the equipment of schools, together 
with demonstrations of curricula and the out- 
put of students. As a general rule the exhibits 
of educational institutions have not greatly in- 
terested casual visitors, impressing only those 
whose work has laid in the direction of in- 
struction, because finished products are always 
more entertaining than processes, except to the 
investor, and it is difficult to prove the money 
value of schools. But at the Ter-Centennial 
great interest attached to the output of pupils 


533 


that the schools would make fine displays; con- 
sequently the Director of History, Dr. Chandler, 
confidently appealed to institutional and State 
pride in the campaign for his Department and 
he secured most excellent results, which, in 
view of the difficulty that confronted the De- 
partment in its efforts to supply adequate space, 
was not only excellent but remarkable. 

Three great universities made exceptionally 
fine exhibits and in each instance received gold 
medals. There were other university and col- 
lege displays that were creditable alike to the 
institutions and to the curators of the collee- 
tions. The University of Virginia, the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania and the Ohio State 
University by unanimous consent were entitled 
to special recognition. No less interesting than 
these were the displays of The Teachers’ Col- 
lege of Columbia University, New York City, 
and the comprehensive technical illustration of 
the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and the In- 
ternational Correspondence School of Seranton, 
Pennsylvania, which shared with the three uni- 
versities gold medal honors in the Department 
of INgher Education. The efforts to help the 
blind or the deaf had been earried to such a 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


YUL 


5 
\ 
\ 


EXHIBIT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA 


degree of perfection by the North Carolina 
State School for the Blind, the Virginia School 
for the Deaf and the Blind, and the Volta 
Bureau of Washington, D. C., that these insti- 
tutions were also deemed by the Jury of 
Awards entitled to highest recognition. Their 
exhibits, however, were not placed in the build- 
ing devoted to Higher Education but in the 
Social Economy Palace. 

The following account of the exhibit which 
was made by the University of Virginia was 
prepared for the Blue Book by W. M. Thorn- 
ton, Ph.D., Dean of the University : 

‘* The exhibit of a great school may be either 
statistical or dynamic. If statistical it records 
stages of growth, organization of departments, 
the work of its students as shown in examina- 
tion papers or reports or drawings or models; 
the work of its Faculty as shown in books and 
monographs and scientific apparatus of various 
sorts. If dynamic it summarizes and empha- 
sizes the educational ideals of its founders, the 
educational methods of its life, its great con- 
tributions to educational history, and its chief 
gifts to the political and literary and scientific 
life of the nation. 

“‘The exhibit of the University of Virginia at 
Jamestown was rather dynamic than statistical. 
It dealt with men and movements rather than 
with the inanimate residua of college work. 
The introductory note to the catalogue of its 
exhibits made the following statement: 

““ “The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition 
has in the main an historic purpose and an his- 
toric meaning. Its subordinate parts should 
be developed in fundamental sympathy and 
concord with this dominant note. The central 
idea of this exhibit has been made therefore 
historic. Its direct aim is to illustrate the his- 
tory of the University in its genesis, growth, 
and achievement; not by isolated examples of 
literary and scientifie work, but rather by the 
general mass of its educational ideals, and the 
momentum which its Alumni have brought to 
bear on the social and politieal and industrial 
movement of our common country.’ 

“Tn pursuance of this aim the most interest- 
ing phases in the life and structure of the Uni- 
versity were selected and these were illustrated 


with as much clearness and force and fullness 
as the funds available for the purpose would 
permit. The phases so selected and illustrated 
may be described as follows: 

“T. Of all American Universities the Uni- 
versity of Virginia is the most interesting in its 
Foundation. Thomas Jefferson deseribed him- 
self truly as its Father and in it, quoting the 
dying words of the great New England states- 
man, we may say that ‘ Jefferson still lives.’ 
Intimately associated with Jefferson in the 
work of organizing the State University were 
two other great Virginian statesmen, Madison 
and Monroe. The three Presidents not only 
laid the corner stone of its first building; they 
impregnated its vital structure with the moral 
energies which make for greatness. The ex- 
hibit showed these men and their intimate rela- 
tion to the University by portraits, by his- 


toric documents, and by snany interesting 
relies, 
“TI. The Architecture of the University of 


Virginia is unrivaled among American schools 
for propriety, for beauty, for charm. College 
hfe amidst these buildings with their noble en- 
vironment of blue mountains and verdant fields 
and azure skies, is itself an education in wsthet- 
ics. The exhibit presented this aspect of the 
University in a striking way. It began with 
samples of Jefferson’s original drawings and 
specifications for the earlest group of build- 
ings; followed these up with interesting bird’s- 
eye views taken at different dates down to 
1907; and gave in photographs and transpar- 
encies a large number of charming pictures, 
showing individual buildings or choice bits of 
architectural detail or lovely glimpses of the 
gracious scenery amidst which the school is set. 

““TIT. No other university has made contribu- 
tions of like importance to American Educa- 
tional Ideals. In the elective system of studies, 
in the honor system of discipline, and in the 
system of degrees for merit only, the University 
of Virginia has given to America three concep- 
tions so true, so vital, so valid that they are 
destined to universal prevalence. The exhibit 
set forth these claims and showed their accept- 
ance by competent authority and common con- 
sent. 


5384 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


“TV. We might define the peculiar function 
of the University, as distinguished from that of 
the College and of the School, by saying that 
its central purpose, its reason for existence, is 
to give Training for Leadership. The exhibit 
aimed to set forth the fruits of training at the 
University of Virginia as measured by this 
gauge. Her contribution to the national pub- 
lic was proved to be larger than that of any 
other American University, and out of all pro- 
portion, when her modest enrollment is consid- 
ered. Her Alumni were further shown to exer- 
cise a conspicuous leadership in the learned 
professions, in engineering and education and 
industry, in the cultivation of letters, and in 
the advancement of science. Charts and por- 
traits developed this conception. 

““V. Finally, the University of Virginia 
cherished with peculiar pride and affection the 
memory of those among her sons who have 
greatly served their country. The exhibit was 
adorned with busts and portraits of no small 
number of such men. Among the more inter- 
esting were Solnay’s bust of Edgar Allan Poe, 
the most poetic of American poets; portraits of 
Henry Grady, the apostle of the New South; 
of Samuel Spencer, who labored so effectually 
for her industrial renaissance, and of Walter 
Reed who first taught the world the cause of 
Yellow Fever and the method for its extermina- 
tion.’’ 

In addition to this exhibit of the life of the 
University, there were charts of attendance, of 
income, of endowment; bulletins of the En- 
gineering and Law and Medical Departments; 
specimens of work from the student drafting 
rooms; a series of dissertations offered by 
graduate students; a collection of publications 
by members of the Faculty; the catalogues and 
Bulletins and other publications of the Uni- 
versity; and a handsome series of athletic 
trophies. 

The University of Pennsylvania made a 
splendid display. In the center of the exhibit 
there stood a model of the first buildings used 
by the academy, which afterward became the 
Iniversity. These, in 1740, were situated on 
Fourth Street near Arch in the City of Phila- 
delphia. Two extremely fine bronze statues 


— 


as 


STATISTICAL CHART 
one 
NUMBER OF STUDENTS 
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA 


rin 


a 


Val 


—_ —— 


a = 


meee 


of wrestlers taken from the ruins of Hereu- 
laneum guarded the main entrance to the booth, 
which was full of other statuary pieces, among 
them being a bust of Benjamin Franklin, the 
founder of the University of Pennsylvania, one 
of the first Provost, William Smith, and many 
bronze facsimiles of sculptures—all taken from 
the University museums. 

George E. Nitzche, a member of the faculty, 
prepared the exhibit and designed the booth. 
In leaf cabinets were displayed more than five 
hundred photographs picturing every depart- 
ment of the University. One hundred and forty 
views were devoted to the most important ex- 
hibits of sections in the University museum, and 
thirty-two to portions of the Wister Institute 
of Anatomy. Statistical charts showed that 
twenty-one thousand, eight hundred and _ sey- 
enty-four degrees in courses had been conferred 
up to the time of the 1906 commencement, and 
that there were twenty-five thousand more 
matriculates who had received instruction at 
the University, constituting a total alumni body 
of almost forty-seven thousand. Charts also 
showed the total number of officers of instrue- 
tion and students from the period immediately 
succeeding the Civil War up to the present 
time. 

Among the rare and extremely interesting 
exhibits were a college diploma of 1760; a 
number of-oil portraits, among them being one 
of John Morgan, founder of the Medical School, 
and one of James Wilson, founder of the Law 
School. Of equal interest were the first med- 
ical diploma granted in America and the first 
dental diploma ever issued in the world. The 
University also exhibited specimens of the 
earhest types of telephone transmitter and one 
of the original Edison electric lamps. A num- 
ber of original manuscripts and documents of 
Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, James 
Wilson and others connected with the early his- 
tory of the University of Pennsylvania, were 
exhibited, and standing within the booth was 
a famous thirty-day ‘‘ Grandfather’s Clock,’’ 
manufactured by David Rittenhouse in 1790 
and by him presented to the University. This 
is the only clock of its kind in the country, and 
it still keeps excellent time. Among the mod- 


Hhdhess 


EXHIBIT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ern items of interest was a series of large pic- 
tures of the present University buildings— 
seventy in number—and with these were some 
views of the structures which they have super- 
seded. 

The Ohio State University was invited to 
send an exhibit which would be typical of the 
work done by the great State Universities of 
the country. A space of six hundred square 
feet in the southwest corner of the University 
and College Building was devoted to that in- 
stitution. The exhibit was prepared to show 
the equipment, educational opportunities and 
results of the University as a representative of 
the large group of land grant colleges. 

There are comprised within the University 
seven colleges: Agriculture and Domestic 
Science; Arts, Philosophy and Science; Eduea- 
tion; Engineering; Law; Pharmacy, and Veteri- 
nary Medicine, and in these colleges there are 
forty-four departments of instruction. To 
make the exhibit representative rather than ex- 
haustive was the aim of the curator, who at- 


EXHIBIT OF OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 


tempted to illustrate the scope of the work done 
in the several colleges. A map of the grounds 
and forty large framed photographs gave the 
general appearance of the campus and _ build- 
ings; photographs illustrated the extent and 
character of the apparatus in those depart- 
ments which had laboratory equipment and 
photographs of actual specimens showed the 
results of work in the laboratories. 

One of the most conspicuous features in the 
exhibit was a multiplex display wing fixture 
containing over three hundred eight-by-ten 
photographs of laboratories, drawing rooms, 
clinics, museums and libraries arranged under 
the department heads alphabetically from Agri- 
culture to Zoology. On this frame there was 
also shown work in water color, oil and char- 
coal copied from life, still life and design. 
These illustrated the courses in Art. There 


were a complete set of drawings required in the 
Engineering courses, a set of microscopic slides 
made by the students in Histology and an ex- 
hibit of blanks and forms used in the system 


3 


536 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


of registration. Adjoining this frame was a 
ease in which was illustrated the complete work 
of a student in Civil Engineering throughout 
his four years’ course, containing text-books 
that were used, the note books kept, the draw- 
ings, designs and theses. <A large upright case 
was filled with mechanical models and_ test 
pieces from the Department of Mechanical En- 
gineering and a similar case contained an ex- 
hibit of pottery, glazes and experimental work 
in the Department of Ceramics. The Depart- 
ment of Metallurgy and Mineralogy showed 
samples of assays, and materials used, and 
the Department of Horticulture and Forestry 
showed specimens of student work in grafting 
and budding. The Department of Agronomy 
exhibited especially designed apparatus for 
soil study. Complete courses in woodworking, 
foundry, smith work and machine work were 
shown in wall cases and each class of exhibit 
was accompanied by a bound volume contain- 
ing the exercises which are given to the stud- 
ents. Wall cases contained exhibits of the 
work of the Departments of Chemistry and 
Pharmacy, and a collection of wool sent by the 
Department of Agronomy. Herbaria and col- 


showing done by the students in the way of 
manual training course. The exhibit also 
showed a complete set of books or articles that 
have been published in recent years by the 
officers of The Teachers’ College. 

The Virginia Polytechnic Institute proposed 
exhibiting its various activities comprehen- 
sively, and early in 1906 secured five hundred 
square feet of space in the Educational Build- 
ing. Early in 1907 the Institute officials re- 
ceived an offer from the Exposition authorities 
to turn over to them the Copper and Iron 
Building, the largest one of the Arts and Crafts 
Village. Though the building contained more 
space than the area previously secured, it soon 
was found to be inadequate, and an attempt to 
divide the building into alcoves to be assigned 
to the different departments of the school 
quickly demonstrated that, unless additional 
show room could be obtained, the illustrations 
of some special activities would have to be 
seriously curtailed or else eliminated. Fortu- 


nately, the V. P. I. was able to secure another 
large building in the same Village; but even 
with this additional space it was found that 
the alcoves assignable to the different scientific 


i 


at ere css ane 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


ONE OF THE VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE BUILDINGS 


lected material showing both collegiate and re- 
search work were shown by the Department of 
Botany and the work of the College of Arts, 
Philosophy and Science was illustrated to a 
certain extent by a collection of theses sub- 
mitted for degrees in the college, and some 
books written by members of the faculty. The 
relation of the University to the high schools 
of the State was shown by maps and charts 
giving the number and location of accredited 
schools and the requirements and methods for 
admission. 

The Horace Mann School of New York made 
an exhibit which represented the various depart- 
ments of ‘‘The Teachers’ College.’? The cur- 
ricula of these different divisions were shown 
by charts, and there were also photographs of 
buildings and laboratories. The departments 
of Domestic Science and Domestic Art were 
represented by many specimens of work and 
detailed, tabulated descriptions. The Depart- 
ment of Fine Arts showed some excellent work 
which had been executed by college students. 
The Horace Mann School, which is a school of 
observation connected with The Teachers’ Col- 
lege, was personally represented by written 
work from Grade I, through the High School, 
and in this display there was a comprehensive 


537 


departments would be much too small and the 
greater part of a third building in the same 
Village was secured. Notwithstanding this un- 
expected and constantly increasing enlarge- 
ment of area, the director of Dairy Husbandry 
found that in the building assigned to him, there 
would not be sufficient room both for the dis- 
play of his department and the sale of dairy 
products. A fourth building in the Arts and 
Crafts Village was secured for the agricultural 
exhibits. 

Taking them in the order in which these 
buildings stood, the first towards the north was 
the reception hall, and in connection with this 
social purpose it was utilized for a ‘‘ crop 
pest ’? exhibit. The hall, forty feet square, was 
one of the most attractive rooms on the Exposi- 
tion Grounds. It was handsomely fitted with 
Mission furniture, cabinets, presses, tables, 
desks and chairs made in the Institute shops, 
and its walls were covered with numerous 
artistic views taken by the Department of 
Photo-Chemistry. The room was under the im- 
mediate charge of one of the most efficient 
young officers of the Institute, who was thor- 
oughly informed as to the character and scope 
of the general exhibit. The registration book 
kept in this room carried the names of thou- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


sands of visitors from every section of the 
Union and from foreign countries. 

Adjacent to the reception room was the very 
attractive exhibit of the Crop Pest Commission. 
The walls were hung with views showing the 
insects and fungi which are injurious to crops 
in their various stages of development, and with 
these were specimens of diseased woods and 
plants. In cases were large collections of in- 
jurious and beneficial insects and fungi and 
samples of fertilizers and germicides. Assem- 
bled in this room were numerous machines and 
applances used for the destruction of insectiv- 
orous and fungoid pests. On the shelves were 
the publications of the Commission, and these 
were gratuitously distributed to visitors. The 
exhibit was admirably arranged and attracted 
much favorable comment. 

The next building was assigned to the gen- 
eral educational exhibit of the Institute, and 
was subdivided into twelve large aleoves with 
a wing for shop work and an ante-room for 
the display of manufactured products. Aleoves 
were assigned, respectively, to the following 
departments of the Institute: Chemistry, 


Physics, Biology, Veterinary Science, Horti- 


The divisions between the alcoves were made 
of large charts giving the syllabi of the courses 
of lectures offered by each department. The 
interior walls of this building were covered 
with photographic views and transparencies 
showing the different buildings occupied by the 
several departments, their laboratories and 
their working classes, and charts which fully 
displayed the eleven courses of study prescribed 
for degrees, accompanied by certificates, were 
hung on the walls. These charts indicated the 
four years’ course in Agriculture, Horticulture, 
Applied Chemistry, Applied Geology, Metal- 
lurgy and Metallography, Preparatory Med- 
icine and Veterinary Medicine, General Science, 
Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and 
Electrical Engineering, and the shorter two 
years’ courses in Practical Agriculture and 
Practical Mechanics. 

The greater part of the next building was 
assigned to the Department of Dairy Hus- 
bandry. This was carefully screened in order 
to keep out dust and insects and was filled with 
dairy machinery of the latest make, including 
separators, sterilizers, Pasteurizers, churns, but- 
ter workers, cheese vats and presses, and 


EXHIBIT INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS OF SCRANTON, PA. 


eulture, Civil Engineering, Mechanical En- 
gineering and Electrical Engineering. Alcoves 
were assigned jointly to the departments of 
Bacteriology and Micrology, to the Depart- 
ments of Geology, Mineralogy, Metallurgy and 
Metallography, to the Departments of Mathe- 
maties and Graphies, and to the Departments 
of English, Modern Languages, Latin, History 
and Economies. Space was given in the cor- 
ridors for a full display of the athletic records 
of the Institute, the scores made in its games 
and sports; and photographs of noted student 
athletes were also shown. 

The wood and machine shops were installed 
in the wing and the full line of tools and ma- 
chinery used for the practical training of stud- 
ents was displayed. Also in this wing were a 
number of gas engines, motors and pumps de- 
signed and built by students in the Institute 
shops. 

In the exhibit room attached to the shops 
numerous articles made by the students were 
displayed, and these included excellent speci- 
mens of forge, foundry, wood and machine 
work. The railings and framework of the al- 
coves were designed and made at the Institute 
and formed in themselves an attractive exhibit. 


Uae = 


botthng machines. The milk, which 


daily 
came directly from the Institute, was delivered 
at this building, was separated, cooled and pre- 
pared for market on a large scale and sold to 
the different hotels and restaurants on the 


Grounds. In the wing of this building an ex- 
cellent restaurant was equipped with the neces- 
sary tables, seats and lunch counters, refrigera- 
tors, ete. The butter and cheese sold in the 
building were sent daily from Blacksburg to 
the Exposition, as also, were the pastry and 
bread. 

The fourth and last building of the group 
was occupied by the Agricultural Department 
of the Institute and the Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station. It had been hoped that this ex- 
hibit would be the most interesting and valu- 
able of the whole V. P. I. series, and much 
money had been spent for the preparation of 
the displays. Handsome cases were manufac- 
tured and a large and attractive series of glass 
vessels for holding agricultural seeds was pur- 
chased. Unfortunately, all of the officers con- 
nected with the Agricultural Departments of 
the Institute and Station resigned in the early 
summer and were constantly being called away 
upon business connected with their new field 


538 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


PENNSYLVANIA 


EXHIBIT OF THE PHILADELPHIA MUSEUMS 


of work. They were, therefore, unable to give 
to the preparation and installation that energy 
and time necessary to make this exhibit the 
exceptional success that was anticipated. 

As a whole, the Virginia Polytechnic In- 
stitute made a distinctively splendid showing, 
extensive, unique and one that well earned the 
encomiums it received. It was pronounced by 
many as the best educational exhibit ever made 
at an exposition. This was the view of the 
Exposition authorities as well as the view of 
many visiting journalists. It received three 
gold medals—one for the best exhibit in 
“* equipment and construction in technical edu- 
eation,’’ one for the ‘‘ best method of produc- 
ing, transporting and distributing pure milk ”’ 
and one ‘‘ for the best method and illustration 
by instruction in dairying.’’ It also received 
a diploma for the best exhibit in economic 
entomology. 

The display of the International Correspond- 
ence Schools of Scranton, Pennsylvania, con- 
sisted of students’ written exercises, students’ 
problems and samples of the subsequent prac- 
tical work in the Departments of Engineering, 
Architecture, Chemistry, Arts and Crafts, Fine 
Arts, Languages, ete. Eighty-three courses of 
study pursued by one million, three hundred 
thousand students were represented in this col- 


lection. A complete library of specially pre- 
pared text-books for home study were shown, 
including reference libraries for each course. 
Complete chemical, electrical, drawing and 
chart-work outfits accompanied the books on 
these subjects, and with the language volumes 
were phonograph records of oral exercises in 
French, German, Spanish and English. The 
gold medal was awarded for a unique, system- 
atic and comprehensive method of technical in- 
struction by correspondence. 

Aside from the exhibits described, the schools 
had brochures giving information as to the 
methods by which the various courses were 
presented to the masses and explaining their 
system of extending educational opportunities 
to remote districts and then securing situations 
for qualified graduates. An especially well 
qualified director was in charge of the display 
and whatever was lacking in the way of printed 
information regarding the schools, he was able 
personally to give. 

The exhibit of the Philadelphia Museums was 
under the auspices of the State Commission of 
Pennsylvania and was directed by Wilfred H. 
Schoff, the curator of the Museums. In the De- 
partment of Commercial Development the dis- 
play was a world’s history in epitome. Divided 
between the Departments of Edueation and So- 


From left to right: Phoenician Galley, Eighth Century B. C.; Babylonian Sea Horse, Eighth Century B. C.; Babylonian 
“ Kelek,”’ Fortieth Century B. C.; Hindoo-Javanese Outrigger Ship, Seventh Century A. D. 


DETAILS OF PHILADELPHIA MUSEUMS’ EXHIBIT 


539 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ws 


From left to right: “ Drakar” 


ship of the Norse Vikings, Second to Tenth Centuries A. D.; Carthaginian Galley, about Sixth 


to Fourth Centuries B. C.; Egyptian ship of the Red Sea Expedition, Fifteenth Century B. C. 
DETAILS OF PHILADELPHIA MUSEUMS’ EXHIBIT 


cial Economy and exhibited in two buildings, it 
received two gold medals, and it is possibly 
true that had the splendid display been further 
divided, more gold medals would have been 
awarded. <A series of forty-two maps compiled 
from researches into ancient and modern litera- 
ture, commercial records and into all other 
sources which appeared likely to yield important 
data, showed the typical epochs of history. Be- 
ginning with the Egyptian Empire under the 
eighteenth dynasty B. C., the ancient world was 
illustrated in several stages. After Egypt 
there came Pheenicia and Israel at approxi- 
mately 950 B.C. Then Western Asia under the 
Medes and Babylonians, 600 B. C., and the 
Persian Empire under Darius, 100 years later; 
then Greece at the height of its power—the 
period of Alexander the Great—while Rome’s 
epochs were shown by a map of her possessions 
at the end of the first Punie War and a most 
impressive map of the Old World at the time 
of Julius Cesar’s death, 44 B. C. 

The modern world was shown by a series of 
maps beginning with the termination of 
Augustus Cesar’s reign. More or less irreg- 
ular intervals elapsed between the periods illus- 
trated, but these never exceeded one hundred 
years. Among the modern charts singular in- 
terest attached to the complexion of the world 
after the Mongul*Conquest, A. D. 1300, and to 
the maps which showed the new routes result- 
ing from the Suez Canal and the probable paths 
that may result from the completion of the cut 
through Panama. Another series of maps, 


purely commercial in scope, showed separately 
the Colonial possessions of the leading nations 
of the world and the shipping routes operated 


et 2 i - as 


From left to right: Arabian Dhow, Seventh to Eleventh Centuries A.. D.; The Santa Maria, Columbus’ flagship, 1492 A. D.; 


under the Merchants’ Flags of the various 
countries. The information on which these 
maps were based was compiled from the official 
commercial statistics of the countries illustrated 
and were carefully compared and corrected up 
to 1907. This series showed the United States, 
the British Empire, the German Empire, France, 
Holland, Russia and Japan with their Colonial 
possessions. 

A series of statistical maps showed graphic- 
ally the present condition of the world in re- 
gard to density of population, imports, exports, 
gross earnings per mile of railways, gross rail- 
way mileage in different countries, railway 
mileage in comparison to area, volume of gov- 
ernment returns and volume of mail matter in 
the various countries. 

A series of models of commercial vessels of 
all periods of history, constructed on a uniform 
seale of one-eighth of an inch to the foot, 
showed at a glance the relative size and capac- 
ity of ships at any period. These models were 
carefully selected to show typical stages of com- 
mercial progress. The modern types were re- 
produced from plans and pictures of actual 
vessels and the historic types from the deserip- 
tions in manuscripts and from prints, paintings 
or reliefs. There were fifty-four of these 
models, the earliest of which was the Egyptian 
eargo boat of the Sixteenth Century B. C. A 
Babylonian sea horse and kelek and a Pheceni- 
cian galley of the Tenth Century B. C. showed 
distinet improvement over the earlier and more 
unwieldy boat. These with a Greek trireme and 
a Carthaginian galley completed the exhibits of 
the period comprising ancient history. 

The first of the modern boats was a Roman 


Venetian Galleon, Seventeenth Century A. D. 
DETAILS OF PHILADELPHIA MUSEUMS’ EXHIBIT 


540 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


pleasure barge of the First Century A. D.  Sev- 
eral Chinese junks were shown—among these 
were a sea going boat whose period joins an- 
cient and modern history; a junk of the Seven- 
teenth Century; a fishing junk, a river junk 
and a cargo junk from southern China, and a 
model of the ‘‘ Keying ’’ which made the jour- 
ney from Canton to New York in 1847. A 
Hindoo-Javanese outrigger ship of the Seventh 
Century, an Arabian dhow of a little later 
period, a Portuguese ecaravel, the flagship of 
Columbus, a Spanish galleon and an Italian nef 
of the Fifteenth Century were in the collection. 
All kinds of sailboats from 1607 to the present 
day and a complete history of steamboat de- 
velopment were illustrated by models. 

An instructive exhibit of the leading prod- 
ucts entering into international commerce at 
four selected typical periods of history, was 
admirable in plan and execution. The chosen 
periods were when Venice was commercially 
primate, the time of Roman dominance, the 
middle ages, and to-day. <A series of enlarged 


two papyri which were recently exhumed in 
Egypt. 

The publications which are issued under the 
auspices of the University formed an attractive 
exhibit. Among them were: ‘‘ The American 
Journal of Mathematies,’’ in thirty volumes; 
‘““The American Chemical Journal,’’ in thirty- 


six volumes; ‘‘ Studies in Historical and 
Political Seienece,’’? in forty-eight volumes; 


‘* The University Cireular,’’ in ten volumes; 


** Modern Language Notes,’’ in twenty vol- 
umes; ‘f Studies from the Biological Labora- 
tory,’’ in five volumes; ‘‘ The Journal Experi- 
mental Medicine,’’ in six volumes and a new 
edition of the Hebrew Bible, in twenty-six 
volumes. 

The Woman’s College of Baltimore had sev- 
eral large photographs of Maryland and Balti- 
more buildings. Their exhibit included out- 
lines of courses of study and panel exhibits of 
the publications of faculty, alumne and stud- 
ents. Statistics showed the development of the 
institution since its foundation, in 1885, a plat 


? 


MEMORIAL HALL—JACOB TOME INSTITUTE 


photographs collected from all parts of the 
world illustrated the evolution of land trans- 
portation by showing the most primitive modes 
together with the most advanced. All of this 
exhibit, which was entitled ‘‘ The Historical 
Development of Commerce,’’ was installed in 
the eastern wing of the University and College 
Building. 

Johns Hopkins University, the leading Mary- 
land educational institution, made an exhibit, 
a considerable part of which illustrated the 
scientific study of the oyster and oyster culture. 
A number of specimens were collected with a 
view of showing the oyster in different stages 
of its existence and the conditions most favor- 
able to its natural or artificial propagation, and 
there were maps, charts and books which 
showed the geologic work done by the officers 
of the University, and especially in connection 
with Maryland geology. The Johns Hopkins 
Medical School and Hospital made pathological, 
physiological, anatomical and medical exhibits; 
and several archeological items were dis- 
played, among them a Babylonian brick and 


541 


of the grounds, plans of existing buildings, and 
exterior and interior views which showed the 
equipment of the College and the students at 
their work or recreation. The pictorial center- 
piece was a large photograph of Charles Wilson 
Peale’s painting entitled ‘‘ The Exhuming of 
the First Mastodon.’’ The original was re- 
cently loaned to the College Museum by the 
present owner, Mrs. Harry White. The scene 
which this painting so vividly commemorates 
was the exhuming of two mastodons by the 
Peales near Newburgh, New York. 

The exhibt of the Jacob Tome Institute of 
Port Deposit, Maryland, received a gold medal. 
It was a very comprehensive showing of what 
is being done by that fine school under the di- 
rection of Francis Ransom Lane, B. A., M. D. 
The exhibit contained a series of large framed 
pictures showing the handsome modern dormi- 
tories which surround the school campus. 
These, with the pictures of the inn, the gym- 
nasium, the director’s residence and the me- 
morial hall, were arranged upon the wall of the 
booth in such a manner that they bore the same 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


geographical relation to each other as was 
actual on the school grounds. Six winged 
cabinets of thirty cards each, twenty-two by 
twenty-eight inches, showed in a classified form 
every phase of school work done in the Jacob 
Tome Institute. The sanitation of this splen- 
did boarding school was fully shown. ‘The ex- 
hibit included the dairy farm, the stables, the 
Pasteurizing plant and the refrigerating ma- 
chines. It gave fine pictures of the water shed 
and the reservoir with its great sand filter and 
showed all the details of baths, showers, water 
supply and drainage. Further to illustrate the 
health media, the splendid infirmary facilities 
were pictured, and these showed nurses and 
physicians’ apparatus, diet kitchens, ete. 

The exhibit of manual training went into 
elaborate detail and illustrated various equip- 
ments utilized in bench work, pattern making, 
moulding, forging and machine shop work. 
With this showing were many photographs of 
pupils and prints showing them actually at 
work, while the problems which the pupil has 
to solve were pictorially illustrated. The de- 
partment of athletics received due recognition, 
and photographs of indoor and outdoor exer- 
cises, 2ymnasium equipment and locker room 
were supplemented by scenes of outdoor sports 
and winter games. The work of other depart- 
ments such as history, English, mathematies, 
modern languages and science, was illustrated 
and the conditions under which such work was 
done in the laboratory or class room were pic- 
tured. The social life of the school was shown 
by reproductions of fraternity dances, recep- 
tions, smokers, and the life in the elub rooms, 
which are provided for the recreation of the 
older students. The exhibit as a whole sub- 
served the purpose admirably to show the 
superb plan of a modern school, attractively 
located, magnificently equipped and with a 
pupil product ranking very high. 

The Department of Public Instruction of the 
State of Virginia made an exceptionally com- 
plete exhibit from the primary and secondary 
schools of the State. Sixty counties and ten 
cities were represented in the display which 
was planned to comprehend five classifications 
—the Progress and Trend of Edueational Life 
in Virginia, the Concentration of School Work 
on Environment, the Concentration of School 


VIRGINIA PUBLIC SCHOOLS EXHIBIT 


Work on Loeal History, the Efficiency of Work 
and the Grading of Courses of Study. 

In order to show the bases of school work 
in the State, the various provisions of Virginia’s 
Constitution that relates to education were ex- 
ploited, as well as the State’s statutes which 
affect the subject. 

In addition to the gold medal bestowed on 
the State Department, one city and one county 
received similar awards. The Lynchburg ex- 
hibit which was deemed worthy of the highest 
prize, occupied seven cabinets containing speci- 
mens of work in sewing, music, domestic 
science, language, grammar, arithmetic, litera- 
ture and History with pictures of dramatie act- 
ing as aides in the interpretation of literature; 
exhibits of nature study, geography and draw- 
ing, views of school rooms and school gardens, 
paper folding, chain stitch, paper work, clay 
modeling and weaving. The work was shown 
by grades and arranged very artistically and 
under such a perfect system that the work in 
each branch or grade of the grammar schools, 
from first to seventh, was readily found and 
could easily be studied. 

In the bases of the cabinets were seen sam- 
ples of work in the division of manual training 
such as chair caning, basket and mat weaving, 
hammock making, knife work and pottery as 
well as studies in silk culture. On the walls 
there were framed pictures from the Art De- 
partment, with plaques and special work from 
the Industrial Division. Some noteworthy evi- 
dences of the perfection to which the manual 
training is carried were present. Among these 
were an umbrella rack, a music stand, a table 
and an upholstered chair, all of which were 
finished in a thoroughly workmanlike manner. 
There were a number of bound volumes con- 
taining the school work of the various grades 
and pictures of children at work, and there 
were pamphlets of compositions and notes on 
botany, chemistry and music. A special edition 
of ‘‘The Critie,’’ the school paper of Lynch- 
burg, was distributed at the Exposition and 
it challenged comparison with college maga- 
zines. 

Norfolk County, which shared honors with 
Lynchburg, made an excellent display. Four 
cabinets contained the exhibit. In cabinet No. 
1 was the up-to-date work of the primary 


| 


~e 


% 


be) 


542 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


PUBL" ECveATION 


Norrorn Counry 


EXHIB 


grades—number work, language work, drawing 


and color work, knitting, weaving, spelling, 
paper cutting and sewing. Cabinet No. 2 
showed the character of the work done in 


grades four, five and six—geography, physi- 
ology, languages, knitting, weaving, color work 
and nature studies. The third cabinet showed 
the output of the seventh grade scholars— 
drawing, color work, geography and illustra- 
tive language work as well as an exhibit of 
high school work in algebra, Latin, history, 
botany and geometry and, from the Commer- 
cial Department, an extensive display of ad- 
vanced work in sewing and sloyd. The last 
‘abinet contained pictures of school buildings, 
interior views of school rooms, classes at work, 
studies of the products of Norfolk County and 
their values, work from the Commercial De- 
partment and an excellent exhibit of drawing 
from the County High School. <A series of 
seven bound volumes enabled the visitor to 
examine easily the work of each grade. Six 
volumes contained work from the grades and 
the seventh an exhibit of stenography and type- 
writing. 

In addition to the three gold medal awards, 
there were several silver medals given and 
some bronze. Richmond, Norfolk, Newport 
News and Staunton were the cities that re- 
ceived silver medals and the counties were 
Accomac, Albemarle, Alleghany, Augusta, Eliz- 
abeth City, Nelson, Pulaski, Roanoke, Scott and 
Wise. Charlottesville, Roanoke and Portsmouth 
cities received bronze medals, as did the coun- 
ties of Alexandria, Culpeper, Dinwiddie, Hen- 
rico, Nottoway, Northampton and Pittsylvania. 

The Minneapolis Public Schools did not at- 
tempt to make a comprehensive educational 
display. Their Superintendent, Charles M. 
Jordan, determined to fill the allotted space 
with exhibits in the departments of manual 
training and drawing, believing that these 
would furnish to the average fair visitor—who 
has little time to study written work—far more 
food for thought than a display of general 
school work, and that enough of teaching re- 


548 


IT OF NORFOLK COUNTY SCHOOLS 


sults was shown by the hand work to attract 
the interest of students of educational prob- 
lems. Pursuing these lines, the installation of 
the schools of Minneapolis covered all the 
grades from kindergarten through the high 
school. The drawings were heavily mounted 
and shown in ‘‘ educational cabinets ’’ or 
swinging frames. Most artistic and attractive 
weaving and pottery pieces and applied designs 
were placed in show eases. The exhibit pre- 
sented a picture both pleasing and restful to 
the eye. The color scheme was carefully 
worked out, brown being chosen for the tone 
of the cases and weathered oak for all the 
heavy woodwork. The result was attractive 
and artistic, exciting much favorable comment. 

The examples of pottery made by the 
scholars of intermediate grades were notably 
excellent and might almost be called unique, 
since few cities have carried the treatment of 
the subject so far as has Minneapolis. This 
feature is also especially emphasized through 
the various grades of the high school, and the 
work in the upper divisions was notable in the 
branches of textiles, metal, leather and wood- 
work. Drawing, which is a continuous feature 
under some systems, only receives five months’ 
study in the Minneapolis Public Sehools, after 
which period the pupil is put to practical appli- 
eation, hence the exhibit did not contain the 
usual proportion of designs as compared with 
finished goods. The cabinet work of the 
manual training classes showed excellent work- 
manlike qualities. The exhibit received a gold 
medal. 

The St. Louis Public Schools’ exhibit, which 
received a gold medal in the Department of 
Edueation, was extremely comprehensive and 
included work from the kindergarten division 
through The Teachers’ College. The St. Louis 
exhibit, though small, served adequately to 
illustrate the plan of education so that the 
sequence was perfectly worked out, and the ex- 
hibit proved a treat to those who were inter- 
ested in educational endeavor. 


Eight cabinets of selected work and photo- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


graphs were displayed. These showed the 
child and the school room activities. Beneath 
these cabinets on shelves were arranged book- 
lets containing written work, class exercises 
and teachers’ certificates. The booklets were 
bound with linen covers designed by the pupils. 
In addition to these cabinets were two glass 
cases, one devoted to the manual work of the 
kindergarten children in the way of Christmas 
gifts, clay models, cardboard models and paint 
work. The other large case was devoted to 
applied arts and contained examples of the 
output of advanced students in manual train- 
ing and the domestie science work of the High 
School scholars, together with pottery, metal 
work and leather articles made by pupils of the 
High Schools and Teachers’ Colleges. On the 
walls of the exhibit were six large water colors 
representing six school buildings of St. Louis. 
On the walls also were panels containing 
manual training exercises of the Seventh and 
Eighth Grades. 

The great feature of the exhibit was a 
winged cabinet containing twenty-four framed 


the exhibit, which attracted much attention 
and was highly regarded. As an exemplifica- 
tion of method, the Rochester School exhibit 
ranked very high and received a gold medal 
in recognition of the thoroughness with which 
it illustrated the courses of study. Clarence 
F. Carroll, Superintendent of Edueation for 
Rochester, directed the collection, which was 
installed by the Assistant Superintendent, Miss 
Harriss, and the Director of Manual Training. 

The Chicago Kindergarten College trains 
young women for a work which requires 
peculiar education. There is no more impor- 
tant field of pedagogy than the one in which 
lies the teaching of little children—a field 
usually entered haphazard. This’ College, 
which exhibited at the Exposition and received 
a gold medal, tries to give to its pupils an 
appreciation of child character, and it places 
before them the results of the world’s best ex- 
periments in leading the child toward an 


appreciation of its own powers and the possi- 
bilities to which they may be put. 
The practical part of the College work was 


charts. These charts exemplified the purposes 
of the exhibit. From them could be learned 
all the salient points about the school govern- 
ments and systems, their powers and functions, 
and other school statistics of great value to 
educators. The exhibit received a gold medal 
for kindergarten work, pupils’ written work, 
manual training and domestie science work, en- 
vironment, general arrangement, administra- 
tion, buildings and equipment and course of 
study. 

The Board of Education of the City of Roch- 
ester selected from the different schools in 
their city—written exercises, uncorrected, rep- 
resenting different subjects in grade schools 
and high schools, together with examples of 
industrial and physical work, music, drawing 


and other specialties. This collection was 
arranged in eleven sections, catalogued as fol- 
lows: Kindergarten, Grades, High Schools, 
Evening Schools, Drawing, Manual Training, 
Physical Training, Domestic Art, Normal 
Training. The principals of the various 


schools in Rochester took turns superintending 


ST. LOUIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS’ EXHIBIT 


illustrated by the text-books which had been 
prepared by the College faculty for the pur- 
pose of teaching. These consisted of ‘‘ The 
Kindergarten College in the Study of the Eth- 
ical Institution of Man,’’ Froebel’s ‘‘ Mother- 
Play-Songs,’’ Snyder’s ‘‘Commentary on Froe- 
bel’s Mother-Play-Songs ’’ Harrison’s ‘‘Study 
of Child Nature,’’? Harrison’s ‘‘Two Children 
of the Foot-hills,’? ‘‘Snyder’s Social Institu- 
tions.’’ With these, courses of collateral read- 
ing were indicated, and pictures selected to 
illustrate the social institutions were shown, as 
used in the work for young children. 

A large part of the College work was shown 
to lie in the direction of awakening the creative 
power through the child’s activity. This part 
of the work was illustrated by two text-books— 
Snyder’s ‘‘ Psychology of the Play Gifts ’’ and 
Woodson’s ‘* Kindergarten Building Gifts.”’ 
In connection with this branch, there were a 
number of photographs of forms invented by 
the students, utilizing building cubes and in- 
troducing two new shapes, the divided cylinder 
and the curvilinear types. These blocks, or 


544 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


‘‘ Gifts ’’ as they are called, were created by 
two graduates of the College. 

Some of the children’s creations were beauti- 
ful and indicated marked ingenuity. Artistic 
beginnings of spacing and groupings, the foun- 
dation on which rests all decorative designing, 
were shown in specimens of bead stringing, and 
developments in this branch of handwork were 
also in view. Between the kindergarten and 
the primary school there has always been a 
certain gulf more or less wide. The differences 
in the training systems are great, and the Col- 
lege showed its efforts to bridge the chasm, and 
illustrated the methods which it employs to 
teach primary reading and writing. The dem- 
onstrations of the practical utility of the sys- 
tem were shown by abstracts written by the 
students from the lectures given. Also, book 
summaries prepared by the students and books 
of observation made by freshman students 
while visiting various kindergartens under the 
supervision of the College authorities. There 
were also abstracts by juniors and seniors of 
lessons given in the class room. Books on 
architectural pictures collected for use in the 
various grades were shown, together with 
original programmes made by the seniors for 


BigiG | 
a @ 


CHICAGO KINDERGARTEN COLLEGE EXHIBIT 


the morning work of the children. The upper 
walls of the exhibit were covered by water 
color sketches, charcoal drawings and designs 
made by the students. 

The Department of Public Instruction of 
New Jersey received a gold medal for a com- 
parative educational exhibit, the first one of its 
kind ever shown by any State at an exposition. 
It was a most instructive display and was 
studied carefully by hundreds of teachers and 
educators. Its purpose was to show just what 
had been done by New Jersey for the advance- 
ment of education in the past thirty-one years 
and consisted of collections shown at Phila- 
delphia in 1876, at New Orleans in 1885, at 
Chicago in 1893, at Buffalo in 1901, at Charles- 
ton in 1902 and at St. Louis in 1904. The new 
work especially gathered for the Jamestown 
Exposition showed conclusively that even since 
the St. Louis Exposition, the schools under the 
excellent supervision of the Department and 
C. J. Baxter, the State Superintendent, great 
advancement had been made both in the city 
and county schools. Besides the gold medal 
which was awarded to the exhibit as a whole, 
twelve silver medals were given for the city 
school work which was shown. 


NEW JERSEY COMPARATIVE SCHOOL EXHIBIT 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL ECONOMY 


distinet precedent by its exaltation of 

those agencies which make for social bet- 
terment. Only one important preceding exposi- 
tion Paris, 1900, ever devoted an entire build- 
ing to Social Economy and among the earler 
American World’s Fairs, St. Louis alone gave 
much attention to the subject. Projects for 
community uplift or class improvement have 
been more carefully considered abroad than in 
the United States. Societies in Europe have 
pursued, during decades, investigations and ex- 
periments which until recently were without 
American emulators. 

Some ubiquitous organizations like the Amer- 
ican Federation of Labor are kept naturally 
before the public, but the general associations 
of economie workers usually proceed without 


Ta Jamestown Exposition establishea a 


advertisement, ferreting abuses, suggesting 
remedies, supplying means. To the Exposition 


a number of these organizations came. Miss 
Minnie Bronson, the assistant director of the 
History, Education and Social Economy divi- 
sion, personally superintended the exhibits of 
the last-named subject and the result of her 
labors amply demonstrated that the Jamestown 


icial Photograph Corporation. 


Copy right, Jamestown ( 


protection of destitute, neglected and delin- 
quent children or of needy adults in poorhouses 
and at dispensaries, the treatment of criminals, 
and the institutions for the insane and epi- 
leptic ; 

Prevention and Diminution of Accidents in 
Trade—showing how these beneficent results 
may be secured by State Inspection of fac- 
tories, mines and other dangerous places of 
employment, and the use of various accessible 
safety divices and appliances which render em- 
ployment less hazardous ; 

Provident Institutions, or Savings Banks, Life, 
Accident and Sickness Insurance; Regulation of 
Industry and Labor—under which head were 
illustrated the organizations of employers 
and employees, academic and practical meth- 
ods of settling disputes, matters relating to 
the extremely important subject of the treat- 
ment of the unemployed and the investigation 
of the general social and economic conditions 
of the laboring classes. 

Hygiene was the last class denomination— 
and dealt with legislation regarding public 
health and the public hospitals and sanitariums. 

At the Louisiana Purchase Exposition con- 


ory, 


THE SOCIAL ECONOMY BUILDING 


Managers had made no mistake in devoting an 
entire building to the display of this topic. 

There has been a tendency at all recent ex- 
positions to exploit the movements which tend 
toward the amehoration of the difficulties which 
confront the race in its struggle for existence. 
Whatever helps to advance the common wel- 
fare or to make life more endurable for all 
classes, broadly belongs to the domain of Social 
Economy. This abstract generalization, how- 
ever, could not obtain at an exposition; for la- 
bor-saving machines and devices, improvements 
in household and sanitary equipments, the pub- 
lie health and service departments, municipal, 
State and general governmental institutions— 
these and others are essentially social in their 
economy for they relate to the whole com- 
munity and not a part of it. The divisions in 
the Social Eeonomy group at the Ter-Centen- 
nial were comprehended in the following 
topies : 

Municipal and Rural Improvements—serving 
to illustrate the organizations of cities and the 
protection of life and property ; 

The NSocial Betterment Movements—dealing 
with the houses of the working classes and illus- 
trating models of healthful and cheap dwell- 
ings, showmg social settlements and the work 
of the humane societies and institutions estab- 
lished by employers for their workmen ; 

Charities and Corrections—dealing with the 


siderable space and most intelligent effort were 
given to the department of Social Economy, 
but the principal contributors to that display 
were foreign governments, and the earnest ef- 
forts to ameliorate life conditions and elevate - 
the general intelligence of our own Nation did 
not receive commensurate attention, owing per- 
haps to the fact that such a display was an in- 
novation not fully appreciated even by those 
engaged most actively in the practical work. 

The Paris Exposition of 1900 devoted a 
separate building to this purpose, and at that 
World’s Fair there was a wonderful array of 
exhibits; but it is a question whether a more 
useful and instructive collection was gathered 
for Paris, though it had the world for its reser- 
voir, than was housed at the Jamestown Ex- 
position to whose array the contributions were 
solely National. 

The Social Economy Building, directly 
across Commonwealth Avenue from the large 
hall of Mines and Metallurgy, and diagonally 
northeastward from Lee’s Parade, contained 
only twenty-five thousand square feet, but 
every inch was utilized. Owing to the limited 
area, a very rigid policy of selection had to be 
pursued, and the accepted exhibits were 
planned with an idea of presenting the special 
phases of work in the most condensed and at- 
tractive form. <A lecture hall capable of seat- 
ing four hundred people occupied a corner of 


546 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


the building, and therein were given hourly 
talks on various topics, all of human interest. 

The American Humane Association received 
a gold medal for its splendid exhibit, which was 
the largest and most complete anti-cruelty dis- 
play ever made at an exposition. With a much 
less complete showing, this Association had 
previously won three gold medals: at the Inter- 
national World’s Fair in Paris, in 1900, at 
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in 1904, 
and at the Lewis and Clark Exposition, in 


1905. The exhibit consisted in large part of 
ecards containing statistics and illustrations 


placed in winged frames and easily accessible. 
There were also a number of exceedingly valu- 
able framed pictures, among these being a por- 
trait of Henry Bergh, the founder of humane 
public work in the United States. The Asso- 
ciation distributed pamphlets relating to hu- 
mane education and the reports of various anti- 
cruelty societies; and there were affixed cards 
in cabinets along the walls, illustrating the his- 
tory and progress of nearly one hundred socie- 
ties located in various parts of the United 
States and affiliated with the Association. 

The American Humane Association is in 
character distinctly national, or at least inter- 
state as contradistinguished from local. <Anti- 
eruelty endeavors in cities or States are con- 
ducted by societies whose bounds are more 
restricted. The parent or head organization con- 
fines its energies and abilities to the securing 
of national legislation which would tend _ to- 
ward the prevention of cruelty to children or 
to animals and it devotes its full power to the 
end that legislation when enacted shall be vital. 
It aims to secure Congressional investigations 
of all special cruelty abuses which may be in- 
terstate in character and it only enters States 
or territories with the purpose of organizing 
local associations where none exist. A very 
important part of its work, especially in virgin 
territory 1s propagandic—spreading the prin- 
ciples of humanity and kindness through the 
media of lectures and pamphlets. Societies 
from cities in fourteen States contributed the 
collection displayed by the national associa- 
tion; New England, the Middle Kast, the South, 
the Middle West and the far West were repre- 
sented. The following list of contributors will 
show the wide-spread interest in this splendid 
undertaking, and serve as testimony to the 
energy and ability of Dr. Wm. O. Stillman, the 
president of the association and the collector 
of the exhibit. 

The American Humane Association, Albany, 
N. Y.; American Society for the Prevention of 
Cruelty to Animals, New York City ; Massachu- 
setts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to 
Animals, Boston, Mass.; California Society for 
the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, San 
Francisco, Cal.; Humane Society for the Pre- 
vention of Cruelty to Animals, Rochester, N. 
Y.; Northwestern Pennsylvania Humane So- 
ciety, Erie, Penn.; Erie County Society for the 
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Buffalo, N. 
Y.; Animal Rescue League, Boston, Mass.; 
Morris Refuge Association, Philadelphia, 
Penn.; Maryland Society for the Prevention of 
Cruelty to Animals, Baltimore, Md.; Louisiana 
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Ani- 
mals, New Orleans, La.; Pasadena Society for 
the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Pasa- 
dena, Cal.; Brooklyn Society for the Preven- 
tion of Cruelty to Children, Brooklyn, N. Y.; 
Louisiana Society for the Prevention of Cruelty 
to Children, New Orleans, La.; Society for the 
Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Rochester, 
N. Y.; The Mohawk and Hudson River Hu- 
mane Society, Albany, N. Y.; Keene Humane 
Society, Keene, N. H.; St. Paul Humane So- 
ciety, St. Paul, Minn.; Ohio Humane Society, 


547 


Cincinnati, Ohio; Kentucky Humane Society, 
Louisville, Ky.; Auburn Society, Auburn, N. 
Y.; New Jersey Humane Society, Newark, 
N. J.: New York State Humane Education 
Committee, New York City; Connecticut Hu- 
mane Society, Hartford, Conn.; Humane So- 
ciety of Columbus, Columbus, O.; Hudson 
County Society for the Prevention of Cruelty 
to Animals, Jersey City, N. J.; Syracuse So- 
ciety for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 
Syracuse, N. Y.; Springfield Humane Society, 
Springfield, [ll.; Norfolk Society for the Pre- 
vention of Cruelty to Animals, Norfolk, Va.; 
Women’s Pennsylvania Society for the Preven- 
tion of Cruelty to Animals, Philadelphia, Penn. ; 
Francesville Home for Dogs, Francesville, Ind. ; 
Anti-Cruelty Society, Chicago, Ill. 

Among these societies, which exhibited in 
connection with the general showing of the 
American Humane Association, was one whose 
aims and successes appeared to be entitled to 
special consideration at the hands of the Jury 
of Awards. The American Peace Society of 
Boston, Massachusetts, received a gold medal, 
although its visible display consisted merely of 
sixteen swinging leaves, or thirty-two pages, 
each twenty-two by twenty-eight inches in size. 
On these pages, finely hand printed in large, 
clear type, were displayed various facts and 
figures which illustrated the origin and growth 
of international peace movements, the cost and 
the fearful waste of war, the history of arbitra- 
tion and the establishment of the permanent 
Hague Court, the decline of war, the erection 
of the Christ of the Andes on the Argentine- 
Chilian boundary, a colossal bronze statue of 
the Saviour which guards the mountain pass 
between Argentine and Chili, placed as a 
memorial of the compact of perpetual peace 
between these nations; and there were other 
pages of equal interest. The leaves bore illus- 
trations and the pictures of many leading advo- 
cates of peace and arbitration, among them: 
Hugo Grotius and Immanuel Kant, Wilham 
E. Channing and Andrew D. White. 

It is certainly a splendid testimony to the 
work of this organization that an extremely 
logical and unemotional Jury of Awards should 
give to it a gold medal for results, when it must 
be admitted that such a movement as this So- 
ciety conducts could only have been consid- 
ered a few decades ago purely as visionary or 
academic. 

An exhibit of intense human interest was 
conducted by the National Child Labor Com- 
mittee of New York. The gold medal which 
was awarded to it was in recognition not only 
of its aims but of the results attained. The 
former were self-evident, and the latter demon- 
strated by scores of printed attestations. The 
exhibit was in charge of Dr. A. J. McKelway, 
Secretary for the Southern States, and Miss 
Marie Hunter, a graduate of Vassar College, 
who was engaged by the Committee for the 
specific purpose. 

Across one side of the room was written the 
famous saying of John Ruskin, ‘‘ It is a shame 
for a nation to make its young girls weary ;’’ 
on another wall was the conspicuous motto, 
‘* Childhood is the period for edueation and 
play, not for labor.’’ The walls were hung 
with large photographs, setting forth the actual 
conditions of child labor in various parts of the 
nation. Perhaps the most impressive picture ex- 
hibited in any department of the Exposition was 
a simple photograph on the wall of this booth. 
It showed five little girls standing beside a spin- 
ning frame which reached above their heads, 
and bore the legend, ‘‘They can earn forty 
cents in a ten-hour day, but they cannot read.’’ 

Typical of city conditions, there was a pic- 
ture of the tiny burden bearers of the New 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Gir_ts CHEAPER THAN CoTTON 


An Op Man at 12, Can NEITHER READ on WRITE 


EXHIBITS OF CHILD LABOR COMMITTEE 


York City sweatshops, with loads of clothing 
pulled upon their puny shoulders; and, taken in 
a southern cotton mill, was a photograph of 
little children busily engaged in mending 
broken threads. A most striking ‘‘ Before- 
and-After ’’ dual picture was shown. A beau- 
tiful, plump, charming child, little Ola Owen, 
eight years of age, was shown just before she 
began work in a Georgia cotton mill. The com- 
panion picture showed the same child, after a 
vear’s work in the mill, with her face drawn 
and haggard, and with the curves of plump 
childhood displaced by angles. There were 
presented phases of the coal industry, showing 
those in which children are employed. Flash- 
lights pictured tiny workers inside the soft coal 
mines, and there was a telling photograph of 
small boys in the breakers picking the slate 
from the coal, while the hard black torrent 
rolled over their feet. The Committee’s charts 
set forth the occupations in which children 
under sixteen years of age were employed, the 
number of such in each State; and the accom- 
panying tables, showing the total of child illit- 
erates, bore a proportion to the number of 
child-workers so close in each ease as to indi- 
cate convincingly more than a mere coincidence, 
and gave good ground for the Committee’s 
campaign for the possession of the child in 
behalf of the school and against the factory. 

A vast amount of literature published by the 
National Child Labor Committee was given 
freely to those who sought it, and in addition 
to the exhibit there was delivered by Miss 
Hunter or Dr. McKelway, a daily lecture with 


accompanying stereopticon views, reviewing 
various aspects of the child labor problem. 
Comparatively few of the visitors to this exhibit 
registered, only those who seemed especially 
interested in the problem being asked to leave 
their names; but among the five thousand reg- 
istering there were representatives of every 
State in the Union, a good many from Canada 
and Europe, and some from the Philippine 
Islands. 

The effect of the exhibit upon the interest 
and conscience of the people of this country 
at large has already been noted by the officials 
of the Committee, and it was unanimously de- 
cided that no better way could have been found 
for attracting the attention of the whole peo- 
ple. When the Legislature of Oklahoma met 
to consider a Child Labor Law, a gentleman 
appeared in Guthrie to lobby for the measure 
holding in his hand a bundle of the literature 
which he had received at the Exposition. 

The edueation of defectives, especially the 
deaf and blind, was well illustrated. Gold 
medals were awarded to: The Virginia School, 
which is located at Staunton; to the North 
Carolina School, located at Raleigh; to the 
Home Teaching Society, Philadelphia, and to 
the Volta Bureau. Fine exhibits were also 
made by the Ohio Institute, the Maryland State 
School and the New York Association for the 
Bhlnd; and a private school of Boston known as 
the Perkins Institute made a splendid display. 

One of the most attractive and extensive of 
all the exhibits in the Social Economy Build- 
ing was that made by the Virginia School for 


A COLONIAL Dou. House 


EXHIBIT OF VIRGINIA SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF AND BLIND 


548 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


the Deaf and Blind. In its booth there were 
displayed specimens of work from every branch 
of the school course, industrial, musical and 
literary, affording the visitor an opportunity to 
appreciate readily the range and quality of in- 
struction given. It was attractive alike to the 
casual observer and to the experienced educa- 
tor, who were both richly repaid for the mo- 
ments they spent gathering information as to 
the capability and progress of pupils in this 
most important branch of educational endeavor. 
A competent and courteous hostess was present 
at all times to explain how any particular piece 
of work was done. 

In the center of this exhibit was a large doll 
house modeled after one of the first mansions 
in Augusta County, ‘‘ Beverly Manor.’’ The 
building was constructed by the deaf students, 
and is a perfect piece of handicraft, every de- 
tail of the original, even the furniture and 
hangings, being reproduced. <A glance through 
the lttle windows and doors divulged minia- 
ture old-fashioned furniture, bedsteads com- 
plete with mattresses, pillows and covers, 
chests of drawers, sofas, chairs, stools, and 
pictures—all the tool work having been done 


its blind boys and girls in such useful pursuits 
as will make them intelligent, valuable, self- 
sustaining citizens. 

In the early part of June an interesting class 
demonstration of reading, writing, arithmetic 
and typewriting was given. The Musical De- 
partment of the School was continuously rep- 
resented by an excellent band, which performed 
each day in the Social Economy Building and 
on several occasions in the Auditorium and on 
the grandstand of the Exposition. The ma- 
terial exhibits which remained in place through- 
out the Exposition showed extensively the in- 
dustrial work and the trades taught in the 
school. There were models which illustrated 
skill in handling tools; and the mattresses and 
brooms, made by the preparatory and Senior 
blind boys, the commercial phase of this indus- 
trial edueation, and corroborated the statement 
of the managers that good positions may al- 
ways be secured in mattress or broom factories 
by the school’s graduates in these trades. 

For the girls, an industrial exhibit with a 
distinct commercial side was the crochet work 
of all kinds known to feminine faney and in- 
genuity, shawls, kimonos, slippers, afghans, and 


EXHIBIT OF NORTH CAROLINA STATE SCHOOL 


by the deaf children and the upholstery by 
the blind. 

There were displayed in this booth wicker 
baskets made by the blind, and some fine uten- 
sils of hammered brass, copper and iron, the 
products of deaf artisans. <A striking mechan- 
ical contrivance was a miniature locomotive, 
marvelous in its minute completeness; this and 
a handsomely tooled cedar chest, were prod- 
ucts of the ingenuity of deaf students, while 
perhaps equally remarkable as an evidence of 
pluck in the face of a desperate obstacle was 
an exquisite collection of linen work, handker- 
chiefs, aprons, shawls and various articles of 
lingerie made by totally blind girls. Peculiar 
tvpewriting was displayed in the Blind Divi- 
sion, and brooms, brushes, mattresses and cane 
bottoms were shown. Nothing in the booth 
was made by any other than a pupil of the 
institution. 

The exhibit of the North Carolina State 
School also occupied ay important space in the 
Building, and nowhere among its many and 
varied exhibits did North Carolina show to 
better advantage its progressive spirit than in 
this exemplification of the training it gives to 


549 


various other devices of needle work. <A eol- 
lection of baskets, raffia and bead work articles, 
and prettily dressed dolls filled a large central 
glass case and showed some work of junior 
girls, and indicated the system of industrial 
education by grades and in progressive order. 
The whole exhibit was taken from the every 
day class work of the school and was not spe- 
cially arranged from articles manufactured for 
exhibit purposes. 

The Pennsylvania Home Teaching Society 
and Free Circulating Library for the Blind has 
been in operation since the year 1882, but only 
once before did it make an exhibit at an ex- 
position. That was at St. Louis in 1904, at 
which time it received a gold medal for excel- 
lence, just as it did at Jamestown. The ex- 
hibit which illustrated the objects and methods 
of the society was conducted by Robert C. 
Moon, M.D., the Secretary. The prime ob- 
ject of the Society is to provide teachers who 
will instruct the adult blind thus enabling these 
afflicted ones to read in their own homes. 
After learning how to read, the Society 
periodically sends to its beneficiaries a supply 
of literature printed from embossed _ type. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


UR Mot eng ALPHABET ;, the BLIND 
SakATUVWN YZ 
oa\/- UVA>JZ 
neo (tae 


(KLANG 
1: '<tawo 


PENNSYLVANIA HOME TEACHING SOCIETY 


Four teachers, three of whom are totally blind, 
are now instructing their blind pupils in several 
parts of Pennsylvania, and on the Society’s 
library roll are nearly twelve hundred blind 
readers scattered throughout various sections 
of the United States. The books are loaned and 
transmitted through the mails absolutely free 
of cost, and the Society is supported by volun- 
tary contributions. The exhibit at the Exposi- 
tion consisted of embossed books in the Moon 
type and specimens of geographical and astro- 
nomical maps, pictures, diagrams, ete. The 
functions and utility of the Society were dem- 
onstrated by one of the Society’s teachers, 
James W. Moore, who is totally blind. 

Road Commissioner Hutchinson of New Jer- 
sey was delegated by that State to prepare a 
Good Roads Exhibit, and it was intended to 
make an extensive illustration of New Jersey’s 
remarkable progress in highway construction, 
but, owing to some disagreement with the Ex- 
position managers, the territory selected for the 
exhibit was diverted to some other use, and the 
New Jersey Commissioners decided that it 
would be inexpedient to put such an important 
display in a remote spot. Therefore, they 
made a small exhibit in the Social Economy 
Building. The Roads exhibit consisted of a 
large number of illustrations showing roads be- 
fore and after improvement. Samples of the 
different materials used in the construction of 
the roads were displayed; and reports, explain- 
ing how the roads were constructed, the man- 
ner of paying for them and what the State con- 


SOCIAL ECONOMY aan EW J ERSEY ise ECONOMY 
) Foe FN 


tributes towards this construction, were dis- 
tributed to interested inquirers. There were 
maps showing the present highways of the State, 
and the old highway routes. New Jersey was 
one of the first of the American commonwealths 
to begin this great work and has spent several 
hundred thousand dollars for this purpose. 
Three hundred thousand dollars was appropri- 
ated for 1907. The exhibit received a gold 
medal. 

The exhibit of New Jersey’s Health Resorts 
was the first one of its kind ever made. It 
included paintings and large and small photo- 
graphs showing views of the different attrac- 
tions of Long Branch, Asbury Park, Lakewood, 
Atlantic City and Wildwood. This collection 
was made by the Secretary of the Commission, 
Colonel Lewis T. Bryant, and received a gold 
medal. 

New Jersey made an admirable exhibit of 
the State’s Eleemosynary and Correctional In- 
stitutions, and received a gold medal for its 
work in these lines. It also showed what it 
is doing for defectives. The School for the Deaf 
made a very interesting display, and some of 
the work done by the pupils in the printing, 
manual training and industrial departments 
was exceptionally good. Needle work, dress- 
making, shoemaking and other branches were 
well exemplified, and tables showing the work 
of the pupils in the general academic depart- 
ments indicated a high class of instruction. 
The exhibit made by the State Institute for 
Feeble-minded Girls and Women principally 
consisted of needle work and embroidery, some 
of which was excellent. The display received 
a silver medal. The State Institute for Feeble- 
minded Boys and Girls showed photographs of 
the pupils entering the school and pictures of 
them after they had been in the Institute for 
a year, or more. There were also some exam- 
ples of the work done by these children. 

The School of Industrial Arts at Trenton 
made a fine exhibit and received a silver medal ; 
and the Industrial School for Colored Youths 
at Bordentown was also represented. The De- 
partment of Banking and Insurance showed 
photographs of some of the principal State 
banks and trust companies and of homes and 
buildings erected with funds loaned by the 
building and loan associations of New Jersey. 
The exhibit which was interesting had been 
prepared by David C. Watkins, Chief of the 
Department. 

Professor John B. 


Smith, the State ento- 


a 


EXHIBIT OF NEW JERSEY SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


mologist of New Jersey, illustrated the Methods 
Employed to Exterminate Mosquitoes. This 
display was first shown at the St. Louis Exposi- 
tion, in 1904, where it received a Grand Award 
and where Professor Smith personally secured 
a gold medal as collaborator. Much improved 
and brought down to date, it presented one of 
the most interesting exhibits at the Exposition 
and was justly entitled to the gold medal which 
it received. It included a display of the dif- 
ferent varieties of mosquitoes in the United 
States and gave descriptions of each of them, 
their places of breeding, the particular danger 
or discomfort which lurked in their stings, and 
the various methods of extermination which 
had been tried by scientists in the effort to se- 
eure the most direct and conclusive results. 
This part of the exhibit dwelt principally upon 
the destruction of breeding places, describing 
how the work was done and the suecess which 
had been achieved under various circumstances 
and at different places. The method of illus- 
tration was by charts, transparencies and 
pamphlets. In addition to the mosquito ex- 
hibit, New Jersey displayed sixty small cabinets 
containing insects injurious to vegetation. 
More than three hundred and fifty different 
varieties were on exhibition, and they formed 
an interesting and instructive collection, one 
from which useful knowledge could be obtained 
by all, but especially by the farmer or horti- 
eulturist. 

The Department of Labor and Statistics ex- 
hibited thirty-three large photographs, each 
showing some detail in the betterment of con- 
ditions for employees in the manufacturing in- 
dustries of the State, and, supplementing, were 
full sets of reports of the Department, and more 
than ten thousand books for free distribution— 
these explaining what is being done in the State 
for the laboring classes. The Honorable Lewis 
T. Bryant, the Commissioner of Labor for New 
Jersey, holds high rank among those working 
for the improvement of the laborer’s life con- 
ditions; and the exhibits demonstrated the 
value of his Department and his services. 

The Council of Jewish Women illustrated 
their preventive philanthropy, and their efforts 
for vacation schools, summer playgrounds, 
juvenile courts, social settlements, homes for 
wayward girls, industrial and educational 
classes, and employment bureaus. They illus- 
trated their labors in the cause of tenement 
house reforms and the improvement of indus- 
trial conditions for women, and children, and 
these general efforts for civic betterment, es- 
pecially directed toward improving health and 
moral conditions. They received a gold medal 
for the worthiness of their objects and the gen- 
eral scope of their work especially as exempli- 
fied by the results of their immigrant aid de- 
partment. They made a comprehensive and 
intelligent display, under the direction of the 
President of the Order, Mrs. Hugo Rosenberg 

The Industrial Removal Office of New York 
City showed by charts and diagrams, many of 
them extremely interesting, the splendid work 
they were performing in the distribution of 
Jewish immigrants, diverting them from the 
over-crowded cities and placing them in indus- 
trial and agricultural pvrsuits in rural districts. 
The philanthropic members of the Jewish race 
in this country realized during the early part 
of the last deeade the confronting problem 
caused by the inrush of Jewish refugees escap- 
ing to America from the persecutions in Russia 
and Roumania. The difficulty lay not princi- 
pally in the numbers that were coming but in 
the distribution of the units. Many of these 
people were destitute when they arrived in 
America; and, naturally they crowded into the 
quarters occupied by their co-religionists in the 


551 


large seaport towns. To relieve the conges- 
tion, a fund granted by the late Baron de 
Hirsch was established. With the income of 


the money from this fund augmented by con- 
tributions from various other philanthropists, 
efforts were inaugurated to promote the condi- 
tion of the immigrants and help them to secure 
employment and homes. Classes and institu- 
tions were established for teaching the language 
and conditions of the country. Industrial and 
agricultural offices were maintained, and indus- 
tries in small towns were subsidized. Refugees 
who had practiced agriculture at home and 
were debarred by lack of money from embark- 
ing in similar pursuits were aided, and farming 
colonies were capitalized. The branches of 
this work have been followed by various sub- 
societies, but the chief agency for the artificial 
distribution of Jewish immigrants throughout 


the country is still the Industrial Removal 
Office. The obvious value of the excellent 


work of this office was duly appreciated and a 
gold medal was awarded to it. 

The Detective Publishing Company of Chi- 
cago received a gold medal for their exhibit of 
the Bertillon system of anthropometric meas- 
urements, and Henry system of identification by 
finger or thumb prints. It was purely an edu- 
cational exhibit and made to demonstrate the 
use of these systems by police officials in the 
identification of criminals. The major part of 
their exhibit was supplied from the Criminal 
Investigations Department of Scotland Yard, 
London, and the Bureau of Criminal Identifica- 
tion of Paris, in both cases the national govern- 
ments helping. All of the instruments used in 
making the measurements were displayed in 
this exhibit. 

The splendid exhibit of the Mary Lowell 
Stone Memorial illustrated the application of 


EXHIBIT OF MARY LOWELL STONE MEMORIAL 


systematic home economics. A special installa- 
tion of this Memorial had been made at the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, under the aus- 
pices of the Association of Collegiate Alumne, 
and had received a gold medal. The idea was 
the outgrowth of a contribution of college 
women to home economics. The Boston Branch 


of the Association of Collegiate Alumni in 
March, 1902, was the patron of the undertak- 


ing. Through the interest of Miss Emma F. 
Monroe the classification was enlarged as a 
memorial to Miss Stone, a native of Cambridge, 
Mass.; and, after an exhibition at the Mechan- 
ic’s Fair in Boston, it was made a special 
feature at the annual meeting of the graduates 
of women’s colleges held at Washington in the 
spring of 1903. There it attracted much at- 
tention, and scientific men expressed their ap- 
proval of the direction in which the investiga- 
tion tended. Since then it has been shown in 
fifteen other cities, and in each place it was 
supplemented by some local contribution which 
has served to perfect the plan. At the James- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


town Exposition the collection received for the 
second time a gold medal, and its booth was 
far more complete and attractive than the one 
maintained at St. Louis. The aim of the ex- 
hibit was to show how science may be applied 
to daily life, in order to raise the standard 
of health, to lessen drudgery and secure the 
best results in housekeeping, at an expenditure 
of the least time, money and effort. The ex- 
hibit did not aim to be conclusive, but sug- 
gested certain basic lines of investigation and 
attempted to serve as inspiration to the intelli- 
gent women of the country to study their own 
daily living conditions. Illustrations of facts 
concerning house construction, furnishings, 
foods, clothing, and management both in the 
literature, statistics, charts and examples of 
applied results were given. 

The Carnegie Library of Pittsburg exhibited 
a Training School for Children’s Librarians. 
This exhibit, which certainly merited the gold 
medal it received, was planned to show the dif- 
ferent means employed by present librarians to 
induce children to read better books. The 
Training School was organized in 1900 by the 
Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, for the purpose 
of subserving the demands of its own juvenile 
department for library assistants especially 
trained to work with children. Since its or- 
ganization the School has sent into the field 
seventy trained workers and has students rep- 
resenting twenty-two colleges and universities 
from seventeen States of the Union and from 
Canada, England, Norway and Denmark. The 
exhibit explained by collections of photographs, 
printed material and statistical tables, the im- 
portance of story hours for children and the 
necessity for reading circles, playgrounds, vaca- 
tion libraries, school libraries, reading clubs, 
and home book collections for boys and girls. 
An extensive exhibit of figures illustrated the 
special library work with children as carried on 
in the city of Pittsburgh. There were lsts of 


EXHIBIT OF CARNEGIE LIBRARY, PITTSBURGH 


books on various subjects and selections of 
stories to tell or read aloud. Almost every 
day a competent graduate of the School gave 
a public demonstration of story telling to chil- 
dren. This hour for the young people was one 
of the most popular efforts in the Social Econ- 
omy Building. It was largely attended and 
seemed to elicit the same careful attention from 
the parents as it did from the children. 

The American Civic Association furnished a 
complete set of lantern slides for lectures on 
city and suburban improvements, extending 
these illustrations in some instances far into the 
country and showing some disfiguring adver- 
tisements that have been placed in picturesque 
spots. The pictures portrayed by stages and 
grades the progress of work in the stimulation 


of popular interest and pride in local decora- 
tions. They showed what can be done, not 
under ideal circumstances, but ordinarily and 
economically, everywhere, in any city, town or 
country district, to improve unsightly spots lke 
neglected back-yards, vacant lots, and streets 
crowded with telegraph and telephone poles 
and ugly billboards in cities, or neglected roads 
and unsightly buildings in the country. Con- 
siderable emphasis was given to civic improve- 
ment. Warren H. Manning, a prominent land- 
seape artist of Boston and a member of the 
Exposition Board of Design, furnished a com- 
prehensive exhibit of city plans, including sys- 
tems of parks, streets and boulevards, water 
and sewer installations, and photographs of im- 
proved sections of cities in the various parts of 
the United States. This collection was supple- 
mented by exhibits of several civie associations, 
notably those of Kansas City, Missouri, and 
Seranton, Harrisburg, Wilkesbarre, Reading 
and Chester, Pennsylvania. 


Henry Griscom Parsons 


Mrs. Henry Parsons 


Apart from the exhibits in the Social Eeon- 
omy Building, but one of the most important 
displays secured by the Department, was the 
Children’s School Farm, which, for the first 
time at the Jamestown Exposition, exemplified 
its work. Some years ago Mrs. Henry Parsons 
of New York received from the Park Com- 
missioner of that city the right to use a part 
of the vacant lots at Fifty-fourth street and 
Eleventh avenue, and in every way the Park 
Department aided in establishing the first 
Children’s School Farm. The founder and her 
friends supplied funds for the running expenses 
and tools for the two years that the work was 
conducted under private auspices. When the 
DeWitt Chnton Park was planned, the New 
York authorities had become so impressed with 
the Farm scheme that it was included as a 
feature of the proposed park. It has been 
maintained there without interruption every 
year since 1902, with most gratifying results, 
and has been visited and observed by thousands 
of educators from all parts of the world. The 
interest which was created led to the establish- 
ment of an organization whose purpose was to 
furnish information and aid in the establish- 
ment of similar enterprises, and during January 
of 1907, the patrons of the movement formed the 
International Children’s School Farm League. 

Shortly after the formation of this larger 
Society, the Jamestown Ex- 
position was brought to its 
attention, and the directors 
decided that they would make 
their first publhie demonstra- 
tion at Jamestown. Mrs. Par- 
sons visited the Exposition in 
February, met some of the 
officers of the Company, who 
agreed to co-operate with her. 
Henry Griscom Parsons, her 
son, the Secretary and prac- 
tical advisor of the League, 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


| 
| 
| 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


CHILDREN’S SCHOOL FARM 


was sent to the Exposition in April and took 
personal charge in installing the exhibit. He 
directed the undertaking during the entire ex- 
position period and was assisted in this work 
by Miss Margaret G. King and Miss Elizabeth 
Pickett. Arrangements were made with the 
neighboring cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth and 
Newport News for children to visit the Farm. 
A small house and barn were erected and 
equipped on a plot lying to the north of the 
Social Economy Building, and the Farm, coy- 
ering about an acre, was laid out. Each day 
twenty children were present. The weekly at- 
tendance was divided into groups. There were 
sixty children in all enrolled, twenty from each 
of the cities, and each city had two days of the 
week. Every child had an individual farm 
measuring four by twelve feet, entirely under 
its own personal charge from the planting to 
the harvesting of the crops. The remainder of 
the garden was laid out in observation plots for 
flowers and vegetables, and this general ground 
was planted and arranged for the purpose of 
showing suitable crops for children’s school 
farms over a territory extending from Canada 
to Texas. This was made possible by reason 
of the Norfolk climate and soil, which fur- 
nished an ideal combination for farm output. 

In the gardens the children carried on all the 
details. In the barn they worked with tools 
and paints, making and mending various imple- 
ments which they used in connection with their 
work, and in the little farmhouse they carried 
on the simpler duties of a small home, washing, 
ironing, sewing, cooking, and _ entertaining 
visitors. 

The exhibit proved a remarkable success and 
received a gold medal at the hands of the Jury 
of Awards. It was attractive not only to 
the visitors, but to the children, and an imme- 
diate result was shown in the establishment of 
several gardens in some of the neighboring 
cities. Edueators who visited the Farm re- 
ceived full information concerning the work 
and its conduct. Mr. Parsons had posted in a 
number of prominent places on the Grounds a 
card inviting an inspection of the Farm by 
““ Persons especially interested in education and 


553 


social betterment, in manual training, physical 
culture, household industries, elementary agri- 
culture, or nature study.’’ All of these ele- 
ments were exemplified, and the tabulation 
shows with how wide a field of education this 
work may be correlated. During the summer 
experiments were conducted with the view of 
showing points in elementary agriculture and 
entomology, as well as hygiene and sanitation— 
and many of these, while simple, were so strik- 
ing as to attract the attention of those who were 
pushing the crusade against tuberculosis. Mr. 
Parsons demonstrated that a children’s school 
farm can be made a most effective laboratory 
for teaching the elementary rules of physical 
right living, a laboratory where children may 
put to practical use what they learn in the class 
room, a place which inspires them with a desire 
to learn more. 

The visible object of the Farms seems to be 
the growing of vegetables and flowers, but the 
real purpose of the garden is to raise children, 
to broaden and develop the young nature, and 
Mr. Parsons claims that successful gardening 
of this sort depends upon the person in charge 
never forgetting the real purpose. 

Even before the organization of the depart- 
ment of Social Economy, the Board of Gov- 
ernors had at various times received applica- 
tions from organizations of women engaged in 
philanthropie work—and, deeming it to be im- 
portant that unattended visiting young women 
should be protected and safeguarded, they 
dedicated for the purposes of such societies a 
farmhouse which was on the grounds and 
placed Mr. Myers in charge of the Women’s 
Philanthropie Work, giving him authority to 
remove the building to a suitable location and 
to make such alterations in its construction as 
would best fit it for its new purpose. 

After investigating the experiences of other 
expositions, Mr. Myers decided to allow the 
rooms in the building to be used by the various 
organizations as had been done at the St. Louis 
Exposition—the Company controlling the build- 
ing, and each organization having exclusive 
charge of its own rooms. Negotiations were 
concluded through Mrs. Kate Waller Barrett, 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


General Superintend- 
ent of the Florence 
Crittenton Mission, 
whereby that organi- 
zation, together with 
the Women’s Chris- 
tian Temperance 
Union and the Na- 
tional Council of 
Women, furnished 
and occupied two 
rooms on the second 
floor, one of the 
apartments being 
used as a general sit- 
ting room. Mrs. Bar- 
rett had conducted 
similar work at previous expositions, and she 
gave close and constant personal attention to 
the affairs of the organizations, aided by a 
competent committee of resident ladies. Dur- 
ing the Exposition period Mrs. Barrett made 
her home in Norfolk. 

The Mission kept a staff of eight workers on 
the ground during the entire period of the Ex- 
position. One of these was a missionary, who 
spoke several languages and devoted her time 
especially to work among foreign women; a 
trained nurse was in attendance most of the 


Mrs. KaTeE WaLLER BARRETT 


time, and many were tended, both in the 
women’s building and their homes. Many 


were sent for medical attention to the Norfolk 
hospitals and their fees paid by the Mission. 
One of these cases was a poor freak called 
‘* Serpentina,’’ or ‘‘ The Snake Woman,’’ who 
was in one of the side shows beyond the Ex- 
position. This poor creature was sick and her 
sight was so affected that she could not do any 
sort of work. The people who had been ex- 
hibiting her withheld her wages, but one of the 
missionaries enlisted the support of a promi- 
nent lawyer and a prominent physician of Nor- 
folk, and she secured the money which was 
justly due to her and she was treated in one 
of Norfolk’s hospitals without cost. 

A number of young women were tided over 
periods of financial stress; one was boarded for 
two months; many others were helped for 
shorter periods; girls who had become separated 
from their friends were lodged over night and 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


efforts made the next morning to restore them 
to their parties; some young teachers who had 
come from the far West, better to fit themselves 
for their work, had barely enough to pay their 
traveling expenses, and were cared for at the 
Mission; situations were found for girls look- 
ing for employment; lodgings were secured for 
many; encouragement was offered to the dis- 
pirited; and in one instance a would-be suicide 
was nursed back to life. The Welfare and Pro- 
tective Work was under the guidance of Miss 
Elizabeth Easton, a graduate of the School of 
Philanthropy of New York City, a woman of 
broad experience and well adapted for the 
work. The Rescue Work was faithfully done. 

The financial means for carrying on the work 
was secured from voluntary contribution and 
was mostly in small amounts. The largest do- 
nors were Charles N. Crittenton, The President 
of the Mission, and John Huyler of New York. 
Both of these gentlemen not only gave liberally 
but bound themselves to make up the deficit, 
which was quite a large amount. The work 
was conducted at comparatively small expense 
for the operation, because no one received a 
salary of any kind. Those who devoted their 
entire time to the work received an allowance 
for living expenses, but all other work was done 
without compensation. 

The King’s Daughters of Virginia maintained 
two rooms on the second floor of the building. 
The State Secretary of this Order, Mrs. Clar- 
ence F. Burton of Richmond, appealed to the 
branches in the various States of the Union for 
voluntary subseriptions to support the under- 
taking. Miss Lennie Bonney of Norfolk was 
appointed Chairman of the Committee who di- 
rected the work of this Order, and Miss Juha 
Ridley was hostess of the room from its open- 
ing until October, when she was succeeded by 
Miss Julia Phillips, who remained until the end 
of the Exposition. 

While the efforts of this Order are directed 
more towards spiritual uplift than material aid, 
the cozy sitting room which they had furnished 
afforded a pleasant resting place for many a 
tired girl during the Exposition. The attend- 
ants served tea and biscuits to visitors; and the 
medicine chest proved a desirable acquisition, 
for three hundred and twenty people secured 


THE WOMAN'S BUILDING 


554 


History, Educatior and Social Economy. 


cx 3 ¥ 
67 


ys. i AYE te Z Ding 


F em oneal 
/ »~RECEPTION ROOMS. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUILDING 


medicine. A list of boarding houses and com- 
fortable homes was kept; and the register 
showed an attendance of forty-two hundred 
and forty-six. It is probable that the actual 
attendance was five times this number. Among 
those registered were visitors from thirty-nine 
States and eleven foreign countries. 

The National Council of Women had for its 
headquarters a drawing room in the Woman’s 
Building. This apartment was tastefully fur- 
nished in mission oak and wicker. Miss Maude 
Sinclair was placed in charge of the room as 
permanent hostess, and the Norfolk Couneil of 
Jewish Women appointed an additional hostess 
for each Thursday. Mrs. Barrett, Vice-Presi- 
dent at Large of the Council, was Chairman 
of the Jamestown Committee. The National 
Council of Women is composed of the most im- 
portant women’s societies in this country and 
is affiliated with the International Council of 
Women, which consists of organizations in all 
the principal countries of the world. 

Mrs. Lilian M. Hollister, Supreme Com- 
mander of the Ladies of the Maccabees of 
the World, maintained headquarters in the 
Woman’s Building for the purpose of furnish- 
ing a rest room where the members of the 
Order might go with their friends. The head- 
quarters were open from morning until the 
close of the Exposition each night and some 
one was always in attendance. The rooms were 


well decorated and furnished with easy chairs, 


Bs Site Mis. mer 


8 
ficial Photograph Corporation. 


ae noe” 


Copyright, Jamestown ( 


a couch, desks, etc. In the event of a member 
or a friend of a member being taken ill, medical 
attention was furnished. The register showed 
that over one thousand members of the Order 
visited the headquarters. 

The Young Women’s Christian Association 
and the Travelers’ Aid Society applied for per- 
mission to establish rest rooms on the Grounds ; 
and a concession having been requested by a 
Mr. Moore, it was agreed to grant permission 
to him to erect his building at the northeast 
corner of the Parade Ground, provided that he 
would give over the second story, rent free, to 
Mr. Myers for the use of the Association and 
Society. This offer was accepted, and the 
restaurant was known as the Young Women’s 
Christian Association Restaurant, and the 
building as the ‘‘ Y. M. C. A. Building.’’ But 
the Association and the Society had agents who 
met all incoming trains or boats, and for young 
women traveling alone, secured proper board- 
ing houses or showed such visitors how to find 
places selected in advance. Over ten thousand 
people visited the rest rooms during the Exposi- 
tion period; eight hundred of that number re- 
ceived medical attention; nearly two thousand 
were conducted to private lodgings; four hun- 
dred and fifty-eight girls were lodged in Nor- 
folk at the Y. W. C. A. Home. Some of the 
girls who were the beneficiaries of this philan- 
thropy were entirely alone and without money. 

A distinetly ‘* Social Economy ”’ exhibit was 


ee —— 


MOTHERS’ AND CHILDREN'S BUILDING 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


made by the National Con- 
gress of Mothers but the 
Mothers’ and Children’s 
Building, which occupied a 
water front position not far 
from the Inside Inn, was 
placed, by resolution of the 
Board, under the care of Mr. 
Myers, since he was direct- 
ing all other matters relating 
to woman’s philanthropic en- 
deavor. In August, 1906, he 
invited the Congress to take 
charge of the building dur- 
ing the Exposition period. 
This offer was accepted by Mrs. Frederick 
Schoff, National President, and she decided to 
utilize the opportunity for promoting a wider 
interest in the better care of children. Under 
the direction of the Congress and at their ex- 
pense, the building was furnished and a Day 
Nursery for children was provided. There was 
also a Kindergarten for children over three 
years of age, and a rest room and library for 
mothers and children. The National Secretary, 
Mrs. Edwin C. Grice, of Philadelphia, was 
placed in charge of the building and the work- 


Mrs. F. ScHOFF 
President Nat'l Con- 
gress of Mothers 


Sie Toa 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


which was created. Several States not before 
allied with the organization’s work for children 
were led by the endeavor at the Exposition to 
begin efforts along similar lines. 

The Congress gave a large reception October 
10, which was attended by women from many 
States and by all the officials of the Exposition. 
On the same day there was a conference in the 
Administration Building, in which plans were 
made to organize a Virginia Congress. The 
purpose of the exhibit was to arouse every one 
to a sense of duty to children, to give an im- 
petus to child-saving work. The nursery, kin- 
dergarten and library were incidents to the 
broader work. 

The Jamestown Exposition was the first to 
put this effort under the care of the National 
Congress of Mothers, whose work is_ solely 
directed toward developing the home and help- 
ing the child; it was the first exposition to 
recognize the broad scope of these endeavors 
and to give a fair opportunity for the exploita- 
tion of its phases. 

Immediately behind the Mothers’ and Chil- 
dren’s Building there was a model playground, 
maintained by the Playground Association of 
America, the purpose of which was to demon- 


CHILDREN’S PLAYGROUND 


ers. When Mrs. Grice was not present, Mrs. A. 
R. Ramsey of Philadelphia directed. The Nurs- 
ery was governed by an experienced trained 
nurse, and careful attention was given to a thou- 
sand children during the season. The kinder- 
garten had some regular pupils and many tran- 
sient ones, and exemplified finely the value of 
this style of training. Miss Sylvia Ziebach was 
in charge. The lbrary was a favorite resort 
for mothers. There were a number of well 
selected books on the shelves, and the literature 
of the Congress of Mothers was there dis- 
tributed. Pamphlets of the National Child 
Labor Committee, the Federa- 
tion of Day Nurses, the Chil- 
dren’s Aid Society, the Juve- 
nile Court and Probational 
Association, the Playground 
Association of America, and 
other agencies working for 
the benefit of children were 
also. on hand and_= given 
freely. Thousands of women 
registered in a book kept for 
the purpose, and_ several 
mothers’ cireles were formed 
as a result of the interest 


Mrs. E. C. Grice 
Supt. M. & C. Bldg. 


strate the nature of the work the association is 
pursuing, to illustrate their theory and to 
stimulate the interest of people throughout the 
country in an effort to give healthful and 
pleasant relaxation to the children. The tract 
for the playground was two hundred and fifty 
feet by one hundred and fifty in area. It was 
gratuitously equipped with model swings and 
athletic devices by A. G. Spalding & Brother 
and the Narragansett Machine Company; and 
W. S. Tothill of Chicago contributed a fine 
athletic slide. The apparatus consisted of an 
outdoor gymnasium frame sixty feet by thirty 
by sixteen and contained a forty-foot horizontal 
ladder, two inclined ladders, two pairs of in- 
clined poles, two shding poles, a climbing pole, 
six traveling rings, two flying rings, a merry- 
oo-round, six large swings and three small ones, 
a see-saw, two giant strides, materials for bas- 
ket ball, a teeter ladder, parallel ladder, paral- 
lel bars and a tether pole. 

Supplementing this active exhibit, the Asso- 
ciation furnished a booth in the Social Economy 
Building in which photographs and illustrative 
material were shown and from which lterature 
was distributed. In the lecture hall of this 
building daily talks on the playground were 


556 


History, Education 


and Social Economy. 


EXHIBIT OF PLAYGROUND ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA 


given, and these were illustrated by lantern 
slides. The details of the exhibit were planned 
by Doctor Henry 8S. Curtis and Doctor Seth 
Thayer Stewart, who visited the Exposition 
Grounds during the early spring of 1907, 
selected their site, arranged for the exhibit 
space in the building and secured the lecture 
hall for an hour each day. 

The central feature of the booth in the Social 
Economy Building was the model of a play- 
ground prepared by John H. Chase of Cleve- 
land, Ohio. It stood on a table six feet square 
and illustrated in miniature the simple and in- 
expensive apparatus needed for the equipment 
of a school yard. It attracted much favorable 
attention. In eases were shown photographs 
of the work done in Brooklyn, Buffalo, Boston, 
Madison, Montelair, Los Angeles, Newark, 
Omaha, Pittsburgh, Providence, Philadelphia, 
Rochester, St. Paul, St. Louis, St. Johns, N. B., 
and Washington, and from New York City 
exhibits had been sent which illustrated the 
work done in the school, park and dock depart- 
ments. In addition to the purely play feature, 
photographs showed the industrial work on the 
playgrounds in Brooklyn, St. Louis, Newark, 
Washington, Montclair and St. Johns. 

A large assortment of printed matter relating 
to the general work, together with circulars 
and programmes of individual cities, might be 
had for the asking. Individual or organization 
exhibits or photographs were received from 
Olmsted Brothers of Brookline, from Jessie 
Tarbox Bealls, from the Newspaper Enterprise 
Association, from Spalding Brothers and the 
Public School Athletic League of New York 
City, and from W. S. Tothill of Chicago. 

After the completion of the lecture hall of 
the Social Economy Building, lantern talks 
were given daily to good sized audiences, and 
these made a valuable contribution to the 
work. While, owing to the delays incident to 
the finishing of the Exposition, it was not pos- 
sible to execute as completely as had been 
hoped, the original plans, there was no question 
as to the value of the exhibit to the cause of 
the Association. The Social Economy Build- 
ing, particularly toward the last part of the 
season, became a center of attraction for 
thoughtful visitors, and interest in the play- 
ground exhibit was general. 

The Association received a gold medal for 
its display. Howard Bradstreet of the Metro- 
politan Parks Association was in charge during 
August and September. He was assisted by 
John H. Chase of Cleveland, Ohio, and Miss 


557 


Maria Erskine of Washington. During Octo- 
ber, Miss Erskine was in charge, and during 
November Mrs. Giles Rafter of Washington, D. 
C., superintended the work. 

The exhibit made by the Seaboard Air Line 
Railway of its free traveling library system 
was managed by Mrs. Eugene B. Heard of 
‘* Rose Hill,’’ Middleton, Georgia. Ten years 
ago Mrs. Heard arranged a plan for providing 
reading matter for the small towns and outly- 
ing districts of the South. Starting in a small 
way, this enterprise grew, and in order to cover 
the field adequately, Mrs. Heard attempted to 
interest the Seaboard Air Line Railway. The 
Company was impressed with the good which 
might be done under the suggested plan, and 
to-day all along their line and even in the 
remote parts of the seven southern States trav- 
ersed by the system, traveling lbraries are 
sent and are eagerly received by the people. 

At the Jamestown Exposition the Library 
was installed in a separate building in the Arts 
and Crafts Section, next to the exhibit of the 
Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Mrs. Heard, 
who had charge of the display, planned the sys- 
tem of its work. There have been many nota- 
ble contributors to the undertaking, among 
whom were Mr. Carnegie, who gave several 
thousand dollars for books; a number of well 
known publishers and booksellers, who sup- 
pled volumes grouped as a memorial to the late 
President McKinley; Mrs. William Thaw of 
Pittsburgh, who gave a series of books called 
‘*The Lyndhurst Library,’’ and there have 
been other smaller contributors. The Libraries 
are arranged in two series, one ealled ‘‘ The 
Community,’’? which contains one hundred vol- 
umes especially selected for rural districts, and 
one called ‘‘ The School,’’ which contains forty 
or more books suitable for children’s perusal. 

In connection with the Community Libraries, 
a work of village improvement is pursued and 
books on the subject are placed in the collee- 
tion, while the use of the library is the premium 
offered for local efforts in the way of beautify- 
ing villages or towns. It is claimed that a 
great deal has been accomplished through this 


medium. Similarly, the School Library is util- 
ized in the effort to make conditions around 


buildings more attractive, and seeds and de- 
signs for school gardens are given gratuitously 
to all applicants who purpose beautifying 
school districts. 

The system was explained by Mrs. Heard 
and the benefits derived from it showed that 
the eight thousand books belonging to the col- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


lection are sent with- 


out cost to towns or 
schools. If lost, the 
books must be re- 


placed, but otherwise 
there is no charge. 
In each catalogue the 
price of the book is 
given, and the hbrary 
of one hundred vol- 


i 

4 . 
4 umes may be kept six 
‘al months. Each library 


after being used is re- 
turned to Middleton, 
the central office, for 
inventory and examin- 
ation before it goes to 
a new territory. In the year 1907, twenty-nine 
thousand children of the rural South received 
the benefits of this system and fifty-six school 
gardens were established. If a library is ex- 
hausted before the six months, it may sooner 
be returned and if another is available it will 
be sent to the community. Towns which have 
eotton mill operatives, it has been found, soon 
read through one library and send for another, 
and this is regarded correctly as a most hope- 
ful sign, since most of the reading is instructive 
and none harmful. As one result of its efforts, 
the Seaboard Air Line received a gold medal, 
and, what was perhaps more important, the 
praise of every visitor who was interested in 
the general spread of education. 

An exhibit, which illustrated the activities of 
the Philadelphia Museums in so far as they 
relate to commerce, was installed at the main 
entrance to the Social Economy Building. 
This exhibit comprised a series of statistical 
charts based on information especially compiled 
for the exhibit and showed in graphic form the 
commerce of the world by imports during 1906 
and by exports for the same period. These 
were world figures. A third chart showed the 
exports from the United States to various coun- 
tries for the vear 1906 and imports from those 
countries, the total value of exports being one 
billion, seven hundred and ninety-eight million, 


Mrs. Eucene B. Hearp 
of Middleton, Ga. 


two hundred and forty-seven thousand, nine 
hundred and forty-three dollars, and of im- 
ports, one billion, three hundred and twenty 
million, six hundred and nine thousand, two 
hundred and fifty dollars. A very interesting 
table showed the manufacturing industries of 
Pennsylvania according to the census of 1905, 
the total value of these being for that year, one 
billion, nine hundred and ninety-five million 
dollars; and the manufacturing industries of 
Philadelphia for the same year were shown to 
be five hundred and ninety-one million dollars. 

In addition to these charts, there were others 
which had been prepared as aids to the teach- 
ing of commercial geography and the natural 
sciences. These latter tables are distributed 
by the Philadelphia Museums to the publie 
schools of Pennsylvania. There were also one 
hundred and ten mounted photographs show- 
ing the production, transportation and distribu- 
tion of the leading articles of commerce, and 
each photograph carried on its back a full 
printed story of the subject of the picture. 
Twenty-five colored maps showed the world’s 
production and the world distribution of lead- 
ing staples of commerce. Twelve plates showed 
the leading commercial timber trees and gave 
pictures of the tree and enlarged pictures of 
the bark and leaf. Three hundred and eleven 
specimens of staple products entering into the 
daily consumption of the American people, 
were shown, each with an explanatory label. 

A show ease containing a complete series of 
the publications of the Philadelphia Museums 
and a winged frame show ease containing a 
series of one hundred and seventy mounted 
photographs with printed descriptions showing 
the grounds and buildings of the Philadelphia 
Museums, the interior of its exhibition halls 
and some of its most distinctive exhibits. 

It is doubtful if any exhibit at the Exposi- 
tion was more comprehensive, valuable, or gen- 
erally instructive than this display, which re- 
ceived a gold medal. 

An interesting exhibit, which received a gold 
medal in the Division of Social Economy, was 
made by the Prudential Insurance Company of 


_ 
eo 
Fo a 
fea) 


6 
tio 


ns diel’ 
Vartuos iy Conti's Sven wns il 


EXHIBIT OF THE PHILADELPHIA MUSEUMS 


558 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


America. The limited space which could be 
allotted to the exhibitors in the Social Economy 
Building prevented the Prudential from con- 
tributing as largely to its display at this Ex- 
position as it previously contributed to Paris, 
in 1900, and to St. Louis, in 1904; at each of 
which great fairs it received the highest award. 


Of all commercial endeavors, insurance 
bears the elosest relation to abstract Social 


Economy, and the display of this Company’s 
extensive experience was most interesting. The 
most conspicuous features of the exhibit was a 
model of the office building of the Company 
reproduced on a scale of one-quarter of an 
inch to the foot, and ineluded with the exhibit 
were models of the three former office buildings 
which were occupied by the Company in 1875, 


er SNe teas 


EXHIBIT OF THE PRUDENTIAL INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA 


1878 and 1883; the elaborations and enlarge- 
ments illustrated the growth of the undertaking 
during thirty-two years. Exceptionally inter- 
esting, were the charts surrounding this model, 
these representing the different phases of the 
Company’s ramification. There were twenty 
of these. Chart No: 1 exhibited the growth of 
the Company and the proportion of industrial 
to ordinary insurance carried; No. 2 gave the 
assets and lability during each of the years 
forming the period of 1876-1906, and showing 
the current assets of one hundred, twenty-seven 
million, three hundred, twenty-eight thousand, 
nine hundred and three dollars; No. 3 detailed 
the sixteen million, two hundred and forty-six 
thousand dollars paid in claims, matured en- 
dowments. annuities, dividends and surrender 


EXHIBIT OF THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


values during 1906; Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 dealt 
with details of mortality in classes grouped ac- 
cording to important diseases and with details 
regarding the nativity, sex, age and occupation 
of the decedents; Nos. 9 and 10 showing in- 
teresting facts regarding the mortality in the 
Army and Navy, with statements as to the 
principal causes of death, and, in connection 
with the Navy, gave the ratio of death in the 
peace period, 1893 to 1897, as compared with 
the war period, 1898 to 1902; No. 11 contained 
statistics as to the mortality in the United 
States Life Saving Service during the period 
from 1882 to 1906, summarizing all disasters 
by months for the last ten years; No. 12 was 
the first of the series exhibiting facts in relation 
to the Company’s extensive industrial mortality 
experience during the period 1897 to 1905; No. 
12 gave the mortality details in the class of 
sea captains; No. 13, sailors; No. 14, fishermen ; 
and in combination these diagrams constituted 
a very valuable contribution to the sum of 
knowledge regarding accident frequency among 
men employed in navigation; No. 15 dealt with 
railroad engineers; No. 16 with railroad brake- 
men, and No. 17 with railroad firemen. As in 
the case of seafarers, these three charts most 
interestingly set forth the dangers of railroad- 


ing and the details in connection therewith; 
No. 18 related to street-car motormen; No. 19 
to electric Lmemen, and No. 20, electricians ; 
and in combination these three served to ex- 
emplify the proportionate risk involved in these 
pursuits. The exhibit as a whole was a very 
valuable demonstration of thoroughness and 
efficiency. Perhaps in no braneh of commer- 
cial enterprise can. past experience be such a 
safe guide as in life insurance; and the excep- 
tionally fine exhibit of the Prudential was a dis- 
tinet contribution to the science of insurance. 
The American Federation of Labor occu- 
pied a space approximately five thousand feet 
in extent, and in this exhibited the products 
of Union labor and conducted a Union propa- 
ganda, distributing literature relating to their 
Order and explaining the benefits which had 
acerued to working men from their Federation. 
The exhibit occupied the center of the build- 
ing and was open on all sides. The entrance 
to the exhibit consisted of a dignified arrange- 
ment of arches and columns, and a light frame 
work served as an enclosing fence. On each 
side was a collection of labor mottoes. The 
office booth occupied the middle of the area. 
Its outer walls were covered with pictures of 
the Executive Councils of the Federation, 
officers of International Unions and of the prin- 


cipal headquarters. Cleverly displayed in 
cases were exhibits made by International 
Unions where workers co-operated with em- 
ployers to show finished specimens of their 
skill for the exhibit. This evidence of mutual 
pride in good work and friendliness of feeling 
between labor and capital served as an object 
lesson to many who believe or affect to believe 
that the interests of these classes necessarily 
are clashing. In several instances the Unions 
directly exhibited specimens of their handi- 
eraft. Among such was a notable display 
made by the International Union of Horse- 
shoers. All sorts and shapes of horseshoes and 
all tools of the trades were oddly mounted in 
eurves and symbols of various kinds on a back- 
ground of black velvet in a glass case four feet 
by six feet in area. The name of the organiza- 
tion was lettered in tools with an ornamental 
border of nails surrounding the title. 

There was a splendid display of saws. A 
huge cireular cutter about four feet in cireum- 
ference served as a base on which were super- 
imposed similar saws, gradually diminishing in 
size until the center of the small pyramid was 
formed by a tiny one less than four inches 
around. The various sizes were arranged so 
that the diminution was gradual. 


4 


MTT il 


EXHIBIT OF THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR 


A tall glass case filled with Union made band 
and orchestra instruments made a_ striking 
showing, and some excellent pianos were dis- 
played. Handsome well made shoes attracted 
the attention of men as well as women. The 
exhibit in this line was very complete, the styles 
ranging from the heaviest quarry boots worn 
by men, to the dainty French and Spanish 
heeled, satin dancing slipper for a ball room 
belle. 

The Upholsterers’ Union contributed largely 
to the general interest by providing an artistic 
and inviting reception room or rest corner, 
which was furnished throughout with Union 
made fittings tastefully built and comfortably 
adjusted. 

At one side of the Federation exhibit was 
a model Union store stocked entirely with 
goods made by affiliated organizations, the in- 
stallation having been made by a Union clerk. 
There were several features about the model 
store which interested employers and the 
public. 

A small but very distinctive showing of 
leather workers’ skill was made by a Denver 
firm, who displayed a saddle, cream tan in 
color with elaborate carvings which darkened 
slightly in the deeper lines and was so finely 
executed that it seemed to be rather the prod- 


560 


History, Education and Social Economy. 


uct of an artistic book binder than a commer- 
cial leather worker. In contrast to this saddle 
was one of twenty-five years ago, and the ecru- 
dity of the former served to accentuate the 
delicacy as well as the sharpness of the mod- 
ern example. 

An admirable collection of charts showed the 
ground of the American Federation of Labor 
from the time of its organization and gave 
statistics dealing with the large number of 
trade unions affiliated with the parent organ- 
ization. For the student of labor history there 
were bound volumes of the American Federa- 
tionists and pamphlets containing the proceed- 
ings of the various conventions, as well as other 
books and papers issued by the organization 
from time to time. Many of the international 
unions showed the form of their charter, con- 
stitution, stationery and the devices which they 
use for informing purchasers that goods are 
Union made. The exhibit made by the Federa- 
tion at Paris in 1900 and at St. Louis in 1904 
in each ease won a gold medal. The James- 
town exhibit was much larger and more com- 
plete than either of the former and well de- 
served the gold medal it received. 

The American Tuberculosis Exhibition was 
located in the Social Eeonomy Building. Be- 
fore reaching the Jamestown Exposition the 
exhibit which attracted so much attention at 
the Fair had already been shown under three 
flags, and during its travels from Toronto to 
the City of Mexico had been viewed by more 
than four hundred thousand people. The Na- 
tional Association for the Study and Preven- 
tion of Tuberculosis, as a feature of its aggres- 
sive campaign against this dire and insidious 
disease, shows by its traveling exhibition that 
consumption easily may be prevented. 

The exhibit in the Social Economy Building 
showed graphically through charts, maps, 
models and photographs the practical universal- 
ity of tuberculosis as well as the causes and 
conditions which help to develop the disease, 


FOR THE CON! 
OOF. AS NOW;-~- 1E WR 


, WE MUST 


| “Pe avoid getting | 
Consumption 


561 


AMERICAN TUBERCULOSIS EXHIBITION 


and then the right methods of prevention or 
the treatment of the afflicted. A fearfully im- 
pressive object lesson was conveyed by the 
statistics, showing that over one hundred and 
fifty thousand people die annually in the United 
States from tuberculosis. More stunning and 
cruel these figures seem when conjoined with 
this fact there are given others which show that 
the deaths are needless, that the misery and loss 
may be avoided and that with organized action 
and the observation of proper hygiene tuber- 
culosis can practically be eliminated. As the 
central feature of the exhibit, there was a 
single unit which represented the traveling ex- 
hibit of the Tuberculosis Committee of the New 
York Charity Organization Society. This 
example illustrated the way in which a single 
community has idealized the exhibit idea. As 
a whole, the showings were divided into two 
general groups—The Causes and Prevention of 
the Disease, and Home and Institutional Treat- 
ment and Cure. The Tubereulosis Exhibition 
received a gold medal. 

E. G. Routzahn, the Director of the Exhibit, 
supplemented the fixed displays by lectures 
which he delivered daily in the large hall of 
the Social Economy Building. Well selected 
stereopticon slides helped the lecturer to rivet 
the facts he uttered, emphasizing the necessity 
of a world-wide campaign against ‘‘ The Great 
White Plague.’’ This exhibit illustrated with 
marked intelligence and rare attention to de- 
tail the practical methods which are being fol- 
lowed by the American campaigners. In Mr. 
Routzahn’s addresses, and in many of the ex- 
hibits, there was shown to be a distinct correla- 
tion of various organized social forces in the 
work against consumption. This connection 
was clearly shown to exist with the American 
Federation of Labor, the Young Men’s Chris- 
tian Associations, the National Conference of 
Charities and Correction, The Consumers’ 
League, the National Child Labor Committee 
and the Playgrounds Association of America. 


i z R 
TIVE! IE RIGHT PLACE, INTHE RIGHT WAY. AND AT THE RIGHT TI UNT 
7 PLACE.IN THE WRONG WAY. AT THE WRONG TIME UNTIL st 


cs ai 


THE DIVISION OF EXHIBITS 


By T. 8. SOUTHGATE, Governor 


HE holding of a great exposition is usually planned to commemorate some special event 
or anniversary. With this as a basis there are several essentials that must be decided 
in the earliest stage of the undertaking. 

First: The characteristics of the celebration which must in large measure be in- 
fluenced by the character of the event. 

Second: How far it may be practicable to be guided by the sentimental and ideal; 

Third: How may the dominant spirit of the celebration be made to, conform to 
the ideal and yet make the effort benefit the entire country. 

The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition was no exception to this general rule. The men 
who originally assumed the obligation of holding the Ter-Centennial found it necessary to reach 
an immediate decision on these various points as soon as the charter was secured from the State 
and the organization of the Company was perfected. 

This, however, was not difficult in the case of the Jamestown effort, because the event 
celebrated was wholly historic, full of patriotism, thoroughly suggestive of the progress of 
education and art; and because of the nautical features surrounding the original settlement, 
together with the magnificent site at which the Exposition was held, it was most natural to 
seek to add the features of the Army and Navy of the United States to the general plan of 
the celebration. 

Thus the movement assumed this phase in the minds of all the people, and for several years 
in the press of the country as well. This seemed to the management not only eminently proper, 
but very desirable, because the country as a whole was preparing for the great commercial 
Exposition then in process of materialization at St. Louis, and it was thought impossible to 
interest the business people of the United States in a similar effort so few months or years 
afterwards. 

At first this idea grew and really gave strength to the movement. Especially was this true 
in Congress, where the idea of another commercial Exposition was not well regarded. The same 
may be said to be true of a number of the early States which were visited. But as natural 
and desirable as this seemed, it was afterwards the consensus of opinion among men who were 
well versed in Exposition practice that it would be almost impossible to confine the move- 
ment and effort to the ideal alone, but that commercialism would have to be provided for 
to satisfy the masses of the people who form, as a rule, the majority of those who attend 
Expositions. 

Thus in the fall of 1905 the Division of Exhibits was created, and while this act in itself 
was an admission that: exhibits would be sought, yet it will be readily appreciated that in the 
minds of the Directors it was considered of secondary importance, for to the same Division and 
under the same man was assigned the very important department of Exploitation, under which 
head was grouped not only the entire Publicity and Advertising of the Exposition, but the 
Department of Congresses, Special Events, Ceremonies, ete. Under these conditions the Divi- 
sion began its labors immediately. 

It became obvious, however, that with the great and natural handicap that had already been 
created in originally establishing in the minds of the people at large the fact that no commercial- 
ism was to be injected into the Jamestown Ter-Centennial, that it would take the strenuous and 
undivided effort of one Division to make this important branch of the Exposition work a success. 

Shortly after this time, January 1, 1906, the separation of the interests was made, and it 
may be said that the labors of the Exhibit Division fairly began. 

Strange as it may seem, after fifteen years of expositions it was found to be out of the 
question to expect commercial firms to either volunteer or participate with the hope of profit 
to themselves, on the one hand; or from patriotic reasons on the other. And before it was pos- 
sible to intelligently forecast the feeling of the manufacturers and producers of the country 
toward participation in the Exposition, the Directors were confronted with the necessity for 
decision on the number, size and character of exhibit buildings necessary to take care of this 
Division. After weeks and months of thought, and the exercise of the best judgment that 
eould be commanded, the Division was given floor plans of the following buildings: 

Palace of Manufactures and Liberal Arts, one hundred and forty-one thousand, one hundred 
and twenty square feet ; 

Palace of Machinery and Transportation, one hundred and forty-one thousand, one hundred 
and twenty square feet; 

States Exhibit or Agricultural Building, one hundred and twenty-one thousand, nine hun- 
dred and thirty square feet ; 

Mines and Metallurgy Building, sixty-one thousand, nine hundred and twenty-eight square 
feet. 

Food Products Building, sixty-one thousand, nine hundred and twenty-eight square feet. 

Marine Apphances, twenty-six thousand, six hundred and ninety square feet. 

This action was taken predicated upon the idea that the Division of Exhibits could return 
to the Company the sum of two hundred thousand dollars as a result of the sale of the space 
therein. With the knowledge of the task that confronted the Division, organization was next in 
order, and while not secured all at once, yet for the sake of brevity it is given herewith as 
later it actually existed: 


DEPARTMENTS 


First, that of Manufactures and Liberal Arts: A. M. Wheeler, Chief of Department; W. E. 
Crist, Superintendent of Department; D. G. Heidt, Chief Clerk. 

Major Wheeler was the first officer to be appointed in the Division of Exhibits by the Gov- 
ernor of the Department, and came to the Company with large experience, serving his Depart- 


562 


The Dwision of Exhibits. 


ment faithfully and zealously from the beginning of the movement until the close of the Ex- 
position. 

W. E. Crist’s labors were subsequently rewarded by being made Chief of Transportation, 
but he was finally compelled to resign from the service of the Company because of ill health. 

The efficiency of Mr. Heidt was exemplified by the fact that he was subsequently made 
Chief of Agriculture, which included Forestry, Fish and Game, as also Foods. 

The Department of Machinery and Transportation: [Following the successful precedent set 
by St. Louis, the Division considered it desirable to have the services of a Government officer, 
in view of which fact it was fortunate in securing, through the courtesy and consideration of 
the Secretary of the Treasury, Leslie M. Shaw, and Captain Ross, the appointment to this 
position of Captain J. E. Reinberg, U..S. R. C. 8.; which appointment was subsequently followed 
by that of a superintendent for the Department in the person of Lieutenant KE. P. Webber from 
the same division of the Government service. Both of these gentlemen, while strangers to the 
work at first, have fulfilled their positions with credit and distinction to themselves and the 
Company. 

The Department of Agriculture, including Forestry, Fish and Game, and Foods: J. L. 
Farmer, Chief; R. Gordon Finney, Superintendent; subsequently followed by R. Gordon Finney, 
Chief; D. G. Heidt, Superintendent; Paul Porter, Chief Clerk; and later still by D. G. Heidt, 
Chief; Paul Porter, Assistant. 

Mr. Farmer brought to the Company a rich experience of a number of years at former 
Expositions, which proved invaluable to the success of the Division. The changes made necessary 
in this Department were due to the fact that because of his knowledge and ability he was made 
by the Board of Governors Secretary of the Jury of Awards, thus placing in charge of this im- 
portant branch of the work R. Gordon Finney, whose experience in Europe and in this country 
eminently fitted him in a most acceptable manner, not only to the public, with whom he was 
thrown, but to the Company as well, as a worthy successor to Mr. Farmer. 

Six weeks prior to the close of the Exposition it became necessary for Mr. Finney to accept 
business opportunities that were offered him elsewhere, which made it possible for Mr. Heidt to 
succeed to this Department, and he creditably filled this position until the close of the Exposition. 

Mines and Metallurgy: In this Department the only deviation from the regular plan of 
organization was made, and this was due to the distinguished services of Dr. David T. Day, 
Chief of the Department of the Geological Survey, who was made Honorary Director of Mines 
by and with the consent of the Secretary of the Interior. This appointment was thought to 
be largely honorary, and yet no officer of the Division rendered more valuable and loyal service 
throughout the entire period from June, 1906, until the close of the Exposition than Dr. Day. 
His services were given without compensation, not only in the important Department with which 
he was most directly connected, but throughout the entire scope of the Exhibit Division. It is 
safe to say there are few men in the United States to-day who have a larger knowledge of general 
Exposition practice than Dr. Day, who has represented the Government in one form or another 
at every Exposition since the Centennial at Philadelphia. 

The Chief of the Department was Dr. Joseph Hyde Pratt, Geologist of the State of North 
Carolina, on whom fell the responsibility for the solicitation of the Exhibits, and the splendid 
development of the Mines Department. Dr. Pratt’s wide range of experience at St. Louis and 
other Expositions made him well fitted for the position assigned him. 

J. A. Dorsey, as Superintendent of this Division, served the Company with fidelity and dis- 
tinction continuously until the close of the Exposition. 

Thus an outline of the principal Departments as originally organized is set forth. It is not 
the purpose of this article to deal with the details of the work of the various Departments, or 
with the merits of individual exhibits. This information will be largely provided for in the 
direct reports of the various Departments themselves. 


POWER 


Following the beginning of active operations of the Division of Exhibits, developments. of 
various kinds naturally occurred. Notable among them are the following: 

First, through the good offices of Dr. Day, Director H. W. Wolcott and Professor Joseph 
A. Holmes, the consent of President Roosevelt was secured to remove from St. Louis and re-erect 
at the Jamestown Exposition the Fuel Testing Plant of the United States Government. <A 
considerable sum of money was expended by the Government for this purpose and I cannot 
speak too highly of the value of this splendid contribution to the effectiveness of the educational 
work of the Exposition. Notwithstanding that as it was almost entirely of a scientific nature 
it failed to be appreciated properly by the public at large. The Exposition Company provided 
a commodious and complete building for the operation of the Government’s work in this par- 
ticular and it was known as the Fuel Testing and Alcohol Building, these two features being 
combined. 

The Fuel Testing work, which is a new branch of development of the Geological Survey, is 
wholly under the supervision of Professor J. A. Holmes, whose scientific investigations have re- 
sulted in great progress being made in the determination of the effectiveness of fuels and strue- 
tural materials, ete. Through his good offices the Government detailed E. W. Wilson as Chief 
Engineer in charge of the work, ably assisted by D. L. Roberts, Charles W. Maleolmson, En- 
gineer, and E. T. Burrows, coal expert. In the same building the Exposition was fortunate in 
having the services of Mr. Middleton, whose valuable tests in the use of cements and structural 
materials gained an important development in this branch of the work. 

In view of the varied interests supervised by Dr. Holmes at the suggestion of the Governor 
of Exhibits, the comprehensive title of Director of Power was given him and to Mr. Wilson 
was accorded that of Chief of the Department. The entire personnel of this Department was 
detailed by the Government and served without compensation from the Exposition Company. 

In view of the legislation passed by the last Congress in relieving denatured alcohol of duty 
and making it an article of daily commercial use, one caleulated to revolutionize in large 
measure the domestic use of fuels of a similar nature, it was thought desirable to create a 
department in an effort to adequately set this forth as an educational feature to the people, and 


563 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


the services of Dr. Charles E. Munroe, of George Washington University, were secured by the 
Company. It was, however, found that the country, as a whole, was not quite ready to scien- 
tifically display these features as thoroughly as possible, owing to the fact that the legislation 
had been so recently passed. Notwithstanding this handicap, however, through the loyal service 
and great ability of Dr. Munroe this feature was an exceedingly important one, and served to 
interest thousands of those who were fortunate in seeking information on this subject. 


LATIN AMERICA 


Closely following this Department came the idea and desire for certain participation on the 
part of our Latin-American friends, and the Division of Exhibits was authorized to create a 
Bureau for these countries, and placed in charge of same the Honorable N. Veloz-Goiticoa, former 
Venezuelan Minister to the United States. The report of this Department appears elsewhere 
and shows the great ability and resourcefulness of this officer in the prosecution of the labors 
assigned to him. To his efforts was due largely the splendid exhibit of the Panama Canal 
erected by the Government; the erection of the building under the auspices of the Bureau 
of American Republies, in which were housed the splendid exhibits of Mexico and Puerto Rico; 
the participation of the great Mexican Band throughout the life of the Exposition, which was 
a source of universal pleasure to hundreds of thousands of people; the erection of the Dominican 
Building with its extremely creditable exhibits; as also the cordial and appreciated participa- 
tion of the Republic of Haiti. Altogether this Department was considered one of the most profit- 
able and satisfactory in the entire Division of Exhibits. 

The relations of the three prominent Republies to the Exposition were ably represented— 
Mexico by Lieutenant-Colonel José Manterola, General Staff; First Captain of Artillery, Enrique 
Ruis-Fernandez; Captain of Artillery, Manuel Garcia Lugo; and Lieutenant Angel del Corzo. 
San Domingo by Dr. P. M. Garrido, Chairman, and J. Lopez. Haiti by Louis Laraque. To these 
gentlemen was largely due the success of the participation of their several countries. 


EUROPEAN EXHIBITS 


The broadening influence of the Exposition in foreign countries, and the necessity of cer- 
tain detail work in connection with Governmental participation from a number of the European 
countries, together with the natural desire for as much exploitation abroad as the Company felt 
justified in providing for, when coupled with the possibility of securing a limited amount of 
choice foreign exhibits, led to the appointment on the part of the Exposition Company of the 
Honorable Charles W. Kohlsaat, as Commissioner-General, whose extended report will be found 
elsewhere.* It is only sought in this summary to mention the work of the Department as a 
whole. 

Mr. Kohlsaat was not assigned to the Department of Exhibits, but served all the interests 
of the Company in a wide range of duties. His labors in connection with the securing of ex- 
hibits were badly handicapped, owing to the lack of the usual Government subsidy which had 
previously been made when the several countries would participate in an Exposition held in 
America; as also the necessity of the Exposition Company making a charge for space. But, 
notwithstanding this fact, he found the field sufficiently fruitful for the appointment of three 
Commissioners as follows: 

Honorable Thomas W. Cridler, Honorary Commissioner for France and England; Honorable 
Charles Le Simple, Honorary Commissioner for Germany; Honorable John Hammar, Honorary 
Commissioner for Seandinavia. All of these three gentlemen were connected with the various 
foreign Consulates of the United States, and cheerfully gave their services without compensa- 
tion, and too much praise cannot be given ther for the measure of interested and loyal service 
which they rendered to the advancement of the general interests of the Exposition Company. 

There were twenty-five or thirty creditable foreign exhibits secured, chief among them be- 
ing that of the great armament house of Vickers-Maxim Co., of London, whose display was one 
of intense interest, and, as it happened, the only one of its kind represented at the Exposition. 
Mr. Kohlsaat’s labors were prosecuted with the utmost care and precision, under the most 
trying circumstances possible. 


SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS 


As the general work of the Division progressed, new ideas were constantly developing. 
One among them was that because of the nautical features of the Exposition it would be en- 
tirely fitting to provide a Marine Appliance Building, which was subsequently done, and 
placed under the Department of Machinery. This Building was not altogether filled, but the 
exhibits contained therein represented the highest achievement of marine art. 

Time and experience also developed the fact that in view of the great agitation all over 
the country, for Pure Foods, it would be desirable to make an innovation here that had never 
been attempted before, viz: to give a separate and distinet building to the display of Foods and 
Food Products only. This proved an eminent success, under the able direction of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, and has been considered one of the greatest displays of its kind ever 
presented to the American people. 

One of the last Bureaus or Departments to be established was that of Inventions, the 
idea being conceived by W. F. Wheeler, who was then in the employ of the Company as a 
traveling commissioner, soliciting exhibits; and while this work was not started until sixty 
days prior to the opening of the Exposition it was well managed and zealously prosecuted by 
Mr. Wheeler, who was placed in charge of same, to the extent that more than two hundred 


* Mr. Kohlsaat made no report.—EpD. 


564 


The Division of Exhibits. 


and fifty of the latest patents and inventions were set forth in a space covering three thousand 
square feet, and it proved to be one of the most attractive features of the Manufactures Building. 


INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS 


This brief history of the participation of others in the suecess of the Exposition would 
certainly not be complete without a clause specifically referring to a number of the outside and 
individual exhibits. 

Previous expositions have found it necessary to assess rather a steep charge to exhibitors 
for the occupancy of outside space, owing to the limited acreage at their command. But in 
the case of the Jamestown Exposition not only had the Company sufficient land, but because of 
the ownership feature that was a part of the financial plan of this Exposition, it was deemed 
desirable to make a very low price to exhibitors of this nature, with the consequent result that 
quite a large number of them took advantage of it and erected their own structures. Some of 
these outside developments were among the most attractive on the Grounds. 


DIFFICULTIES OF THE DIVISION 


The hfe of the Division of Exhibits from its creation to the opening of the Exposition was 
sixteen months——rather a limited period of time for the proper handling of so large an under- 
taking. The filling of six hundred and fifty thousand square feet of floor space on a rental or 
paid basis proved to be an exigent and laborious task, and taxed the energies and endurance 
of every man connected with the Division. The handicaps were many. First, the fact of per- 
meating the whole country with the idea that our celebration was to be entirely historic, educa- 
tional, naval and marine, as before referred to. Second, its occurring at a time when the country 
was in the height or at the very zenith of prosperity in the matter of the great industrial de- 
velopment that existed from one end of the land to the other. In hundreds of cases exhibits 
could not be sent because of the actual lack of material to do it with. 

Again, never in the history of the United States has such a congestion in transportation 
existed. It took an average of three to seven weeks to secure exhibits from the point of ship- 
ment to the Exposition Grounds. No Exposition has been able to have every convenience and 
facility at its command. The site of the Jamestown Exposition was considered by every one to 
be the most ideal and beautifully located of any of the previous expositions, and yet it was 
at a point distant from the city of Norfolk and without railroad facilities. Thus it became 
necessary to use the tracks of the Tidewater system, which was non-operative, and which after- 
wards proved a great damper on the successful handling and installation of exhibits in the 
early stages. 

While last, but not least, may be mentioned the fact that because of insurmountable difficul- 
ties, the Exposition was not as complete as it should have been at its opening, and the fact that 
several buildings were not ready to receive their exhibits, universal complaint was occasioned 
and grew to a point where many contracts that had been made in good faith were subsequently 
cancelled and thus caused serious embarrassment at the last to the Division, and made the final 
result less satisfactory than it would otherwise have been. 

Taken as a whole, with all the conditions above mentioned, and others that might be added, 
it was felt that the work of the Division spoke for itself, and was considered to fully represent 
the latest development in commercial art from its various standpoints in a measure that satis- 
fied the most fastidious, especially when taken as a whole in connection with the magnificent 
exhibit display of the Government, which is treated exhaustively under its separate and proper 
heading. 


JURY OF AWARDS 


After the brief review given above, which is intended to cover the period of the Exposition 
practically, naturally one of the most important steps necessary to be next taken was that of 
providing for a Jury system that would insure to exhibitors an impartial criticism of materials 
of various kinds which they had assembled. Experience teaches that the organization of this 
Department has been a difficult and delicate matter to handle by all previous exposition efforts. 
It was sought to profit by the most of others just as far as possible, and the ambition of the 
Division of Exhibits was to secure a system that would be as nearly free from contamination, 
suspicion or anything that savored of unfairness as possible. To that end many investigations 
and consultations were had from all the sources in the country that might be expected to con- 
tribute information which would assist us on this line. Finally it was determined to depart 
from the plan used or adopted by others and create an independent Jury composed of the highest 
grade men that could be found in the land, put the responsibility upon them entirely, and 
thus approach the ideal as nearly as possible, viz: That merit alone should be the standard 
by which the awards should be arrived at. 

The officers selected to perform this task were eminently qualified to do it. Their names 
were immediately acceptable to all interests—exhibitors, Exposition officials and others alike, 
and were a guarantee of absolute fairness and high-grade, intelligent service: Dr. Albert Shaw, 
of New York, President; Mr. Ambrose Swasey, of Cleveland, Ohio, Vice-President; Mr. James 
L. Farmer, of Washington, D. C., Secretary. 

As soon as the erganization was perfected, the officers addressed themselves to the securing 
from one end of the country to the other a list of jurors, who in their several professional 
callings would be best fittee to produce the results and maintain the standards which had been 
set for them in this work. The services of all these distinguished men were rendered without 
compensation, having only their mileage and expenses paid.* 

The awards given were considered by many of the larger manufacturers, who are accus- 
tomed to exhibiting everywhere, as being the most valuable tokens of merit of their respective 
products that have ever been received by them at any exposition. 


* Mr. Southgate has written a supplementary paper on the Exhibit Division. It appears in the Appen- 
Ep. 


dix. 


565 


aie ee 


SLUV TWYAEIT UNV SAYNLOVANNVW AO SOV’ IVd 


‘uolzeiodi0g ydesSojoyg [eIoYjO uUMojsoweEl ‘WYs1IAdo) 


5 


566 


CHAPTER XIV 


MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS 


PALACE OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS—EXHIBITS IN OTHER BUILDINGS—U. S. CUS- 

TOMS DIVISION, ORGANIZATION, CLASSIFICATIONS OF IMPORTS, DUTIES PAID—FOREIGN EX- 

HIBITS—MANUFACTURING EXHIBITS—SPECIAL INSTALLATIONS—INTERIOR COURT—COLLECTIVE 

EXHIBITS—ORGANS IN AUDITORIUM AND CONVENTION HALL—INDIVIDUAL BUILDING OF LAR- 
KIN COMPANY—STATE AND RAILWAY EXHIBITS —AWARDS TO FOREIGN EXHIBITORS 


IFTY-EIGHT classifications were entered 
in the Department of Manufactures and 
Liberal Arts. A splendid semi-permanent 
brick veneer and frame structure which 

covered an area of one hundred and forty-one 
thousand, one hundred and twenty square feet 
on the western border of Raleigh Square, 
housed the exhibits. Major Algar M. Wheeler, 
Chief of the Department, had been originally 
selected by Mr. Southgate to act as Chief. of 
Exhibits, and he began his work under a grave 
handicap due to the very wide exploitation of 
the Exposition as essentially an historical and 
educational celebration. Later his services 
were confined to the Department of Manufac- 
tures and Liberal Arts, which made a showing 
that could not be considered other than gratify- 
ing to all con- 
cerned. 

In the effort 
to fill exhibit 
space in the 
Pralac eu rosk 
Manufactures 
and Liberal 
Arts, the De- 
partment  en- 
countered a 
serious diffi- 
culty by rea- 
son of space 
assignment in 
the States Ex- 
hibit Building 
to manufac- 
turers who en- 
tered into col- 


leetive exhib- 
MAJOR ALGAR M. WHEELER its. Every 
Chief State which 


participated in 
the Exposition received free of charge an al- 
lotment of a certain number of square feet 
in the general States Building. It was in- 
tended that raw products should be shown in 
State collections, but where it became a hard 
matter to secure mineral or agricultural sam- 
ples, State commissioners offered gratis or at 
moderate terms spaces to their home manu- 
facturers. This policy diverted many exhib- 
itors from the main building, some of whom 
had applied for and received definite allotments 
of space before the transfer was made. An- 
other difficulty lay in the transportation prob- 
lem, which grievously affected the Exposition 
and made the shipping of exhibits more difficult 
than had ever been the case at a previous large 
fair. Due to local congestion, the installation 
of exhibits was very late. This in itself was 
not a unique experience, for most expositions 
have suffered similarly, and to apply a satis- 
factory remedy seems difficult. The imposition 
of a penalty for late installation is always a 
part of a general exposition contract, but its 
provisions are rarely enforcible and practically 


567 


never enforced. The Manufactures and Liberal 
Arts Building, though incomplete, was ready 
for. the reception of exhibits several months in 
advance of the opening day, and yet the Fair 
had progressed for two months before the last 
exhibits were in place. 

With the exception of an armament exhibit, 
a mineral display from Nova Seotia and the 
Government exhibits of Mexico, Haiti and San 
Domingo, all foreign contributions to the dis- 
play of the Exposition were in this Department. 
There were not many of these, for, in the strict- 
est sense, the Ter-Centennial was not a world’s 
fair, and a distinct line of cleavage between the 
International, Military and Naval Celebration 
on the one hand and the Exposition on the 
other was shown in the letter of the Honor- 
able Elihu Root, Secretary of State, who trans- 


mitted the President’s Proclamation to the 
Diplomatic Officers of the United States. Mr. 


Root wrote: 

‘< Tn communicating the invitation you will make 
known the great pleasure with which the President 
will learn of the intention of the Government to 
which you are accredited to participate in the celebra- 
tion by the sending of its naval vessels and such 
representation of its military organizations as it may 
deem proper. 

““ Contemporaneously with this celebration author- 
ized by the Government of the United States, there 
will be held an international exposition on the shores 
of the great harbor under the auspices of the James- 
town Exposition Company, the interests of which I 
shall be pleased to have you promote by lending your 
assistance in all proper ways to its duly accredited 
representatives who may present themselves to you.’’ 

The Act of Congress, which was transmitted 
with this letter, disavowed any intention on 
the part of the United States officially to invite 
any foreign government, state, principality, 
corporation, partnership or individual to im- 
port articles for the purpose of exhibition at 
the Jamestown Exposition, but decreed that all 
articles imported for exhibitory purposes 
should be admitted free of duty, upon certain 
regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury. The law permitted an exhibitor to 
sell for delivery at the close of the Exposition 
any goods or property imported for display 
purposes and which actually had been placed 
on view during the Exposition period; but be- 
fore such articles could be withdrawn for use 
in the United States, it was imperative that the 
regalar duty should be paid, in accordance 
with the Customs Laws in force at the date of 
withdrawal. If articles should have suffered 
a diminution of value from deterioration, due 
to ineidental handling and necessary ex- 
posure the assessed duty should accord with 
the appraised value at the time of with- 
drawal. 

Early in the spring of 1907, General O. L. 
Spaulding, attached to the Treasury Depart- 
ment at Washington, was detailed by the Sec- 
retary of the Treasury to have general super- 
vision over all matters relating to the customs 
of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 
Special Employee, Arthur F. Maher, was 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ARTHUR F. MAHER 
Special Inspector 


HONORABLE FLOYD HUGHES 
Collector Port of Norfolk 


CHARLES ST. JOHN HOWARD 
Deputy Collector 


UNITED STATES CUSTOM HOUSE OFFICERS 


assigned by the Department to assist General 
Spaulding, and W. B. Zwinge, an expert from 
the New York Custcms House, was sent to Nor- 
folk for the purpose of organizing a Customs 
Division at the grounds. 

While not extensive, the foreign displays 
were so diversified that experts in several lines 
were needed to take care of the interests of 
the United States. About the middle of 
April, 1907, a branch customs house was lo- 
cated in the Service Building of the Exposition 
and the Honorable Floyd Hughes, Collector of 
Customs for the Port of Norfolk, the official 
directly in charge of the branch, was author- 
ized by the Treasury Department to appoint 
a number of inspectors properly to check the 
merchandise which was in transit to the Ex- 
position. Mr. Hughes appointed Charles St. 
John Howard, Chief Inspector, and at various 
times detailed for his aid inspectors varying 
in number from four to eight. After the sys- 
tem of the office was perfected, Mr. Zwinge re- 
turned to his post in New York and Mr. 
Howard was placed actively in charge, per- 
forming practically the duties of deputy col- 
lector and appraiser during the open period 
of the Exposition. Every foreign article placed 
on exhibit at any booth bore a label which 
showed three facts—first, the serial number of 
the shipment; second, the box number corre- 
sponding to the package from which the article 
had been taken, and, third, an index number 
which noted the line on the invoice where the 
name of the specific article appeared. This 
minute identification tag enabled an inspector 
easily to check any article on display, and the 


system perhaps accounts for the fact that 
at the close of .the Exposition it was 


discovered that no articles had been illegally 
removed. 

If an exhibitor wanted to withdraw one or 
more eases, he applied to the Deputy Collector 
for a permit and one of the inspectors would 
accompany him to his exhibit, verify the in- 
voice and permit the withdrawal. There were 
some exhibits on which the duty was paid be- 
fore they were placed on view, since the sole 
reason for their display was to induce a pur- 
chase, but when goods were bonded it was a 
part of the Customs officer’s duty to keep an 
accurate account of all articles exhibited and 
prevent any illegal delivery. 

Withdrawals from bonds were made under 
the same regwations which obtain in all ports 
of entry. A sample or several samples had to 
be shown to the chief appraiser, who could 
approve the invoice, or if dissatisfied with the 
statement of values or uncertain as to the real 


worth of the goods, could at any time refer 
the articles to experts for appraisal. One of 
the most difficult subjects for a collector to 
decide is the question of classification, not- 
withstanding that there are innumerable rules 
of the Treasury Department to serve as a guide 
for an official decision. A great number of 
articles may easily be placed in either of two 
classes—this is especially true of exposition 
wares. A replica of a statue might be suffi- 
ciently excellent to warrant its classification as 
Art, and it would then be subject only to fifteen 
per cent duty; while a less finished carving 
could be called a manufacture of marble and 
would be assessed at fifty per cent. In the case 
of metal knickknacks, a tray for table use or 
a toilet accessory, designed to hold cards, pins, 
buttons or combs, is subject to a duty of forty- 
five per cent; but if the obvious use of the 
receptacle is as an adjunct to a smoker’s outfit, 
it must pay fifteen per cent in addition. To 
arrive at a decision in such a matter, the diffi- 
eulty lies in appreciating the difference be- 
tween pin trays and ash trays, but if there is 
any distinetive mark on the goods which would 
clearly indicate its adaptability or design for a 
smoker’s use—as, for instance, the picture of 
a clgar, a cigarette or matches—or should it 
have an indentation for cigar rests, it is duti- 
able at sixty per cent. These two examples 
are illustrative of many, but they are chosen 
sinee they form a large part of the exposition 
classification problem; while next in import- 
ance is the differentiation between manufac- 
tures of metal and jewelry—where, however, 
the appraiser has a more rigid determining 
rule, for if the gold or silver used in the article 
exceeds in value the cost of the base metal plus 
workmanship, the manufacture is regarded as 
jewelry; and, further, wherever the foun- 
dation metal is ornamented with enamel or 
gems of any value, the jewelry classification 
obtains. 

There were, naturally, some disputes between 
exhibitors and the Customs Division, and in 
some instances the advice of experts from other 
places was utilized. This assistance, however, 
was rarely needed except in determining the 
value of art work or the classification of pieces 
under the heading of Art. The principle goy- 
erning the classification was, broadly: When 
it was clear that a designer, carver or painter 
of an article was recognized in his own country, 
not as an artisan but as an artist, his wares 
were deemed works of art. In connection with 
this Division, it may unhesitatingly be affirmed 
that the Government work was maintained 
on the same high plane of excellence 


568 


The Division 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


JAPANESE BAZAAR 


that marked the conduct of all the Federal 
Departments. 

The exhibits imported by the Governments of 
Mexico, the Dominican Republie and Haiti, and 
the great armament display of the Vickers Sons 
and Maxim Company were returned to the ex- 
hibitors, but the other importations made for 
the Jamestown Exposition remained in this 
country, were entered for consumption and the 
Customs tariff hquidated. Only a part of a 
single private exhibit was exported. 

The foreign exhibits were not arranged in 
a section, but were scattered widely through- 
out the building of Manufactures and Liberal 
Arts. In comprehensiveness of display, the 
Japanese easily led all the foreign nations. 
Early in the spring of 1907 about sixty 
Japanese manufacturers formed an association 
for the purpose of exhibiting jointly at the 
Jamestown Exposition. This association, al- 
though it did not represent the Government, 
received official sanction and fifteen thousand 
dollars was appropriated by Japan for the 
furtherance of its purposes. The officers rep- 
resenting the Japanese exhibitors were Yumeto 
Kushibiki, Commissioner-General, and Messrs. 
Hashamoto, Ymaji and Kuboto, Commissioners. 
The exhibits were collected in the principal 
towns and provinees of Nippon, namely: Tokio, 
Yokohama, Kioto, Nagoya, Kobe, Ishikawa and 
Satsuma. The exhibit of Cloissonné, porcelain, 
Satsuma ware, potteries, embroideries, textiles, 
brassware, ivory carvings, perfumeries, toilet 
articles, paintings, toys, kites, willows, baskets, 
earpets and rugs occupied a space of over forty- 
six hundred square feet in the Manufactures 
Building. The goods displayed in this section 
were not for sale, but the Association erected 
a building which they called the Japanese 


of Exhibits. 


Bazaar, just to the west of the Palace of Manu- 
factures, and this structure, which contained 
an area slightly in excess of six thousand 
square feet, was entirely devoted to the vend- 
ing of Japanese goods. Even this area proved 
inadequate for selling purposes and the en- 
tire northeast wing of the Bazaar Building 
at the head of the War Path was taken by 
Japan. 

The East Indian exhibits consisted of a col- 
lection shown by F. P. Bhumgara of New York 
and India. The most extraordinary item in the 
exhibit was the reproduction in teakwood of 
the Hindoo Jain temple at Palatana. Weird 
Arabesques, grotesque demons, curious gods, 
strange animals and plants, picturesque scenes 
from Hindoo mythology and oddly serolled 
medallinos were carved into the wood. The 
temple was thirty-five feet high and twenty 
feet square and scarcely an inch of plain sur- 
face was visible. As a sample of artistic 
designing, it was most commendable, and as an 
evidence of persevering application it was 
most noteworthy. Arranged around this great 
centerpiece were numerous exhibits of Hindoo 
arts and crafts dis- 
played advantageous- 
ly. Wood earvings 
perhaps — predomi- 
nated, but there were 
exquisite samples of 
gold and silver work, 
inimitable rugs and 
carpets and priceless 
cloths, canopies and 
eurtains. Attractive 
embroideries and fab- 
ries of cotton, wool, 
silk and satin were 
shown, and there were 
some really extraordi- 
nary fans and hand 
screens. 

Three Italian firms 
received gold medals. They were: O. Graziosi 
and Son of Florence, who made an attractive 
display of small mosaies and cut silver jewelry. 
Poggioni and Spinelli of Voltara and Romanelli 
Brothers of Florence who exhibited artistic 
originals and dupleates of famous statues. 
Small, but, in several instances, beautiful ex- 
hibits were made by firms from Austria, Russia 
and France. 

It was the ambition of the Department to 
secure aS many working exhibits as could be 


YosHitsucu HasHamoTo 
Japanese Commissioner 


JAPANESE EXHIBIT 


569 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


obtained. To show first the raw product and 
then its conversion through the machinery 
processes up to the finished output possesses 
more educational interest than a mere display 
of goods, and a general effort was made to 
secure these ‘‘ live ’’ shows, especially such as 
represented the industries of the southern 
States. Apart from the educational feature, 
such exhibits are extremely attractive and in- 


teresting, even to the casual visitor who is 
rarely devoid of curiosity. 
To establish manufacturing exhibits, how- 


ever, requires considerable outlay and exceed- 


ingly more attention than a display ot prod- 
ucts. The wonderful prosperity of the United 


States during the major part of 1906, when 
most manufacturers were much behind in 
orders, acted as a deterrent from the prepara- 
tion of large special exhibits and no section 
showed up especially well, while Virginia and 
North Carolina factories fell far behind ex- 
pectations. 

Perhaps the most notable operating plant in 
the Department of Manufactures was the com- 
prehensive demonstration of shoe making, con- 
ducted by the enterprising Richmond and 
Lynchburg firms of Wingo, Ellett & Crump, the 
Craddock-Terry Shoe Company and the George 
D. Witt Shoe Company. Each of these firms 
received a gold medal, and the United Shoe 
Machinery Company of Boston, who installed 
the machinery used in the manufacture of these 
shoes, was likewise a gold medal recipient. 
The machines were adapted to every process 
of shoe manufacture and converted the raw 
material into slippers, shoes and boots in full 
view of the pubhe. Each phase of the opera- 
tion was explained to visitors and the exhibit 
was one of the most popular at the Exposi- 
tion. 

The George D. Witt Shoe Company presented 
a singularly attractive showing of manufac- 
tured shoes for men’s, women’s and children’s 
wear. They emphasized the fact that their 
high class product was not the result of im- 
ported or specially trained labor, but that local 
people without previous experience did all the 
work, and the samples which they offered 
evidence showed that the work was well done. 


EXHIBIT OF THE CRADDOCK-TERRY SHOE CO., 
Lynchburg, Va. 


Their booth contained four large glass cases, 
one in each corner, and sample stands in the 
center, on which rested paintings of their two 
Lynchburg factories. At the Witt booth at- 
tractive souvenirs were given to visiting mer- 
chants—watch fobs, postals and buttons. 

The Craddock-Terry Shoe Company showed 
an exceedingly attractive collection of old and 
foreign footwear, including samples of shoes, 
boots, slippers and sandals from every part of 
the world. The hides of cows, horses, sheep, 
goats and bears, the skin of the turtle, the 
alligator and the lizard were all utilized in this 
display. The firm also exhibited a full line of 
its own products and showed an exact model 
of its ‘‘ West End Shoe Factory ’’ made to a 
scale of one-twenty-fifth actual size. This re- 
production was always brilliantly illuminated 
and compelled attention. The small structure 
exemplified what the Company was doing with 
a purpose of preserving the health of its em- 
ployees and presented in miniature the blower 
system used in keeping the factory free from 
leather dust. A distinetly ‘‘ live ’’ exhibit in 
connection with the Craddock-Terry display 


EXHIBIT UNITED SHOE MACHINERY CO., BOSTON, AND GEO. D. WITT SHOE CO., LYNCHBURG, VA. 


570 


The Dwision 


“Weld OLDE Sse, GeOe~ 
Exhibit Craddock-Terry Shoe Co. 


was ‘‘ The Old Shoe Shop,’’ directly across the 
aisle from the big shoe machines. This shop 
was a log cabin, in which sat a venerable darkey 
who for fifty years had been a shoe maker and 
who in his earlier days cobbled for the senior 
member of the firm. Illustrating the wonders 
of modern manufacturing, it may be noted that 
the Company which this old man advertised 
at the Exposition now makes more pairs of 
shoes in a single day than he has made in all 
the fifty years of his arduous labor. 

An exceedingly interesting exhibit was made 
by the Ware-Kramer Tobacco Company, manu- 
facturers of ‘‘ White Rolls ’’ cigarettes. This 
Company occupied a lengthy aisle space which 
afforded an excellent opportunity for showing 
just how ‘* White Rolls ’’? are made. The ma- 
chinery utilized in the process attended to all 
the details of manufacture, and, during the 
various stages of manufacture—wrapping, tin 
foiling and packing—the cigarette did not 
come into contact with the human hand. The 


Ware-Kramer Company did not control the 
process which they used, but they were the 
first to adopt the method, and they received 
a gold medal for their product and a second 
medal was awarded to the machines. 

While it was not a completely ‘“‘live’’ exhibit, 


EXHIBIT OF 


of Exhibits. 


since it failed to show all the items of construe- 
tion, the Waltham Watch Company installed 
in a handsome pavilion surmounted by the 
trade-mark of their Company—showing a mam- 
moth watch carried over the world by the 
American EHagle—an exhibit which well illus- 
trated many of the different elements of manu- 
facture. The pavilion was thirty-six feet 
square with an ‘‘L’’ twelve by twenty-four 
feet. On one side there stood a line of the 
most delicate machines for making sundry 
parts of a watch. These consisted of a jewel- 
setting machine, a pinion cutter, several auto- 
matic screw machines and a Damascene orna- 
menter. There was also a wheel cutter and a 
pinion polisher. The Company showed a large 
watch, fac-simile of their Number Sixteen 
movement, and a miniature timekeeper the size 
of a nickel. Prior to the manufacture of this 
tiny specimen, the best result of the Company’s 
efforts to reduce the size of a lady’s watch had 
been the making of one approximately the size 
of a twenty-five cent piece, but the Jamestown 
Exposition product proved to be a perfect time 
recorder. The Company exhibited samples of 
the cut jewels used in watches and the precious 
stones from which they are made. There were 
complete watch movements in various sizes and 
grades, samples in cases, and a fine display of 
antique watches, together with a collection of 
timekeepers that had been through the San 
Francisco earthquake and fire. Devices to 
demonstrate the effect of magnetism on watches 
were exhibited, and in boxes there were count- 
less mainsprings. The Company displayed a 
number of gold medals received by the Walt- 
ham Watch at former expositions, to which it 
may at the next exposition add the Jamestown 
gold medal. 

In the center of the building there was an 
exceedingly attractive interior court. This 
section measured one hundred and twenty feet 
in each direction and was reserved exclusively 
for artistic displays. It was surrounded by a 
beautiful frame work in white staff and 
decorated in l’art nouveau. There were a num- 
in this en- 


WARE-KRAMER TOBACCO COMPANY, NORFOLK, VA. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


itl A ae 


EXHIBIT OF THE WALTHAM WATCH COMPANY, WALTHAM, MASS. 


closure and the plans for the different booths 
were rigidly scrutinized by the Exposition 
Board of Design before installation permits 
were awarded. As a result the collection was 
extremely harmonious and evoked general ad- 
miration. Among the exhibits in this court 
which received awards for artistic installation 
were the Enfield Pottery Company of Laverock, 
Penn., the National Cash Register Company of 
Dayton, Ohio, the Singer Sewing Machine Com- 
pany of New York, the Stieff Piano Company 
of Baltimore, the Underwood Typewriter Com- 
pany and L. E. Waterman Company, both of 
New York. 

The exhibit of the Singer Sewing Machine 
Company was located in the northeast corner 
of this interior court and was the only two- 
story booth in the building. On the first floor 
the various styles of family machines, both 
Singer and Wheeler & Wilson types, were dis- 
played. These patterns were: Vibrating, Os- 
cillating, Rotary and Automatic Chain-stitch 
movements. An expert operator with several 
attendants demonstrated the peculiar merits 
of each machine and illustrated the utilizing of 
hand, foot and electric power. The object of 
this exhibit was to exemplify the supremacy 
of the ‘‘ Singer ’’? products as machines for 
family use. It was entirely an educational dis- 
play and no attempt was made to sell. Two 
stairways led to a platform or mezzanine floor, 
whose porches were flanked with large plate 
glass mirrors equipped with flashlights show- 
ing alternately ‘‘ Singer’? and ‘‘ Wheeler & 
Wilson.’’ Leading from this platform to the 


second floor was a single broad stairway. On 
- me % 


EXHIBIT OF SINGER SEWING MACHINE CO. 
New York City 


‘ever been shown before. 


one side of this was hung a tapestry showing 
a tiger reclining in a cage and on the other 
a rural scene. Both of these pictures were 
products of Singer embroidery. To the right 
of the stairway was a general reception room 
attractively furnished and equipped with elee- 
tric fans. On this upper floor a fine and varied 
lot of machine needle work was exhibited. It 
is unlikely that the equal of this collection had 
Among the articles 
were five large tapestries reproducing historical 
scenes. These represented The Discovery of 
the Mississippi by De Soto, The Discovery of 
Lake Itasca by Marquette, Hennepin at Fort 
Saint Anthony, and two pictures of La Salle, 
one at the mouth of the Mississippi and the 
other when leaving Fort St. Louis in Texas. 
To the left of the top of the stairway was a 
ladies’ retiring room, where hardwood floors 
were covered with Oriental rugs and which was 
furnished with grass and wicker chairs and a 
couch and stand. In this room there was a fine 
collection of lingerie and a varied assortment 
of hemstitched tablecloths, napkins, doilies and 
other articles for tableware—a practical dem- 
onstration of the adaptability of the Singer 
machines. In addition to the award for in- 
stallation, the Company received another gold 
medal for the excellence of their machines. 
The National Cash Register Company occu- 
pied a very handsome booth at the north end 
of the interior court. The booth was a minia- 
ture theatre equipped with opera chairs, a 
stereopticon and a white curtain. Every hour 
from 11:00 a. m. until four in the afternoon, 
a lecturer described a trip through this Com- 
pany’s great factory at Dayton, Ohio. The 
various processes of manufacture employed by 
the Company and the means which they had 
adopted to preserve the health of their opera- 
tives and to increase their comfort were related 
by the speaker, and the pictures illustrated the 
argument. They showed the factory to be a 
marvel of cleanliness and sanitary arrange- 


ments. In one large room were shown five in- 
ventors and one hundred and_ thirty-four 


mechanies designing and perfecting new mod- 
els for cash registers, and the audience was 
told that visitors were never permitted to enter 
this department, that only officers of the Com- 
pany were allowed to inspect the work. In 
this room the tools for making registers are 
designed and photographs showed gauges that 
measured one ten-thousandth of an inch. An 
enlarged picture of a set of tools which the 
Company claims cost sixty thousand dollars 
was among the pictures that flashed on the 


572 


The Dwision of Exhibits. 


Bae 


EXHIBIT OF NATIONAL CASH REGISTER CO. 
Dayton, Ohio 


| 


eurtain. On the outside of the booth a sur- 
rounding platform carried samples of all the 
latest makes of cash registers and cabinets and 
a number of earlier types. The Company re- 
ceived a gold medal for installation, another 
for their machines and a third in the Social 
Economy Division for their humane work. In 
connection with this latter subject, the pictures, 
aside from emphasizing the cleanliness of the 
factory and the prophylactic devices, showed 
also a model laundry and various sections of 
the woman’s department, among which were 
the rest room and bath, the dining room and 
the gymnasium, where a number of girls were 
pictured practicing calisthenics as they do 
daily under the direction of a competent ath- 
letic instructor. 

An exhibit which inevitably attracted atten- 
tion from all classes of visitors was made by 
the National Casket Company. Ordinarily, the 
sight of a burying receptacle repels rather than 
attracts, but in the ease of this exhibit, which 
won a gold medal, so much eare and thought- 
fulness had been exercised in the selection of 
articles to be shown that the booth was favored 
with a good attendance at almost all hours. 
Some of the caskets exhibited were made of 
the finest imported as well as domestic hard- 


‘s 
a 
I 
Ee 
a 
F 
S| 
ie 


woods. Among the more valuable varieties 
were white mahogany, teakwood, Circassian 
walnut, silver gray maple and redwood. Some 
coffins were simply designed while others were 
elaborate, and most of them were finished lke 
a high grade cabinet or piano; many were hand 
carved and all were trimmed inside with ex- 
quisite fabries. The National Casket Com- 
pany’s display represented a choice selection 
from their eleven large factories, which are 
devoted exclusively to the manufacture of 
caskets, handles, name plates, ete., and to the 
product of burial garments. In this latter 


class there were some splendid showings made, 
the costumes being extremely rich. 


EXHIBIT OF NATIONAL CASKET COMPANY 
Oneida, N. Y. 


The Stieff Pianos were installed in a sound- 
proof plate glass booth in the interior court. 
The housing of this exhibit was superb and 
all styles of pianos made by the Stieff Company 
were on view. The Shaw piano, controlled by 
the Stieff Company, was also shown. To both 
of these makes and for varied styles of each— 
Concert Grand, Parlor Grand, Baby Grand, 
Upright and _ Self-playing pianos—a_ gold 
medal was awarded. The Stieff Piano was the 
official instrument of the Exposition. At most 
previous large fairs it had been the custom to 
allow each artist to select the piano which he 
wished to use in the concert hall of the ex- 
position. Such an arrangement has at times 
proven unsatisfactory, and the Governors of 
the Jamestown Exposition decided to make one 


EXHIBIT OF CHARLES M. STIEFF, BALTIMORE, MD. 


573 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


and received a gold medal. <A 
feature which was attractive 
was an electric ‘‘Peerless’’ 
operated by a coin system. 
This instrument was utilized 
to render popular selections 
and compositions from the 
great masters. 

Occupying an adjacent space 
was the F. G. Smith Piano Com- 
pany. This firm of manufac- 
turers from Washington had a 
most attractive and_ tasteful 
booth carpeted in dark green 
and draped becomingly in 
white and gold. The _ gold 
medal awarded to the Smith 
Company included a_ recogni- 


tion of their entire display, 
which consisted of the Brad- 


bury Ideal Grand Piano, the 
Bradbury Upright, the Webster 


EXHIBIT OF ROTH & ENGLEHART 


New York City 


piano the official instrument. They deputized 
the Music Committee, together with the Chief 
of the Department of Congresses and Special 
Events to visit the great factories and select 
a suitable piano, taking duly into consideration 
the atmospheric conditions obtaining in the 
Hampton Roads district. This Committee rec- 
ommended the Stieff piano, which received 
the official appointment, and its adoption gave 
general satisfaction. The special sub-Jury of 
Awards, consisting of 8. J. Kiibel of the United 
States Geological Survey and a prominent or- 
ganist of Washington; William Bruce King, 
President of the Washington Choral Society, 
and William Mylius of New York, passed on 
the merits of the musical instruments on behalf 
of the general Jury of Awards, and their 
bestowal of a gold medal upon the Stieff Com- 
pany confirmed the judgment of the Musie 
Committee. 

The firm of Roth & Englehart who, shortly 
after the Exposition were succeeded by F. 
Englehart & Sons, of New York, occupied a 
prominent booth to the left of the main south 
entrance of the building. They displayed a 
varied line of their products, the principal 
feature being the ‘‘ Peerless ’’? piano player. 
The exhibit not only showed finished pianos 
and automatic piano players but a display of 
all the various parts and actions of each of 
these. It was a tastefully arranged collection 


CERT yyy een 
eee 8h ie sree 


Torx. F] 


EXHBIT OF F. G. SMITH PIANO CO. 
Washington, D. C. 


Upright and the Webster 
Player Piano. These instru- 
ments were each regarded as 
worthy of recognition for their 
high grade construction. The Webster Player 
Piano, being a new product, was especially 
emphasized by the firm and every advantage 
was taken of the opportunity afforded by the 
Exposition to familiarize visitors with the 
workings of this mechanical device. To effect 
this end, several concerts were given daily. 
The most elaborate installation at the Ex- 
position was made = by the Underwood 
Typewriter VA Company. 
An artistical iS ly beautiful 
booth» 7% built oF 
heavy .f La@ iron, deco- 
rated eg with opal- 
escent gee ; glass of va- 


EXHIBIT OF UNDERWOOD TYPEWRITER CO. 
New York City 


rious tones, and lit by innumerable electric 
lights, served as the home of this typewriter. 
At the four corners of a platform were ele- 
vated standards each topped with a _ huge, 
opal tinted, translucent glass globe which was 
illuminated from within. The booth was 
raised above the general floor level and was 
reached by two steps. It was surmounted by 
an opal dome and around the cornices were 
a large number of lights. The floor was cov- 
ered with a heavy red carpet, and the furniture 
of mahogany gave a richly decorative effect. 
Seattered around the booth were desks holding 
Underwood typewriters. Operators were al- 
ways present to illustrate the good points of 
the machine, and at one desk during the greater 
part of the Fair sat Miss Fritz, the champion 
speed typewriter of the world. This young 
lady gave daily remarkable demonstrations in 
rapid writing. The Underwood received a gold 
medal. 

The exhibit of Belding Brothers & Company, 
silk manufacturers, was situated on the aisle 
which led from the Army and Navy Building 
through to the Pure Foods Building. Their 


574 


The Dwision of Exhibits. 


booth was about fourteen feet square. In one 
ease there were embroidery silks of every 
description and in the other sewing silks and 
machine twists on spools and in skeins. The 
company exhibited a fine collection of yard 
wide satin. There were a number of beauti- 
fully embroidered pieces shown by the firm, 
among which was a copy of Thomas Blnk’s 
famous picture ‘* Unity,’’ representing a field 
trial of setters—Enelish, Irish and Gordon. 
This picture was distinctly meritorious and was 
perhaps as fine a piece of needle work as was 
ever shown in this country, containing over 
five hundred shades of silk. The Jamestown 
Seal and the Jamestown Poster were the sub- 
jects of two other embroideries, and the Beck 
design of Buffalo and ‘*‘The Spirit of Niagara”’ 
attracted much attention. Gainsborough’s 
** Duchess of Devonshire ’’ in an embroidered 


reproduction ornamented one wall and on an- 


EXHIBIT OF BELDING BROTHERS & CO. 
New York City 


other a large silk picture of President MeKin- 
ley occupied a prominent place. The Belding 
booth was in many ways the most artistic at 
the Exposition and went far toward proving 
that what may be done with a brush can be 
copied with a needle, provided that the needle 
worker possesses the right artistic spirit. It 
was shown that the material for colored work 
was certainly procurable. Belding Brothers & 
Company received gold medals for sewing silks 
and for surgical silks and a bronze medal in 
the social economy department. This latter 
award was given in recognition of the efforts 
which the firm has been making to supply its 
young women with good home facilities. It 
was shown that at Belding, Michigan, the Com- 
pany keeps excellent boarding houses for its 
young women employees and maintains two 
hotels where for two dollars and forty cents a 
week a young woman can get a room, board and 
general accommodations. 


EXHIBIT OF BROWN SHOE CO. 
St. Louis, Mo. 


Among the notable ex- 
hibits was one made_ by 
the Brown Shoe Company, 
a leading American firm of 
shoe manufacturers, whose 
main plant is lo- 
eated in St. 


Louis. The 

booth was 

lywio Oia - 

slightly raised 
platform consist- 

ing of ten up- 

right columns of 

highly — polished 

brass connected i 
with each other 


Se BUSTERSANDETIGE 
Brown SHoE Co. EXHIBIT 
St. Louis, Mo. 


by overhead grill 
work, backed by 
silk drapery and 
the whole roofed with silk. This pseudo booth, 
“TL? shaped and with a frontage on three aisles, 
was heavily carpeted and all the woodwork 
was in cherry. In large plate glass cases the 
firm exhibited their leading styles of high 
grade shoes for men and women and the 
‘* Buster Brown ’’ shoe for boys and girls. 
‘* Buster ’’ himself was in attendance and gave 
exhibitions now and then with ‘‘ Tige.’’ A 
gold medal was awarded to this firm for their 
‘“ White House ’’ shoes, their ‘‘ Buster Brown 
Blue Ribbon ’’ shoes and their other makes, 
grouped generically as ‘‘ Five Star Shoe Spe- 
cialties.’’ 

The Smith-Briscoe Company of Lynchburg 
Virginia, received a gold medal for shoes. 
Their exhibit was not a large one, but it proved 
interesting and_ effectively exemplified the 
style, quality and workmanship of their prod- 
uct. A handsome revolving show case con- 
tained samples of the output of this Company, 
who make a specialty of producing only what 
is known as a strictly high grade line, since 
they do not cater to the cheaper trade. 


EXHIBIT OF CLAUSS SHEAR CO. 
Fremont, (O); 


The Clauss Shear Company received a gold 
medal for their excellent cutlery. Shears, scis- 
sors, razors of all kinds, tinner’s snips and 
pruners constituted the main display, which 
was housed in an exhibit booth made of beauti- 
fully arranged plate glass cases containing the 
various manufactures of the firm. A great 
central upright case surmounted by an immense 
ball of colored electric Lghts compelled atten- 
tion. Decorating the background of the booth 
were illuminated signs similar to those which 
the Clauss Shear Company give to their cus- 
tomers. The metal used by this Company is 
a composition faced with American steel made 
especially hard for cutlery purposes. For 
razors, the firm uses English steel, acknowledg- 
ing the claim which has never been successfully 
disputed, that in manufacturing razor steel the 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


EXHIBIT OF CROWN CORK AND SEAL COMPANY, BALTIMORE, MD. 


English surpass all other nations in securing 
absolute uniformity. Between five and six hun- 
dred hands are employed in manufacturing the 
Clauss Company’s goods, and their factory floor 
space, according to their pamphlet, covers one 
hundred and twenty-five thousand square feet. 
In addition to the gold medal for their goods, 
the Company also received a similar award for 
the artistic installation of their display. 

A most elaborate and novel exhibit, especially 
interesting to brewers and bottlers, was an 
illustration of the working plant and the patent 
machines and devices of the Crown Cork and 
Seal Company of Baltimore, the originators of 
the designs for Crown corks, aluminum stop- 
pers and loop seals. These devices are now 
used very generally by high class bottlers 
throughout the world, and the Company re- 
ceived a gold medal for their bottling machin- 
ery and other devices exhibited. 

At the northeast corner of the Manufactures 
Building the Columbia Phonograph Company 
displayed their wares in an extremely hand- 
some building. It was a most artistic installa- 
tion, fitly crowned by a_ masterpiece of 
Gherardi, whose figure of ‘‘ Columbia,’’ sur- 
mounting the dome, was one of the most at- 
tractive pieces of sculpture at the Exposition. 
The exhibit of this Company illustrated the 
evolution of the splendid graphophone from the 
original faulty , phonograph. Models were 
shown of the various stages in devel- 
opment from the treadle graphophones of 
1886 to the most modern machine. Elab- 
orate con certs were given daily and 
visitors were shown how records 
could be made at home. 
Each guest was per- 


a oe = “i ll 


EXHIBIT OF COLUMBIA PHONOGRAPH CO. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 


mitted to make a record of his own voice 
and take away the cylinder as a souvenir. 
Stick pins bearing miniature Columbia records 
were also given away. In addition to the en- 
tertainment feature of the exhibit, there was an 
instructive display of commercial graphophones 
occupying the northern half of the booth, and 
these instruments were utilized to show how 
the graphophone may be employed in business. 
The illustration of the advantages of the grapho- 
phone as a recorder for commercial purposes 
attracted great attention. The points claimed 
for this device included accuracy, speed, inde- 
pendence, privacy, economy, ease and saving 
of time. Another instructive possibility of the 
machine was its employment for language 
teaching, and records were given which showed 
the voices of experts brought to the ear with- 
out any defect, thus enabling people to avoid 
mistakes in pronunciation as well as provincial- 
isms. The Company received a gold medal for 
phonographs and phonograph accessories. 

Jacob Reed’s Sons, a celebrated Philadelphia 
firm of clothing manufacturers, received a gold 
medal for the exhibit which was made by their 
uniform department, the especial points of 
merit in their display being the graceful lines 
and proportions of the garments, the military 
effects and the evidently high development of 
cutting art exemplified by the style and general 
workmanship of their garments, which were re- 
produced with absolute fidelity to the pre- 
seribed military regulations. In connection 
with the military and naval celebration, this 
exhibit was most timely, and the method of 
illustration employed offered opportunities for 
comparison between this private exhibit and 
the display in the Army and Navy exhibits of 
the Government. Lay figures showed a rear- 
admiral and a captain of the United States 
Navy, a colonel and a captain of the United 
States Marine Corps in full dress and a second 
of the last named officer in blue service uni- 
form, a Cavalry officer of the 1st Troop of 
Philadelphia, a captain of the Richmond Light 
Infantry Blues and officers of the Culver Mili- 
tary and Naval Academy were shown in eases. 
Another group illustrated the uniforms of 
policemen and firemen in various cities. 

The American Woolen Company utilized nine 
hundred square feet of floor space to exhibit 
in a most admirably arranged hollow square a 
series of cases showing the various cloths and 
fabries which they manufactured. A great 
variety of styles and colorings were effectively 


576 


Manufactures and Liberal Arts. 


placed and a special feature was made of uni- 
form cloths which they manufactured. In a 
prominent plate glass case were grouped five 
figures clothed in uniforms which represented 
different branches of the Government Service, 
and placed closely by the figures were rolls of 
the cloths from which the uniforms had been 


made. Particular attention was directed to 
the beautiful olive drab uniform eloths and 


the fabric from which the new Forest Service 
clothes are cut, both of these having been lately 


adopted as a standard in the Government 
Service. Among other attractive pieces were 


some Washington Navy serges and olive auto 
cloths. The displays of kerseys and other 
overecoatings, cloak and suit materials were 
very pleasing, and the fancy worsteds, mix- 
tures, solid piece and manipulated effects, were 
shown in a great variety of patterns and in 
many weights and weaves. In the center 
space was a case containing wools, tops and 
yarns showing different stages of manufacture. 
The exhibit was kept in splendid order and in- 
dicated great care and skill in its arrangement. 
Some literature distributed by the Company at 
this booth called attention to the fact that the 
display represented the output of thirty-two 
plants located in various places throughout 
New England and New York. Four of the fae- 


a ae ¥ we 


EXHIBIT OF THE AMERICAN WOOLEN CO. 
Boston, Mass. 


tories—the Washington Mills, the Wood Wors- 
ted Mills, the Assabet Mills and the National 
and Providence Worsted Mills—are among the 
largest of their kind in the world. In the way 
of figures, the Company stated that their pro- 
duction was not far from one million yards a 
week. The American Woolen Company received 
a gold medal for its collective display. 

The Tiffany Studios of Madison Avenue, 
New York, received a gold medal for their glass 
work, lamps and leaded glass shades, candle- 
sticks and Favrile glass. This exhibit was one 
of the most tasteful and artistic at the Fair 
and, while small, it fully sustained the reputa- 
tion of the Studios as producers of the best 
effects in glass and kindred wares. <A distin- 
guishing feature of the exhibit was a collection 
of shades for candles. The product of the tal- 
low chandler has long since ceased to occapy 
a position of any note as a ight medium, except 
in emergency cases, but as a means of decora- 
tion the candle has assumed proportions which 
compel the attention of the designer of hand- 
some rooms, who needs this accessory to make 
his work perfect. The Tiffany shades, with 
their dainty filigreed jackets of etched metal 
and their satin finished glass linings, as exhib- 
ited at the Exposition, attracted from the art 
amateur equally as much attention as their 
more splendid and ornate fixtures for lamps 
and chandeliers. 


O77 


aa: 4 


EXHIBIT OF THE KOKEN BARBER SUPPLY CO. 
St. Louis, Mo. 


Occupying a prominent place on the south 
aisle was an enormous chair twelve feet high, 
so pertectly proportioned that it looked as if it 
were a part of the normal equipment of a bar- 
ber shop for giants. Four massive pillars of 
quartered oak trimmed with brass and con- 
nected by brazen rails formed the enclosure 
within which this chair stood, and grouped 
around the great centerpiece were the chairs 
which barbers use. The display was arranged 
artistically and was extremely comprehensive. 
The fabrics used in the upholstery were velvets 
and plushes of many shades and some of the 
woodwork was finely carved and _ filagreed. 
Everywhere was the name ‘‘ Koken,’’ the ex- 
hibit having been made by the Koken Barber 
Supply Company of St. Louis, who received 
two gold medals—one for installation and the 
other for goods. - 

The Norfolk & Western Railway occupied 
a prominent space which it utilized for a gen- 
eral collective exhibit of products manufac- 
tured in Petersburg, Virginia, and in other of 
the principal cities along the line of the rail- 
road. That it was a unique and worthy show- 
ing is evidenced by the fact that every exhib- 
itor received a medal in some class while the 
exhibit as a whole received a gold medal. 
Most of Petersburg’s prominent manufacturing 
interests were represented in the display. 

Wakelee’s Camelline received a gold medal. 
The booth in which this product was displayed 
was a miniature one built of the famous Calli- 
fornia redwood and had been used many times 


EXHIBIT OF WAKELEE’S CAMELLINE 


San Francisco, Cal. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


before. Its first service was at the San Fran- 
cisco Mid-winter Fair, in 1894 and since then 
it has traveled to various fairs and exposi- 
tions. It was rescued from the devastation fol- 
lowing the San Francisco earthquake and fire 
and transported over debris for six miles in 
order to place it on a car for Jamestown. W. 
M. Willett, the proprietor of this complexion 
preparation, sent his representative to the Ex- 
position purely for advertising purposes and 
not to sell. Over one hundred thousand sam- 
ples of the face powder were distributed gra- 
tuitously at the Exposition. 

The C. G. Conn Company of Elkhart, Indiana, 
who had received the grand prize in St. Louis 
in 1904, obtained at the Jamestown Exposition 
a gold medal for the excellent instruments 
which they manufacture. It was the only collec- 
tion of band and orchestra instruments which 
received this high award at the Exposition, and 
the Jury who made the decision were noted 
musical authorities. The instruments consisted 
of all varieties of drums, brasses and woods. 
The Conn indestructible clarionets and _ flutes 
were the principal features. The display made 


on 


BM GRAND PRIZE | 
Bein (sRA ee 


EXHIBIT OF THE C. G. CONN COMPANY 
Elkhart, Ind. 


by this firm eheited much favorable comment 
from visiting musicians. 

The J. Stevens Arms and Tools Company of 
Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts, exhibited their 
regular line of rifles, shot guns, pistols and 
fire-arm accessories. In addition to the usual 
commercial stock carried by this Company, a 
number of high grade target rifles were 
featured. These latter guns were made with 
engraved silver or gold plate framed. Two of 
the Stevens rifles were nickel throughout. The 
company showed their popular priced rifles, 
special ‘‘ Ideal ’’ target models, and a full line 
of single and double barrel, hammer and ham- 
merless shot guns in various styles. The ex- 
hibit included the entire line of Stevens fire- 
arms. There were all of the regular styles 
which are manufactured and sold generally 
and, for illustrative purposes, the more fancy 
features were added. 

The Ellis-Chalmers Company, manufacturing 
chemists of New York, received a gold medal 


EXHIBIT OF THE ELLIS-CHALMERS CO. 
New York City 


for their ‘‘ Phenoid ’’ paint and varnish re- 
mover, for ‘‘ Coppersote,’’ a modern wood 
preservative, and for ‘‘ Plant Blood,’’ a modern 
fertilizer. The firm maintained a very attract- 
ive booth for the display of these products. 
The claims made by the Ellis-Chalmers Com- 
pany and recognized by the Jury of Awards, 
were that: ‘‘ Phenoid’’ was a perfect agent 
for obliterating paint or varnish; that ‘‘ Cop- 
persote ’’ which was made of creosote holding 
in solution copper salts prevented alike the ac- 
tion and growth of germs and fungi and formed 
a combination that was both bacteriacidal and 
fungicidal; that ‘‘ Plant Blood ’’ obviated the 
defects inherent in commercial or mixed fertil- 
izers by stimulating to action and automatically 
strengthening soil to which it had been applied. 
The facts in connection with this last claim 
seem to have been well attested by demonstra- 
tions both in Government and commercial green 
houses. 

The Anderson Box and Basket Company of 
Henderson, Kentucky, received a gold medal 
for their shipping crate, a package adapted for 
the storage and transportation of various kinds 
of merchandise. The crate is durable and easily 
ventilated and to a degree elastic, with a view 
of making it easy to handle rapidly without 
damaging the contents. It is especially de- 
signed for the transportation of fruits, berries 
and garden truck. The built-up unit idea is 
utilized and several parts of its structure are 
combined in such a way as to preclude the 
possibility of individual release, so the box, 
while made in independent sections, presents 
as a whole a receptacle with a massive, unob- 
structed interior, whose rigid frame bars are 
so disposed as to permit any side of the box 
to he upon a supporting surface. 

The DeFord Company of Baltimore exhibited 
a splendid assortment of leather. The tan- 
neries of this Company, which are located at 


Tere at J | 


oe fA 


e eB . 
TS a em 4 


“i? be 


EXHIBIT OF THE DEFORD COMPANY 
Baltimore, Md. 


Manufactures and Liberal Arts. 


Luray and Covington, Virginia, both regions 
famous for the purity of their water and the 
abundance of their chestnut oaks, produce a 


quality of leather unsurpassed in America. The 
DeFord leathers have received numerous 


medals and awards from every exposition held 
in this country, commencing with the Phila- 
delphia Centennial, and they added to this list 
the Jamestown gold medal. The exhibit was 


housed most picturesquely in a reproduction 
of an old cabin, decorated and surmounted with 
oak bark. 


EXHIBIT OF THE ACME LEATHER CO. 
New York City 


The Acme Leather Company of New York 
received a gold medal for their entire exhibit 
of pocketbooks, handbags, small cases and 
satchels. A remarkably handsome booth orna- 
mented with numerous hides, one of the hang- 
ings being the largest sheep skin that was ever 
tanned, housed this exhibit. There were dis- 
played many alligator hides and several varie- 
ties of lizard skins and snake skins, and there 
was an operator always at the booth, engaged 
in making pocketbooks and ecard cases out of 
leather. The Acme Company produces only 
the highest grade of leather goods and its claim 
for an award was based entirely upon the exeel- 
lence of its products. 

The Wells and Richardson Company of 
Burlington, Vermont, exhibited their Diamond 
Package Dyes and also a variety of textiles 
which had been treated with these colors. The 
Jury awarded a gold medal to the firm on their 
substantiated claims that the dyes gave a per- 
manent fixed color to the different fabrics 
treated. Very severe tests were applied to the 
dyed goods and the colors successfully with- 
stood the assaults. 

The Expanded Metal and Corrugated Bar 


xpanded Metal & ——— Bar Ca 


CC BUILDING, STLOUIE, sini As, 


aoe 
eked 
See: 

\ 


Exuipit oF THE EXPANDED METAL AND CorRUGATED Bar Co. 
St. Louis, Mo. 


579 


Company of St. Louis received a gold medal 
for their devices for reinforced concrete. The 
theory that a continuous mechanical bond in- 
dependent of adhesion is necessary to insure 
permanence of concrete construction seems to 
have been generally accepted, and the bar 
manufactured by this Company was adjudged 
by the Jury to be the one which tended to give 
the maximum of safety, strength and perma- 
nenee. The inter-locking formation of the bar 
seemed to promise the best method of retaining 
the conerete material in position without reli- 
ance upon any adhesive connection between 
the conerete and steel—a coalition which may 
easily be destroyed by jars or the application 
of heavy loads. 

The Lanston Monotype Machine Company 
exhibited at the Exposition its casting machines 
and key boards and received a gold medal for 
both. These devices were operated throughout 
the Exposition, the operator demonstrating to 
visitors the advantages of the monotype as a 
composing machine and sorts caster. Actual 
composing and the casting of individual types 
of various sizes from five to fourteen point were 
done before the eyes of the visitor and these 
casts were made in justified lines measuring up 
to sixty ems pica. The exemplification was 
used not only to show the composition of 
straight matter, but the possibilities of utilizing 
the device for intricate tables. As a caster of 
various sizes, the machine was shown in the 
process of making types, borders, spaces and 
quads, none of which showed any appreciable 
difference from the product of the best type 
foundries. An interesting part of the exhibit 
was a collection of books, including a number 
of de luxe editions, which had been printed 
from type made by these machines. In con- 
nection with the display was a catalogue of 


eee eoues 
1088 


ExuHisBiIT oF THE LANsTON Monotyre MAaAcHINeE Co. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


monotype users, among whom were some of the 
leading book and job printers of the United 
States as well as the United States Government 
Printing Office, which employs one hundred and 
twenty-four monotypes and is said to be the 
largest plant of composing machines in the 
world. 

The McCaskey Register Company of Alliance, 
Ohio, exhibited an account book which is 
designed to handle the bookkeeping of a retail 
merchant with a single writing and yet give 
the proprietor complete information in regard 
to the details of accounts and show the totals 


posted, ready for settlement at any time. The 
system does away with day books, ledgers and 


pass books and eliminates all copying and post- 
ing. <A gold medal was awarded to the register 
for its accuracy and simplicity. 

The Richmond Cedar Works received a gold 
medal for its magnificent exhibit of household 
and cooperage articles. Their large booth was 
erowded with cedar utensils—ice cream freez- 
ers, washing machines, chairs, tubs, pails, 


The Jamestown 


EXHIBIT OF THE RICHMOND CEDAR WORKS 
Richmond, Va. 


buekets of every description, washboards, 
clothespins, brushes and other devices used in 
a house or on the farm. There was a large 
variety of firkins for butter manufacturers and 
barrels for distillers and brewers. This Com- 
pany is one of the largest manufacturers of 
wooden ware in the world and the line exhib- 
ited by it at the Exposition proved that it 
could claim a high rank for the quality of its 
output as well as for the quantity. 

The United States Tobacco Company of 
Richmond, Virginia, received a gold medal for 
their smoking and chewing tobaccos. The 
major portion of this exhibit was devoted to a 
display of ‘‘ Central Union Cut Plug,’’ ‘‘ Idle 
Hour Sliced Plug,’’ ‘‘ Hunt Club Cube Cut 
Plug ’’ and ‘‘ Epicure Shredded Plug.’’ The 
‘‘ Central Union ’’ and ‘‘ Epicure ’’ were ex- 
hibited in boxes containing one and two-thirds 
ounces, three and one-third ounces, eight 
ounces and sixteen ounces respectively, while 
the ‘‘ Idle Hour,’’ also put up in four packages, 
substituted four ounces for three and one-third, 
and the ‘‘ Hunt Club ’’ came only in one and 
two-thirds ounce packages. These various 
forms of packages, pouches and boxes were 
very artistically arranged, and the show cases 
contained samples of chewing tobacco called 


“‘ Natural Leaf’? and ‘‘ Rum Punch ’’ and 
smoking plugs designated ‘‘ Worker.’’? These 
latter were both heht and dark. 
also various sizes of ‘‘ Central Union Plug’ 
a brand which is not yet 
The decorations 


There were 


a 


9 


and ‘‘ New Tax, 
packed in small divisions. 


ae 


(sae > 
st. 


Anti-Trust. SS 


_ THEUNITED 


a | INDEPENDENT FACTORY 


> 10 BACCO Co. 
UNION MADE GooDs. 
Ba € - 


IDLE HOUR 
EPICURE 


CENTRAL UNION 
CUT PLUG 


EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES TOBACCO CO. 
Richmond, Va. 


Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


were confined exclusively to tobacco, large 
slugs and various colored leaves. The booth 
as a whole had the appearance of an extremely 
ornate little tobacco shop. 

The Charles E. Sholes Company of New 
York, representing the Naugatuck Chemical 
Company, the Georgetown Chemical Works, the 
J.T. Baker Chemical Company and the Recti- 
fied Chemical Company, made a comprehensive 
collective exhibit of the articles which they sell 
and received a gold medal for the display. 
They exhibited an extended line of acids, salts, 
fertilizer chemicals, glycerines, soda com- 
pounds, metal color bases, nitrates, turpentine 
and alcohol, the latter one hundred and eighty- 
eight per cent proof denatured. 

The York Safe and Lock Company of York, 
Pennsylvania, received a gold medal for fire 
and burglar proof safes, vault doors, safety 
deposit boxes and safety devices generally, 
which have for their purpose insurance against 
fire or burglary. The Company made a very 
comprehensive exhibit, showing in effect every- 
thing which they manufacture. There were 


safes of all designs and shapes and locks of 


EXHIBIT OF THE YORK SAFE AND LOCK CO, 


York, Pa. 


all the best modern patterns. There were safes 
as large as bank vaults and miniature bank 
vaults as small as office safes. To the right of 
the exhibit was a large replica of an actual 
vault equipped with a combination time and 
number lock and showing in sections the mass- 
ive interior construction. The safes were en- 
ameled in various shades, principally black 
and white, and were very attractive in appear- 
ance. The Company maintained permanently 
a representative who explained the merits of 
their product. 

A. A. Marks & Company of New York made 
an exhibit of artificial legs, feet, parts of feet, 
arms, hands and parts of hands, also appliances 
for injured, paralyzed and impaired upper or 
lower extremities. The cases containing the 
exhibit showed some fifty specimens of appli- 
ances for the remedying of deficiencies and for 
the helping of ailments. The exhibit received 
a gold medal. 

The Southern Cotton Oil Company received 
a gold medal for ‘‘ Snowdrift ’’? soaps, wash- 
ing powder, cotton bats and linters. The ex- 
hibit of this Company was made in the Food 
Products Building, where they displayed their 
oil and “‘-hogless)** lard )-As ereste room 
equipped with desks, letter paper, easy chairs 
and other accessories served as an exhibit place 
for the Company’s bi-products, and they dis- 
played mattresses, pillows and cushions stuffed 
with cotton, and soaps and washing powders 
which have cotton oil for the fat basis. 

G. & C. Merriam Company of Springfield, 
Mass., received a gold medal for their standard 
publications, the ‘‘ Webster’’ dictionaries. Their 
collection of philologie lore contained speci- 
mens not only of the various editions of the 
complete dictionary, but all the smaller ‘‘ Web- 
ster’? books as well. The most important 


580 


Manufactures and Liberal Arts. 


|G. 8 C. MERRIAM CO| if 
For OVER 6O YEARS PUBLISHERS OF Tur | : 
|Genorne Series OF Wi sTeRs DictionaRies 


Ss 


a 


Meo 


EXHIBIT OF G. & C. MERRIAM CO. 
Springfield, Massachusetts 


editions of the full, standard book are the 
**1847,’’ the ‘‘Unabridged’’ of 1864, the ‘‘Inter- 
national’’ of 1890 and the enlarged and revised 
editions issued in 1900 and 1902. The chief 
among the abridgments exhibited was the 
Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, but all of the 
other School and College lexicons were shown. 
There are no books so frequently consulted as 
the dictionaries, and it was curious at the 
Exposition to observe the proportion of visitors 
whose attention was arrested by the wide open 
book that stood at the right of the entrance to 
the booth and who then stopped and looked 
for a word or words. The exhibit was most 
artistically arranged. 

A gold medal was awarded to The Scientific 
American and its allied publications, including 
the Scientific American Supplement and Ameri- 
can Homes and Gardens. The parent journal 
is the oldest scientific and technical periodical 
in existence. For more than sixty years every 
important item of news concerning scientific 
and technical inventions or development has 
been faithfully chronicled in its pages. Files 
of the paper copiously indexed were on exhibi- 
tion. The Scientific American recently offered 
a twenty-five hundred dollar trophy for a 
heavier-than-air flying machine and annually it 
gives a gold medal for devices which best safe- 


NTIFIC 
Scie Mike 


NEW YORK-PUBLISH| 


JUST COMPLETED 
AMERICAS FIRST GREAT NATIOWAL RETEREMCE SYSTEN 
THE AMERICANA 


rer 


Cassa at on = 


guard hfe or limb. It had previously taken 
ten gold medals, and at the Jamestown Exposi- 
tion repeated this success. The Scientific 
American Supplement is a separate publication. 
It differs from the older journal in its more 
distinctively forum character and from the fact 
that it carries no advertisements. In this paper 
articles too long or too rigidly technical for 
The Scientific American are printed at length. 
American Homes and Gardens is a_ practical 
magazine devoted to the construction and 
decoration of the home and its surroundings 
and also to country life in general. Each num- 
ber contains an illustrated account of some per- 
sonal visit to a noted mansion. Munn & Com- 
pany of New York, the proprietors of these 
journals, made a very attractive display in the 
Liberal Arts section, and with their magazines 
they included an exhibit of the Encyclopedia 
Americana, the latest of the great encyclo- 
pedias on the market and in many ways the 
most compendious and comprehensive. An 
additional gold medal was awarded to this pub- 
hieation for its superlative excellence. 

The Kny-Scherer Company of New York, 
makers of surgical instruments and hospital 
supplies, received a gold medal for their work- 
ing exhibit, which formed the equipment of the 
Pocahontas Hospital. The firm supplied all the 
materials used there. The operating room was 
furnished with glass topped furniture and in- 
eluded a lavatory connected with the sterilizers. 
Within the lavatory was an enameled iron 
stand with plate glass top and a glass bowl. 
Every device was utilized to make the room 
antiseptic. 

In a room adjoining the lavatory was an 
apparatus for sterilizing dressing materials, 
such as bandages and lints, and another for 
sterilizing water, instruments, basins, trays and 
general utensils. The wards had the latest 
form of three piece beds, the head and foot 
ends being easily detachable from the mattress. 
The tables had plate glass tops. In addition 
to the general equipment, there was an electro- 
therapeutic and X-Ray outfit, and an incubator 
for the care of children born prematurely. 
This incubator differed only in seale from the 
one furnished to the concessionaires who had 


AMERICAN 
& CO 


SHERS. WASHINOTON 


EXHIBIT OF SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, AMERICAN HOMES AND GARDENS, ENCYCLOP/EDIA 


AMERICANA, MUNN & CO., NEW YORK 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


a general incubator exhibit. In the construe- 
tion of the furniture the prime object evidenced 
was a provision for prompt and easy manipula- 
tion of parts and the arrangements of joints 
in such a manner that sharp crevices were 
avoided. The surgical instruments embraced 
a complete set of modern types constructed 
dissectively, so that cleaning was possible with- 
out the use of screw drivers or other tools. 
The Denison University of Granville, Ohio, 
exhibited seven extremely delicate instruments 
designed for making accurate physical measure- 
ments. The University shared with Johns Hop- 
kins University the honors of receiving the 
highest awards in this class—each institution 
of learning received a silver medal. The in- 
struments were known as the Chamberlain 
Compound Interferometer, by which measure- 
ments could be made within one twenty- 
millionth of an inch—three of this style were 
shown with ways straight and parallel to an 
accuracy of one one-hundred-thousandth of an 
inch; the Torsion Interferometer, which was so 
sensitive that it measured the lightest touch of 
the finger when placed upon the sustaining 
heavy steel post; the Parallel Path Interfero- 
meter, many times more powerful than the com- 
pound microscope and capable of marking dis- 
tances of one two-hundred-thousandth of an 
inch, and the Universal Interferometer, which 
could be arranged to form five different instru- 


EXHIBIT OF THE DENISON UNIVERSITY 
Granville, Ohio 


ments of precision for laboratory purposes—the 
specific device exhibited at the Exposition had 
been used in the Denison laboratory for meas- 
uring an important physical magnitude: ‘‘The 
distance over which molecules act.’’ 

The exhibit, as a whole, was extremely inter- 
esting to the scientific visitor, and completely 
bewildering to the average person whose con- 


lig 


EXHIBIT OF THE BABCOCK PRINTING PRESS MANUFACTURING CO., NEW 


- LAMBERT PHARMACAL COMPANY, 22> 


EXHIBIT OF THE LAMBERT PHARMACAL CO. 
St. Louis, Mo. 


ception of minute measurement is at the best 
vague. 

The Lambert Pharmacal Company of St. 
Louis, Missouri, received a gold medal for their 
Listerine and Listerine preparations. Under 
the appellation ‘* Liquor Antisepticus,’’ this 
formula has been incorporated in the United 
States Pharmacopeia. Joseph Lister, now 
Lord Lister, who had proved the value of anti- 
septics generally in surgical operations but 
whose investigations were largely based on the 
use of carbolic acid, which has dangers as well 
as advantages, suggested as long ago as 1881 
that some other agent be substituted, and the 
Lambert Pharmacal Company, moved by this 
suggestion, instituted a series of experiments 
the result of which they called ‘‘ Listerine ”’ 
in honor of the man whose discoveries had 
caused a revolution in the science of surgery. 
The Company exhibited not only their anti- 
septic fluid but their Listerine Dermatic Soap 
and Listerine Tooth Powder, into each of which 
the four Listerine elements enter—thyme, euca- 
lyptus, mentha and gaultheria. 

The exhibit of the Babcock Printing Press 
Manufacturing Company consisted of two 
‘“ Optimus ”’ two revolution flat bed cylinder 
presses. The sizes exhibited were a Number 
43 and a Number 6. These are two of the most 
popular sizes of the ‘‘ Optimus ’’ make. A 
quantity of fine half-tone work and color print- 
ing was done on these machines, which were - 
kept in operation during the Exposition. The 
exhibit was in charge of Milo E. Hayes, one of 
the Company’s experts, who has been with them 
for a great many years. The work done on the 
‘¢ Optimus ’? was extremely creditable and a 
gold medal was awarded to the firm. 


LONDON, 


CONN. 


582 


Manufactures and Liberal Arts. 


The Corno Mills received a gold medal for 
their balanced rations, known as hen feed and 
chick feed. The Corno Company exhibited a 
full line of its goods put up in various sized 
packages, and a full carload of their products 
were used at the Jamestown Poultry Show. 
One of the prize winners at this show, Mrs. 
Florence Forbes of New Deeatur, Alabama, who 
raises brown and white leghorns, displayed her 
poultry as a Corno exhibit, having raised them 
entirely on Corno feeds. 

High Point, North Carolina, made a col- 
lective exhibit of furniture and occupied a 
space one hundred and sixty-nine feet in length 
by thirteen feet deep. The exhibit as a whole 
received a gold medal, and several other 
medals were awarded to individual exhibitors. 
The exhibit showed practically every variety 
of household furniture, and in addition some 
few other specialties. There were cheap chairs 
and rockers, finely upholstered chairs and 
couches, metal beds and hardwood beds, dress- 
ers and chiffoniers in great variety, handsome 
bed room furniture exhibited by single firms, 
hatracks, dining tables, sideboards, kitchen 
cabinets and tables, bed springs, parlor organs, 
center tables and decorative stands. Among 
the specialties were a display of house building 
materials in yellow pine and oak, some post- 
office routing tables, factory trucks, office 
chairs, show cases, embossed mouldings, buggy 
wheels and roll top desks. 

Flour and meal were shown by a milling 
company, and a gasoline engine and combina- 
tion saw made at High Point were also exhib- 
ited, as was some concrete building material 
made at the same place. Two silver medals and 
thirty bronze medals were awarded to indi- 
vidual exhibitors. 

The Turner, Day and Woolworth Company 
of Louisville, Kentucky, exhibited a large 
hexagon eylinder eight feet high, composed 
entirely of handles. On five of the sides were 
makes used in different markets of the world— 
Australasia, Great Britain, Germany, South 


Te, Pre es 5A AERA AI PRE = onecgrncarpnmne tras I 


America and the United States—and on the 
other side was a group of special handles. The 
eylinder was about five feet in diameter, and 
arranged to revolve automatically. The sam- 
ples attached to the board represented the lead- 
ing varieties of handles made by the firm, and 
their catalogue shows that they make more than 
three thousand different kinds. Those exhib- 
ited were all manufactured from hickory wood 
obtained in Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, 
Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri and West 
Virginia. 

A gold medal was awarded to the Austin Or- 


gan Company of Hartford, Connecticut. Their 
exhibit consisted of the great organ which 


formed the back of the stage of the Auditorium. 
This remarkable instrument represented the 
highest achievements known in the art of organ 
building and for voicing, tonal requirements 
and simplicity of action the organ could not be 
surpassed. 

The console was placed directly in front of 
the stage at a distance of forty feet from the 
base of the organ, and was a type that had 
recently been perfected and was used ex- 
clusively by the Austin Organ Company. The 
old-fashioned draw knobs were replaced by 
stop keys arranged in a double row above the 
upper manual. The key boards were close to- 
gether and sloped to bring each manual at the 
same relative angle to the organist’s hands. 
The key action was electric, having gold and 
platinum contacts to insure absolute certainty 
of operation, and the stop action was tubular 
pneumatic. 

The current for this key action was fur- 
nished by sixteen Edison primary batteries 
connected into two sets of eight, having each 
a current of six volts. From the tone stand- 
point the organ contained several new and ex- 
quisite features, such as the solid and imposing 
foundation of the thirty-two foot magnaton and 
as a contrast the brilliant and delicate small 
sealed strings. The ground tone stops were 
dignified and powerful, the flutes and strings 


oe 


FREES Pg 


THE AUSTIN ORGAN IN THE AUDITORIUM 


cy 
o 
ise) 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


CONSOLE OF THE AUSTIN ORGAN 


tuneful, an excellent representative of orches- 
tral instruments, while the heavy reeds, voiced 
on extra wind pressure, gave tremendous power 
combined with smoothness. The organ chimes 
were peculiarly exquisite. 

The great organ had two air chests each as 
large as a good sized living room. Either of 
these could be entered by means of an air tight 
door while the organ was being played. <A 
visitor to the air chest could see all parts of the 
action in motion and observe the advantages 
of the effective system that was employed. 
Each air chest contained air at different pres- 
sure and every pipe had its individual valve 
opening from the large bodies of confined 
air. 

The air was delivered to the organ by a ten 
horse power motor directly connected to a 
multiple fan blower running at the slow speed 
of eight hundred revolutions. The Organ 
Power Company of Hartford received a gold 
medal for this blower which they call the ‘* Or- 
goblo.’’ It is a machine of a multi-stage type 
capable of supplying both high and low wind 
pressures and putting the wind in each section 
of the organ only up to the pressure necessary, 
a development which obviates the immense loss 
by the old method of placing all the wind up at 
highest pressure. The volume of air admitted 
to the wind chests of the organ was controlled 
independently in each chamber, permitting the 
use of more or less wind as the playing on 
the organ was loud or soft. The case of the 
‘‘ Orgoblo ’’ was made of steel with double 
walls stuffed with fireproof and sound insula- 
ting material and the simplicity of the device 
in view of the work performed was quite re- 
markable. 

The organ in the Convention Hall was built 


“ORGOBLO” OF THE ORGAN POWER CO. 


Hartford, Conn. 


by M. P. Moller of Hagerstown, Maryland. It 
was not a large instrument but it contained all 
the improvements and accessories known to the 
modern organ builder and produced a great 
volume of sound and a remarkable number of 
tone combinations. Although the Convention 
Hall was an enormous building, the organ was 
able entirely to fill it. 

A feature patented by Mr. Miller and used 
only on the Moller organs is a system of ad- 
justable combinations for movement of knobs 
and makes it possible for the organist to change 
the stops instantly on any combination without 
leaving the bench or interfering with the play- 
ing. This device secures musical effects other- 
wise unattainable with less than three manuals. 
The organ had but two manuals and contained 
seventeen speaking stops, ten couplers, six 
combinations, three pedal movements and nine 
hundred and forty-four pipes. The action was 
the kind known as Moller’s Patent Tubular 
Pneumatic. This included the wind chests, 
couplers, stop action, adjustable combinations, 
and crescendo pedal. This system of action is 
very favorably regarded by expert organists 
because it contains practically all the desirable 
points of other systems and has the additional 
advantage of durability, since it contains fewer 
parts than are needed in most of the other sys- 
tems. The touch of the organ was exception- 
ally light and the response almost as prompt as 
could be obtained from a piano, and this was 
true even when playing with all the couplers 
drawn. This instrument received a silver medal. 


d Ji 


Mil 


PeDebelx Pe 1x) 


il 


THE MOLLER ORGAN IN CONVENTION HALL 


The Larkin Company of Buffalo, New York, 
made a most interesting exhibit in a build- 
ing designed especially for this concern by 
Frank Lloyd Wright of Chicago. It was an 
original and unique specimen of architecture 
and was admirably adapted for display pur- 
poses. The building contained a trifle over fif- 
teen hundred square feet of floor space, an 
area almost equal to that utilized by the Com- 
pany when it began business at Buffalo in 
1875. The Larkin factories now use over fifty 
acres of floor space. 

Had an exhibit of their goods been made 
during the first years of their business life, 
Larkin & Company could have shown only 
few soaps. At the Jamestown Exposition, how- 
ever, they showed a complete line of high grade 
products, consisting of laundry and _ toilet 
soaps, perfumes, toilet and pharmaeal prepara- 
tions, pure food specialties and various sun- 
dries—in all over one hundred and sixty-five 
useful household articles. In addition to the 
extensive line of their vendible products, the 
Company displayed over twelve hundred Lar- 
kin Premiums. These are given gratis to the 
purchasers of Larkin goods. Among _ the 
premiums were furniture, home furnishings, 
silverware, watches, jewelry and wearing ap- 
parel; in fact, such a complete array and va- 


584 


Manufactures and Liberal Arts. 


, 5 
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We 
at | 


Ree as AR ee 


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EXHIBIT BUILDING OF THE LARKIN CO., BUFFALO, N. Y. 


riety that homes may be completely furnished 
and people clothed from the premium list. The 
Larkin Company demonstrated the intrinsic 
value of their premiums as contra-distinguished 
from articles merely made to give away. The 
furniture was substantial, of modern design 
and workmanship; and the silverware bore the 
imprint of ‘‘1847, Roger Brothers,’’ or ‘‘The 
Wm. Rogers Manufacturing Company.’’ The 
clocks and watches were the product of Seth 
Thomas Clock Company, and among the manu- 
facturers ot floor coverings represented in the 
collection were Alexander Smith & Sons, John 


Brownley & Sons and W. & J. Sloane. John 
S. Brown’s Sons furnished the linens. The 


premiums were artistically displayed in rooms 
sectioned from the main show room. These 
divisions showed a parlor, dining room, bed- 
room and kitchen, and there were courteous 
attendants ready to impart information con- 
cerning the Larkin idea of factory-to-family 
dealing; and to show how this plan rendered 
possible the distribution of presents represent- 
ing such intrinsic values. 

Not the least interesting part of the ex- 
hibit of this company was a moving picture 
display given hourly in the little auditorium 
which was a part of the building. Moving pic- 
tures and stereopticon views of Niagara Falls, 


places of interest in and around Buffalo, to- 
gether with the working departments of the 
Larkin factories, were shown. The Larkin ex- 
hibit was carefully prepared and attractively 
arranged. It was so complete in detail and so 
well housed that a gold medal was awarded 
for its installation, while the products received 
also a gold medal for excellence. 

For collective exhibits, not mentioned in the 
preceding pages, gold medals were awarded to: 
the Ohio Geological Survey and to the Seaboard 
Air Line Railway; the former exhibited pottery 
and glass, and the latter, Florida sponges and 
coral. 

Several of the other collective exhibits con- 
tained display units which were adjudged 
worthy of the highest award. South Carolina 
had ten of these, including the joint exhibit of 
the South Carolina Cotton Manufacturers’ Asso- 
ciation. North Carolina led with eighteen gold 
medal winners; Louisiana had five; Ohio had 
three, and Connecticut, Los Angeles County, 
Cal., and the Southern Railway, one each. 

Among the foreign collective exhibits, Japan 
held the numerical record with five gold medal- 
ists: Mexico was second with four, and Porto 
Rico third with three. Haiti and the Dominican 
Republic had each two winners of a gold 
medal. 


INTERIOR OF THE LARKIN BUILDING 


ONIGTING NOILLVLYOdSNVUL GNV AYANIHOVIN 


‘uolje10diog ydeisojoyg [eIyO uMojsouRel ‘yysIIAdoD 


a 


586 


VAN PAN SIRS OW 


MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION; MARINE APPLIANCES; 
POWER—FUEL AND ALCOHOL 


UNITED STATES OFFICER IN CHARGE—MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION—RAMIFICATIONS 
OF DEPARTMENT—LOCATION OF EXHIBITS—ABSENCE OF POWER PLANT—AGRICULTURAL. IM- 
PLEMENTS — ELECTRICAL APPARATUS — METERS — MACHINES AND TOOLS — BELTINGS — ORD- 
NANCE—RAILWAYS—LOCOMOTIVES AND CARS—VEHICLES—POWER, FUEL AND ALCOHOL—EX- 
PERIMENTS IN FUEL ECONOMY—GAS, GASOLINE AND ALCOHOL ENGINES—COAL BRIQUETTING 
—SMOKE CONSUMERS—CONCRETE TESTING—SPECIAL ALCOHOL EXHIBIT—MARINE APPLIANCES 
— SHIPBUILDING — SIGNALS — MOTOR BOATS — MOTORS — DREDGES — DIVING APPARATUS — 
ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION 


APTAIN J. E. REINBERG of the United 
States Revenue Cutter Service was de- 
tailed by Hon. Leslie M. Shaw, Seere- 
tary of the Treasury, to serve in an 

executive capacity at the Jamestown Exposi- 
tion. He was appointed Chief of Machinery 
and Transportation, a position which it was 
known that he would occupy when Mr. Shaw 
permitted his detail. 

The principal reason for having a United 
States officer in charge of this exhibit branch 
was the intention of the Governor of Exhibits 
to install at the Exposition, in connection with 
Transportation, a comprehensive display of ma- 
rine apphances generally, but especially those 
which related to the Government service; while 
with Machinery, an ordnance display was pur- 
posed. After Captain Reinberg had been ap- 
pointed Chief, Electricity was added to the 
Machinery and Transportation classification, 
and the subsequently created Department of 
Marine Appliances was placed under his 
direction. At Captain Reinberg’s request, 
Lieutenant E. P. Webber, U. S. R. C. S., -was 
detailed to the Exposition, and served as 
Assistant Chief. 

Most of the Machinery was installed in the 
Palace of Machinery and Transportation, a 
large building which lay to the east of Raleigh 
Square and corresponded exactly in size and 
detail with the Palace of Manufactures and 
Liberal Arts, which stood on the western 
boundary. Some notable exceptions there were, 
however. Many of the States incorporated in 
their displays in the States’ Exhibit Palace, 
machines and mechanical devices. Several of 
the largest manufacturers of agricultural im- 
plements located their exhibits in the same 

building. The 


largest exhi- 
Deh ta O SORT: 
farming de- 


vices con- 
trolled by a 
single firm 
was placed 
in a building 
erected by the 
exhibitor. Be- 
sides these de- 
sultory but im- 
portant seces- 
sions from the 
main build- 
ing, there was 
Ai mi re 
croup of ma- 
chines placed 
elsewhere. In 


Capt. J. E. Reinserc, U.S.R.C.S. 
Chief fact, so many 


of the exhibits in the 
Power, Fuel and AI- 
cohol building ob- 
tained gold medals in 
the Department of 
Machinery that it has 
seemed proper to 
place the account of | 
that separate  classi- 
fication in this chap- 
ter—a course that has 
been pursued. 

In the main Palace 
were also a large ma- 
jority of the Trans- 
portation exhibits; 
but some of these were 
alsoinStatecollections. 
The most important firms or companies making 
locomotives in America maintained individual 
buildings, and the Exposition erected a separate 
building for Marine Appliances. Electrical ex- 
hibits were widely scattered. The largest plants 
were in the Palace of Machinery and Transpor- 
tation; there were some excellent displays in the 
Marine Appliances Building; there were a few 
electric exhibits in the States’ Exhibit Palace, 
and others were placed with Manufactures and 
Liberal Arts. 

Owing to various conditions, all of which 
have been related elsewhere, the management 
was unable to secure an adequate electric or 
steam power plant. This inability proved to be 
a handicap to the Department of Machinery in 
its campaign for exhibits, and undoubtedly mil- 
itated seriously against the success of the col- 
lection. 

Manufacturers of power devices are decid- 
edly averse to making dead exhibits—that is, 
machinery which is not operating. They argue, 
and undoubtedly with reason, that an im- 
pressive object lesson may not be given unless 
the machine is actually performing the work 
which it was built to perform. As a conse- 
quenee, therefore, manufacturers of steam en- 
eines, boilers and electric motors, three classes 
which generally form a substantial majority of 
machinery exhibits at an exposition, partici- 
pated in much less numbers than had been an- 
ticipated. 

Despite obstacles, the machinery collection 
was not paltry. Though not numerous, the 
exhibits were distinctly choice; and, as a whole, 
measurably well represented the advances which 
recently have been made in the development of 
devices for utilizing power. Some of the trans- 
portation exhibits were unquestionably excel- 
lent. The display of marine applhances fell 
below expectations but included many worthy 
units. 


LIEUT. E. P. WEBBER 
Assistant Chief 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


In number of exhibits, agricultural machin- 
ery led and the display of farm implements was 
representative. The largest display was made 
by the Deere Plow Company” of Moline, Illinois, 
which oceupied a building of its own one hun- 
dred feet square, located at the northwestern 
end of Lee’s Parade. This Company repre- 
sented a number of leading agricultural ma- 
chinery manufacturers, among them being: 
John Deere & Company, Deere & Mansur Com- 
pany, Moline Wagon Company, Celie Carriage 
Company, Root & Vandervoort Engineering 


Company, Kemp & Burpee Manufacturing 
Company, Stover Manufacturing Company, 
Chattanooga Wagon Company, McDonald 


Brothers (Pitless Scale Company), D. H. Bur- 
rell & Company and the John Deere Plow 
Company of St. Louis. Their exhibit was very 
complete and included some of the most valu- 
able modern agricultural implements. It re- 
ceived a gold medal for its collective showing 
and several gold medals were awarded to in- 
dividual exhibitors whose machines were dis- 
played in the collection. 

The Root & Van Dervoort Engineering Co., 
East Moline, Ill., one of the exhibitors in the 
Deere Building, received a gold medal for 
their horizontal and vertical engines—the R. & 
V. gasoline, gas, naphtha and alcohol varieties. 
The strictly high-grade output of this company 
attracted general attention. The motors ex- 
hibited were made to cover practically all 


Exuisit of Roor & Van Dervoort ENGINEERING Co. 
East Moline, Illinois 


BUILDING OF THE DEERE PLOW CO., MOLINE, ILL. 


were two 


There 
horse-power verticals for the agriculturist and 
dairyman, and there were verticals of three 
times that energy that would run laundries, 


general power purposes. 


presses or smithies. Of this type special atten- 
tion was directed toward an R. & V. vertical 
with skids and standard cooling tank, requiring 
neither pipe connections nor special founda- 
tions. Several horizontal types were in the 
exhibit and there was also a portable engine 
equipped with this improved cooling system. 

The International Harvester Company, which 
was the next largest exhibitor, occupied a space 
forty by sixty feet in the States Exhibit Build- 
ing. The various kinds of sisal standard flax 
twine made by this Company were attractively 
displayed in the construction of a facsimile of 
an old time log cabin made out of sisal balls. 
The interior of the cabin was fitted with old 
furniture and rag carpets. The Company re- 
ceived gold medals for various machines which 
they exhibited, among which were one two- 
horse cut-out engine with sparker complete, one 
three-horse vertical engine complete, one four- 
horse horizontal engine complete and one ten- 
horse horizontal engine. These machines were 
placed in a row on one side of the exhibit. The 
ten-horse power machine ran a dynamo which 
was used to heht the exhibit. The other en- 
gines were connected with a countershaft in 
the center of the exhibit and served to work 
a hay tedder, corn sheller, feed grinder and 
manure spreader. Apart from these ‘‘ live ”’ 
exhibits, the Company showed their dise har- 
row, the Pettendorf farm truck, a Bluebell 
cream harvester and other farm devices. All 
of these were shown in the States Building, but 
in the Fuel, Power and Aleohol Building the 
Harvester Company had a two-horse power and 
a fifteen-horse power engine utilizing dena- 
tured alcohol for fuel. The former drove a 
Keystone hay loader and the latter a MeCor- 
mick shredder. They maintained a single ex- 
hibit in the Machinery-Transportation Building 
a five-horse power engine running a Meadows 
feed mill. 

The Peoria Drill and Seeder Company of 
Peoria, Illinois, received a gold medal for drills 
with solid angle frames, reinforced corners 
trussed like a bridge. These drills were 
equipped with wide tired wood or steel wheels 
and much longer hubs than are usually em- 
ployed. The drills had a self-aligning journal 


*On account of the importance of this exhibit special efforts were made to obtain a detailed account 


of the display and photographs for illustrations, but no information could be secured from the Deere Plow 
Company, notwithstanding that it was repeatedly explained to them that the Publishers of the Blue Book did 
not desire and would not accept any monetary compensation for the publication of the article or pictures.—ED. 


588 


Machinery, Transportation, Etc. 


box, hanger and support. The hanger was 
bolted rigidly to the steel frame and the steel 
tube crosspiece. The journal box was loosely 
inserted in the hanger, in order to conform to 
the axle and prevent excessive wear. There 
was a very simple feed run to this machine and 
without bunching the seed, they could sow ae- 
curately oats, rye, corn, beans, wheat and flax. 
The driving mechanism of the feed gear is 
rigidly attached, preventing a twisting of the 
feed shaft, and there were devices to regulate 
quickly the quantity of grain to be sown so 
that removal of parts was unnecessary. The 
samples exhibited at the Exposition all had 
eight-inch dises, but the machines manutac- 
tured by the Company range from the six-dise 
machine up to the twelve. 

The exhibit of the Wolfe Company of Cham- 
bersburg, Pennsylvania, contained the two prin- 
cipal machines that are used in a model roller 
flour mill. One was a double nine by twenty- 
four improved mgid grinding roller and the 
other a five-twenty sieve four reduction gyra- 
tor. Both of these machines were in opera- 
tion and running at the same speeds as are 
maintained in actual use. The exhibit attracted 
more than usual attention for the reason that 
it was practically noiseless while in operation. 
Generally, rollers produce a deafening sound, 
while these could hardly be heard. Their West- 
inghouse mill is the only rigid grinding mill 
at present manufactured in this country. It 
is provided with patent cast steel yokes which 
hold the adjustable rolls in grinding contact. 
While these are kept rigid, they may open in- 
stantly in the event of any foreign refractory 
matter passing between them. After the hard 
substance has passed, the rolls return to their 
proper position automatically. The exhibit 
was installed in the Machinery-Transportation 
Building and a gold medal was awarded to 
the roller and to the gyrator. One of the 
strongest features of the latter is the ease with 
which any or all the sieves may be removed 
while the machine is in operation. This is a 
unique feature, for in other machines of this 
pattern when a sieve has to be replaced on ac- 
count of cloth breaking, atmospheric conditions 
or changing wheat, the stoppage of a mill is 


necessary and the machine must be dismantled. 
The roller represented the size generally used 
in mills of one hundred and fifty barrels 
minimum daily capacity. The gyrator was 
large enough to do the bolting in a two stand 
four reduction mill of thirty barrels daily 
capacity. 

W. G. Meadows & Son, Millwrights, of Poors 
Knob, North Carolina, received a gold medal 
for their portable grist mill, which was démon- 
strated at the Exposition to show that it could 
grind ten bushels of corn per hour with five- 
horse power, that it was easy to operate and 


EXHIBIT OF W. G. MEADOWS & SON 
of Poors Knob, N. C. 


keep in order, and that it would clean, grind, 
sift and sack corn meal and make fine Graham 
or buckwheat flour. The mill contained a suc- 
tion fan which cleans the corn and draws away 
all silks, husks and dust, expelling these through 
orifices away from the flour exit. The corn 
passes through stones made of white flint, which 
are hard, open and sharp. Between these the 
material is ground, then sifted and finally 
sacked. By this process the corn is prepared 
hygienically for the market. 


EXHIBIT OF WOLFE CO., CHAMBERSBURG, PA. 


589 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ExuisiT oF CHAMPION Potato MacHINERY Co. 
of Hammond, Ind. 


The Champion Potato Machinery Company 
of Hammond, Indiana, exhibited a two-horse 
elevator potato digger which received a gold 
medal for its simplicity, lightness of draught, 
strength and durability. In the building of 
this machine the inventor attempted to make 
an instrument which would fully subserve the 
purpose for which it was designed, yet at the 
same time have as few parts as possible. The 
elimination of useless sections naturally re- 
sulted in hghtness, and the digger was built 
with only four gear wheels which drove the en- 
tire mechanism. No chains were used, and all 
the bearing parts were constructed so as to 
eliminate excessive friction. 

The increasing scarcity of lumber, and -the 
consequent necessity of producing in the most 
economical manner and with the least possible 
waste of material such articles as must be made 
from wood, has largely influenced many of the 
developments in woodworking machinery, and 
at the Exposition some of the latest ideas and 
inventions of machines in this class were dem- 
onstrated. The exhibit of the 8S. A. Woods 
Machinery Company of Boston, which made a 
specialty of planers, matchers, moulders and 
knife grinders, was one instance and another 
was the display of the Peter Gerlack Company 
of Cleveland, Ohio, who showed an interesting 
line of machinery used in the manufacture of 
barrels and kegs. Each of these companies re- 
ceived a gold medal. 

The Geiser Manufacturing Company of 
Waynesboro, Pennsylvania, received a gold 
medal for their threshers and et igines. Among 
these were a ‘‘Peerless’’ Traction Engine, a 
‘“New Peerless’’ Grain Thresher, a ‘‘Peerless’’ 
Portable Engine, a ‘‘Geiser’’ Grain Thresher 
and a ‘‘Geiser’’ Gasoline Engine. The principal 
of these exhibits were the traction engine and 
grain thresher. The former burned either wood 
or coal. Its principal weight was on the great 
driving wheels; the parts were especially big 
and strong and equipped with anti-friction 
bearings. All of the engine’s weight was car- 
ried on springs in such a manner as to permit 
its oscillation in any direction without disturb- 
ing the relative positions of the bearings and 
gear wheels. The ‘‘ Peerless ’’ Grain Thresher 
had an automatic blast regulator, making the 
discharge of air from the chaffer uniform 
whether the speed was diminished or increased, 
and the capacity of the thresher was limited 
only by the amount that could be fed into the 
evlinder. The clean- 
ing devices consisted 
of a series of combs 
and grooved rollers so 
arranged that the 
wheat and the resi- 
duum passed from the 
grain plates over the 
rollers, where a sharp 
blast earried the lat- 
ter away and allowed 


“New PEERLEss ” 


EXHIBITED BY THE GEISER MANUFACTURING CO. (Waynesboro, Pa.) 


GRAIN THRESHER 


the clean, threshed wheat to fall through the 
battery of combs. 

The Richardson Scale Company received a 
gold medal for their automatic weighing ma- 
chinery. The diploma was awarded for the en- 
tire exhibit. Their automatic grain seale for 
weighing wheat, corn and oats was one of their 
‘‘H’’ machines, capable of weighing a half 
bushel at a charge, or one hundred bushels an 
hour. The largest machine of this design is 
capable of weighing one hundred barrels at a 
tip or twenty thousand barrels an hour. Style 
‘‘—’’ is, with a single exception, the smallest 
machine of the type made. The automatic 
flour scale and packer shown by the Company 
is used for weighing and packing flour by 
means of an auger. It will weigh and pack 
any sized bag from six to twenty-four pounds 
capacity, at the speed of seven bags a minute 
and enables a mill to dispense with the packer 
who is usually employed and also with the 
weighman, as both of these operations are per- 
formed automatically. The scale was fed by 
means of a little eup elevator driven by a motor 
and formed a “‘ live ’’ exhibit. The automatic 
liquid seale accurately and automatically 
weighed all liquids which passed through it. 
It could be used for weighing sugar juices, oil, 
water, molasses, or in fact any kind of fluid. 


The seales shown at the Exposition handled two 
gallons at a discharge, or about one hundred 
The maximum capacity of 


gallons an hour. 


EXHIBIT OF RICHARDSON SCALE CO. 
of New York City 


the largest scale of this type is four hundred 
gallons per tip. The Company also exhibited 
a portable grain bagging scale similar in many 
ways to the automatic grain scale and embody- 
ing the same primary principles of construc- 
tion. 

The A. B. Farquhar Company, Limited, of 
York, Pennsylvania, made an excellent exhibit 
of machinery for saw mill use, for road pur- 
poses and for various agricultural designs. 
Among these was a large saw mill equipped 
with a fifty-inech Diston inserted tooth saw, a 
ten-foot carriage and log turner with the neces- 
sary accessories. With the mill was a sawdust 
blower driven by a belt from a pulley on a 


mandril. There was a Farquhar 
traction engine, a simple and 
practical affair, easy to ad- 


TRACTION ENGINE 


** PEERLESS ” 


Machinery, Transportation, Etc. 


just and operate and designed for a great 
variety of work. <A ten-horse power engine 
and locomotive boiler and a portable power 
producer especially adapted for threshing, 
sawing, ginning or rock crushing were shown. 
The boiler was the open bottom waterfront 
type and the engine was set down low upon 
it, reducing the tendency to over-turn. Among 
the agricultural devices were a pea-vine thresher 
and a pea huller, both so strongly built as to 
be practically indestructible, and a rake sep- 
arator of simple construction with few plates 
and little gear, a solid and compact machine 
especially adapted to the use of farmers who 
wish to do their own threshing either by horse 
power or light steam power. Four other farm 
devices which attracted attention in this display 
were two eight-inch eight dise fertilizer drills, 
one fertilizer corn planter with double concave 
wheel and the Hallock ‘‘O. K.’’ potato digger, 
a device which renders unnecessary the seratch- 
ing of potatoes from the ground by hand. The 
exhibit as a whole received a gold medal. 


EXHIBIT OF COLDWELL LAWN MOWER CO. 
of Newburgh, N. Y. 


The Coldwell Lawn Mower Company of New- 
burgh, New York, exhibited lawn mowers of 
every style and size, running from the small 
eight-inch device up to the large forty-inch 
mower propelled by horse or motor power. 
The steam motor shown in the illustration was 
operated on the lawns of the Exposition. It 
was a double cylinder engine about eight feet 
long and four and a half feet wide, and 
weighed approximately three thousand pounds. 
The gasoline motor exhibited, making approx- 
imately the same cut and with about the same 
measurement, weighed just half as much. In 
each case the motive force developed was 
eight-horse power. The amount of gasoline re- 
quired to operate the steam engine was exactly 
one and a half gallons an hour. The Cold- 
well Company received a gold medal for its 
entire exhibit. 

One of the finest ex- 
hibits at the Exposition 
was made by the Allis- 
Chalmers Company, who 
occupied an entire sec- 
tion in the Machinery- 
Transportation Building. 
Their exhibits were not 
collected for the  pur- 
pose of exploiting any 
unusual or special appa- 
ratus nor did they in- 
elude a great multitude 
of specimens. Instead of 
a bewildering display of 
the extremely large and 
widely dissimilar line of 
products manufactured 
by the Allis-Chalmers 
Company, only a few of 


591 


the standard machines, whose designs have 
been aecepted, were installed. Three large 
machines in the rear of the exhibit illus- 
trated each an engine used in an important 
branch of industry. The first was a Number 
Five ‘“‘ K ’’ Gates breaker identical with those 
now being employed by the Pennsylvania Rail- 
road in the construction of its famous tunnel 
under the East River. This is one of the most 
useful rock and ore crushing devices employed, 
as its size lies midway between the larger pri- 
mary and the smaller secondary crushers that 
are operated in most of the important quarries 
of the country. The second, a bandmill, was 
an exact duplicate of the one which recently 
broke the timber sawing record of the South; 
and the saw-mill carriage—the third machine 
—was a duplicate of their device which is gen- 
erally used in large timber operations. 

The electrical machinery included a_ belted 
alternator and an Allis-Chalmers engine. This 
Company, if not the sole concern manufactur- 
ing both steam and electric ends for a power 
plant, is certainly one of the few engaged in 
this dual business. Their standard induction 
motors and direct current motors were also dis- 
played and they exhibited driving drills, pneu- 
matic riveters and hammers, cleaners, clipping 
and corking tools and a portable air compressor 
outfit mounted on a truek—the Christensen air 
compressor, built by the Company and driven 
by an Allis-Chalmers motor. A model, which 
attracted the serious attention of all machinery 
experts who visited the Exposition, illustrated 
the Allis-Chalmers steam turbine, and with this 
model were shown the component parts. The 
special features of this device were the chan- 
nel shaped shrouds which protect the ends of 
the blading from injury, the machine cut slots 
in the foundation rings which give an accurate 
spacing to the blades and a most ingenious 
arrangement of balance pistons, which reduce 
the diameter of the cylinder, preventing dis- 
tortion under varying temperatures. <A gold 
medal was awarded to the Allis-Chalmers Com- 
pany for electric generators and motors and 
for their general display. 

The exhibit in the Machinery-Transportation 
Building which attracted most attention was 
made by the General Electric Company of 
Schenectady, New York. The main feature of 
this display was a sub-station for supplying 
eurrent to the Exposition Grounds and _ build- 
ings. Three fourteen-kilowatt air-blast trans- 
formers and a large switchboard formed part 
of the equipment, which also included the lat- 
est type of remote-control electrically-operated 
oil switches. The power for the Exposition 
was generated in Norfolk at a pressure of 
eleven thousand volts and was transmitted at 
this potentiality a distance of eight miles to 


Ff fenee , 


1 ame 
el Ee 
reer 


EXHIBIT OF ALLIS-CHALMERS CO. 


of Milwaukee, Wis. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


RAL ELECTRIC COMPANY 


“Electrical Manufacturer in the World. 


the Exposition sub-station, where it was 
stepped down and distributed over the Grounds. 
The station formed only a part of the General 
Electric’s great display. In addition to the 
award for this class of machinery, the Com- 
pany received a second gold medal for motors, 
are and ineandescent lamps and electric cook- 
ing appliances. The large booth, which the 
Company had established for illustrating the 
adaptability of electricity for household uses, 
was finished in Mission style and the interior 
walls were covered with green burlap. At one 
end was a kitchen with a complete cooking and 
baking outfit. This consisted of a hardwood 
cabinet completely wired with three heat indi- 
cating switches, by which any degree of tem- 
perature might be controlled. In conjunction 
with the cabinet were an oven, a boiler, a coffee 
percolator, a gridiron and other utensils, each 
of which was a separate cooking device. There 
were an automatic refrigerating plant, electric 
coffee grinder, dough mixer and meat chopper 
shown in this collection. Part of the booth was 
used as a reception room for entertaining visit- 
ors. Set in the ceiling of this apartment were 
rows of the General Electric Company’s inean- 
descent lights with holophane reflectors. These 
lamps were arranged with tungsten and other 
high efficieney filaments, which showed the con- 
trast between high candle power lamps and 
those in general use. <A set of motors was 
also exhibited. 

The Bristol Company of Waterbury, Con- 


EXHIBIT OF BRISTOL CO. 
of Waterbury, Conn. 


EXHIBIT OF GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, OF SCHENECTADY, N. Y. 


~ ee ye 


necticut, showed at the Exposition its instru- 
ments under the same conditions that prevail 
in the ordinary power house. No extra care 
or attention was bestowed upon them, and their 
voltmeters, which were loaned to the Exposi- 
tion Company, were used in recording voltage 
of the electricity employed in lighting the vari- 
ous buildings within the Exposition Grounds, 
and their recording pressure gauges were 
loaned to the Department of Gas and were in 
constant use. The records made by these in- 
struments enabled the superintendents to bal- 
ance perfectly their accounts, and the exhibit, 
which was practical rather than ornamental, 
demonstrated the actual value of the instru- 
ments. A gold medal was awarded to them on 
account of their simplicity, accuracy and reli- 
ability. 

The principal feature of these measurers was 
their freedom from links, levers or moving 
parts, which perhaps accounts for their durabil- 
ity. It is a fact that at the close of the Exposi- 
tion all of the instruments exhibited and used 
during the seven months of the Fair were sold, 
after expert examination, to two gas companies 
without any discount or allowance from the 
regular price. The same Company received 
highest awards at Chicago, 1893; Paris, 1900, 
and St. Louis, 1904. 

The Dayton Electrical Manufacturing Com- 
pany of Dayton, Ohio, exhibited their devices in 
working order. The principal product of this 
Company is the ignition dynamo, which ean be 
used as a direct sparker for igniting gas en- 
gines without batteries and for charging stor- 
age batteries on board automobiles or motor 
boats. To illustrate the system when dynamos 
are employed, the Company showed its dynamo 
storage battery outfit, which provides ample 
current for igniting an engine or for running 
a small number of electrie lights. In addition 
to the dynamos, the Company exhibited a line 
of storage batteries and switches. At the Ex- 
position, a dynamo was driven by the fly wheel 
of a motor charging a storage battery, and the 
current from the storage battery was used for 
sparking plugs and running lights. All of 
these operations could be seen by spectators, 
and an attendant was present to explain the 
system to the unitiated. The Company re- 
ceived a gold medal. 

The Lackawanna Manufacturing Company 
of Newburgh, New York, exhibited their valve- 
less motors, which operate on the improved 
two-cycle three-port principle. The numerous 
impulses at every revolution of the shaft gave 


592 


Machinery, Transportation, Etc. 


EXHIBIY OF THE LACKAWANNA MFG. CO. 
of Newburgh, N. Y. 


ereat flexibility of speed with a limit of from 
one to two thousand revolutions per minute. 
This speed is regulated by the manipulation of 
the spark or throttle, as desired. The gold 
medal awarded to the Lackawanna motors was 
for the development of such a large percentage 
of power in proportion to weight. The absence 
of springs, gears, cams, levers, valves, eccen- 


EXHIBIT OF GENERAL COMPRESSED AIR AND VACUUM MACHINERY CO., OF ST. LOUIS, MO. 


trices and push rods makes the motors very 
simple and durable. The jump spark system 
of ignition was employed exclusively. 

An exhibit that attracted the attention of 
housekeepers, to a degree unequalled by any 
except the one made by the General Electric 
Company, was the device of the General Com- 
pressed Air and Vacuum Machinery Company 
of St. Louis, Missouri. In the exact center of 
the building this Company maintained a booth 
in which was shown machinery utilizable for 
all kinds of fabric cleaning. The system con- 
sisted in the main of an air compressor which 
created a vacuum and drew through tubes the 
dirt from any article to be cleansed, depositing 
the residuum in a handy receptacle. The dif- 
ferent styles for cleaning carpets, upholstery 
work and rugs in dwellings, cars and _ offices 
were shown. This Company received a gold 
medal. 

The United Cement Machinery Company of 
Columbus, Ohio, made a very comprehensive 
exhibit of its conerete block devices. The dis- 
play which occupied a prominent place on the 
south aisle of the Machinery Building was en- 
closed by heavy iron chains attached to con- 
erete columns. The plant included all the ma- 


593 


chines necessary for making cement and build- 
ing blocks and was kept in operation during 
the full pericd of the Exposition. A conerete 
office building whose blocks were made on the 
premises offered a good object lesson as to the 
value of this stvle of bwildine material. The 
moulds utilized by the Company were of many 
shapes and in combination produced a wonder- 
ful variety of forms. A gold medal was 
awarded to this exhibit, and the recogni- 
tion included mixers, tampers, block ma- 
chines, moulds and designs. 
Adjacent was the display of the Southern 
Conerete Machinery Company of Charlotte, 
North Carolina, where various styles of the 
Herring double block machines were shown 
manufacturing two blocks at a time. This 
North Carolina Company also exhibited a shin- 
ele-making machine. 

The Graton & Knight Manufacturing Com- 
pany of Worcester, Massachusetts, received a 
eold medal for their superb showing of leather 
belting. They maintained a leather belt run- 
ning continuously in water. Their ‘‘Neptune’’ 
brand, the variety displayed, is the oldest 
waterproof belting on the market. It had pre- 


viously received a gold medal at the Lewis and 
Clark Exposition. In addition to this sample, 
there were also five pyramids of leather belt- 
ing, one at each corner of the booth and one 
in the center, and a cabinet of shoe counters 
and insoles—the product of the Worcester 


EXHIBIT OF GRATON & KNIGHT 
of Worcester, Mass. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Counter Company, a department of Graton & 
Knight. This was the most expensive exhibit 
of belting at the Exposition and ranked high 
among the generally attractive displays. 

The Simonds Manufacturing Company of 
Fitchburg, Massachusetts, made a distinctively 
educational exhibit. Their booth was attract- 
ively built, nineteen feet deep and thirty-two 
feet long, and in addition to the gold medal for 
the excellence of their product, the Company 
received a second gold medal for installation. 
The display was located on the center aisle of 
the Machinery Building and its distinctive 
points were saws and woodworking knives of 
all descriptions. Illustrating the production of 
the material which enters into the cutting tools, 
there were a series of crucibles containing 
melted steel at different stages. After the 
crucibles came steel ingots, cog plates, steel 
plates and sheared plates, giving all the steps 
taken to produce plate from muck iron. There 
were band saws with solid teeth and inserted 
teeth and cireular, crescent, crosseut, ground 
and hand saws. An electrically operated mo- 
tion display enclosed in a plate glass case took 
up the entire back corner of the booth and was 
so conducted that the saws seemed to be moy- 
ing in space without apparent support. A see- 
tion of the eighteen-inch Simonds band saw 


NEw ORLEANS,LA. RAN 
(ASH. TORONTO, ONT. 


the work to be held in the most convenient 
position. Unlike older devices of this character, 
the tool moves instead of the operator; both 
swivels can be locked automatically in tighten- 
ing the work; the locking medium is friction. 

The tools shown were capable of instant re- 
moval from one base to another, an arrange- 
ment which obviates the necessity for expensive 
chucks where work of several different kinds 
has to be performed. Illustrating the tenuity 
of the grip, a demonstrator would from time to 
time place a crow-bar between the jaws of one 
of the small vises and sit upon the farther end 
of the iron. Among the different types exhib- 
ited were the ‘‘ Ysiad,’’ a two-way woodwork- 
ers’ vise; a portable pipe vise designed to screw 
a tube from one-eighth of an inch to six inches 
in diameter; a combination machinists’ and pipe 
fitters’ vise with the pipe jaws on the rear of 
the draw-bar, attached to a glove fitting cast- 
ing. These were a few specialties, but the Com- 
pany’s exhibit was very comprehensive and 
received a gold medal for its general display, 
which ineluded devices for practically every 
possible use to which vises may be put. 

The Shelby Steel Tube Company received a 
2old medal for their seamless tubing. The ex- 
hibit at the Exposition showed two methods of 
making these tubes, one from the pierced billet 


RANCH HOUSES. 
at A! CO,CAL. PORTLAND, 3 
. LONDON. ENG. — 


EXHIBIT OF SIMONDS MANUFACTURING CO., OF FITCHBURG, MASS. 


was shown, the largest of its kind in practical 
use, and decorating the outer railing of the 
booth were files and hack saws. <A gold medal 
was given to the entire exhibit. 

The Pittsburgh Automatic Vise and Tool 
Company exhibited a full line of their cele- 
brated double and single swivel vises. Two of 
the largest instruments of this kind ever con- 
structed were on exhibition. One of these stood 
guard at an intersection of one of the aisles 
and attracted the attention of every passer. 
Another, of shghtly larger size, was included 
in the exhibit. The first of these weighed six 
hundred and fifty pounds and the latter six 
hundred and ninety pounds. Each had a jaw 
opening of fifteen inches. The Company now 
is making these as a regular stock size. In fact, 
before the close of the Exposition one had to 
be removed in order to fill an urgent order 
from the Navy Yard. Up to the time these 
tools were introduced, large heavy work was 
done on the floor and at great disadvantage. 
With these instruments, materials can be held 
in such a position, either on the floor or on a 
bench, as to permit the most economical hand- 
ling. One of the vises had a sold back jaw 
while the rear of the other was adjustable. The 
vises displayed by the Company were generally 
of special designs, termed ‘‘ high speed,’’ 
“* double swivel ”’ or ‘‘ two-way vises ’’ capable 
of having their jaws revolve in the direction 
of two complete circles and thus permitting 


? 


and the other by the cupping process from a 
plate. Seamless tubes up to five and a half 
inches in size are made by the former process 
and from five inches as a minimum by the lat- 
ter. Tubing without seams is, of course, homo- 
geneous, and this style is claimed to be superior 
to others because all points are built to with- 
stand the same strain. Typical representations 
of automobile parts, front and rear axles, steer- 
ing and radius rods, feed and exhaust pipes, 
flashes and flue and water tube boiler tubing 


EXHIBIT OF SHELBY STEEL TUBE CO. 
of Pittsburgh, Pa. 


594 


Machinery, Transportation, Etc. 


were shown. There was a fine exhibit of stand- 
ard boiler flues for the Navy. These were in 
various sizes, made by the hot rolled and cold 
drawn processes. The tubing ranged in size 
from one-eighth of an inch to twenty-two inches 
exterior diameter and was made in many wall 
thicknesses, making the application available 
for every class of manufacture, the lighter de- 
vices being used for bicycles, structural furni- 
ture, umbrella handles, fixtures, etc., and the 
heavier, with walls up to one inch in thickness, 
were suitable for work which otherwise would 
have to be drilled or bored. By utilizing the 
different grades of anneal, the devices are made 
soft for coiling processes or hard enough for 
the stiffest and most rigid service. Some of the 
tubing was made with carbon mixture and a 
three-and-a-half per cent nickel steel. 

The Glamorgan Pipe and Foundry Company 
of Lynchburg, Virginia, occupied a_ space 
twenty-four by eighteen feet in the Machinery 
Building. They showed an extensive line of 
east iron bell, spigot and flange pipe; gate, 
compression, and underwriters’ fire hydrants, 
and various types of gate valves ranging in 
size from four to thirty inches. In the fore- 
ground was an arch made of cast iron flange spe- 
cials and flange valves with hand wheels, while 
a foot valve formed the top center of the arch. 
The sides and bases were made of odd castings 
such as reducers, bends, tees and offsets. The 
background of the exhibit was of green burlap 
covered with various photographs showing 
special castings and the mechanism of various 
valvesand hydrants. Inthe center of the exhibit 
was a thirty-inch beveled geared, by-passed 
iron body, brass mounted, gate valve, around 
which were placed quick acting, indicator post, 
flange and foot valves, which gave to a visitor 
a comprehensive idea of the various types of 
valves on the market. There were erected in 
the foreground specimens of each type of 
hydrants, such as the roller gate, the compres- 
sion and the underwriter, comprising the three 
types of hydrants in general use. In each cor- 
ner of the exhibit was a length of twelve inch 
east iron bell and spigot pipe. In addition, 
various pieces of small castings were exhibited. 

The lubricating oils, greases and compounds 
made by the William C. Robinson & Sons Com- 
pany of Baltimore were shown in a unique 
booth, the four corner posts of which were 


E. GLAMORGAN 


rs oe 


EXHIBIT OF WM. C. ROBINSON & CO. SONS 
of Baltimore, Md. 


formed of oil barrels which supported sign 
boards bearing the Company’s name. Six bar- 
rels of various kinds of oil were placed on an 
elevated platform and from spigots partly 
opened in each of these the contents trickled 
slowly down an inclined glass plane into the 
bung holes of six other barrels placed on the 
floor—a visible and easily appreciable exempli- 
fication of the quality of the oils, showing their 
color and consisteney. <All of the oils exhibited 
by this Company came directly from their works 
at Coraopolis, in the heart of the Pennsylvania 
oil fields. The exhibit received a gold medal. 

The Detrick & Harvey Machine Company of 
Baltimore, Maryland, received a gold medal for 
their machine tools which they exhibited in 
great variety. Among the most important of 
these was a thirty-six inck by eight foot open 
side planer of the motor driven type. The de- 
sign was invented by J. 8. Detrick. 

S. F. Bowser & Company of Fort Wayne, 
Indiana, exhibited one of their oil storage 
equipments. The style shown was designed 
for storing and dispensing heavy non-lubricants 
such as linseed oil, varnishes, shellaes, ete., in 
retail stores or for storing and handling these 
oils in shops and mills. The exhibit consisted 


WE. 
j uP 4D 
Py pie 
ae 


AF GENERAL OFFICE 
Ah EV NCHBURG, VA. 


EXHIBIT OF GLAMORGAN PIPE AND FOUNDRY CO., OF LYNCHBURG, VA. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


| is 


ae 
RS 


a 


Logue Wh 


on Rone eee EONS 


of a battery of steel tanks, each one of which 
was equipped with a_ self-measuring pump 
which automatically and accurately measured 
a gallon, half gallon, quart or pint at a stroke, 
discharging the desired quantity directly into 
a receptacle. The tanks were made of galvan- 
ized sheet steel and had each a capacity of two 
barrels. The pumps were built of heavy 
metal, iron and brass; and the working parts— 
valves and cylinder—were at all times sub- 


| 


EXHIBIT OF CHAS. A. SCHEIREN & CO. 
of New York, N. Y. 


merged in the hquid. Varnish, therefore, can 
be measured as easily as kerosene. In addition 
to the device for gauging the quantity delivered 
at each stroke of the pump, there was an auto- 
matic register which gave the sum of the liquid 
drawn from a barrel. A gold medal was 
awarded to the Company for the utility of 
their exhibit, which was plainly economical 
and cleanly. No lquid could be lost by leak- 
age nor was there a possibility of over measur- 
ing or slopping when this system is used. 


puoy MACHEN ONE 


EXHIBIT OF S. F. BOWSER & CO., OF FORT WAYNE, IND. 


jaune OMLIIEA OH 
CAOHK OTLINGCA OIL 
scenes Maen Ont 
puime st 
wIMCAAL, WAGH OE 


The exhibit of C. A. Scheiren & Company 
was installed in a booth built on the lines of 
a camera, the walls and sides merging and the 
rear forming the frame of a picture which rep- 
resented a lake from which water fell, drench- 
ing a row of ‘‘ Duxbak ”’ belting. The camera 
arrangement was effected by draping black 
cloth artistically on the walls of the booth, and 
the dense shade threw the brilliantly lghted 
picture into bold relief. The roll which appears 
in the background of the picture was forty-two 
inches high. This will give an idea of the size 
of the display. Behind the plate glass on which 
the lake was painted were one hundred and 
forty-eight electric lights. The demonstration 
of the waterproof character of the belting was 
conclusive. Not only was the belt wet in tran- 
sit, but to the depth of eight inches the lower 
part of the coil rested continuously in the water 
every day. At night the leather proved flex- 
ible. Illustrating not only the waterproof char- 
acteristics of the leather but also the binder, 
water was allowed to play on the unrolled coil 
at the end of a lap, and th» belt stood this test 
with no apparent loss of strength. The gold 
medal awarded by the Jury was in recogni- 
tion of superior waterproofing and general 
strength. 

The fine exhibit of Vickers Sons and Maxim 


Company, manufacturers of ordnance and 
equipment, received a gold medal. Their ex- 


hibit included a six-pounder semi-automatic 
gun on a naval mounting, a seventy-five milli- 
meter automatic mountain equipment with pack 
saddles, a thirty-seven millimeter automatic 
gun with a naval mounting, a rifle caliber 
Maxim automatic gun and pack saddles, a 
Vickers light automatic gun mounted on a tri- 
pod, a great variety of cartridges and shells 
and a museum of small models showing breech 


eee UuIT: 


3S AUTOMANC GUN 


iM 


VICKERS SONS & 


aie 


MAXIM, LONDON, ENGLAND 


596 


Machinery, Transportation, Etc. 


The 
semi- 
more 


and other mechanisms for field guns. 
largest single piece was a six-pounder 
automatic gun which weighed slightly 
than a ton. 

The Hyatt Roller Bearing Company of New- 
ark, N. J., received a gold medal for their self- 
oiling bearers and friction minimizers. They 
exhibited a full line of roller bearing and anti- 
friction devices invented by John W. Hyatt, 
who also invented celluloid and a number of 
other useful articles. This Company’s bearing 
is applicable to any kind of device where reduc- 
tion of friction is an important factor, whether 
the highest speed is the chief desideratum or it 
is most necessary to care for the heaviest load. 
The bearings are extensively used on automo- 
biles and on large trucks. 

An odd and extremely artistic exhibit was 
made by the Moran Flesible Steam Joint Com- 
pany of Louisville, Kentucky, and their various 
steam fitting devices were so arranged that they 
represented an armored cruiser, which they 
called ** Louisville.’? Other steam and machine 
accessories were shown by the American Boiler 
Economy Company of Philadelphia; and there 
were several styles of interchangeable boiler 
grates exhibited by the Gibson Iron Works of 
Jersey City. 

The Jamestown Ex- 
position did not attract 
as many transportation 
exhibits as had been 
shown at some of the 
other great fairs, nor 
were the individual dis- 
plays so large—yet an 
interesting group was 
gathered under this 
generic heading, and if 
to Transportation— 
which at the Exposi- 
tion ineluded principally 
if not entirely devices 
for land locomotion—the 
Department of Marine 
Appliances were added, 
the whole would have 
made a most dignified 
and worthy congeries. 

In transportation the 
trends of invention lead 
toward the attainment 
of greater speed, addi- 
tional comfort and more safety. No better il- 
lustration of the money value that is placed on 
time could be given than the Pennsylvania 
Railroad System afforded by the use of their 
space, wherein practically all that was shown 
related to the great work which this road was 
accomplishing by the extension of its lines into 
New York and through to Long Island by tun- 
nels under the Hudson and East Rivers. This 
monumental engineering feat consists of a line 
commencing at Harrison, New Jersey, crossing 
a viaduct and earth embankment, piercing Ber- 
gen Hill through rock tunnels, burrowing under 
the Hudsoa River by means of shield driven 
devices, wending its way through rock and 
earth in New York, duplicating under the East 
River the sub-construction of the Hudson and 
ending with a surface line on Long Island, 
where it connects with existing railroads and 
continues across to Ward’s Island, then to Ran- 
dall’s Island and the mainland—all of this 
work being done mainly for the purpose of 
saving a few minutes. 

A huge section of the river tunnel occupied 
the center of the exhibit and was a sight of 
the Exposition. This sample showed how each 
track was separated, how it was enclosed in a 
trough, how sidewalks were provided and eleec- 
tric light and power furnished. In addition 


597 


to the full sized section, there was a topograph- 
ical model with a white line on its face showing 
the path of the railroad from the entrance to 
the tube in New Jersey through to the exit on 
Long Island. Other models showed a_ longi- 
tudinal section illustrating the construction of 
the shield driven device through the twin bur- 
rows under Bergen Hill, and there was a map 
of the terminal passenger yard and specimens 
of Milford granite and Roman travertin, which 
are used in the station construction. A series 
of artistic colored drawings gave general views 
of the New York station, and there were photo- 
graphs of the various stages of the work and 
of the electrical equipment of the Long Island 
Railway. The tunnel section was made from 
material taken out of stock and consisted of 
three complete rings of cast metal. The shell 
was lined with conerete and finished so that it 
inclosed snugly the outline of a train. On 
either side were foot paths for use in emergency 
cases. The exterior diameter of these rings 
was twenty-three feet; in each ring thirty 
inches wide there were eleven segments weigh- 
ing each two thousand and sixty pounds, with 
a smaller or key segment at the top, weighing 
five hundred pounds. One and a half of the 
rings were lined with conerete, the other one 


EXHIBIT OF PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD SYSTEM 


and a half were left unlined to show the man- 
ner of bolting the metal together and the pro- 
visions for making water tight the surface 
where the segments of plates are joined. The 
topographical model was thirty-two feet long 
and sealed eighty-three-and-one-third feet to 
the inch. The character of the material through 
which the tunnel had to pass was indicated in 
an easily distinguishable manner, the details 
of streets and larger buildings were faithfully 
reproduced so that any one familiar with New 
York City could readily identify them. 

The longitudinal section of the model, made 
to the scale of one foot to the inch, illustrated 
the construction of the tunnel. The shield 
model, made of brass, was a reproduction of 
the shield used in the actual operation. The 
tunnels, being driven under air pressure, have 
a heavy concrete bulkhead with the necessary 
air locks through which men and material pass 
to the compressed air chamber between the 
shield and bulkhead. All material is taken to 
the surface through vertical shafts. Through 
the bulkheads were shown pipes passing. These 
furnished compressed air and power for the 
pneumatic tools, power for driving the shield 
and air for blowing out water which might ac- 
eumulate. The model was equipped with 
miniature gauges to indicate air pressure, plat- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


forms, gangways, gantrys and tracks. Devices 
illustrating how the shield was propelled and 
guided were exhibited. 

The model of the tunnels under Bergen Hill 
was made to the scale of two feet to the inch 
and showed that at every four hundred feet 
the twin devices are connected by cross pass- 
ages which are closed with iron doors so as to 
preserve the integrity of each tunnel and not 
impair ventilation. In the tunnel are steps 
from the track up to the sidewalk and at fre- 
quent intervals ditches for the refuge of work- 
men, should a train approach while they are 
engaged. The map of the great terminal pass- 
enger yard on Long Island was worthy of care- 
ful study. It was drawn to a scale of two hun- 
dred feet to the inch and among its unique 
features was a provision for running all trains 
around a loop, pulling them into the coach 
cleaning yard at one end and allowing them to 
depart from the other, thus turning an entire 
train and avoiding the necessity of switching 
baggage cars and sleepers to the opposite ends 
of trains or the turning of cars separately. For 
the arrangement of tracks on different levels, 
there were provisions for cross-over movements 
without grade crossings, eliminating interfer- 
ence with high speed traffic by reason of switch- 
ing movements. The Pennsylvania System re- 
ceived a gold medal for the admirable, effective 
and artistic installation of their exhibit and 
another for their wonderful display of devices 
dealing with present railroad development. 

The largest exhibit in the Palace of Trans- 
portation was an entire train installed by the 
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. This was a 
reproduction of their famous ‘* Fast Flying Vir- 
ginian,’’ with its graceful and powerful en- 
gines and its orange colored palace ears. Its 
immense size and distinctive color attracted the 
attention of all visitors to the building. The 
cars were of the Pullman type and the interiors 
differed in no respect from the usual parlor, 
dining, buffet and sleeper coaches made by that 
Company. As a whole, the train illustrated a 
very high development of luxurious traveling 
equipment and received a gold medal. 

A large area in the Transportation Section 
was occupied by the Norfolk & Western Rail- 
way, which utilized the space to exhibit the 
various transportation appliances manufac- 
tured along the line of its road. These con- 
sisted principally of heavy wagons for logging 
or trucking purposes and lumber carriages. 
Some lighter wagons were displayed and the 
Virginia Bridge and Iron Company exhibited 
a number of photographs illustrating contracts 
executed by that concern. 


EXHIBIT OF THE CAMBRIA STEEL CO. 


of Johnstown, Pa. 


The Cambria Steel Company of Johnstown, 
Pennsylvania, received a gold medal for steel 
cars. Three of these were exhibited. The first 
was a standard Pennsylvania ‘‘G. L. A.’’ hop- 
per car, the general dimensions of which were 
thirty feet five inches inside length and an in- 
side width of nine feet six inches. The ear 
had a capacity of one hundred thousand pounds 
and its hght weight was thirty-eight thousand, 
four hundred pounds. The second, a slightly 
heavier car, was the standard Pennsylvania 
““G. S. D.,’’ having an inside length of thirty- 
eight feet, two and a half inches with a length 
over sills of forty feet. The inside width was 


nine feet, three and a half inches and the width 


eS SE ea 


EXHIBIT OF THE CAMBRIA STEEL CO. 


of Johnstown, Pa. 


over sides was nine feet, ten inches. The capac- 
ity of this car was the same as the former, but 
its light weight was sixteen hundred pounds 
greater. The other was a Cambria Steel Com- 
pany billet car, having an inside length of 
thirty-three feet, one and a quarter inches and 
a length over end sills of thirty-five feet six 
inches. There were no doors to this car and 
its floor was flush. Its bearing capacity was 
one hundred thousand pounds. For the haul- 
ing of coal and heavy metals, these cars repre- 
sented the very latest development in railroad 
architecture. -A gold medal was awarded to 
them. 

The J. G. Brill Company of Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania, received a gold medal for their 
convertible and semi-convertible cars and for 
their city and inter-urban trucks. A car exhib- 


Vind 


a 


TRANSPORTATION EXHIBIT OF NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILWAY 


598 


Machinery, Transportation, Etc. 


EXHIBIT OF THE J. G. BRILL COMPANY, OF PHILADELPHIA, PA. 


ited by this Company was one of a lot of 
forty-six Brill groveless post, semi-convertibles, 
which had recently been purchased by the Nor- 
folk and Portsmouth Traction Company. A 
full sized section of a Brill convertible was also 
shown, consisting of a pair of posts with slid- 
ing sashes and planers on each side, spanned 
by a roof. There were the usual kind of up- 
holstered seats that are employed in this type 
of car. The ear section received as much at- 
tention from the average visitor as did the com- 
plete car, which clearly indicated the interest 
of the public in a type which can be converted 
from an open to a closed conveyance. A com- 
plete set of trucks of the Brill patented types 
for city and inter-urban service was shown near 
the booth of the Company, which served as a 
reception room. These trucks covered a large 
amount of floor space and illustrated a number 
of types, including a huge high speed model 
capable of holding the track no matter what 
velocity was attained and at the same time 


powerful enough to carry with its mate the 
heaviest steam coach. This form of truck, 
which is used on many of the large inter-urban 
systems, has a record of never having been 
derailed except in collisions. The solid forged 
side frames used on all of the trucks were 
shown separately. This frame is a peculiarity 
of the Brill type. The side bar, yokes and 
extensions are forged in a single piece. El- 
liptical and helical springs of all forms and 
sizes had an important place in the exhibit, as 


also had seats and seating materials and 
patented specialties, ineluding a noiseless 


brake hanger, platform gong, sand box and 
other devices. 

Considerable interest was manifested in the 
attractively arranged commercial car exhibit 
made by the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of 
Pontiac, Michigan. These gold medal winners 
displayed four models of sight-seeing cars and 
a chassis. The sight-seeing cars included a 
twelve-passenger Pullman with green running 


EXHIBIT OF THE RAPID MOTOR VEHICLE CO., OF PONTIAC, MICH. 


599 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


gear and a deep red body, surmounted with a 
canopy top supported by artistically arranged 
brass standards and upholstered with highly 
finished tan leather; a hotel wagonette accom- 
modating sixteen passengers, and two com- 
pletely equipped ears of the sort employed in 
the regular sight-seeing service. Each of these 
vehicles had an acetylene searchlight. The 
chassis was a fine sample of the modern auto- 
mobile. Its construction was remarkably sim- 
ple. Its heavy frame was notably different from 
that of the other ear vehicles. The tires were 
solid endless rubber and the springs of the full 
platform type reenforced to take care of any 
unusual strain that might occur. The expert in 
charge of this Company’s display reported more 
inquiries eonecerning this freight carrier than 
for information concerning pleasure cars, and 


pleity of construction and durability, ease of 
control and exceptional hill climbing and road 
ability were the features which the Reo exhibit 
aimed to demonstrate. Perhaps the most in- 
teresting features of the exhibit were the 
‘* Baby Reo,’’ a miniature machine exactly re- 
producing the larger 18-20 horse power touring 
ear, and the ‘‘ Reo Numbe=> 33,’’ the stock car 
which finished the 1907 Glidden Tour with a 
perfect score. Readers of auto news will re- 
member that cut of a field of over eighty start- 
ers this was the only two eylinder car which 
finished with a perfect score in a run held 
under adverse road conditions. It was also the 
lowest priced machine in the contest. Imme- 
diately after the completion of this tour, Num- 
ber 33 was started on a continuous run from 
New York to the Jamestown Exposition, where 


Vill 


Staurant 
liller & Sons 


isritz Cy 


the intelligent interest so generally displayed 
tended to verify the prophecy made a few years 
ago, that in cities the old delivery wagons 
would soon be replaced by the commercial 
power vehicle. The Rapid Motor Vehicle 
Company manufactures only commercial car- 
riages, sight-seeing cars, trucks, busses, de- 
livery wagons, ambulances and police patrols. 
It, consequently, exhibited no pleasure ve- 
hicles. 

The Reo Motor Car Company of Lansing, 
Michigan, exhibited a line of autos which 
proved to be a strong attraction. These were 
in charge of R. M. Owen & Company. The 
ears of this Company were all! designed by 
R. E. Oods, one of the pioneer automobile in- 
ventors of the United States, and built under 
his personal supervision. The design of the 
inventor had been to produce an automobile 
for all kinds of use and at the same time one 
which could be built at a moderate cost. The 
machines displaved by this Company were all 
of the pleasure variety: an 18-20 horse power 
five-passenger touring car; an 18-20 gentle- 
man’s roadster, and an 8-10 horse power run- 
about for either two or three passengers 
constituted the advance models for 1908. Sim- 


“REO CAR NO. 33” WHICH FINISHED 1907 GLIDDEN TOUR WITH A PERFECT SCORE 


it arrived in good condition and was placed 
on exhibition. It attracted considerable atten- 
tion while there, and the accompanying view 
shows how it looked on the day of its arrival 
at the Exposition. A gold medal was awarded 
to the exhibit. 

Studebaker Brothers Company of South 
Bend, Indiana, received a gold medal for their 
working exhibit. The various vehicles in the 
Studebaker exhibit were used, almost without 
intermission, for general service during the 
Exposition period; and several of the displays 


AUTOMOBILE EXHIBITION OF STUDEBAKER 
BROTHERS CO. 


600 


Machinery, Transportation, Etc. 


PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN's CARRIAGE 


COACH USED BY THE Margulis DE LA FAYETTE 


EXHIBIT OF STUDEBAKER BROS. CO., OF SOUTH BEND, IND. 


were utilized months in advance of Opening 
Day. In a booth in the Transportation Build- 
ing this Company exhibited the famous Lincoln 
and La Fayette carriages, historic vehicles 
which are owned by the Company. The former 
carriage conveyed the martyred President from 
the White House to the theatre where he was 
assassinated; the latter was used by the Mar- 
quis de la Fayette when he toured this country 
years after the Revolutionary War. In this 
booth was also displayed a Studebaker thirty 
horse power four cylinder gasoline automo- 
bile. A similar car was used on the Grounds 
by the Exposition officials. Wherever a visitor 
went, he was apt to be confronted by some 
specimen of the many Studebaker vehicles, 
and could see them performing the work for 
which they had been designed. 

A ‘Studebaker Junior,’’ a tiny, miniature 
farm wagon drawn by two goats, was used by 
a little news man for the delivery of papers. 
Studebaker dumping wagons and contractors’ 
wagons had been used during pre-Exposition 
days in laying out the Grounds; and later to 
move and place the exhibits, Studebaker drays 
were employed. Their Concord side spring 
road wagons served as pleasure vehicles, and 
Studebaker sprinklers, one of which had been 
the first vehicle bought by the Exposition, were 
exclusively utilized to lay the dust. 


SEACIORY & DEPOSITORY [RS 
UNION ST. 


A. Wrenn & Sons of Norfolk were the largest 
local exhibitors. They occupied a prominent 
space in the Transportation Building and dis- 
played their buggies, runabouts, traps and sur- 
reys, together with a fine collection of har- 
nesses. This concern which was established in 
1852 by A. Wrenn for the purpose of supplying 
a local demand, has grown, during its half a 
century and more of existence, until now it 
manufactures annually over six thousand 
vehicles besides many accessories. Although 
the carriages exhibited at the Exposition were 
not numerous, the comparison for award was 
made not only with those present but with the 
best American output. Nevertheless the Nor- 
folk firm received a gold medal. 

The Walborn & Riker Company of Saint 
Paris, Ohio, attractively displayed their very 
comprehensive line of pleasure vehicles, pro- 
portioned to suit a wide range of requirement 
and shaped to please a variety of tastes. There 
were miniature, medium and full sized vehicles 
in the form of carts, traps, wicker carts, spiders, 
wicker phaetons, surreys, morning wagons, 
stanhopes, large English ralli carts and an Eng- 
lish governess cart. Some of these, designed 
especially for children, might be drawn by po- 
nies. The Jury awarded a gold medal to this 
Company, who had previously received at the 
Columbian, the Cotton States International, the 


Eee a PRR ANNUAL CAPACITY 


@ SQNS 


EXHIBIT OF A. WRENN & SONS. OF NORFOLK, VA. 


601 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


jo 


we 


EXHIBIT OF THE WALBORN & RIKER CO., OF ST. PARIS, O. 


Pan-American and the Louisiana Purchase Ex- 
positions a similar gold medal or highest 
award. 

The Clyde Iron Works received a gold medal 
for a working exhibit showing the MeGiffert 
steam log loader and skidder in operation. 
This machine, which conveys logs from the 
ground into position on flat cars, is an inde- 
pendent portable device. Its engine being 
geared and connected to the transporting 
wheels makes it a locomotive as well as a lifting 
machine. The Exposition exhibit weighed 
about twenty-four tons. It was built of steel 
throughout, except the cab, the floor and the 
boom. The device was so eonstructed that the 
wheels might be raised and give opportunity 
for empty cars to be pulled under the machine 
into a loading position beneath the boom. The 
particular advantages claimed for the MeGif- 
fert loader were the locomotive attachments 
and the combination of skidding and loading 
devices together with the general simplicity of 
operation. The independent movement of the 


loader saves the expense of a locomotive which 
may be calculated to represent an item of from 


McGIFFERT LOG LOADER, EXHIBITED BY CLYDE IRON WORKS, DULUTH, MINN. 


eight to fifteen dollars a day. Not being lim- 
ited to side action, this loader does not require 
the construction or use of a second track. As 
exemplified at the Exposition, the operation of 
loading logs was very simple and inexpensive. 
The operating crew varied in number from 
three to six men, depending on the character 
of the material: handled, while the loading 
capacity was in every instance large. 

Its adaptability to widely varying conditions 
is claimed to be one of the chief points in its 
favor. It was shown that logs of any length 
or width could be handled and it was obvious 
that the machine could be used on any grade 
upon which a locomotive may travel. The 
loader is now being operated in the forests of 
Nova Scotia, the swamps of Florida, the yellow 
pine district of the Atlantic Coast, the hard- 
wood forests of the Appalachian mountains, the 
white pine district of the Great Lakes States 
and among the giant trees of the far West. 
The experts who passed upon its merits 
awarded a gold medal to the Clyde Iron Works 
for a thoroughly practical Steam Loader and 
Skidder, 


602 


Machinery, Transportation, Etc. 


At the Exposition Pump House there were 
four fifty-horse-power Nash Gasoline engines, 
direct-connected to the Goulds triplex pumps. 
The arrangement of the pump plant made it an 
attractive exhibit. The engines were the ver- 
tical three-cylinder type with cranks and main 
bearings operated in oil. The cranks were ac- 
cessible through large doors held in place by 
hand screws and the valve operating mechan- 
ism was directly under the eye of the attend- 
ant. These engines were exhibited by the 
National Meter Company of New York, who re- 
ceived a gold medal for their gas engines and 
their water meters. They maintained an ex- 
tremely attractive exhibit in the Machinery and 
Transportation Building and lighted it electric- 
ally with a dynamo operated by a Nash engine. 
It was the only exhibit in that building which 
was hghted independently. The booth was a 
perfect blaze of light, eighteen thousand candle 
power being used. Four flaming are lights and 
one hundred and twenty-five frosted ineandes- 
cent lamps were distributed over the exhibit in 
the shape of signs and arches. An attractive 
pink Tennessee marble switchboard indicated 
the amount of current supplied by the engine, 
and the steady flow of electricity was attested 
by the absence of flicker or variation of the 
lights. Water meters displayed by the Com- 


pany were of various patterns, each of which 
was designed to suit a different condition. The 
Crown and Empire are better adapted for gen- 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


EXPOSITION PUMP HOUSE 


603 


EXHIBIT OF NATIONAL METER CO. 


eral service conditions, and serve as correct 
gauges, whether the pressure is high or low or 
the water muddy or clear. The Nash is a dise 
type, which is used extensively on account of 
its low cost. It is a simple and accurate 
measurer, and where a dise meter can be used 
it has many advantages. The Gem meter is 
utilized where large flows are required, such 
as in locomotive stand pipes or for fire service 
in buildings, and for elevators, water columns 
or water carts. The Premier is adapted for 
still larger measurement, and is utilized to 
measure the entire water supply of a city. 

In the exhibit were meters with glass tops, 
worked under ordinary water pressure, show- 
ing clearly the operation of the different de- 
vices. An Empire meter was also used to in- 
dicate the measurement of very fine streams. 
At the fountain there was one of these meters 
with a large dial which indicated clearly the 
measurement of a stream that was as small as 
the finest eambrie needle. In a show case were 
the numerous parts of the various meters, af- 
fording the visitor a comprehensive idea of 
the parts that enter into the construction of 
these high grade instruments. “To the side and 
at the rear of the exhibit were meters of vari- 
ous makes arranged in columns from one and 
a half inches to twelve inches in size—and in 
the center of the exhibit was a fountain into 
which was jetted streams of water, the streams 
being measured by the meters. 


AND RESERVOIR 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


EXHIBIT OF GOULDS MANUFACTURING CO. 
of New York City. 


The splendid exhibit of the Goulds Manufac- 
turing Company, to which a gold medal was 
awarded, consisted of the pumps used at the 
Jamestown Exposition water works. This 
Company—which built the first power pump 
ever made in the United States, the one that 
is still running at the water works at San An- 
tonio, Texas—was organized in 1842 and has 
been making pumps continuously ever since. 
The pumps in use were the Goulds Figure 1348 
eleven by fourteen double acting triplex piston 
pumps, driven by four gas engines. The guar- 
anteed delivery was two thousand, five hun- 
dred and sixty gallons per minute against a 


= zz , Brg 


EXHIBIT OF GOULDS MANUFACTURING CO. 


pressure of one hundred pounds, and at the far 
mains the pressure was warranted to be one 
hundred pounds to the inch. Frequent tests 
during the Exposition period disclosed the con- 
stancy of this force. The pump house was one 
of the sights of the Exposition and was visited 
by practically every municipal committee that 
attended the Fair. The success of the Fire 
Department could not have been so great had 
this thoroughly equipped pump station been 
lacking in any important particular. 

The American Locomotive Company and the 
Baldwin Locomotive Works exhibited locomo- 
tives of the very latest designs, incorporating 


i AMERICAN bocomarive COMPARE 


EXHIBIT OF AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE CO., OF NEW YORK 


the special ideas developed by each concern. 
Neither of these displays was in the Transpor- 
tation Building. At the southeastern border 
of Lee’s Parade, to the right of the Main En- 
trance to the Exposition, a building was occu- 
pied by each of these Companies, and each util- 
ized a large outside space. 

The exhibit of the American Locomotive 


Company covered a site measuring one hun- 
dred and fifty by two hundred and fifty feet. 
In the center was located the main building, 
two stories in height and flanked on either side 
with long open sheds in which several splendid 
exhibited. 


locomotives were This space had 


“DINKEY ” LOCOMOTIVE EXHIBITED BY 
AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE CO. 


the appearance of an artistic railroad station, 
having fine grass lawns dotted with flowers, 
trees and shrubbery. The Company’s office 
was located on the ground floor of the main 
building, and was decorated with photographs 
of locomotives built for different roads. <A 
gold medal was awarded to the Company for 
its locomotives and a similar award for the 
artistic installation of the exhibit. One of the 
giants on exhibition was a consolidation type 
freight engine, built for the Chesapeake & Ohio 
Railroad, which had a total weight on driving 
wheels of one hundred and seventy-seven thou- 
sand, seven hundred pounds and a total weight 
of engine and tender amounting to three hun- 


LOCOMOTIVE EXHIBITED BY AMERICAN 
LOCOMOTIVES GO: 


dred and thirty-two thousand and sixty pounds. 
A locomotive made for the Southern Railway 


604 


Machinery, Transportation, Etc. 


yt. LANTRY Stay 
CONTRACTING 
WANS 


EXHIBIT OF ATLANTIC EQUIPMENT CO. 
of New York 


was still larger, having a weight on drivers of 
one hundred and eighty thousand, six hundred 
pounds and a total weight of engine and tender, 
in working order, of three hundred and forty- 
four thousand, four hundred pounds. Both of 
these mammoths were equipped with the Wals- 
chaert valve gear. In addition the Company 


BUILDING OF THE BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS 


showed a dinkey of the four wheel connected 
saddle type. This locomotive, weighing only 
thirty-six thousand pounds, was, owing to its 
form of construction, a very practical engine 
for the use of contractors, logging roads and 
industrial plants, and for all purposes where 
sharp curves, light rails and uneven road-beds 
might be encountered. 

In connection with the exhibits 
of the American Locomotive Com- 
pany, the Atlantic Equipment 
Company of New York displayed 
their latest improved steam 
shovel, and received a gold medal 
for it. This shovel showed a 
number of radical departures 
from older methods of construe- 
tion. The hoisting was done by 
a direct wire rope and a single 
shaft, instead of by chain with 
from five to seven shafts. The 
hoisting machinery was mounted 
directly upon the boom, so that 
no guide sheaves were necessary, 
and the power was appled sim- 
ply and in the most direct man- 
ner, with the least possible loss. 
The main engines were of the 
locomotive type with outside 
cylinders. The shovel was dem- 
onstrated in connection with a 
ear elevated on a trestle repre- 


605 


senting a bank, an arrangement which gave a 
good idea of the lift of the bucket, which was 
sixteen feet two and a half inches. 

The Baldwin Locomotive Works, which re- 
ceived a gold medal for locomotives, also re- 
ceived a like award for the admirable, effective 
and artistic installation of their exhibit. The 
building which this Company occupied was a 
oraceful type of Spanish Mission architecture 
with parked surroundings. The stueco and 
tile building attracted the attention of the most 
casual visitor. An engine built for the Atchi- 
son, Topeka & Santa Fé Railway occupied the 
first track to the rear of the house. This was a 
balaneed compound prairie type and showed 
the latest developments in that class of engine. 
Of the four eylinders, the two high pressure 
ones were located between the frames, and the 
two low pressure outside. The four pistons 


were connected to a second pair of driving 
wheels, which had cranked axles. The weight 
on the driving wheels was one hundred and 
seventy-four thousand, seven hundred pounds, 
and the total of engine and tender, four hun- 
dred and eighteen thousand pounds. <A ten 
wheel locomotive, built for the Atlantic Coast 


BALDWIN ELECTRIC INTER-URBAN CAR 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


=~ ee 
: ee al 


Line, represented a type which is doing excel- 
lent work in the freight and passenger service. 
This engine was equipped with single expansion 
evlinders and balanced shde valves. It weighed 
on its driving wheels one hundred and thirteen 
thousand, seven hundred pounds and showed 
a total weight for engine and tender of two 
hundred and seventy thousand, seven hundred 
pounds. The largest locomotive shown at the 
Exposition was the huge Mallet articulated 
compound locomotive built for the Northern 
Pacific Railway. It is a type that has been 
used extensively in Europe and recently has 
been introduced into America. The driving 
wheels were divided into two groups, the rear 
being driven by high pressure and the front by 
low pressure cylinders. The weight of the 
engine reached the enormous total of three 
hundred and fifty-five thousand pounds, and to- 
gether the engine and tender weighed five hun- 
dred and three thousand pounds. The Com- 
pany showed an engine of the Pacifie type 
built for the Southern Railway, a class of loco- 
motive which is extensively used for heavy 


EXHIBIT OF BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS 


Tere 


= oo Sal 


passenger service. This engine, which carries 
on its three pairs of driving wheels one hundred 
and thirty-eight thousand, four hundred and 
sixty pounds, has a four wheeled leading truck 
and a two wheeled trailing truck, an arrange- 
ment which gives a flexible wheel base with 
ample weight on the driving wheels and a 
boiler with a large amount of grate area and 
heating surface. A huge consolidation type of 
locomotive with smoke box super heater was 
shown. This latter device attracted much 
studious investigation. The super heater, which 
is installed entirely within the smoke box, util- 
ized only waste gases for super heating pur- 
poses. With this arrangement the full heating 
surface of the boiler is retained. Practically 
no change in the boiler construction is required 
in order to accommodate the device, which con- 
sists of two upper drums connected by a steam 
pipe cone and two lower drums which ecommu- 


nieate with the ‘‘ live’’ steam passage in the 
evlinder saddle. Each upper drum is con- 


nected with a corresponding lower drum by 
curved tubes. The drums are so partitioned 


EXHIBIT OF STANDARD STEEL WORKS 


606 


Machinery, Transportation, Etc. 


that the steam passes successively through dif- 
ferent groups of tubes from the dry pipe to the 
cylinders, and the heat stored in the waste 
gases is thus utilized for super heating. This 
was the heaviest consolidation type locomotive 
that had ever been built by the Baldwin Loco- 
motive Works. Several mine locomotives of 
the electric type were included in the exhibit, 
and a large electric locomotive for the New 
York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad 
proved an interesting feature of the display. 
Suburban conditions in metropolitan districts 
are making it more and more desirable that 
railroads change their motive power from steam 
to electricity; and this locomotive was espe- 
cially designed for heavy passenger service 
near New York. Other elements of this ex- 
hibit were motor trucks, special colliery en- 
gines and electric trailer trucks. 

The Standard Steel Works received a gold 
medal for their comprehensive exhibit of steel 
wheels, tires, rings, pipes, flanges, forgings, cast- 
ings and springs. They exhibited one seventy- 


POWERSEUELS 


Under the direction of Professor Joseph A. 
Holmes, Chief of the Technological Branch of 
the United States Geological Survey and Di- 
rector of Power of the Jamestown Exposition, 
the Government conducted a plant for testing 
the fuel and the structural materials of the 


San 


ph Corporation. 


THE POWER, FUEL AND ALCOHOL BUILDING 


South and East. The law under which the 
plant was operated, provided for experiments, 
not merely to determine relative efficiencies, 
but as well to increase the efficiency of fuel and 
thus prevent waste. While specifically the 
tests of structural materials were limited to 
those employed by the United States Govern- 
ment with its great engineering works, this 
offers a wide field, for Government building is 
of practically every conceivable nature. 
Perhaps the most serious economic problem 
that confronts the country is how best to con- 
serve the fuel supply. It has been shown by 
recognized authorities that if consumption in- 
creases at the present enormous annual ratio 
all known beds of coal in the United States will 
be exhausted before another century has 
passed. The United States Government has 
recognized the magnitude of the problem and 
what this means to the people of the country ; 
and the energies of Government experts are 
set to the task of demonstrating just how fuel 
may be burned without unnecessary waste. 
Manufacturers realize that the prosperity of 
a country depends upon its having cheap fuei 


607 


two inch driving tire three and a quarter inches 
thick, curved for double lipped and retaining 
rings; one three-quarter inch wheel tire of the 
bolted type and one thirty-three inch wheel tire 
of the double lip type. The process by which 
these tires are made is the same which won for 
this Company the gold medal at the Colum- 
bian Exposition. They showed one thirty-four 
inch iron spoke center steel tire, another thirty- 
six inch of the same pattern and one thirty-six 
inch iron plate center steel tire. These wheels 
were simple in design and construction and the 
tires could be changed readily at any railway 
machine shop. They also showed some solid 
rolled steel wheel of a new design especially 
adapted for service in which the chilled cast 
iron wheel with steel tire has been used. There 
were a number of thirty-four inch solid rolled 
steel wheels mounted on a five-inch motor axle 
for use under heavy electric cars. In the way 
of other fixtures and devices, the exhibit was 
extremely comprehensive, including driving 
boxes and wheels and a great variety of springs. 


AND ALCOHOL 


and know that nothing ean be at the same time 
cheap and searce. In consequence, great in- 
dustrial corporations are co-operating with the 
Federal Powers. HH. M. Wilson, Chief Engineer 
of the Technologie Branch of the Geological 
Survey, was the assistant of Professor Holmes, 


and the plant proper was under the immediate 
charge of J. C. Roberts of New York, who super- 
vised its erection and remained as manager un- 
til operations were discontinued after the close 
of the Exposition. These exhaustive tests that 
were conducted by the Government induced a 
comprehensive display of gas, gasoline and al- 
cohol engines. The improvements on all of 
these, especially in the latter class, were mar- 
velous. Some of the engines were so. con- 
structed that with shght changes they would 
consume gasoline, kerosene, gas or alcohol. 
The work of the chemical and physical sec- 
tions of the Technological Branch was under 
the direction of Professor N. W. Lord of Ohio 
as chief chemist, and the purpose of this en- 
deavor was to assist fuel experts in determin- 
ing the character and *he comparative values 
of various coals. Primarily, these analyses 
were made in order that the Government, par- 
ticularly the Navy Department, should have 
exact information regarding the composition 
of coals taken from all the fields in the United 
States, but the research work accomplished at 
the Exposition plant would necessarily prove 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


arr S 


i 


235 HORSE POWER GAS ENGINE FOR TESTS IN THE ECONOMY OF FUEL USE 


valuable, not only to the purchasing agents of 
the Government, but to engineers throughout 
the country, and chemical analyses of coal sam- 
ples will aid manufacturers, wherever situated, 
to economize in the purchase of fuel, since the 
results show the various places that produce 
coal best suited for specifie purposes. 

At the Exposition as elsewhere, the Govern- 
ment found that one of the most efficient means 
of conserving the fuel supply was by the use of 
the gas engine. At the plant which was oper- 
ated in St. Louis, it was shown that the gas 
producer engine was capable of generating two 
and one-half to three times as much power from 
a given weight of coal as could have been ob- 
tained under an ordinary steam boiler. The 
differences were even more striking at the Ex- 
position plant. A big two hundred and thirty- 
five horse power gas engine was operated al- 
most continuously during the Exposition period 
with results that were almost astounding. 


While the data had not been compiled up to the 
time of the closing of the Exposition, it may 
be said that a brake horse power per hour was 


developed on the gas engine on less than a 
pound of coal. When it is realized that a steam 
engine takes from two and one-half pounds of 
coal to five pounds to obtain the same power, 
the immense saving of coal can be appreciated. 
At St. Louis the experts figured a saving of 
five thousand dollars a year in fuel for a six 
hundred horse power gas engine over a steam 
engine of like energy. This estimate must be 
recast to compare with the latest achievements 
of the gas engine at the Norfolk plant. Hun- 
dreds of practical engineers, many of them rep- 
resenting large power plants, visited the Ex- 
position for the sole purpose of watching the 
performance of these machines. The Gas Pro- 
ducer section was under the direction of Rob- 
ert Heywood Fernald, professor of mechanical 
engineering in Case School of Appled Science, 
Cleveland, Ohio. 

The tests of coal briquetting were important 
in relation to the conservation of fuel. ‘‘ Bri- 
quette ’’? is the name given to a form of fuel 
prepared chiefly from slack or waste bitumi- 
nous coal or anthracite culm (waste) mixed with 


608 


Machinery, Transportation, Etc. 


a binding material such as water gas pitch, the 
mixture being compressed into compact masses 
or blocks of sizes and shapes suitable for use 
as fuel. Two briquetting machines were oper- 
ated at the plant under the immediate direction 
of Charles T. Maleolmson, of St. Louis, Missouri, 
engineer in charge. More than a thousand tons 
of coal were turned into briquettes, several 
hundred tons going to the United States Navy 
for a complete and thorough testing of this 
fuel. Up to the close of the Exposition, one 
test of the briquettes had been made on a tor- 
pedo boat, with the result that three tons of 
the new fuel made twenty-five per cent. more 
steam than three and a quarter tons of coal. 
These tests are to be continued by the Navy 
and by the railroads running into Norfolk. 
The results of the briquette investigations at 
St. Louis and also at Norfolk showed that for 
use under boilers requiring forced draft—such 
as locomotive boilers—the briquetting of fuel 
so increases its efficiency as to render almost 
negligible the cost of making the briquettes. 
The tests on naval vessels may demonstrate 
that, when used with the modern boilers of 
warships, they will afford a uniform high tem- 


the experiments were made principally to de- 
termine the amount of waste in firing boiler 
furnaces and to devise methods of preventing 
such loss in the future, the results tend to show 
that the stationary boilers should do not less 
than ten times as much work per unit of heat- 
ing surface as is now the rule and might be 
made to do twenty times the quantity. The 
tests at the Exposition were conducted on three 
modern boilers, two of which were of the water- 
tube type of two hundred and thirty-five horse 
power, while the third was a two hundred and 
fifty horse power semi-marine boiler. The fur- 
naces were of three distinet types—one, hand- 
fired with special fire brick combustion cham- 
ber and automatie air-chamber admission, the 
second, a mechanical stoker of the underfeed 
type, and the third a mechanical stoker of the 
overfeed type—so that each coal was tested 
by different modes of combustion in the effort 
to determine its highest possible efficiency. 
While the results in general may not be pub- 
lished by the Government for some months, a 
number of very valuable results showed imme- 
diately in the tests. The hand-fired furnace, 
which was rebaffled so as to cause the hot gases 


ENGINES ON WHICH THE TESTS WERE MADE AS TO THE RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF GASOLINE 
AND DENATURED ALCOHOL AS POWER PRODUCERS 


perature and a more even and constant draft, 
consequently an increased efficiency. If the 
briquettes prove conclusively the merits they 
seem to have, millions of tons of waste coal, 
now considered worthless, will be turned into 
valuable fuel. In addition to the briquetting 
of coal, two carloads of peat from the Dismal 
Swamp were made into briquettes and burned 
in the gas producer. The results will be care- 
fully computed later by the Government ex- 
perts and then given to the country. It is 
known that the peat furnished a richer gas in 
the gas producer than the coal, but it required 
several tons of peat to make as much gas as a 
ton of coal would have yielded. It is thought, 
however, that the results will generally en- 
courage the peat industry in parts of the coun- 
try where coal is not readily available and 
especially encourage the use of peat in gas 
producer plants. 

L. P. Breckenridge, of Urbana, Illinois, the 
engineer in charge of the steam engineering sec- 
tion of the University of Illinois, and professor 
of mechanical engineering in the same institu- 
tion, conducted a series of tests to determine 
the efficiency of fuel under boilers. Although 


609 


to travel nearly twice as far among the water 
tubes, showed that when the boiler was driven 
at one hundred and seventy-five per cent. of 
its rated capacity, the over-all efficiency from 
coal to steam was still higher than it formerly 
had been when driven at only one hundred per 
cent. of its rating. 

An encouraging part of these tests was the 
effort to burn smokelessly the coal in these fur- 
naces. D. T. Randall, of Chicago, had charge 
of the smoke abatement tests, and the readings 
taken show that it is practicable to operate 
a big plant without the nuisance of heavy black 
smoke. With more than seven hundred horse 
power on the boilers, there was very little 
smoke emitted from the stacks—a feat which 
many manufacturers and owners of power 
plants had declared could not be done. When 
the results of these experiments are made pub- 
he, undoubtedly they will be of much import- 
ance, not only to the Government, but also to 
the entire commercial interests of the country. 
Altogether in the Government plant there was 
over one thousand horse power; yet the plant 
was conducted in such a manner that its smoke 
might never be considered in the light of a 


The Jamestown 


Bees § ice he 
| 


Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


TEST OF A RETAINED LOAD ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS 


nuisance. Exposition visitors could hardly 
believe that the plant was operating until they 
visited it and saw the actual conditions. 

Tests of the relative efficiency of denatured 
alcohol, gasoline and kerosene as power pro- 
ducers were under the direction of R. M. 
Strong, engineer in charge of the work at the 
plant. These tests, while to a certain extent 
disappointing, corrected a popular misconcep- 


tion regarding the efficiency of aleohol. After 
experimenting for two months, the experts 


found that on gasoline engines it required one 
and one half gallons of aleohol to do the same 
work as a gallon of gasoline. With alcohol at 
that time selling at more than twice as much 
as gasoline, it did not look encouraging for 
alcohol. Later a number of tests were made 
on specially constructed alcohol engines and 
on these it took but one and one-eighth gallons 
of alcohol to do the same work as a gallon of 


gune . 
sume 


— 


Rak 


- 


gasoline. This of course was more favorable 
to alcohol, but the consensus of opinion when 
the plant ceased operations was that alcohol 
must be sold much cheaper before it comes into 
general use as a power. The experts praised 
alcohol as a fuel because of its cleanliness, the 
less wear on the engine, its odorless condition 
and the fact that it is not nearly as dangerous 
as gasoline. It was predicted that it will be 
used quite generally within a few years on 
small river craft such as launches and yachts 
and may be used extensively in automobiles, 
especially when there is a further reduction 
in price. 

At the Government testing plant considerable 
space was allotted to the testing of concrete 
and reinforced conerete, the work being under 
the general direction of Richard L. Humphrey 
of Philadelphia, engineer in charge. Thousands 
of interested visitors watched the powerful ma- 


GENERAL VIEW OF THE STRUCTURAL MATERIALS TESTING LABORATORY AT THE PLANT, 
REINFORCED CONCRETE UNDER TEST 


610 


Machinery, Transportation, Etc. 


chines at the plant, testing the reinforced con- 
erete beams. The results obtained should be 
of importance to the United States not only on 
account of the vast sums that are spent by the 
Government each year for structural materials, 
but as aids in solving the great engineering 
problems that are involved in the great Federal 
constructions such as the Isthmian Canal and 
the various projects of the United States Rec- 
lamation Service. At the Exposition a number 
of valuable studies were made on the effect 
of a retained load on the conerete beams and 
also of repetitive loading. The results of these 
tests have not vet been computed, but later will 
be issued by the Government. The tests at the 
plant were conducted in co-operation with the 
work of the Geological Survey at St. Louis, 
where the Government has a complete labora- 
tory. The rapidly increasing use of conerete 
as a building material made this exhibit one of 
the most popular in the plant. 

In the building known as the Power, Fuel 
and Alcohol Building, there was a special al- 
cohol exhibit, the following account of which 
was prepared by Charles E. Munroe, Ph.D., the 
Superintendent : 


products, and for this reason is used in the manufac- 
ture of varnishes, fulminate of mercury, collodion, 
pyroxylin plastics, like celluloid, and smokeless pow- 
der, and in the extraction of alkaloids from their 
sources in plants. When diluted, alcohol if taken into 
the human system produces exhilaration and, in quan- 
tity, intoxication. This physiological effect was the 
first among the many properties of alcohol to be ob- 
served by man and alcoholic beverages became so 
widely used, and with such evil results that publicists 
of all nations have found it necessary to subject dis- 
tilled liquors to heavy taxation in order to restrict 
their use as beverages, this tax being gauged by the 
aleoholie contents of the liquor. Thus in the United 
States there is an Internal Revenue Tax of one dollar 
and ten cents levied on every proof gallon of distilled 
spirits, meaning by the term ‘‘ proof spirits ’’ a liquid 
containing one half its volume of alcohol of a specific 
gravity of 0.7939 at sixty degrees Fahrenheit. 
Although man power and animal power have always 
been used in agriculture, and other industries, and in 
transportation, civilization has resulted from the sub- 
jugation and utilization by man of the other sources 
of energy resident in nature. Thus quite early water 
power and wind power were made to do useful work 
and, within comparatively recent time, fuels in the 
form of wood, coal, oil and natural gas, but this very 
development in manufacture and transportation, which 
the use of fuels has made possible, has proceeded with 
such rapid acceleration that our natural sources of 
supply are being drawn upon at a rate that must lead 
within a relatively short time to their exhaustion, or 
at least to such a cost for winning the fuels as will 


ABLES DINGO 


The special alcohol exhibit at the Jamestown Ter- 
Centennial Exposition was designed to be both com- 
memorative and educational, and to emphasize the 
addition to our resources, under protection of law, of 
an additional source of energy to be utilized in our 
industries, and in contributing to the comfort and 
convenience of domestic life. 

Aleohol and alcoholic liquors have long been ob- 
tained by the fermentation and distillation of the 
juices of fruits, such as the grape, the apple and the 
pear; or of starch, as found in barley, rye, corn and 
other grains, or in tubers, such as potatoes; or of 
sugar as found in molasses, but it is only quite re- 
cently that the chemist has shown that cellulose, or 
the woody fiber, which constitutes the chief part of 
the structure of all vegetation, can also be converted 
into alcohol identical with that produced from grain 
by exposure to the action of acids, or other hydrolizing 
agents, before fermentation and distillation. As a 
consequence of this discovery modern chemistry has 
demonstrated that so long as the sun shines and any 
form of vegetation grows on this earth alcohol may be 
produced here. 

Pure alcohol is a colorless liquid, with an agreeable 
ethereal odor. It boils at one hundred and seventy- 
three degrees F., or thirty-nine degrees below the boil- 
ing of water, and even gives off vapors at the ordinary 
temperature, which are conbustible, and form with air 
explosive mixtures. Alcohol burns with a non-lumin- 
ous flame producing much heat. Chemistry has shown 
that aleohol may be used as the source from which 
to obtain many substances of great value to man, 
such as ether, chloroform, chloral, ethyl chloride, a 
large number of dyestuffs, and many valuable remedial 
agents. It is an excellent solvent for many natural 


611 


A REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM 


greatly restrict their use, and this condition will evi- 
dently, and unfortunately, be first reached by those 
most advanced nations that are the largest users of 
fuels. 

Fortunately at this juncture two important factors 
are brought to our attention. First the invention of 
internal combustion engines and gas turbines, in which 
combustible gases and vapors may be used to do work 
and give a more efficient result than fuel used in any 
other way has been made to give. And second that 
alcohol, which may be obtained cheaply wherever vege- 
tation grows, can be efficiently used in these devices. 
Impressed by these facts, publicists have been for some 
time advocating the exemption from taxation of al- 
cohol for use in the arts and manufactures, in order 
to stimulate invention; to familiarize the people with 
its use; and to conserve our remaining supplies of 
other fuels. Through some ten years of advocacy of 
these views the manufacturers and especially the farm 
ers of this country, in their organized granges, became 
convinced of the soundness of this public policy, and 
they presented the matter to the Congress so con 
vinecingly that on June 7, 1906, an act was passed 
making alcohol, for use in the arts and manufactures, 
tax-free, after it had been mixed with substances 
which would render it unfit for use as a beverage, or, 
as it is popularly termed, denatured. The Special 
Alcohol Exhibit of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Ex- 
position was designed to commemorate the passage 
of this Act of Congress, not because it was believed 
that immediate important economic results would flow 
from it, but because it was an example of broad, 
sagacious, far-sighted and sound legislation, which 
looked beyond the immediate present and provided for 
the future of our nation. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


For the purposes of the Exhibit, the Jamestown Ex- 
position Company erected an admirably planned build- 
ing to be used in conjunction with the Fuel Testing 
Plant of the U. 8. Geological Survey, since both of 
these organizations had in view the same purpose, 
namely, the determination of the most efficient means 
for the utilization and conservation of our fuels and 
they were thus enabled to work most harmoniously 
toward a common end. 

In spite of the fact that departmental interpretation 
of the Act of June 7, 1906, discouraged manufacturers, 
who had contemplated producing chemicals and tex- 
tiles by means of free alcohol, and farmers, who had 
expected to operate agricultural stills, and necessitated 
further legislation; that most of the appliances and 
exhibits had to be sought in European countries which 
had anticipated us by some years in this beneficent 
legislation; and that the exhibit was determined on 
quite late, nevertheless exhibits were obtained from 
upwards of twenty-five different exhibitors, some fif- 
teen of which were German firms, who, thanks to the 
efficient aid of Commissioner Charles Le Simple, sent 
a most interesting collective exhibit. 

The exhibit comprised samples of denatured alcohol 
as it appears in commerce; wood alcohol and ‘*‘ ben- 
zine ’’? as used to form the completely denatured alco- 
hol, which is the general article in commerce; a large 
model of a by-product charcoal factory showing the 
method of producing the wood alcohol prescribed as a 
denaturant; samples of pyridine bases and other sub- 
stances to be used as special denaturants in the various 
industries; lamps for lighting, of various forms and 
sizes, from the small night light and table and pendant 
lamps for household use to large out-of-door lamps, 
like electric are lamps, ranging in power from ten to 
three hundred candle power each; samples of ‘‘ solid ’’ 
alcohol; incandescent mantles for lamps and the ma- 
terials from which they are made; stoves operated by 
alcohol, from miniatures for travelers to large ranges 
for hotels, and capable of meeting all conditions of 
life; appliances in which alcohol heaters were adapted 
to heat water for bathing or for laundry use, and indi- 
cating its application to the use of manufacturers; 
appliances for use by surgeons and in hospitals for 
the sterilizing of their instruments and in various 
operations which are necessitated by casualties and 
disease; apparatus used in the inspection of alcohol by 
the Internal Revenue officials, and for the testing of 
aleoholie liquids by chemists and various other kinds 
of laboratory apparatus; and four different types of 
internal combustion engines to be actuated by alcohol 
together with agricultural implements to be run by 
these alcohol engines when the latter were in opera- 
tion and not being tested; for, when the latter was 
the case, the engines were connected with dynamos by 
which to generate electricity, and it was thus demon- 
strated that alcohol could be used as a source of the 
latter form of energy and be indirectly employed for 
the manifold purposes to which electricity is applied. 
In addition to the exhibits forming the Special Alcohol 
Exhibit, there were scattered through the Liberal Arts, 
Mines and Manufactures, and other buildings on the 
Exposition Grounds correlated exhibits so that the 
student of this special topie had an opportunity, at 
the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition, to obtain 
a wide and comprehensive idea of the applications of 
alcohol in the arts and manufactures. 

The engines and the machinery associated with 
them, were installed and tested for efficiency, by Dr. 
Joseph A. Holmes, Chief of the Power and Alcohol 
Building, and his assistants, and the results will appear 
in the publications of the Technological Branch of the 
U.S. Geological Survey, thus giving a permanent value 
to the effort expended in organizing this department 
of the Exposition. 

Many thanks are due the Alcohol Utilities Com- 
pany*, which not only cared for all the American 
exhibits, other than the engine exhibits, but also in- 
stalled and maintained the collective German exhibit. 
This company further furnished demonstrators through- 
out the life of the exhibit, who were painstaking in 
explaining and demonstrating the various appliances, 
and with such success that the Special Alcohol Exhibit 
was visited by a larger number of those entering the 
Exposition Grounds than its size, relative to other 
exhibits, appeared to entitle it. A large percentage 
of these visitors gave a good deal of time to the study 
of the exhibit, to witnessing the demonstrations and 
to making notes on what had transpired. In my judg- 
ment the Special Alcohol Exhibit served so useful a 
purpose as to fully justify the effort and money ex- 
pended in its creation. 


The Westinghouse Companies of Pittsburgh, 
Pennsylvania, received a gold medal for their 
nineteen by twenty-two, three eylinder, vertical, 
single acting four-hundred horse power gas 
engine, which had formed a part of the test- 
ing equipment of the United States Geological 


Survey’s Fuel Test- 
ing Plant at St. 
Louis and had been 
removed by the 
Government to the 
Jamestown Exposi- 
tion. The en- 
gine was the 
same from 
which the 
gas producer 
tests of the 
Geological 
Survey had 


been made 
during the 
past three 


years and 
was the 
standard 
vertical 
type, which 


is best Roney MEcHanicaLt STOKER, EXHIBITED 
adapted to BY THE WESTINGHOUSE COMPANIES 
high speed 

operation, The Westinghouse Companies did 


not display double acting units, which run at 
lower speeds. The single acting machines are 
built in numerous sizes, the one exhibited being 
largest. The medal awarded to these Com- 
panies included also the recognition of the 
Roney Mechanical Stoker, which formed a part 
of the fuel testing plant and which was used 
in connection with the marine boiler installed 
there. The stoker operated upon the rocking 
erate principle and presented an inclined step 
surface for the progressive descent of the coal 
from the coking chamber at the top to the ash- 
pit at the bottom. The stoker was automatic 
in every respect, except that hand work was 
required occasionally for trimming the fire and 
dumping the ashes. 

A Westinghouse gas meter displayed by the 
Pittsburgh Meter Company also received a 
gold medal. Varying pressures did not seem 
to affect the correctness of this instrument. 
Being constructed entirely of metal, no gas 
eould leak through. The meter was so arranged 
that it was practically impossible to tamper 
with it after it had once been sealed. Gas pass- 
ing through the meter with a pressure of less 
than one one-hundredth of a pound was meas- 
ured with the exact accuracy that was shown 
when twenty pounds pressure was applied. 

Another device which had been transferred 
from St. Louis to the Jamestown Exposition, 
a Renfrow Briquette Machine, constituted a 


‘“live’”’ exhibit throughout the Exposition 
period. It had been successfully operated in 


the United States Geological Survey’s coal test- 
ing plant for more than a year. The press, 
which weighed about thirty tons, excluding ac- 
cessories, produced five tons of bricks each hour 
—a single brick weighing about half a pound, 
the weight varying according to the coal used, 
the size being constant. Semi-anthracite and 
semi-bituminous coals, which are sharp in grain 
or texture, as well as the bituminous coals, 
which contain a fair percentage of pitch, were 
most easily treated by the system, anthracite 
dust and slack requiring a special process of 
mixing. The briquettes, three inches in diam- 
eter and two inches in height, were produced 
at the rate of thirty-four to each stroke of the 
machine. The maximum ecapacity—running at 
twenty revolutions a minute—showed a daily 
yield considerably beyond five tons, but that 
weight was the constant output at the Exposi- 
tion. While the operation of a briquette ma- 


*This Company received a gold medal, but were either unwilling or unable to prepare any account of 


their exhibit.—EbD. 


612 


Machinery, Transportation, Etc. 


UN 


RENFROW BRIQUETTE MACHINE, MANUFACTURED BY THE RENFROW BRIQUETTE MACHINE CO., 
OF ST. LOUIS 


chine requires some scientific training, practice 
demonstrated that common gas-house or coal- 
tar pitch made a good binder for ninety per 
cent. of the various sorts of coal, and though 
the relative ease with which the different 
coals may be briquetted depends somewhat on 
their chemical composition, experience showed 
quickly the correct proportion of binding ma- 
terials necessary to secure the best results. 
The Renfrow machine received a gold medal. 
It is an improvement on foreign devices for 
making coalettes. All of the imported pro- 
cesses produce cubes twenty pounds in weight, 
unsatisfactory in size and difficult to handle 
without breaking, but, working along parallel 
lines, the Government and this Company have 
been developing a commercial machine for sey- 
eral years and the adoption of the present press 
by the Government in place of the foreign 
machines which previously had been used at 
the Fuel Testing Plant coneluded the Govern- 
ment’s investigation of the subject and seems 
to have proved that the experts of the Geolog- 
ical Survey are practically satisfied with the 
devices they are now using. 

R. D. Wood & Company of Philadelphia re- 
ceived a gold medal for their exhibit, which 
was made in connection with Fuel Testing. 


They showed in actual operation two revolving 
ash table gas producers of 
seven inches inside diameter. 


These were arranged with 
water sealed bottoms and 


had water cooled top plates 


with hand feeds. There 
were preliminary scrub- 
bers with a ‘ water 


spray and a wet coke- 
filled scrubber, a tar 
extractor and a gas 
holder of four thou- 
sand cubic feet ca- 
pacity. As illustrated 
at the Exposition, the 
gas passed from the 
preliminary serubber, 
where it was partially 
cooled and much tarry 
matter removed, to a 


secondary — serubber, 
where the operation a) 
was continued and 


EX. R. D. WOOD & CO. 
of Philadelphia 


finally completed in 
the combined rotary 
serubber and tar ex- 
tractor. From this last apparatus it passed into 


A CARLOAD OF BRIQUETTES AND COAL TO BE SENT TO THE NAVY FOR TESTING PURPOSES 


613 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


the gas holder for withdrawal to the engine. 
The tar extractor thoroughly cleaned the gas 
by the centrifugal action of an especially de- 
signed machine revolving at high speed and 
provided with water jets of suitable direction 
and pressure. At the Exposition, the gas was 
delivered directly to the Wood machines. The 
especial merit of a soft coal power plant of this 
design is its ability to clean the gas produced 
from a wide range of coals. At the Jamestown 
Hxposition several kinds of hard and soft coals 
and even lignites were utilized. 

The exhibit of the Heine Safety Boiler Com- 
pany, which received a gold medal, consisted 
of two two-hundred-and-ten horse power boil- 
ers operated by the Government in the Fuel 
Testing Plant. These boilers were of the hori- 
zontal water tube type and were constructed 
entirely of flange steel boiler plate. Each had 
one steam and water drum forty-two inches in 
diameter, at either end of which was attached 
a water leg. Between these water legs and 
connecting them extended one hundred and 
sixteen tubes three and a half inches in circum- 
ference and eighteen feet long. Baffle tiling 
was placed in the device, so that the hot gases 
passed through a large combustion chamber 
before turning up in the next set of tubes, thus 
giving ample time for complete combustion. 
On entering the next tubes, the gases traveled 
parallel thereto, turning up at the forward end 


EXHIBIT OF HEINE SAFETY BOILER CO. 


of the space beneath the steam and water drum, 
whence they traveled backward to the uptake. 
In the exhibit at the Exposition, each boiler was 
set separately and provided with its own chim- 
ney. It is quite possible, however, to install 
two or more boilers in a battery and have all 
the cleaning done from the front and rear— 
no openings in the side walls are required—but 
it was thought more practicable at the Exposi- 
tion to display each boiler with an individual 
installation. 

The gasoline and aleohol engines which were 
used in the Power and Aleohol Building, were 
fifteen horse power Otto engines made by the 
Otto Gas Engine Works of Philadelphia. 
Though not entered specifically for exhibit pur- 
poses, these engines received a gold medal. 
With the Otto gasoline engine, brake tests were 
made at various loads and various speeds and 
also with different settings of the ignition, fuel, 
timing and water cooling temperature. Indi- 
cator cards, brake readings, thermometer read- 
ings and other measurements were made at 
frequent intervals. The Otto alcohol engine ear- 
ried a very sensitive seale, which supported 
the aleohol tank and the readings showed 
exactly the weight of alcohol which had 
been used. Means were provided in this en- 
gine to alter the compression and a series of 
highly interesting tests were made. The re- 
sults obtained in the direction of fuel econ- 


EXHIBIT OF OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS 
of Philadelphia, Pa. 


omy were extraordinarily good, better than 
any previously reported either in America or 
Europe. 

Tinius Olsen & Company received a gold 
medal for their automatic cement testing ma- 
chine, their Universal testing machine and their 
hydraulic compression testing machine. The 
automatic shot cement tester was designed to 
supply a demand for a machine that would be 
actually automatic. The general type of shot 
machines is mostly for laboratory use, and the 
advantages of that system were retained. The 
tester had mechanism for piling a load on a 
test briquette and for weighing loads. The 
principle advantages were: That it was auto- 
matic; that if the briquette should break the 
weight was registered on the dial; that the 
load was piled with absolute smoothness, and 
that the impact from falling shot was eliminated 
while the cut-off on the shot kettle was prac- 
tically instantaneous. The hydraulic compres- 
sor was designed for making compression tests 
of cement and concrete cubes and was princi- 
pally used for this work, though it is adapted 
for testing other building materials. The ma- 
chine was a small hydraulic press with an ad- 
justable head which could be lowered or raised 
to the desired position by means of a hand 
wheel and screw. The diameter of the head 
and table was six inches and the machine had 
a capacity of forty thousand pounds. The Uni- 
versal machine was adapted for testing beams 


AUTOMATIC CEMENT TESTING MACHINE 
EXHIBITED BY TINIUS OLSEN & CO. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


614 


Machinery, Transportation, Etc. 


HYDRAULIC COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE 
EXHIBITED BY TINIUS OLSEN & CO. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


that were twenty feet in length and also for 
compression and tensile strengths. It was di- 
rectly motor driven. In addition to these larger 
devices, Messrs. Olsen & Company exhibited 
an assortment of moulds and their Vicat needle 


and plunger for ascertaining the normal con- 
sistency and set of cement. 

The Robins Conveying Belt Company of New 
York City received a gold medal for their end- 
less rubber belt. During the entire Exposition 
this conveyor was used by the United States 
Government for the unloading of material and 
the medal was, therefore, awarded for a device 
actually operated and which when examined 
by the Jury had been in constant use many 
months. The belt was composed of five plys 
of rubber with a one-eighth inch canvas cover- 
ing on the top side. The head and tail pulleys 
were twenty inches in diameter and were 
mounted on two seventeen-sixteenths inch 
shafts. The conveyor was driven by a belt pul- 
ley by means of spur gears and counter shafts 
and it ran on eleven twenty-four inch trough 
idlers and four twenty-four inch return idlers. 


MARINE APPLIANCES 


HE largest and most interesting exhibit 
in the Marine Appliances Building was 
made by the Newport News Ship Building 

and Dry Dock Company, the central feature of 
which was the representation of a.deck house, 
bridge and pilot house of a merchant ship. The 
models were full sized in proportion for a boat 
of ten thousand or more tons displacement. The 
usual ship fittings, rails, masts, riggings and 
sidelights were employed and within the pilot 
house were navigating instruments and steer- 
ing gear of the latest type. The exhibit was 
lighted by electricity and its sidelights were 
the best type of electric lamps. In connection 
with these, an indicator in the pilot house 
showed whether the lights were burning. In 
the cabin were hung large pictures, ten and 
twelve feet in length, showing the shipyard and 
surroundings and various warships which had 
been built by the Newport News Ship Building 
and Dry Dock Company. Closing the air ports 
were glass transparencies representing the fol- 
lowing vessels of the United States, all of which 
had been built by this Company: the battleships 
‘‘Kearsage,’’ ‘‘Kentucky,’’ ‘‘Tllinois,’’ ‘‘Mis- 
souri,’’‘‘ Virginia,’’ ‘‘Louisiana,’’‘‘ Minnesota,”’ 


the armored cruisers ‘‘West Virginia’’ and 
‘*Maryland’’ andthe protected cruiser ‘‘ Charles- 
ton.’’ The Company received a gold medal. 
The Coston Signal Company made an elabo- 
rate and comprehensive display of their marine 
and railroad night signals. This Company, 
which has received diplomas at all the great 
expositions since 1869, received a gold medal 
at the Jamestown Exposition. An interesting 
exhibit in connection with their display were 
the patents which they had obtained on their 
signals—the Coston aerial signal, at present 
used in the United States Navy; the friction 
signal, which was tried and condemned by the 
United States Government; the distress outfits 
for life boats,now generally used, and containing 
twelve distress signals to be screwed under the 
thwart of a life boat, aud one containing sixty 
distress signals for life boats, and patents for 
a number of signal holders and different modes 
of manufacturing night signals. They exhib- 
ited a water light which has been adopted by 
the United States Government, United States 
Navy and several large steamship lines and 
which is used on many vachts. This water light 
may be attached to a life buoy and burns in 


a Bi pm. = 


615 


EXHIBIT OF THE NEWPORT NEWS SHIP BUILDING AND DRY DOCK CO., NEWPORT NEWS, VA. 


* decal 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


; (WATER LI 


LIFE BUOY “© DECK FLARES 


of New York, N. Y. 


the water for an hour. A water light known 
as the ‘‘ Standard ’’? was also shown. ‘This is 
used for giving illumination that will enable 
men to see while repairing vessels or docks at 
night. The Company exhibited a full set of 
signals, flags and funnel marks of the various 
steamship lines, being a complete display of the 
signals belonging to the principal steamship 
companies of the world. Ship regulation dis- 
tress rockets from one pound to six pounds 
were shown, and the International Signal Code, 
corresponding to the day flag code. 

The Truscott Boat Manufacturing Company 
received a gold medal for their motors and 
boats and the general appearance of their ex- 
hibit. They occupied a floor space measuring 
twenty-one by thirty-one feet, and displayed 
five of their launches complete with all appur- 
tenaneces. The largest boat measured twenty- 
five by six feet and was a ‘‘ compromise stern ”’ 
model. A distinctive feature of this boat was 
a long cockpit divided amidship by a bulkhead, 
which made the frame rigid and added greatly 
to its strength. The boat was equipped with 
a seven horse power Truscott single cylinder 
two cycle motor. In the after cockpit was a 
cozy seat which extended across the rear, and 
before this seat there stood three rattan chairs 
and a table. The decks, combing, bulkheads 
and all panel work were finished in quartered 
oak, and the trimmings were of polished brass. 


EXHIBIT OF THE TRUSCOTT BOAT MANUFACTURING CO., OF ST. JOSEPH, MICH. 


Trimmed and finished similarly was another 
boat twenty-five feet long by five feet eight 
inches wide, an overhanging stern model, fitted 
with an engine of the same character as was in 
the other boat. The engine was placed far aft 
and left a roomy cockpit with comfortable side 
seats. An eighteen foot overhanging stern 
model fitted with a three horse power engine 
of the same type illustrated a design for a com- 
fortable family launch. The other boats were 
a sixteen foot service model with a three horse 
power engine and a twenty-one foot ‘‘ com- 
promise stern ’’? model fitted with a five horse 
power motor. 

Adjacent to this exhibit was the one made 
by the Truscott Boat and Auto Supply Com- 
pany—both of these firms manufacturing in 
Saint Joseph, Michigan. Their space, forty- 
eight feet by seven feet, was utilized to display 
a great variety of boat trimmings, steering 
wheels, propeller wheels, chocks, cleats, search- 
lights, sidelights, deckplates and anchors, all 
finished in a manner that evidenced such good 
workmanship and material that a gold medal 
was awarded to the display. 

The Buffalo Gasoline Motor Company exhib- 
ited their marine motors. The Company manu- 
factures four cycle engines only, and they are 
built in a practical and economical way. The 
design of the engines is extremely simple, and 
access to every part is easy. All the motors 
were equipped with the float feed carbureter, 
by means of which they can be throttled to a 
very low speed and still get an equal amount 
and quality of mixture. This can be done with- 
out floating, an item of great importance in a 
cabin boat. Both the jump spark and the make 
and break spark system of ignition are used. 
This Company received a gold medal for its 
line of gasoline motors. 

The exhibit of the Galena Signal Oil Com- 
pany of Franklin, Pennsylvania, consisted 
mainly of a beautifully designed reception 
room, the same that was used at the St. Louis 
Exposition. It was about thirty feet square; 
the interior walls of white enamel, in which 
were inserted dark blue panels of burlap, and 
in these panels oil paintings were hung. The 
floor was an artistic design, covered with a 
blue velvet rug. Covering the exhibit was a 
large leaded glass dome about twenty feet in 
diameter, dark blue at the edges and growing 
lighter until it reached the summit. An open 
fire-place surrounded by a_ beautiful mantel 
capped by a large mirror which reached to the 
ceiling, added greatly to the effectiveness of the 


0 aE oe Baas ees 


Machinery, Transportation, Etc. 


room, while a Tiffany electrolier representing 
a bunch of drooping ealla lilies gave an artistic 
touch of color to the interior. 

The Babcock & Wilcox Company received a 
gold medal for their semi-marine or dredge 
type boiler, a design extensively used for 
dredges and large stationary land installations. 
The pressure parts of the boiler were built 
throughout of open hearth steel, and the tubes 
of straight seamless steel were four inehes in 
diameter, expanded at their ends into hydraul- 
ically forged headers or manifolds, with the 
alternating rows ‘‘ staggered,’’ thus causing 
the products of combustion to be deflected and 
repeatedly broken in their passage across the 
tubes to the uptake opening. At either end 
of each tube is a handhole faced to suit a cor- 
responding seat on the inside of the header, the 
joint being made with a thin gasket; the hand- 
hole plate being drawn into 
position by means of a 
forged steel dog and nut. 
Opposite the front and rear 
headers were suitable doors 
for access to the handhole 
plates and the interior of the 


tubes. The steam and water 
drum was located at the 


front of the boiler and di- 
rectly over the head of the 
fireman; the gauge glass and 
try cocks were located on 
the drum head, which was 
fitted with a suitable baffle 
plate and dry pipe. The 
boiler was protected at its 
sides by light fire tile which 
fitted closely to the side 
tubes, with quarter-inch as- 
bestos millboard and two 
inches of magnesia block, all 
backed by heavy steel plate 
secured by butt straps to 
suitable angle iron framing. 
The sections of the side cas- 
ing were, therefore, remoy- 
able at will. Dusting doors 
provided with air-tight shut- 
ters were located in the side 
casing, rendering it possible 
to clean thoroughly the ex- 
terior of the tubes by means 
of steam or compressed air 
blow pipe inserted through 
the openings. On the lower 
row of tubes was a reverberatory roof or 
baffle, composed of fire brick. Besides aiding 
combustion, this device directs the hot gases 
to the rear of the furnace, whence other baffles 
direct them three times across the tubes. <A 
salient feature of the design is the large com- 
bustion space in the furnace. This furnace 
volume taken in conjunction with the baffle 
system produces a very high boiler efficiency 
and renders combustion practically complete. 
The grate bars in this style of boiler are level, 
all the fire doors being situated at the same 
height from the furnace floor. The Jury 
awarded a gold medal to this boiler for its 
efficiency, its safety unde: high pressure, and 
for the general accessibility of its parts, making 
inspection and repair particularly easy. 

The firm of A. Schrader’s Son, Incorporated, 
made at the Exposition an exhibit of practically 
all of the goods which they manufacture, but 
on account of the naval character of the cele- 
bration they desired particularly to bring be- 
fore the public their line of diving apparatus 
and submarine appliances and for this reason 
reserved space in the Marine Appliances Build- 
ing. 

The exhibit as arranged had a most pleas- 


617 


ing appearance and furnished at the same 
time practical suggestions to those engaged in 
lines of business connected with water work. 
Prominently placed in the corners of their space 
were two figures of divers clad in rubber suits. 
The figure at the right of the picture was fitted 
with a regulation qtarter-turn serew helmet 
with air hose attached, and around the waist, 
in addition to the life line used for raising or 
lowering the diver, there was shown a belt 
with diving knife, and upon the feet were 
placed diving shoes fitted with cast brass soles 
and the toe caps which are used by sponge and 
pearl fishermen. The figure at the left corner 
was equipped with a five lug improved bolt 
helmet and the telephone and cable which have 
been adopted by the United States Navy. A belt 
weighing in the neighborhood of eighty-four 
pounds surrounded the waist, and on the feet 


EXHIBIT OF BABCOCK & WILCOX CO. 
of New York City 


of the figure were diving shoes with lead soles 
weighing about thirty pounds to the pair. ln- 
mediately behind this latter figure was placed 
a fine finished three cylinder deep sea diving 
pump capable of supplying air to a diver at 
any depth to which he might descend. At the 
rear of this pump was shown another three cyl- 
inder pump, similar and of plainer finish, which 
will supply air to a depth of ninety feet. This 
latter pump is the one that has been generally 
adopted by contractors, railroad and steamship 
companies and bridge and pier builders; for 
there are few under water enterprises which 
require the diver to exceed a distance of ninety 
feet from the surface. 

To the right of the entrance stood a two eyl- 
inder double diving pump, a design adopted by 
the United States Navy, and behind this pump 
was a smaller two cylinder single action pump 
which is used in water where the depth is not 
over thirty-feet. Directly adjoining the two 
eylinder pump an exhibit was arranged which 
showed the manner in which air is forced to the 
diver. A small electric motor was attached to 
a pump in such a manner that by throwing on 
a switch the crank shaft of the pump would 
turn and cause the pistons to operate with the 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


q |manuFAcT¥Re *DIVING 


SCHRADER UNIVERSAL 


& 


a}= 7.4 =. 


VALVES FOR PNEUMATIC TIRES— 


SE COUPLINGS.PIPES.FITTINGS & BRASS FITTINGS FOR RUBBER GOOD GOODS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 


JRNISHERS OF US. wut STANDARD DIVING APPARATUS. W 


EXHIBIT OF A. SCHRADER'S SON, 


cylinders. The air discharged entered the re- 
servoir in the bed plate of the pump, then 
passed through the hose attached to the outlet 
into a helmet completely immersed in water. 
After the air had entered the helmet, it could 
be seen escaping from the valve used for carry- 
ing off the foul air and rising to the top of 
the water in a continuous stream of bubbles. 
This was a ‘‘ live ’’ exhibit and inevitably at- 
tracted attention. 

Four complete sets of apparatus were on ex- 
hibition, namely: A United States Navy out- 
t; the fine finished deep sea outfit, the plain 
pump and outfit for use in ninety feet of water 
and the small outfit for depths not exceeding 
thirty feet. The United States Navy, which is 
one of the largest customers of this Company, 
requires all articles included in the outfit to 
be packed in eases fitted with a lock and key. 
These cases were shown directly behind the 
diver in the right hand corner. The separate 
articles, besides the pump, were packed in a 


large rattan basket fitted with a lock and key 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


INC., OF NEW YORK CITY 


and handle, while the parts for the ninety foot 
outfit were packed in a barrel arranged with a 
hinged cover and rope handles. This also was 
fitted with a lock and key. The parts for the 
smaller pumps were packed in pine boxes. 

The various articles in the outfit for the 
United States Navy covered every possible de- 
vice necessary for divers’ use. The other out- 
fits were less extensive, but they were very 
comprehensive. To diving apparatus, excep- 
tional care and attention must be given, since 
upon their quality depends the safety of human 
lives. The gold medal which was awarded to 
A. Schrader’s Son, Incorporated, testified to the 
appreciation in which the Jury of Awards held 
the goods manufactured by this firm. In addi- 
tion to the diving outfits, the Company exhib- 
ited a line of valves and pneumatic tires, air 
valves for penumatic pillows, beds, ete., 
stopples and combination fittings for hot water 
bags, hose couplings, pipes, fittings for rubber 
goods, f ferrule contracting machines and shower 
bath fixtures and attachments. 


NIGHT VIEW OF COLONNADE AROUND MACHINERY BUILDING 


ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION 


Originally planned for 1907, the Alaska- 
Yukon-Pacifie Exposition was moved forward 
two years that nothing of similar character, 
however distantly situated, might detract from 
the suecess of the Jamestown Exposition. 
When, in 1905, it was decided that an exposi- 


tion should be held in Seattle, the inclination of 
the people in this, as in all their doings, favored 
immediate action. But just at this time the 
fullness of the intended scope and the profound 
national significance of the work going forward 
in Tidewater Virginia gained general apprecia- 


618 


Machinery, Transportation, Etc. 


tion throughout the country. Setting aside the 
seeming occasion for habitual haste, the people 
of the Pacific Northwest paid prompt deference 
to the Mother of States, acquiesced in the 
wishes of their brothers of the South and fur- 


thered the Southern 
purpose by every 
means at their com- 


mand, as shown by the 
course of their con- 
gressional representa- 
tives and their news- 
papers. 

The year 1909 was 
then fixed for the 
Alaska- Yukon- Pacifie 
Exposition. Postpone- 
ment of the event im- 
phed no relaxation of 
effort. Profiting by 
experienced advice, in- 
telligent observation 
and persistent exploitation, the management 


PRESIDENT CHILBERG 


found itself, on December 1, 1907, the better: 


equipped for the later tasks. 

Accepting the cordial invitation of President 
Tucker and the Board of Governors, the Alaska- 
Yukon-Pacifie Exposition established head- 
quarters at the Jamestown Exposition. As 
Commissioner General, James A. Wood, a 
Northwestern newspaper man, was sent from 
Seattle and he arrived at Norfolk early in 
April. Choice of space for the headquarters 
was freely given by Governor Southgate of the 
Division of Exhibits and an excellent location 
was selected, comprising one thousand square 
feet at the west end of the Palace of Machinery 
and Transportation. There were fitted up a 
reception room and a private office, which were 
occupied throughout the exposition by the 
Commissioner General and his secretary, Lloyd 
W. MacDowell, who also came from Seattle. 
Mr. Wood not only served his Exposition, but 
he was the accredited Commissioner from the 
State of Washington. 

The work accomplished by the Seattle office 
was of considerable importance, not only to 
the Alaska-Yukon-Pacifie Exposition, but to 
Seattle. to other cities of the farther North- 
west, and to that great region which includes 


619 


ibeeoe Al Dekh bOODE 


Alaska, the Yukon, British Columbia and the 
States of the Western Slope. Few of the thou- 
sands of visitors to the building could miss 
seeing the imposing sign, ‘‘Seattle, 1909,’’ 
which over-topped the office structure. 

Three of the princi- 
pal officers of the 
Alaska- Yukon-Pacifie 
Exposition paid brief 


visits to Jamestown, 
but none had time 
enough at his dis- 


posal to permit the 
acceptance of official 
or social attentions. 
A. 8S. Kerry, a vice- 
president of the Se- 
attle organization, 
spent a day seeing 
the grounds and build- 
ings. In October J. 
EK. Chilberg, the presi- 
dent, visited the exposition for a day, and in 
November Judge Richard A. Ballinger, another 
of the vice-presidents, spent a day at Jamestown. 

The visit of President Chilberg coincided 
with that of the Chicago Press Club, and during 
the evening he was a guest at the smoker given 
in honor of the newspaper association. Mr. 
Chilberg at that time made a brief speech, in 
which he urged consideration of the vast possi- 
bilities for commercial expansion lying in and 
beyond the Pacific Northwest. He pointed out 
that Seattle sends nothing Eastward except 
money and has nothing to sell to the States 
of the East, South or Middle West; that the 
market of the Pacifie Northwest les beyond to 
the farther North, West and South, and that to 
join in the supply of this market all States of 
the Union have been invited. In this brief talk 
Mr. Chilberg sounded the key-note of the pur- 
pose of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacifie Exposition. 

In the latter weeks at Jamestown the interest 
of its many participants turned more strongly 
to Seattle and the next exposition. During 
the autumn many of those whose work had 
been done went Westward, and when the gates 
finally closed there was an extensive movement 
of exposition followers in the direction of 
Puget Sound. 


COMR.-GEN. WOOD 


dOV1Vd LIGIHXA SALV.LS 


‘uolze1odiog Yydeisojoyg [vIOWJO UMOjsoWe/ ‘yYysLIAdOD 


620 


CHAPTER XVI 


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


STATES EXHIBIT PALACE—PROVISIONS FOR EXHIBITING COMMONWEALTHS—CHARACTER OF 
BUILDING HETEROGENEOUS GROUPINGS—DISPLAYS OF VIRGINIA, SOUTH CAROLINA, NORTH 
CAROLINA, MISSOURI, MARYLAND, MICHIGAN, KENTUCKY, NEW JERSEY, WEST VIRGINIA, LOU- 
ISIANA, CONNECTICUT, OHIO, NEW HAMPSHIRE, GEORGIA, VERMONT, OKLAHOMA, LOS AN- 
GELES AND SAN DIEGO COUNTIES, CAL.—RAILWAY EXHIBITS, SEABOARD AIR LINE, NORFOLK & 
SOUTHERN, SOUTHERN RAILWAY, CHESAPEAKE & OHIO, ATLANTIC COAST LINE, NORFOLK & 


WESTERN, GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY SYSTEM—MISSISSIPPI 


COTTON—FERTILIZERS—AGRICUL- 


TURAL SUNDRIES—SEEDS, FLOWERS AND BULBS—FOODS AND ACCESSORIES—FOOD PRODUCTS 
BUILDING—EXHIBITS OF COFFEES, TEAS, SPICES—SUGARS—CEREALS—CANNED |_GOODS—OILS— 
FLOURS—MEATS—WHISKEYS—BEERS—GINS—WATERS—HONEYS AND SYRUPS—ICE MACHINES— 
EXHIBIT BUILDINGS OF MRS. BUCHANAN AND WALTER BAKER & COMPANY, LIMITED— 
EXHIBIT OF THE REPUBLIC OF HAITI 


Agriculture and Horticulture, and For- 

estry, Fish and Game, exclusive of 

mechanical devices and machinery con- 
nected with these subjects, are usually made by 
States, the Jamestown Exposition management, 
having necessarily to consider economy in con- 
struction, decided that it would be best to erect 
a States Exhibit Palace for a general display 
rather than to build a separate structure for 
each class of exhibit. James L. Farmer was 
appointed the first Chief of the Department of 
Agriculture, and the States Exhibit Palace was 
placed under his charge, as was also the De- 
partment of Foods, whose exhibits were in the 
Food Products Building. He seleeted Robert 
Gordon Finney as Superintendent of Agricul- 
ture and when Mr. Farmer was promoted to 
the position of Secretary of the Jury of Awards. 
Mr. Finney be- 
came Chief of Ag- 
riculture—a_ posi- 
tion which he held 
until the tenth of 
Oetober, 1907, 
when he resigned 
in order to resume 
the practice of law 
and was succeeded 
by D. G. Heidt, 
Jr., who remained 
in charge until the 
close of the Expo- 
sition. 


A S THE EXHIBITS in the Departments of 


The States Ex- 
hibit Palace was 
designed to pro- 


thirty-five 
hundred square 
feet for each 
State which had made an appropriation for 
representation at the Exposition. Some of the 
States did not utilize their full quota, while 
others demanded a considerable increase. Vir- 
ginia occupied ninety-five hundred and twelve 
square feet; North Carolina, fifty-six hundred 
and sixteen; Missouri, forty-seven hundred and 


vide 


R. GORDON FINNEY 
Superintendent, later Chief 


fifty-two; Louisiana, forty-five hundred and 
nineteen; Connectieut, thirty-seven hundred 


and seventy; South Carolina, thirty-seven hun- 
dred and twenty-six and California—(Los 
Angeles and San Diego Counties)—thirty-six 
hundred. Vermont used only twelve hundred 
and sixty feet in the States Palace, but it also 
had a space in the Food Products Building for 
its exhibit of maple sugar; and the display of 
Michigan was housed in the latter structure 
because there was no room for it in the States 
Exhibit Palace. Maryland, New Jersey, Okla- 


621 


homa, New Hampshire, West Virginia, Georgia, 
Kentucky and Ohio occupied less space than 
they might have demanded. 

The location of the building was ideal for 
exhibit purposes. It was the only large strue- 
ture which lay beyond the general grouping 
around Raleigh Square. Facing the east end 
of Lee’s Parade and fronting on Commonwealth 
Avenue, East, it was close to the main entrance 
of the Exposition. Spottswood Circle bounded 
three sides of the building and on this are were 
the small frame and shingle houses designed 
for Arts and Crafts, though used for other pur- 
poses. The area of the Palace was about two 
and a half acres; its architecture was Colonial 
and a great court occupied the center. This 
was glass covered and utilizable for special dis- 
plays and contained an area of twenty thou- 
sand, nine hundred and fifty square feet. The 
building proper was fifteen hundred feet long 
and three hundred feet wide, finished with brick 
veneering, and its cornice line was adorned with 
the names of the various States exhibiting. 

The plan for the States Exhibit Palace con- 
templated displays of natural resources other 
than minerals which were to be placed in the 
Mines and Metallurgy Building, but this latter 
structure proved entirely too small to house all 
the exhibits offered and many were diverted to 
the former. The inclusion of mineral exhibits 
with those of agriculture, forestry and the 
other allied classes could not be attributed en- 
tirely to the restriction of space in the Mines 
3uilding for a number of the commissioners 
preferred to illustrate the resources of their 
State in bulk rather than piecemeal. For edu- 
cational purposes, undoubtedly an exposition 
best subserves its purpose when a museum plan 
is followed and exhibits are rigidly classified 
and located, but for exploiting a territory it 
may be best to congregate all the illustrations 
of its wealth-producing elements and it is diffi- 
cult for an exhibit department successfully to 
withstand the insistence of commissioners from 
a commonwealth should they desire some con- 
cession from the rules. Yet there was a ramifi- 
cation that was distinetly unwise, namely, the 
permission accorded to the State commissioners 
to inelude with the display of natural resources 
a showing of manufacturing products, ma- 
terials and devices of every character which 
tended to produce revenue for any particular 
commonwealth. This permission, frequently 
utilized, resulted in some curious collections in 
the State Building and diverted from other ex- 
hibit halls a large number of displays which 
rightly they should have held and it caused an 
appreciable decrease in the Exposition’s reve- 
nue, for few, if any, of the States charged 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


WESTERN SECTION STATES EXHIBIT PALACE 


private exhibitors for the space they occupied, 
and it is very probable that many of these ex- 
hibits so housed gratuitously would have been 
installed in areas remunerative to the Exposi- 
tion had the free area allotted to each State 
been strictly reserved as a field for the display 
of natural products. 


VIRGINIA 


Facing the main entrance to the Palace was 
an exceptional illustration of the resources of 
the State of Virginia. Captain G. Julian 
Pratt, Superintendent of the exhibit, was the 
agent through whom the State Commission se- 
cured the display which reflected so much 
eredit on the ‘‘ Old Dominion.’’ Shortly after 
the Commission organized, he was placed in 
charge of the agricultural division and man- 
aged the collection and conduct of the exhibit. 
In addition to the appropriation made by the 
Legislature for exhibit purposes, a special Act 
authorized each of the counties to make a 
separate exhibit and the Commissioners urged 
that this privilege should be utilized. Only a 
few of the counties, however, took advantage 
of the opportunity. These were Norfolk, 


r >: § 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


VIRGINIA STATE EXHIBIT 


Brunswick, Albemarle, Sussex, Dinwiddie, Isle 
of Wight and Chesterfield, and aside from these 
and the showing made by the Southern Produce 
Exchange of Norfolk County, the Virginia ex- 


EDW. T. BONHAM CAPT. G. JULIAN PRATT 


Asst. Supt. Va. State Ex. Supt. Va. State Ex. 


hibit was purely collective. As a display of 
natural resources, Virginia’s exhibit was re- 
markable, and it is doubtful if ever a common- 
wealth made a better showing at an exposition. 


ye 


a 
oa 


Agriculture. 


The exhibit was ready on Opening Day and 
during the entire period of the Exposition it 
proved to be one of the chief points of interest 
for the visitors to the Fair. 

Corn, wheat, rye and oats, splendid samples 
of each, and numerous varieties were illus- 
trated; peanuts ranging from the minute Span- 
ish variety to the ‘* Virginia Jumbo,’’ only 
exceeded in size by the giant goobers of Cali- 
fornia, made a pleasing exhibit; many varieties 
of valuable truck produce were on view; a 
splendid collection of home-made _ preserves, 
jams, conserves and pickles loaded the tables 
and many examples of Virginia’s manufactur- 
ine ventures went to complete the exhibit, 
which as a whole received a gold medal and to 
which there were also a number of individual 
gold medals awarded. In the endeavor to 
carry out the design of a comprehensive State 
representation, contributions were sought from 
every section. 

The agricultural and horticultural exhibits 
were installed by D. 
S. Clark of Norfolk; 
the color design was 
blue and gold and 
the decorations con- 
sisted entirely of 
farm products—vari- 
ous grains, ears of 
eorn and_ peanuts 
made the lines, while 
bright tobaccos served 
largely for a_ back- 
eround. The instal- 
lation was exception- 
ally effective and 
artistic. A notable 
exhibit was made by 
the tobacco interests 
of Dinwiddie, and 
gold medals for leaf tobacco were awarded to 
the Dinwiddie Tobacco Association, G. O. Tuck 
& Company of Danville, and E. K. Victor & 
Company of Richmond. The immense pea- 
nut industry of the State was well repre- 
sented by the Associated Peanut Companies of 
Virginia, with headquarters at Suffolk. These 
Companies received a gold medal for peanuts 
of all kinds and sizes, and Bosman & Lohman 
of Norfolk obtained a similar award for their 
peanut butter and other food products made 


D. S. CLARK 
Designer of the Va. State Ex. 


— Z 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


from peanuts. <A fine display of wood pulp 
and paper was made by the West Virginia Pulp 
and Paper Company of Covington, Virginia. 
This instructive and high class showing re- 
ceived a gold medal. 

The collective exhibit of fish and game in- 
cluded some unusually fine specimens of the 
Chesapeake fisheries. These were mounted and 
appeared with the eastern counties’ showing. 
A large case laden with specimens of ducks in 
ereat variety, quail, sora, wild turkeys, wild 
geese, deer, fox and bear well exemplified Vir- 
ginia’s game varieties. The contents of this 
case were arranged in such an order as would 
easily show the geographical distribution of 
the birds and animals. The exhibit as a whole 
received a gold medal. 

State horticulture was represented by an 
elaborate collection contained in glass, the 
specimens illustrating comprehensively every 
important variety of fruit or vegetable grown 
in Virginia. Supplementing this fixed exhibit, 
there were placed on exhibition at several 
periods fresh commercial varieties of apples 
and pears grown ‘n Virginia. The Collective 
Display of Fruits received a gold medal and 
another was awarded to E. T. Bonham for his 
Albermarle pippin exhibit. 


SOUTH CAROLINA 


South Carolina occupied a prominent posi- 
tion in the building; and the exhibit installed 
by Paul V. Moore of Spartansburg, South Caro- 
lina, was spectacular in conception and su- 
perbly artistic. Mr. Buchanan, the former Di- 
rector-General of the Pan-American Exposition, 
said on opening day that South Carolina had 
in this exhibit advanced further in the matter 
of elaborate detail and artistic finish than had 
any State at any exposition up to that time. 

The entire frontage of two hundred and four 
feet was attractive, the space was _ tastily 
decorated with agricultural products, soft lint 
cotton, vari-colored corns, rice and other 
grains. The dominating colors were the blue 
and white that showed on the South Carolina 
flag. ‘‘ The Palmetto State ’’ appropriately 
utilized this variation of the palm to blend with 
its other decorations. Three large palmettos 
were introduced, one in the center and one at 
either end, while beautiful palmetto leaves 


SOUTH CARoLina F 


AND DRINK oF Hen ‘ 


SOUTH CAROLINA STATE EXHIBIT 


623 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


formed an important part of the frieze which 
extended the whole length of the wall. A 
minor feature of the decoration was a series 
of graceful arches hung with festoons of white, 
red and yellow corn, supporting ‘‘ South Caro- 
lina ’’ worked in cotton. Under the palmetto 
frieze dark blue panels were imposed on the 
wall. These panels bore cotton lint letters 
forming legends which advertised the State, 
the most impressive one being: ‘‘ We will 
feed, clothe and educate you and let you lve 
out of doors nine months in the year.’’ 

D. S. Clark was the decorator who elaborated 
Mr. Moore’s conception and he employed ca- 
pable men to help in the installation. In the 


ceiling were finely constructed centerpieces 
representing the mechanical arts—Forestry, 


Machinery, Exploration, the Chase, Agricul- 
ture, Music and Art. Keeping in view always 
the artistic conception which was intended to 
be paramount, stress was also laid on effecting 
such a logical arrangement as would best show 
the products exhibited while not interfering 
with the picture. 


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Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


vold medals—Benjamin Williamson of Dar- 
lington for tobacco; MacIvor Williamson of the 
same town for corn, and Major Julian Mitchell 
of Charleston for cotton. The horticultural 
exhibit included a display of fruits and vege- 
tables in great variety and of excellent quality. 
The gold medal awarded to the State’s agricul- 
tural exhibit included this branch as well. 

In the Department of Forestry the principal 
plece was an attractive house showing panels 
mage of yellow pine furnished by the Atlantic 
Coast Lumber Company of Georgetown, to 
whom a gold medal was awarded; and the 
Santee River Cypress Lumber Company of 
Ferguson received a gold medal for its display 
of panels and commercial woods. 

The mineral showing was entirely commer- 
cial and consisted of a collection of specimens 
of economic minerals collected by Earle Sloan, 
the State Geologist. There was no attempt to 
exhibit curiosities, the sole purpose was to in- 
terest investors. Cotton and woolen manufac- 
tures were illustrated by a complete line of 
textiles contributed by various members of the 


SOUTH CAROLINA STATE EXHIBIT 


It was decided to exemplify the resources 
of South Carolina under eight generic heads— 
Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Minerals, 
Textiles, General Manufactures, Education and 
History. The area was carefully divided 
among these subjects with the view of giving 
to each a fair quota. Naturally, a larger space 
was apportioned to agriculture than to forestry 
and for a similar reason cotton manufactures 
received more attention than the general fac- 
tory exhibits. The practical results of the dis- 
play were that visitors were sensibly impressed 
with the extensive variety of the exhibits from 
field and factory, which were so well arranged 
that each was obvious, and the people of South 
Carolina who came to the Exposition took the 
deepest interest in the show of their own 
resources and expressed great pride in the 
collection. Miss Julia May Maree was Mr. 
Moore’s assistant and acted as hostess. South 
Carolina received a gold medal for its col- 
lective agricultural display, which consisted of 
raw cotton, corn, wheat, tobacco and rice; and 
several exhibitors in this Division also received 


South Carolina Cotton Manufacturers’ Associa- 
tion. A number of gold medals were awarded 
to these contributors—to the Brogan Mills of 
Anderson for faney eotton flannels; to the 
Colonial Duck Mills for yarns, ropes and cot- 
ton ducks; to the Glenwood Cotton Mill of 
Wastley for pereales; to the Highland Park 
Manufacturing Company of Rockhill for ging- 
hams; to the McGee Manufacturing Company 
of Greenville for wool blankets and swatches; 
to the Union Bleaching and Finishing Com- 
pany of Greenville for cotton fabrics manufac- 
tured in South Carolina and finished at the 
Union bleachery, to the Victor Appalachee Cot- 
ton Mill of Greenville for batiste lawns, nain- 
sooks and long cloth, and the Association re- 
ceived a gold medal for its collective display. 
A few of the more important industries of the 
State were exhibited among the general manu- 
factures. Brooms and furniture were shown, 
and the harness of the Andrew Reed and Loom 
Harness Company of Spartansburg received 
a gold medal. <A similar medal was awarded 
to the State’s display in the Division of Eduea- 


624 


Agriculture. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


NORTH CAROLINA STATE EXHIBIT 


tion, which illustrated the branches taught in 
the State Agricultural and Mechanical College, 
and the historic display consisted of pictures 
of historical documents from Colonial periods 
to the present time. A bronze medal was 
awarded to the history exhibit. 


NORTH CAROLINA 


North Carolina especially emphasized the 
important positions occupied in that State by 
agriculture and horticulture. The installation 
of the exhibit was excellent. The space ocecu- 
pied was rectangular in form and had six wide 
entrances which permitted easy access to the 
interior. A neat brass rail stretching between 
heavy posts served as a retaining wall, and the 
main entrance was flanked by tall columns sur- 
mounted by gilded eagles. Two towers ocecu- 
pied a part of the east end of the exhibit. One 
of these was decorated with leaf and granu- 
lated tobacco and had a wide octagonal base 
fitted with thirty-two colored transparencies 
illustrating the agricultural and horticultural 
industries of North Carolina. The other tower, 
somewhat bulkier, had a canopy shaped top 


from the border of which depended strings of 
peanuts. Within this tower was a series of 
circular shelves on which were arranged glass 
jars containing fruits and vegetables. The 
lower portion was fitted with framing which 
bore glass tubes containing clean grains and 
seeds. Near the center was an office twenty- 
three feet by ten in extent, the exterior walls 
decorated with corn, wheat, oats, rye, peanuts, 
cotton and tobacco, and over the strueture 
there floated the State flag. 

The exhibit was in charge of H. H. Brimley, 
curator of the State Museum, and to a large 
extent it consisted of samples taken from the 
State’s publie collection. The North Carolina 
grains and grasses were exhibited on tables 
whose sides were tastefully decorated with 
agricultural specimens. Preserved fruits were 
there in quantity and fresh fruits and vege- 
tables were supplied at intervals. Among the 
former, peaches, dewberries, plums, grapes, 
apples, cantaloupes and watermelons predomin- 
ated; while potatoes, squashes, beets and onions 
were the principal vegetables shown. 

In 1893 North Carolina determined to exploit 
her remarkable hardwoods, and at the Colum- 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


NORTH CAROLINA STATE EXHIBIT 


625 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


bian World’s Fair made an attractive forestry 
exhibit. Fortunately, the collection elicited so 
much favorable comment that the State author- 
ities determined to perpetuate the display. 
During the fourteen years between 1893 and 
1907, the North Carolina forestry samples have 
grown. The specimens, shown at the Exposi- 
tion, ineluded planks polished and unpolished, 
most of them four feet long and all of them 
the full width of the tree. In practically every 
case the bark was attached. Forest seeds were 
exhibited and some rarely handsome samples 
of fine veneers were included. The pipe ex- 
hibit was distinctly interesting and some ex- 
cellent pipe blocks cut from the root burls of 
the kalmia and rhododendron showed the 
source of many of the best ‘‘ imported French 
briar pipes.’’ With the blocks were many 
finished pipes. 

The fish and game exhibit, though small, was 
satisfactory. Canned oysters and _ clams, 
canned clam juice and a collection of such sea 
foods as diamond back terrapin, shrimp, 
oysters, clams and crabs were shown in a fine 
series, and the models of five of the principal 
types of fishing boats used on the coast at- 


MISSION CO. 


RO, N.C. 


aad NEW YORK. 


i 


CHATHAM MFO CQ ELKIN KC 


play the fabrics manufactured in that State re- 
quired a space containing nearly eleven hun- 
dred square feet of floor area. A. R. Chisholm 
was in charge of the exhibit, and the decoration 
of the enclosure testified to his good taste just 
as the quality of the goods proved his judgment. 
Depending from the ceiling, over the show 
of weaves, blue and white sunbursts with reed 
ropes draped low made an attractive canopy 
in which the initials ‘‘N. C.’’ appeared at fre- 
quent intervals. Columns stood at either side 
of the two entrances and brass rails served to 
enclose the space. There were eighteen gold 
medals awarded to North Carolina’s manu- 
facturing displays, and seventeen of these were 
given to participants in the Textile Exhibit. 
The Hunter Manufacturing Company of 
Greensboro received a gold medal for their ex- 
hibit which included the output of a number of 
mills making sheetings, cheviots and_ plaids. 
Ossipee Cotton Mills of Elon College received a 
gold medal for flannels. The Hope Mills Man- 
ufacturing Company of Hope Mills received a 
gold medal for madras and faney ginghams. 
The Elk Mountain Cotton Mills of Asheville re- 
ceived a gold medal for crochetted quilts. The 


+18. 


d States. 


NORTH CAROLINA TEXTILE EXHIBIT 


tracted a great deal of attention. 
filed with mounted ducks and wild fowl 
formed the principal history exhibit. This 
case contained forty specimens and included 
nearly all of the species found in proximity to 
North Carolina waters. Single specimens. ar- 
ranged in various groups were near these cases 
and many of the fur bearing animals of North 
Carolina were exhibited—stuffed or with their 
furs raw or dressed. 

The North Carolina State Museum received 
a gold medal for its collective exhibit of cross 
and longitudinal seetions of native forest trees 
and forest seeds. P. J. McMillan of Hender- 
son received a gold medal for his splendid dis- 
play of leaf tobacco and in the Division of 
Forestry and Game the State Board of Agri- 
culture received a gold medal for its collection 
of mounted and preserved specimens. J. D. 
Doxsee and Son of Ocracoke received a gold 
medal for canned clams and clam juice and the 
Little Neck Clam Company of Beaufort re- 
ceived a gold medal for canned oysters. 

More than seventy-five per cent of North 
Carolina’s weaving mills were represented in 
the ‘‘North Carolina Textile Exhibit.’’ To dis- 


A large case 


Cone Export and Commission Company of 


Greensboro and New York received a gold 
medal for their exhibt which represented 


twenty-five of North Carolina’s best mills. A 
similar award was given to three of the units 
in this collection: to the Minneola Manufactur- 
ing Company of Gibsonville for drap delaines 
and dress flannels; to the Revolution Cotton 
Mills of Greensboro for cantons, and to the 
White Oak Cotton Mills of Greensboro for 
denims. This last named exhibitor owns and 
operates the largest denim mill in the world. 
The Chadbourn Manufacturing Company of 
Elkin, received a gold medal for blankets; and 
the Pilot Cotton Mills of Raleigh, for cham- 
brays. The Spray Textile Association received 
a gold medal for its collective exhibit, and the 
Spray Woolen Mills a similar award for wool 
blankets, dress goods, eassimeres and slasher 
cloth. The Erwin Cluster of Mills, seven of 
them located in or near Durham, received a 
gold medal for denims, draperies, tickings and 
cantons; and the Durham Cotton Manufactur- 
ing Company, one of the seven, obtained a gold 
medal for fancy dress and staple ginghams. 
Two exhibitors from Winston-Salem received 


626 


Agriculture. 


== SPRAY | 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


TEX] 
i L/\ 


NORTH CAROLINA TEXTILE EXHIBIT 


gold medals: the P. H. Hanes Knitting Mills 
for men’s underwear and the Moline Mills for 
women’s underwear. 


MISSOURI 


Missouri made her mineral and agricultural 
exhibit in the States Exhibit Building. Lead, 
zine, iron and copper, which are the principal 
mineral products of the State, received most 
attention, but copper, nickel, and cobalt, which 
are extensively mined, were well represented, 
both in ore and finished products. Attractive 
cabinets contained innumerable ore specimens, 
and larg2 lumps of zine and lead formed an 
appropriate background for the general min- 
ing exhibit. The State’s showing was attract- 
ively arranged. Fine specimens of all the 
principal cereals were shown and the grains 
and grasses constituted an attractive feature 
of the decoration of the exhibit. Arranged in 


- er ae 


Ad 


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Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


groups on plates and on the tables, large ruddy 
apples lent a brilliant color to the picture. 

At one end of Missouri’s exhibit there were 
two realistic scenes. One was a barn-yard full 
of poultry; a score or more of chickens and 
turkeys were gracefully mounted and arranged 
before a painted backg round, the whole pre- 
senting a fine simulation of real life. The 
other, a framed scene, showed the home of a 
Clay County breeder of short horned cattle. A 
large mounted steer stood in the foreground. 
The animal was raised on the farm which was 
pictured on the canvas; it had been fattened 
at the State Agricultural College to serve as an 
xhibit of the possibilities of scientific feeding, 

Missouri was the only State lying entirely 
west of the Mississippi which had at the Ex- 
position both a building and an exhibit. On 
the wall of the Missouri exhibit there was 
a portrait of Governor Folk, made of corn 
husks, tobacco leaves, grasses and grains. 


MISSOURI STATE EXHIBIT 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


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Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


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MISSOURI STATE EXHIBIT 


Occupying conspicuous places on the walls 
were placards relating information eoncerning 
Missouri. Two especially interesting ones 
were: ‘‘ A Surplus of Missouri’s Farming, 
Lumber and Mineral Products in 1906 was 
Three Hundred and Two Million Dollars,’’ and 
‘* Missouri’s Annual Surplus Manufactures, 
Five Hundred Million Dollars.’’ The State of 
Missouri received a gold medal for its collect- 
ive exhibits of agricultural products and a 
gold medal for its exhibit of corn. 


MARYLAND 


The principal feature of Maryland’s exhibit 
was horticultural. Two thousand square feet 
of floor space and fourteen hundred square feet 
of wall space were utilized for the display. 
In the center and toward the rear of the booth, 
was an office and rest room finished in white 
with old gold trimmings and decorated with 
ropes of ivy. There was a small balcony to the 
office and the stairs leading up to it, together 
with the balcony itself, were heavily laden with 
clusters of grapes and dense grape foliage. 
Surrounding the space was an iron railing 
painted black, and at every entrance decorative 
shrubs stood. These plants were changed peri- 
odically—dwarf cedar trees, dogwood, arbor 
vite and privet followed in suecession and 
scattered at all times through the area were 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MARYLAND STATE EXHIBIT 


large palms and crotons, while ropes of ivy 
fringed the windows. 

Professor T. B. Symonds, the State Ento- 
mologist of Maryland and a distinguished mem- 
ber of the Faculty of the Maryland Agricul- 
tural College, supervised and conducted the 
exhibit, and the display well attested his ex- 
perience, taste and executive ability. It was 
one of the very few exhibits ready for the 
opening day and throughout the Exposition 
period it was maintained most attractively. 
The wall spaces were decorated with a number 
of appropriate photographs and hand painted 
charts in dark blue frames, blending well with 
the old gold background. In the center there 
was a gigantic hand painted oriole, the emblem- 
atic bird of Baltimore, and on either side of 
this were the framed certificates attesting that 
the State had won a gold medal and a silver 
medal at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 

In front of the booth were twenty-one exten- 
sion tables which bore the best fruits and vege- 
tables the State could produce. Handicapped 
by lack of adequate cold storage facilities, the 
supply of fruit had to be replenished frequently 
by shipments from Maryland. The display of 
strawberries attracted unusual attention. As 
the State leads the Union in the growing of 
this particular fruit, it was distinetly appro- 
priate that Maryland should make a demon- 
stration of its ability to show berries which 


628 


Agriculture. 


overpowered both in quantity and quality. It 
succeeded in this and surprised the visitors by 
the excellence and size of the berries displayed. 
One exhibit of twenty-one berries averaged 
about three ounces in weight, while some. in- 
dividual specimens weighed from four to five 
ounces. The poley of making periodic dis- 
plays was not limited to strawberries; nine dif- 
ferent fruits were shown as special collective 
exhibits. It had been determined, if possible, to 
have large quantities of some particular fruit 
or vegetable shown each week. Raspberries, 
currants, gooseberries, dewhberries, summer 
apples, peaches, pears and plums each con- 
stituted a feature for a week. During the lat- 
ter part of August the Eastern Shore peach 
was at its best and ‘‘ Peach Week ’”’ was a 
great success. The exhibit of that luscious 


fruit was really extraordinary. In addition 
to the fruits above-mentioned, watermelons, 
cantaloupes and grapes were shown. The first 


named fruit was illustrated with specimens 
which averaged over fifty pounds in weight 
and in individual instances frequently ex- 
ceeded seventy-five pounds. During the clos- 


ing days of the Exposition the fruit exhibit was 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


As in the case of fruits and vegetables, flow- 
ers followed in suecession—the Easter lily, car- 
nations and roses were the first blooms. These 
were massed in large quantities on the tables 
of the exhibit. After the flowers grown under 
glass, summer brought banks of beautiful 
peonies, asters, phlox, gladioh, roses and ear- 
nations. During the fall the dahlia made a 
delightful showing and later giant chrysanthe- 
mums overshadowed all the others. The 
‘Chrysanthemum Show,’’ during the week 
commencing November 11, was a phenomenal 
collection and Maryland received a special gold 
medal for that display. 

While at first it was proposed by those in- 
terested in the exhibit to make only a display 
of fresh fruit, later it was deemed advisable 
to add a showing of the closely correlated 
canning industry and pyramids of labeled cans 
stood at each end of the exh*hit. Maryland 
leads the Union in its output of canned toma- 
toes and peas and stands fourth in the canning 
of corn; and this branch of industry received a 
oold medal under the classification of Foods. 

A number of gold medals were awarded to 
individual contributors to the Maryland collec- 


MARYLAND STATE EXHIBIT—* CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW” 


made up entirely of apples, many of them mag- 
nificent specimens. The Maryland State Com- 
mission received a gold medal for the collective 
horticultural exhibit and for the continuous 
display of cut flowers. 

The vegetable exhibit covered several tables 
at the west end of the booth and was main- 
tained in a manner similar to that adopted for 
the exploitation of the State’s fruit—the period 
of ripening constituting the period of display. 
At the opening of the Exposition, and contin- 
uing for some time thereaftcr, over twenty 
varieties of Irish potatoes were shown. One 
table contained a pyramid of nine huge pota- 
toes. As early vegetables appeared in Mary- 
land, potatoes were replaced—first with fine 
cabbage, then successively with new Irish po- 
tatoes, peas, kohlrabi, peppers, carrots, onions, 
squashes, tomatoes and ecauliflowers. Among 
these the exhibit of tomatoes was especially 
attractive. The cauliflower display was main- 
tained for a month. Over three hundred un- 
usually large heads of this vegetable were 
shown. A fine collection of wild and eulti- 
vated nuts was exhibited, among which were 
pecans, butternuts, English walnuts, and many 
varieties of filberts. 


629 


tion and the names of the winners will be found 
in the complete lst of awards. 

The Maryland Agricultural College made a 
very creditable exhibit. One of the most 
prominent features of this display was a mag- 
nificent cabinet made of quartered oak with 
inlaid hardwood floor and a walnut base. It 
held specimens of steel, iron and woodwork 
and bore the following legend: ‘‘ This Ex- 
hibition Case Made by the Freshman Mechan- 
ical Engineering Class, 1907. All Samples in 
Case made by Mechanical Engineering Stud- 
ents of this College; Woodworking by Fresh- 
men; Forging and Casting by Sophomores; 
Machine Work by Juniors and Seniors.’’ The 
Mechanical Department was further very 
ereditably represented by fifty framed mechan- 
ical drawings, designs of bridges and bench 
lathes. 

The Botanical Department was represented 
by many models of common flowers and fruits 
and seeds and a large collection of mounted 
flowers and plants. The large botanical mod- 
els as well as the enlarged entomological 
replicas of beetles and moths and ten large 
mounts of various moths and butterflies were 
made by the students and inevitably attracted 


The Jamestown Ter-Centenniai Exposition. 


% ete 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MICHIGAN STATE EXHIBIT 


the attention of visitors. There was also shown 
a cabinet case of the beneficial insects of Mary- 
land, taken from the collection of the Entomo- 
logical Department of the College. 

On the border of the space were exhibited 
six banners in royal purple and gold, testifying 
to trophies won by the students of the College 
in the contests of the Intercollegiate Athletic 
Association of Maryland. There were also two 
banners won by the students in a debate with 
Delaware College; two large panoramic views 
showing, one the building and campus of the 
Maryland Agricultural College and the other 
the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
tion. The College received a silver medal in 
the Department of Education. 

Within the Maryland space was an exhibit 
of the Shellfish Commission, exploiting the 
oyster interests of Maryland. The display was 
small but its excellence entitled it to the award 
of a gold medal. It was collected and installed 
under the direction of Dr. Caswell Grave, Sec- 
retary of the Commission. The glass case con- 
tained three large oysters which were dissected 
to show structural peculiarities, and a cluster 
of oysters illustrating the effect on growth 
caused by soft muddy bottoms in contradistine- 
tion to hard bottoms. Oysters of different sizes 
and ages were shown and displays of bacilli 
and other oyster enemies. 


MICHIGAN 


The Agriculture and Forestry exhibits of 
Michigan were displayed instructively. The 
plan adopted for the collection was to place raw 
products in juxtaposition to marketable ar- 
ticles. Thus, various grains were shown in 
connection with breakfast foods, and wheat 
with flour. Extending this idea were fruits and 
fruit juices, Jams or preserves; applies, cider 
and vinegar; vegetables, fresh and canned. An 
especially attractive feature of the exhibit was 
a fine series of wax models of fruits and vege- 
tables—these were loaned by the Michigan Ag- 
riculture College. Michigan Extracted Honey 
received a gold medal. 

Most of the commercial woods of Michigan 
were exhibited with pictures of the great lum- 
ber operations and lumber camps of that State. 
Among the wood products, were vharcoal, wood 
aleohol and paper in various grades from wrap- 
ping to book. 


KENTUCKY 


Kentucky’s exhibit was enclosed within a 
fence made of forty-seven varieties of woods 
grown in the State and in itself a fine forestry 
exhibit, well supplementing the other wood dis- 
plays. Rich wild cherry made one side of the 
boundary. Conspicuous among the ornamental 
features were three great white enameled boxes 
mounted on huge tree trunks. They were win- 
dowed with large transparencies behind which 
electric lights shone. Farm, factory and min- 
ing scenes of Kentucky were displayed in the 
pictures, which together made one of the most 
interesting features in the building. Surround- 


a — 


MINIATURE 
HEMP BREAK 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


KENTUCKY HEMP EXHIBIT 


630 


Agriculture. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


wwe 


KENTUCKY STATE EXHIBIT 


ing the pictures were small frames which were 
in all composed of one hundred and twenty-two 
varieties of Kentucky timber. Near the boxes 
there was a triangle built of seventeen varieties 
of polished oak. Another triangle showed 
seven varieties of the same wood. A hexagon 
covered with several hundred axe and _ tool 
handles made by a Louisville factory, attracted 
a great deal of attention, and other plants were 
represented by exhibits of hubs, shipping crates, 
pulleys and wagon or plow stock. <A feature 
of the timber exhibit was a poplar plank twelve 
feet in length and fifty inches wide. 

In the center of the Kentucky exhibit was a 
mammoth cone trimmed with maroon burlap 
and decorated with white and gold. Standing 
on frames attached to this figure were dis- 
played jars containing field and garden seed; 
and a large ease filled with various seeds and 
adorned with the word ‘‘ Kentucky ’’? worked 
in grain stood at one side of the agricultural 
display. The Agricultural Experiment Station 
at Louisville sent one case that contained choice 
wheat and another, corn from the ‘‘Bluegrass’’ 
region. Growing wheat, oats, alfalfa, tim- 
othy, bluegrass and red clover were displayed 
in an attractive manner. A handsome booth 
decorated with hemp fiber was notably artistic. 
Strand after strand of the finest hemp hung 
from the cornices of the booth and dropped 
from the roof of the structure, in the center 


al 


Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


“Copyright, 


KENTUCKY STATE 


631 


of which stood a miniature hemp break, while 
hemp stock broken and partially broken was 
scattered around. 

Kentucky, which is one of the most important 
tobacco producing States, made a_ special 
feature of that weed. From the western sec- 
tion there had been sent a large amount of 
dark tobacco of fine quality and the ‘‘ White 
Burley District ’? furnished a number of prize 
winning samples. <A tobacco house constructed 
not unlike the hemp booth adorned this section. 
One of the oddest exhibits was an immense 
tobacco twist weighing one hundred pounds. 
The tobacco entered for award was quite sep- 
arate from that used for decorative purposes 
and stood in an attractive case that was painted 
white and decorated with maroon burlap. 

The wonderful growth of milling in the 
northwest has never daunted the Kentuckians 
and a giant pyramid of flour sacks sent by a 
score or more of Kentucky’s mills served to 
attest this fact. The work of the State’s ex- 
perimental farms was illustrated by pamphlets 
and by products, and a sectional display of soil 
seven feet in depth taken from one of these 
farms served as a revelation to agriculturists 
from sections which cannot produce a single 
crop without fertilizing. A comprehensive ex- 
hibit of photographs showing every explored 
portion of Mammoth Cave was a pleasing and 
attractive feature 


EXHIBIT 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


NEW JERSEY STATE EXHIBIT 


NEW JERSEY 


New Jersey’s exhibit occupied a prominent 
place in the center of the building. This State, 
which had contributed so largely toward the 
success of the Exposition, illustrated practi- 
cally every detail of its institutions which 
afforded themes for display. The Geological 
Exhibit, prepared under the supervision of 
Henry B. Kummel, State Geologist, was the 
only commercial showing made. The different 
ores were grouped in cases according to classes 
and indicated the yield in mineral from concen- 
tration, smelting or distillation. Some iron 
ores were exceptionally high in metal, others 
were comparatively poor, and with the crude 
ores were concentrates and the products 
secured during the processes of separation. 
The same policy was pursued in the exploita- 
tion of zine, and the tailings of white limestone 
together with limestone blocks were placed in 
proximity to the zine, just as gneiss and mine 
rock stood near iron. <A large case contained 
excellent samples of gypsum and the ingredi- 
ents which added to it make cement, while 
sacks of cement also were exhibited and with 
these were tested specimens bearing labels 
which set forth the physical properties that 
had been displayed by the various cements 
when subjected to endurance trials. Some fine 
samples of building stones, copper ores, glass 
sands and marls occupied unusually handsome 
cabinets made of plate glass and duplicates of 
the ones in the State Museum at Trenton, 
where the Exposition cases were taken after 
the closing day. 


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aph Corporation. 


AEG SRI Bi 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photogr 


State Taxidermist, William H. Werner, made 
a fine Ornithological Display. He showed four 
large plate glass cabinets containing mounted 
birds and four small cabinets and fifty glass 
globes each of which contained a group con- 
sisting of a male and female bird with their 
nests and eggs. Ina few instances young birds 
also were shown. The groups were very real- 
istic and served to 
illustrate convincingly 
New Jersey’s bird 
life and surroundings. 
Two large cabinets 
of owls with their 
nests and young were 
a new acquisition to 


the State Museum 
collection and had 
only been there a 


short time before 
they were sent to the 
Exposition. |The 
method adopted by 
the Commissioners in 
grouping the _ birds 
was intended to make 
the collection as edu- 
cational as_ possible, 
a purpose that was achieved. 

The Fish Exhibit consisted of fifty specimens 
of mounted fish showing the principal varieties 
that may be found in New Jersey waters. 
They were all fine specimens and excellently 
prepared. Two large cabinets contained groups 
of Mammals including old and young and there 
were eleven small cases each containing a pair 


S. B. MORSE 
Curator N. Mc State Museum— 
Director N. J. Exhibits at 


Jamestown Exposition 


NEW JERSEY STATE EXHIBIT 


632 


Agriculture. 


of small animals. As in the ease of the birds, 
the displays were grouped artistically and the 
natural surroundings convincingly reproduced. 
These exhibits of birds, fish and game animals 
received each a gold medal and were among the 
finest of their class at the Exposition. All of 
these exhibits were directed by S. B. Morse, 
Curator of the State Museum of New Jersey, 
and were sent to the Exposition from that in- 
stitution. 


WEST VIRGINIA 


This was the only State to show in the States 
Exhibit Palace its fruits exclusively. The dis- 
play was installed and conducted by S. W. 
Moore who erected no booth and used to 
decorate the space no ornament of any sort ex- 
cepting a fine collection of colored photo- 
eraphs which placed on the wall served as a 
background to the exhibit. Prominent among 
the orehard pictures was that of an old tree 
with a broken top and shaggy limbs—the 
famous West Virginia seedling which origina- 
ted on the farm of Thomas Grimes in Brooke 


ity, and among the yellow apples is especially 
attractive in appearance. Although a late fall 
or early winter variety, the. famous fruit was 
shown in the West Virginia display from the 
Opening until the Closing Day of the Exposi- 
tion. Including all the varieties, between one 
hundred and sixty and two hundred barrels of 
apples usually weighted the tables. 

Several other fruits were shown, the most im- 
portant being the cranberry which was dis- 
played in large quantities. Some of the berries 
which were exhibited had been in cold storage 
from the 1906 crop and were taken out from 
time to time until the 1907 yield came upon the 
market. The cranberry which was originally 
found growing wild in the high glades of West 
Virginia, has been cultivated until now it ranks 
second to none of its kind in color, size and 
taste. 


LOUISIANA 


The exhibit of Louisiana comprised an ex- 
haustive display of the State’s numerous re- 
sources in the line of field and garden products, 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


WEST VIRGINIA HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT 


County. Only plain and inexpensive tables 
stood under or near the sign ‘‘ West Virginia,’’ 
nevertheless the display was extremely attract- 
ive. The plates and boxes on the tables always 
contained fresh material. As the season of 
1907 advanced, it became painfully apparent 
that the apple crop of the country would be a 
pronounced failure and the fruit specialty was 
if possible still further restricted for the forty- 
eight tables were kept for weeks covered with 
the most tempting apples that could be found 
in the State’s orehards. Unquestionably the 
crop failure affected the territory of the little 
mountain State less than it did any similarly 
sized area in the country and the display made 
at the Exposition was a convincing proof of 
this statement. The great variety of altitudes 
and soils in West Virginia make it possible to 
grow a wide range of fruits and vegetables and 
almost every conceivable sort of apple. At one 
elevation apples such as the ‘‘ Ben Davis,’’ 
““Gano,’’ ‘‘ Mammoth Black Twig,’’ ‘*‘ Arkan- 
sas,’’ “* Black Jonathan ’’ and ‘‘ Rome Beau- 
ty ’’? are found; at another elevation the ‘‘ Mac- 
Intosh,’’ ‘‘ Kinnard’s Choice,’’ ‘‘ Wealthy,’’ 
** Jeffries,’’ ‘‘ Winesaps ’’ and others of that 
class flourished; still higher grow the ‘‘ Spy,’’ 
** Baldwin ’’ and ‘‘ Greening.’’ All these ap- 
ples were exhibited. 

The display of ‘‘ Grimes Golden ”’ apple was 
unique. This seedling is unsurpassed in qual- 


2) 


633 


of forestry, mines and fisheries; and an in- 
structive collection of manufactured articles. 


At the center of the State exhibit there 
stood an extremely handsome, ornamental 
booth constructed of polished panels from 


Sur- 


Louisiana’s various commercial timbers. 


2-2 aplaphal 


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Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


LOUISIANA STATE EXHIBIT 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


mounting this strueture were 
two birds of a species whose 
presence in Louisiana has 
caused the name ‘‘Pelican”’ 


to attach to the Common- 
wealth. The booth served 
as an office for Robert 


Glenk, Curator for the State 
Museum exhibit and Com- 
missioner of Exhibit for 
Louisiana. Under his diree- 
tion the display was col- 
leeted and maintained. 

Two relief maps attracted 
much attention. One showed 
the levee system of the Mis- 
sissippi River from the Ar- 
kansas line southward and 
gave visitors a clear under- 
standing of the devices 
which are used to protect 
the rich alluvial lands of the 
State from the devastating overflow of the 
great River when it is swollen by floods. The 
other was a relief map of the State indicating 
its agricultural features. 

The Louisiana State Museum contributed 
largely of its treasures, and the cotton, sugar 
and rice products of the State were compre- 
hensively displayed in a series of exhibits show- 
ing models of fields with growing crops. Agri- 
cultural implements employed in cultivation 
and harvesting were displayed and specimens 


of crops together with their manufactured 
products and bi-products were exhibited. 


Fertilizers, cotton mill samples, plantation and 
refined sugars, molasses, alcohol, fancy mill 
rices and molasses feeds were included in the 
exhibit, and these were supplemented by an 
attractive series of photographs giving a good 
insight into the details of the most important 
industries of the State. In conjunction with 
the agricultural exhibit there were shown sam- 
ples of the famous Perique tobacco, ramie fiber 
and fabrics, corn, hay, forage crops, vegetables, 
fruits, oysters and fish. 

Among the miscellaneous exhibits, Neweomb 
pottery occupied a prominent place and some 
extremely artistic samples of ceramic work 
executed by Newcomb graduates were shown. 
Illustrating minerals were a pyramid of sul- 
phur, a large block of salt and a small but at- 
tractive exhibit of coal, marble and oils. The 
woods yielded by Louisiana were exhibited, 
both in rough and in polished form. The office 
booth gave a fine idea of the varieties of timber, 
while trunks, logs and planks showed sizes of 
trees and the texture of woods. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


LOUISIANA STATE EXHIBIT 


In one section an enormous painting of a 
rice field appeared. Along the posts and in 
front of this picture were constructed six 
pyramids three of which were composed of pre- 
served fruits, one was formed of bottles of oil 
both erude and refined, one was made of grains 
and the sixth showed sugars. Among the in- 
teresting models were a rice mill in operation, 
a rice field being cultivated and a minute, 
perfect replica of the New Orleans floating dry- 
dock, which before the construction of ‘‘ The 
Dewey ’’ was the largest receptacle of its kind 
in the world. 


CONNECTICUT 


Connecticut made her entire exhibit in the 
States Exhibit Palace and had no display in the 
History Building, although the  prineipal 
feature of the State’s display was essentially 
historic. As one of the original Colonies, rich 
in memories, there is no doubt that the State 
could have made a most comprehensive history 
exhibit if it had been deemed wise to expend 
more energy and thought upon it. As it was, 
some of the documents, memorials and relics 
were extremely interesting. 

Illustrating the efforts made by Connecticut 
to advance the cause of Constitutional lberty, 
a lesson from Thomas Hooker, a foremost ad- 
voecate of government by the people, occupied 
a place in the exhibit, and a very interesting 
feature in the demonstration of this idea was 
a photograph of a page of shorthand notes 
taken at Hartford in 1638. It gave the leading 
points in the argument which Hooker used 


aes 


CONNECTICUT. 
CONNECT 


CONNECTICUT STATE EXHIBIT 


634 


Agriculture. 


when he first advocated the proposition. There 
were numerous facsimiles of Colonial doeu- 
ments in the collection, among which was a three- 
quarter size photograph of the King Charles 
Charter of 1662. This paper was secreted 
for years in the famous ‘‘Charter Oak,”’ 
where it stayed until after Charles the Second 
was crowned King of England. <A rare docu- 
ment was a copy of the ‘* Blue Laws ”’ passed 
by the Colony just before the Revolution. 
These sumptuary restrictions regulated con- 
duct most rigidly and enacted dire punish- 
ments for infractions. It was said that the 
copy had been preserved by a Tory clergyman 
who fled from the Colony during the Revolu- 
tionary War. The statutes were largely the 
result of religious effort; and in connection 
with these papers there was shown a chrono- 
logical history of the pioneer Church in Colony 
and State and portraits of eminent divines. 
The beautiful Warbly State House at Hartford 
was shown in a series of photographs, and other 
pictures of public institutions supported by the 
State appeared in frames. Universities and 
colleges received a due meed of attention and 


OHIO 
The State Board of Agriculture of Ohio 


agreed to make an agricultural and horticul- 
tural exhibit if the Commission would appro- 
priate a specific sum for that purpose. The 
amount appropriated was small and the Board 
realized that in order to make a display which 
would do justice to the ‘‘ Buckeye State ’’ it 
would be necessary to get the assistance of 
farmers and fruit growers of the Common- 
wealth. Samuel Taylor of Grove City, Treas- 
urer of the Committee, was appointed to secure 
the exhibits. A number of Ohio granges offi- 
cially participated—Jaeckson Grange, Madison 
Grange, George Blendon Grange and Winches- 
ter Grange helping largely—and the corn 
shows of Dublin, Jeffersonville, Pleasant Cor- 
ners and Washington donated their best corn. 
The Ohio Experimental Station at Wooster act- 
ively aided and furnished to the Committee 
more than fifty varieties of wheat. 

The arrangement of the booth in which Ohio 
displayed her products was unique. Near the 


main entrance there hung one of the most re- 


‘P hi 


% : { BS 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


OHIO STATE EXHIBIT 


were illustrated by photographs and charts 
bearing statistics. There was an exceptionally 
thorough exhibit of the Public School System 
which epitomized the admirable work of public 
instruction. A large number of medals were 
awarded to exhibitors in this division. 

Among the purely commercial exhibits most 
attention was paid to dairy farms and tobacco 
growing. Both of these are important produe- 
ing elements, Connecticut supplying milk not 
only for home consumption but being as well a 
large contributor to New York’s demands; 
while in the tobacco industry Connecticut 
ranks high and for many years this State has 
supplied most of the wrappers used for domes- 
tic cigars. Connecticut is heavily underlaid 
with granite and trap rock and the State has a 
splendid road system which was well illustrated 
by pictures and samples of materials used. A 
good display of the work of factory inspection 
and the utilization of devices for avoiding the 
injuring of workmen was made. An interesting 
exhibit was also made of the three great manu- 
facturing industries for which Connecticut. is 
famous—the making of clocks, hats and 
revolvers. 


635 


markably artistic creations of the Exposition— 
the great Seal of Ohio made out of grains and 
seeds and reproducing faithfully the true ecol- 
ors of that device. This Seal together with its 
background—also done in grain—measured 
three feet square. It was framed and set on 
an easel like a picture. The work was executed 
by Frank Gladfelter of Franklin County, and 
was shown at the Jamestown Exposition for 
the first time. Viewed from a short distance, 
it looked lke a painting but close inspection 
revealed the thousands of tiny particles which 
were used in its composition. The Seal proper 
stood out from a heavy background of dwarf 
Essex rape seed; the foreground was made of 
white clover seed and alsike, the latter forming 
the shadows. Bright patches of sunlight were 
made with clover and yellow popcorn shining 
over mustard seed and Essex rape. Around 
the inner Seal were two rings of black onion 
seed and kaffir corn and in the lettering yellow 
brown rape appeared. Three other rings of 
onion seed, kaffir corn and citron followed. In 
the four corners of the frame were flags and 
seals in colors, similarly executed. White 
clover, alsike, golden millet, hog millet, celery, 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


i 


a 


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Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


OHIO STATE EXHIBIT 


German rape, Essex rape, kaffir corn, flax, 
muskmelon, onion, white mustard, poppy, peas, 
lettuce, rye, hog peas, watermelon, citron, pop- 
corn, field corn, okra, red wheat, white wheat, 
oats, tomato, broom corn, turnip, pepper and 
‘* Morning Glory ’’ cabbage were the seeds util- 
ized for the picture. 

The exhibit was surrounded by an enclosing 
barrier whose posts were twelve feet high. On 
the outside the twenty-four panels were dressed 


SAMUEL TAYLOR 
Treas. of Com. on Exhibits 


A. P. SANDLES 
Chm. Ohio St. Bd. of Agri. 


with grains and grasses in designs representing 
crescents, anchors, crosses, stars, shields and 
the like. Around the walls on the inside were 
tables and tiers of shelves containing the dis- 
plays of corn, seeds and canned fruits, and the 
floor space was occupied by tables upon which, 
tastefully arranged, were displayed two hun- 
dred plates of apples and forty-eight plates of 
potatoes, which included almost every variety 
of these grown in the State. 

A very fine wool exhibit was made by the 
leading sheep raisers of Ohio, and while the 
display was not large it gave a fine idea of 
quality. The exhibit of honey made by E. & I. 
Root & Company,:of Medina, was one of the 
finest of its kind ever shown at an exposition; 
and a display of cereals, nuts, jellies, wines, 
ete., collected by Albert Neifert, attracted un- 
usual appreciation. The apples shown by Ohio 
were grown in 1906 and kept in cold storage; 
yet at the end of the Exposition there were 
still on hand ten barrels in good condition. In 
all, one hundred and forty-eight barrels were 
used. 

In the report made by Samuel Taylor, he 


stated: ‘‘ Ohio is well pleased with the amount 
of medals taken, but if the Superintendent had 
made the proper entries, we would have carried. 
off many more.’’ Certainly, Ohio did receive 
many awards. Gold medals were awarded to 
the Ohio State Board for its collective exhibit 
of horticulture, for its collective exhibit of po- 
tatoes, for its collective exhibit of vegetables; 
J. C. Hopkins, of Lancaster, received a gold 
medal for apples; the Livingston Seed Com- 
pany for tomatoes; U. T, Cox, of Rockwood, for 
apples; J. F. Keller, of Newark, for potatoes 
(fourteen varieties) ; A. H. Powell, of Newark, 
for vegetables; W. H. Fransworth, of Water- 
ville, for apples; William Miller, of Gypsum, 
for fruits, and M. J. Chiveley, of Chillicothe, 
for apples. 

The Ohio State Board received in the Divi- 
sion of Agriculture gold medals for its col- 
lective exhibit, for its corn exhibit, for its ex- 
hibit of grains, grasses, and sedges, for its 
honey, beeswax and bee keepers’ supplies, for 
small grains and grass seeds and for its exhibit 
of peas and beans. The Ohio State Experi- 
mental Station at Wooster received a gold 
medal for fifty-seven varieties of wheat and 
H. K. Lee, of New Guilford, received a gold 
medal for fleece. 


NEW HAMPSHIRE 


New Hampshire maintained an attractive ex- 
hibit of agricultural, mineral, manufacturing 
and dairy products which illustrated the vari- 
ous resources and industries of the State. 
Nahum T. Bachelder, the Secretary of New 
Hampshire’s State 
Board of Agriculture, 
was in charge of the 
exhibit and the prin- 
cipal part of the dis- 
play tended to show 
what had been done 
by the Immigration 
Bureau to remedy 
the distress which 
some years ago re- 
sulted from the 
exodus of farmers 
from New Hampshire. 
The exhibits came 
principally from 
farms that had been 
purchased by practi- 


NAHUM T. BACHELDER 
Sec. N. H. State Bd. of Agri. 


636 


Agriculture. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


GEORGIA STATE EXHIBIT 


eal farmers, fruit growers, dairymen and poul- 
try keepers who, emigrating from other States, 
had settled in New Hampshire. 

The unique feature of the exhibit, however, 
was a collection of large photographs showing 
picturesque spots in the State and farms or 
country seats owned by distinguished men. 
Among these were the estates of former Pres- 
ident Grover Cleveland, late Secretary of State, 
John Hay, the Honorable Ethan Allen Hitch- 
cock, and other men of note. The summer em- 
bassies of Great Britain at North Conway in 
the White Mountains, and of Germany at Dub- 
lin in the southwestern highlands of New 
Hampshire, were also shown. 


GEORGIA 


The account of Georgia’s display in the 
States’ Exhibit Palace must unfortunately be 
incomplete because no official statement con- 
cerning its composition could be obtained from 
any one connected with the undertaking. Ex- 


any 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


cellent taste was displayed in the installation 
of the exhibit, which seemd to be well repre- 
sentative of the agricultural and forestry re- 
sources of Georgia. The entrances to the booth 
duplicated sections of the State’s Coat-of-Arms 
and the decorations consisted of Georgia’s farm 
products. The showing of fruits, principally 
melons and peaches, was distinctly fine and 
great care was given to the exploitation of the 
sugar and rice industries. Georgia pine, maple 
and other woods were well displayed. 


VERMONT 


The Vermont exhibit was attractively con- 
gregated. In the centre of the rear wall hung 
a large map executed in oil colors and showing 
the political divisions, navigable streams, rail- 
ways and roads of the State. Just above the 
map, appeared a fine oil-color reproduction of 
the Arms of Vermont. A set of fine water 
colors, painted by H. L. Chadwick of St. Albans, 
showed picturesque Green Mountain scenes. 


VERMONT STATE EXHIBIT 


637 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


“sf 


i sie om i = ee: 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


OKLAHOMA EXHIBIT 


An interesting feature of the exhibit was a 
display of five hundred mounted specimens of 
the State’s flora; these were selected from the 
large and valuable Pringle collection owned by 
the University of Vermont. It required nearly 
fifty large frames to display this collection, 
which was perhaps the finest of its kind shown 
at the Exposition. There were a few manu- 
facturing and agricultural exhibits and a 
splendid lot of photographs which pictured 
many of the famous historic places in the 
Greet Mountain State. 


OKLAHOMA 


Although Congress authorized the admission 
of Oklahoma to the United States in June, 1906, 
the Act was not to become effective until No- 
vember of the succeeding year. It was not 
possible, therefore, to secure a State exhibit, 
for the Exposition would have nearly closed 
before Oklahoma could exist as a Common- 
wealth. Some citizens of the Territory organ- 
ized the Oklahoma-Jamestown Exposition Com- 
pany and made an exhibit which demonstrated 
the possibilities of their district. The grains, 
cotton, fruits and vegetables in the Oklahoma 


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Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


section were superb. There was a fine exhibit 
of fruits preserved in jars. The representative 
of the exhibit left the Exposition before the 
close; and it was impossible to obtain any infor- 
mation about the details of the collection from 
anyone officially connected with it. 


LOS ANGELES AND SAN DIEGO 
COUNTIES, CALIFORNIA 


Although California as a commonwealth was 
not represented at the Exposition, two enter- 
prising and progressive counties of the State 
made a splendid exhibit. These were Los 
Angeles and San Diego and the display which 
they made was extremely creditable and proved 
to be generally attractive and instructive. The 
installation was suggestive—mission posts and 
a beam facade enclosed the exhibit and low 
archways gave free access to all portions of 
the space. The facade was covered with green 
fireproof burlap outlined on edges and top with 
peanuts. The columns were trimmed with 
eiant peanuts and at the four entrance arch- 
ways peanut portieres hung. This nut formed 
a prominent part in all of the decorations, fes- 
toons and border linings, but oranges, lemons, 


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CALIFORNIA (LOS ANGELES AND SAN DIEGO COUNTIES) EXHIBIT 


Agriculture. 


grapefruits and pampas plumes were also used 
to add color and tone. 

Standing in the center of the exhibit there 
was a mammoth elephant made of English 
walnuts and emblematical of the most prolific 
English walnut growing section in the world. 
Interspersed over the floor spaces were pyra- 
mids of wine, olive oil, ripe olives, fresh fruits 
and fruits in glasses showing natural color and 


form as well as size. There were oranges 
which measured fifteen inches in circumfer- 


ence; bunches of grapes that weighed from 
six to sixteen pounds and there were vege- 
tables in wonderful variety, many of them huge 
in size. There were big beets and radishes, 
cucumbers whose length was over thirty inches 
and sweet potatoes that weighed not less than 
twenty pounds. There was a show ease of pea- 
nuts near the middle aisle which most of all 
attracted the attention of Tidewater Virginians, 
for these nuts grown from Virginia seed meas- 
ured three-fourths of an inch in diameter and 
were three inches in length—large enough to 
make the Virginia ‘‘Jumbo”’ look quite small. 
In the same case there were some English wal- 
nuts that measured four and a half inches in 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


worms, and a similar award was given to the 
Cawston Ostrich Farm of South Pasadena for 
ostrich feathers, plumes and boas. 


RAILWAY EXHIBITS 


Six of the trunk line railways maintaining 
terminals in the territory adjacent to the Ex- 
position made displays which illustrated the 
resources along their several lines. The Nor- 
folk & Southern Railway made its only exhibit 
in the States’ Exhibit Palace. The Seaboard 
Air Line and the Atlantie Coast Line made their 
principal displays in the same place, while the 
other transportation companies had important 
exhibits in several buildings. 

The exhibit of the Seaboard Air Line Rail- 
way occupied fifteen hundred and seventy-five 
square feet. This space was enclosed by a 
series of arches artistically decorated. The 
prevailing color was light green and the ceiling 
contained a large attractive central design 
made of grain and tobacco, while smaller fig- 
ures made of the same materials were repre- 
sented at intervals. Around these medalhons 
and between them green cloth was fluted. The 


CALIFORNIA EXHIBIT 


circumference. To those unacquainted with 
the giant products of California, these mon- 
strosities proved amazing. 

Two cases of exceeding interest were those 
containing the gem exhibit of San Diego County 
and the plumes from the Cawston Ostrich 
Farm. San Diego also made an instructive silk 
exhibit in a case that faced the main aisle. The 
most valuable case was the one that contained 
the gems. There were tourmalines, beryls, 
topazes and other precious stones including 
many specimens of kunzite, a gem mineral 
which is found in no other section of the world 
and exceeds in value any other precious stone 
that occurs in America. 

Near the center of the booth there was an 
attractive two-story building, the lower floor 
of which was used as a work room and the 
upper for an office. The office was fifteen feet 
above the level of the main floor and it was 
roomy and comfortable, neatly furnished and 
with walls that were adorned with photographs 
of Southern California and mounted fish from 
Catilina Island. A gold medal was awarded 
to the collective exhibit of the California Coun- 
ties. San Diego County received an individual 
gold medal for its raw silk, silk cocoons and silk 


639 


front booth consisted of two large and two 
small arches, the upper portions of which were 
decorated with seroll work made of tobacco, 
corn and cotton. In the center of the booth 
was a pyramid which was kept constantly 
filled with fresh Florida oranges and grapes 
and surrounding this display were more than 
one hundred large jars filled with fruits, vege- 
tables and grains selected from farms along 
the line of the Seaboard. On either side of the 
pyramid was a beautiful display of Florida 
palms, ferns and rare plants. Among these 
were growing pineapples, kumkuats on their 
native trees and bamboo and other warm climate 
bushes. The great tobacco interests of Florida 
were represented by an admirable display of 
dark tobaceos. 

The wood exhibit consisted of more than a 
hundred specimens whose occurrence is gen- 
eral in the six States traversed by the Railway. 
Nearly half of the collection consisted of 
Florida growth. An exhibit which attracted 
great attention in this division was a pine tree 
to which were attached the devices used in 
extracting resin and turpentine. This speci- 
men was about ten feet high and was cut in 
the ways which are necessary to treat pine for 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


ae 


Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


EXHIBIT OF THE SEABOARD AIR LINE RAILWAY 


these purposes. There was a fine exhibit of 
coral and sponges gathered from the Gulf of 
Mexico, near Cedar Keys, Florida. 

One of the most complete exhibits served to 
illustrate the products of cotton. This exhibit 
was enclosed in a glass case and showed cotton 
seed oil, cake, vegetable lard, soap, the fabric 
known as ‘‘ lamb’s wool,’’ batting, wadding, 
cotton seed meal and mattresses made from 
lint. Each of the articles was represented by 
four or more samples. 

In the geologic section there were more than 
one hundred and fifty specimens of minerals. 
This collection comprised all of the important 
mine products of the South and included in the 
display were numerous samples of shale, once 
regarded as useless but now valuable to the 
manufacturers of paving, pressed or common 
brick, tiling or terra cotta pipe and to Portland 
cement makers. An extensive exhibit of mona- 
zite sand was shown and tale and soapstones 
were displayed in quantities. 

The Norfolk & Southern Railway’s exhibit 
called attention to the farm prospects and the 
industrial opportunities in the agriculturally 
rich territory through which it passes. The 
fertile soil, the magnificent forests and other 
natural resources of the section were effectively 
advertised. The exhibit was drawn from a 
country which half a century ago was called 
‘“The Future Granary of the South,’’ and, as 
was natural, corn and the bi-products of that 
cereal occupied an important place. This 
grain was in fact the most prominent feature 
of the exhibit; it was there in all forms, from 
the corn on the stalk to meal ready for the 
baker’s oven, from corn starch to corn syrup. 
Ears weighing each considerably more than a 
pound and three or four of them to the stalk 
were not infrequent sights. One bundle dis- 
played a number of these stalks cut hill by 
hill from a row selected at random in a large 
field; and, planting at the distance general in 
this territory, such a growth would mean a 
yield of one hundred barrels to the acre. 
Prominent in the Norfolk & Southern’s ex- 
hibit was the sign ‘*‘ Corn lands equal to those 
of Tlinois at one-fifth Illinois prices.”’ 

Along with corn were shown fine specimens 
of wheat, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, broom and 
raffia corn and other grains and grasses. Among 


these last were clovers, alfalfa, vetch, soy-bean, 
cow-peas and Spanish peanuts. Grasses were 
shown in bales and hung on the walls in their 
natural state, some of them dropping eight or 
ten feet to the floor. The purpose of the ex- 
hibit was to show root and stalk growth as well 
as the quality and variety of crude hay. 

In connection with the grain exhibit was a 
splendid display of rice from the Carolina Rice 
Mills of Goldsboro, North Carolina. The cereal 
was shown in all its forms, from the sheaf in 
the field to the white flakes ready for the table 
and ineluded sheaf, hulled rice, cleaned rice, 
head rice, cracker rice, rice polish, rice meal, 
rice flakes, puffed rice and rice stalk food. The 
rice grown in eastern North Carolina is not 
the short round rice usually known as ‘‘ High- 
land Rice ’’ but the long, white pearly looking 
rice of the lowlands. North Carolina ranks 
fourth among the rice producing States. 

Closely associated with the corn and rice 


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Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


EXHIBIT OF THE NORFOLK & SOUTHERN RY. 
640 


Agriculture. 


exhibits, and almost as prominent, was the 
Norfolk & Southern’s display of peanuts and 
peanut products, a crop that may be grown 
more profitably in the tidewater sections of Vir- 
ginia and North Carolina than anywhere else 
in the world. It is claimed that eleven of the 
tidewater counties of these States produce 
seven-eighths of the world’s peanut crop. The 
peanut, unlike most other agricultural plants, 
has no known insect enemy, and every part is 
useful. The vines make nutritious food for 
horses and eattle. The nuts rank very high in 
nutritive values and they are made into ecan- 
dies, peanut butter, and are used by sanitariums 
to mix with meal as an added element to health 
bread. Peanuts are made into salads, soups, 
cakes, muffins, pies and various other delicacies.: 
Even the nuts that are shed from the vine 
before harvest time are valuable, for they 
fatten pork and give a distinct flavor to the 
meat. Illustrations of these varied utilities 


formed an instructive part of the display, in 


é 
* 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


which extends from Norfolk, Virginia, to New 
Bern, North Carolina, naturally the energies of 
the Superintendent of Exhibit were largely di- 
rected toward making a comprehensive display 
of fruits, melons, vegetables and nuts. Some 
fine peaches, some splendid pears and a great 
variety of figs and grapes were in this colleec- 
tion. Among other fruits were apples, pome- 
gvranates, quinces, persimmons, plums, goose- 
berries, blackberries, cranberries and strawber- 
ries. These were shown in g@lasses, and fresh, 
in erates. There was no time during the Ex- 
position that specimens of fruits and vegetables 
were not on exhibition, placarded with the 
names of the grower, the place where grown 
and other data. In connection with this ex- 
hibit, cards told that according to the last 
census North Carolina led all the other States 
in the Union in the number of farms producing 
vegetables for the market. Of these farms 
nearly all were in eastern North Carolina, a 
large percentage lying within the Norfolk & 


EXHIBIT OF THE NORFOLK & SOUTHERN RAILWAY 


making which the railway Company had the 
hearty co-operation of the Peanut Growers’ 
Association of Virginia and North Carolina, 
and in the matter of peanut products it had 
the aid of the Bosman and Lohman Company 
of Norfolk, Virginia—probably the largest 
manufacturers of peanut goods in the world. 

Considerable attention was given to the dis- 
play of cotton and its bi-products and included 
all of the various commercial uses of this sta- 
ple. The tobacco exhibit was extremely com- 
‘prehensive and contained some of the finest 
samples of bright tobaccos ever exhibited. It 
showed the variety and quality of the leaf as 
taken from the field, the warehouse floor and 
the prize house, the tobacco prepared for 
export and domestic use. All the showings 
were of natural leaf; no chewing or smoking 
tobacco or cigars or cigarettes were in the col- 
lection. 

As the Norfolk & Southern Railway passes 
through the heart of the great trucking section 


641 


Other 


ecards told that 
vegetables annually yield to the North Carolina 
growers nearly one and three-quarter million 
dollars, and that small fruits bring into the 
State annually nearly three-quarters of a mil- 


Southern’s territory. 


lion. This was the ten-year average for the 
period 1890 to 1900; since 1900 the strawberry 
crop alone hes yielded more than a million dol- 
lars in some single years. 

The grape exhibit attracted much attention. 
All of the varieties shown were indigenous to 
the soil and among these the ranking exhibit 
was the scuppernong. This grape, which grew 
wild when Raleigh’s captains first visited 
America, has only in recent years been eulti- 
vated extensively. In connection with its dis- 
play of grapes the Norfolk & Southern 
showed a large variety of native wines and 
champagnes manufactured from scuppernongs 
by the Garrett Winery. The nut exhibit con- 
sisted of twenty odd varieties of pecans that 
are exclusively grown in eastern North Caro- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


lina. In long glass tubes different kinds of 
soil were displayed, with a view of illustrating 
the depth and fertility. 

The commercial timbers of the section, 
rough, dressed and polished, were exhibited 
and these were supplemented by a collection 
of large photographs of pine, juniper and cy- 
press forests and showed methods of logging, 
transporting and manufacture. All these pic- 
tures were taken on the properties or in the 
mills of the John L. Roper Lumber Company. 
Illustrating the value of one particular wood— 
the gum—there was a ease filled with more 
than a score of useful household articles and 
novelties made from that tree. There were also 
box and barrel materials, baskets, pie plates, 
butter dishes and other devices illustrating the 
more substantial uses to which the wood may 
be put. The floor of the entire exhibit booth 
was made of white and black gum, highly pol- 


ished. This timber a few years ago was con- 
sidered valueless, as there was no known 


method of drying it. 


e 
\ 


mae and Ohio, the Mississippi, the Gulf of 
Mexico and the Atlantie. 

The Southern exhibited in five departments, 
its principal showing, however, being made in 
the States Exhibit Palace, where it occupied 
over seventeen hundred square feet and showed 
a remarkable collection of stone, mineral, tim- 
“ber, agricultural and horticultural products. 
The color tone of the display was green, even 
so were the windows through which the light 
filtered, and the handsome ecards which de- 
pended from the large columns were verdant. 

Fronting the main exhibit stood columns 
showing the hardwoods of the South, their 
bases made of parquetry, and on each side of 
the different posts were separate patterns and 
distinctive designs. These columns alone made 
a remarkable display of wood and woodwork; 
but the timber resources of the Southern’s ter- 
ritory were further illustrated by forty or fifty 
different commercial woods from various see- 
tions of the South, most of these in their natural 
state. The manufactured wood products in- 


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Norfolks Southern Railway | 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


FRUIT EXHIBIT OF NORFOLK & SOUTHERN RAILWAY IN COURT OF STATES EXHIBIT PALACE 


The exhibit showed also most of the game ani- 
mals and wild fowl found in the South. Along 
the coasts and on the shores of the various large 
bodies of water are almost every known variety 
of wild fowl, and black bear, deer, wild tur- 
key, quail, woodchuck and snipe abound. The 
mounted collection was large and unusually 
fine. 

Gold medals were awarded to the Carolina 
Rice Mills of Georgetown, for the exhibit of 
rice and rice products ; for the collective exhibit 
of peanuts and peanut products, to the Peanut 
Growers’ Association of Virginia and North 
Carolina; to C. J. Smith of Seven Springs, 
North Carolina, for improved scuppernong 
grapes and to the Norfolk & Southern Rail- 
way for its general exhibit of fruits in liquid. 

The representation made by the Southern 
Railway was quite commensurate with the im- 
portance of that System. Its exhibits were 
gathered from all the widely diversified terri- 
tory included within the bounds of the Poto- 


cluded spokes, handles and staves made of 
hickory, and a large and showy line of veneers. 
In the center of the timber section was a dis- 
play of wooden bowls; some, forty-four-and-a- 
half inches in diameter, testified to the size of 
the poplar trees of the southern Appalachian 
region. A novel wood exhibit consisted of a 
number of rustic settees made of rhododendron. 
Between the wooden columns were two mar- 
ble counters having a combined length of about 
fifty feet, and on these was a splendid stone 
and mineral exhibit. The counters were com- 
posed of a dozen or more specimens of Tennes- 
see marble, showing the wonderful beauty and 
wide variety of the stones of that State. They 
were admirably arranged so that the different 
marbles blended beautifully. Further to illus- 
trate the marble possibilities of the Southern’s 
territory, a large number of stone cubes were 
displayed, white, black, pink, mottled gray and 
other varieties of colored marbles, granites, 
brownstones, limestones and soapstones. 


642 


Agriculture. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


EXHIBIT OF THE SOUTHERN RAILWAY 


Many cases contained specimens of kaolin, 
fire clay, mica, carborundum, monazite, ochre, 
barytes, tin, gold, zine, silver, copper and lead 
ores, each appropriately labeled and located. 
The display of kaolin and gold and copper ores 
was unusually fine, as also were the exhibits 
of coal. More than one hundred mineral prod- 
ucts were exhibited. In keeping with the prac- 
tical nature and system of the Southern’s ex- 
hibit, the cases in which this large and splendid 
collection of ores and clays rested were them- 
selves exhibits of southern woods and southern 
factory products. 

The horticultural display included various 
fruits of the South in jars, and a number of 
tables bore apples from Virginia, the Carolinas, 
Georgia, Tennessee and southern Illinois. Agri- 
culture was represented by attractive and prac- 
tical displays of wheat, corn, oats, rye, hemp, 
tobacco and garden products, together with an 
exceptionally fine exhibit of cotton. The to- 
baeco exhibit was noteworthy, representing as 


e 


|| SOUTHER 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


EX DIBIts OFTHE 
643 


it did the Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, 
South Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia dis- 
tricts, all of which are reached by the Southern 
Railway. 

Kentucky hemp was utilized artistically for 
decorative purposes. Paintings, photographs 
or maps of agricultural, manufacturing or other 
scenes along the line of the Road were used for 
the dual purpose of ornamentation and adver- 
tisement, as showing the industrial develop- 
ment and scenic attractions of the southeast. 
The Southern’s exhibit was arranged simply, 
yet in a most artistic way and attractively. 
Everything, even to the rustic settees placed 
for visitors’ use, represented some commercially 
valuable industry or resource of the country 
through which the Railway passes, and nothing 
was used for decoration or display of any kind 
which did not come from some city or country 
district contiguous to the road. The Southern 
Railway received gold medals for its collection 
of agricultural products, its collection of tim- 


SOUTHERN RAILWAY 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


bers and ornamental woods and its collective 
exhibit of minerals. 

The Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad made a 
striking agricultural and mineral exhibit which 
gave in a compact form a general idea of the 
products of the rich cities and counties along 
its extensive system. This corporation filled 
with its displays fourteen hundred and ten 
square feet of floor space. The collection 
showed the expenditure of much ingenuity and 
patience and the instalment was both practical 
and artistic. 

Along the inner booth was swung a lace-work 
of hemp. This raw material woven especially 
for the Chesapeake & Ohio exhibit consti- 
tuted itself one of the most attractive dis- 
plays in the building. The arches were 
trimmed with it and great bunches of hemp 
depended from the cornices. Over the booth 


waved banners bearing the names of the prin- 
cipal cities along the line of the Road, and 
draperies and festoons in orange and maroon 
added to the picturesque effect. 

The principal feature of the booth’s interior 
decoration, a hand painted map of the System, 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


the finished product. Exhibits from commer- 
cial deposits of manganese and asbestos were 
particularly noted. The outputs of several great 
industrial establishments were represented by 
paper from the big mills of Covington and 
Buena Vista and the steel foundries of Rich- 
mond, while bricks both from Kentucky and 
Virginia were exhibited. Among other exhib- 
its were corn, wheat and tobacco, the last both 
natural and in manufactured state. Cotton 
and wool were also shown in fiber and fabrie. 
Exhibits of flour, meal, baking powder and 
flavoring extracts were sent from Richmond. 
The exhibit made by the Atlantic Coast Line 
comprehended the principal agricultural and 
horticultural products of the territory through 
which the Road passes. From its seaport 
terminus at Norfolk, the Coast Line penetrates 
the great fruit and trucking sections of the 
southeastern States and its exhibit contained 
specimens of all the crops grown in the country 
between Virginia and the Gulf of Mexico. 
Two exhibits especially emphasized the 
adaptability of the southern soil and climate 
for the reproduction of plants which until re- 


, 


EXHIBIT OF THE CHESAPEAKE & OHIO RAILWAY 


was supplemented by a series of water colors 
illustrating the most picturesque sections and 
historic spots along the route. Among the 
wonders depicted were the famous Natural 
Bridge and the canyons along New River, while 
other scenes showed old William and Mary Col- 
lege, the University of Virginia and Monticello 
—the home of Thomas Jefferson. 

The display of minerals and mineral waters 
from the famous Virginia and West Virginia 
health resorts was unusually fine, and the man- 
ner in which they were presented for inspec- 
tion was extremely judicious. Large blocks of 
coal from the mine regions; samples of slate 
from the rich quarries in Buckingham County, 
Virginia; specimens of barytes, pyrites, gold, 
copper, zine, and a huge column of cannel coal 
gave evidence of the mineral wealth in the 
regions traversed by the Chesapeake & Ohio. 
Potts iron from Allegheny was one of the 
features of this division. A massive exhibit 
of this ore occupied almost, if not quite, as 
much space as the large coal display. Various 
forms and grades of cement were shown, and 
the processes of manufacture from the raw to 


cently have been deemed the exclusive prod- 
ucts of distant localities. The extremely thin 
tobacco leaf known as ‘‘ Sumatra ’’ was long 
regarded as a variety impossible to grow be- 
yond the bounds of that isle; and China, Japan, 
India and Ceylon have for centuries been the 
sources of the World’s tea supply. A splendid 
exhibit of Sumatra tobacco, however, was sent 
from the plantation of A. Cohn & Company of 
Amsterdam, Georgia. This is the largest to- 
bacco plantation in the world and produces the 
highest priced tobacco grown in the United 
States. On account of the excessive thinness 
of the Sumatra leaf, it requires a large quantity 
to equal in weight the coarser leaves from 
which other wrappers are made, and the pecul- 
iarly close formation of the fiber renders it 
very valuable for wrapping purposes. This to- 
baceo received a gold medal. South Carolina 
teas in several qualities and classes were shown. 
While Oriental shoots when transplanted to 
American soil thrive disproportionately, it 
seems that South Carolina is able to support 
most of the tea bearers. 

A number of tropical fruits were shown. 


644 


Agriculture. 


Among these were sapodilloes, cocoanuts, man- 
goes, guavas, oranges, pineapples, Avocado 
pears, grapefruits and sea grapes. Among other 
fruits which were displayed in quantities were 
peaches, including most of the famous Georgia 
varieties ; many species of pears, various grapes 
and numerous apples. 

Some splendid vegetables were 
The Florida showing of celery was remarkable, 
as was also the asparagus from the celebrated 
South Carolina fields near Charleston; and the 
tomatoes, beans, onions, squash, artichokes, 
peppers and cucumbers made fine displays. 
The exhibits of resin, resin oils, phosphates, 
kaolin and its products, gave a good commercial 
demonstration, and the pure cane syrups from 
Georgia and Florida attracted favorable com- 
ment. Wheat, corn and rice received due con- 
sideration and the grain exhibit was eminently 
satisfactory. This was especially the case so 
far as the showing of South Carolina head rice 
was concerned. The exhibit of this fine variety 
was abundant and striking, Bright tobacco 


exhibited. 


in a measure constricted. It consisted princi- 
pally of a representation of the agricultural 
possibilities of its tributary country, especially 
the land lying within the boundaries of Vir- 
ginia. While some miscellaneous manufacturing 
interests were exploited and a few minerals 
were included, evidences of these industries 
had been placed by the Norfolk & Western in 
other divisions of the Exposition’s exhibit terri- 
tory. 

Two hundred distinct specimens of cereals, 
grasses and agricultural products were on view, 
and the fine display of various flours, hominies, 
breakfast foods and mill feed attracted atten- 
tion. The exhibit was arranged tastefully and 
was well decorated. More than a hundred in- 
teresting pictures adorned the walls. All these 
were typical scenes and ineluded illustrations 
in the lines of agriculture, horticulture, mining, 
manufacturing and transportation, besides pic- 
turesque mountain and valley sketches. The 
latter epitomized visibly the current history of 
the System. 


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Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


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EXHIBIT OF THE ATLANTIC COAST LINE 


was represented by many North Carolina and 
South Carolina specimens. 

The exhibit was tastefully enclosed and 
could be entered through bamboo gates which 
were made of stalks taken from the winter 
home of Thomas Edison at Fort Myers, Lee 
County, Florida. Other forestry exhibits 
showed examples of native woods in highly 
polished planks, veneers, panels and cases. A 
very complete exhibit was made by the South- 
ern Cotton Oil Company, which ran the gamut 
of demonstration in the value of cotton seed 
and its products. Some choice examples of 
peanuts were shown and various hays were ex- 
hibited. As a whole, the Atlantic Coast Line 
evidenced in this collection a well defined and 
well executed purpose to place on view the 
typical native products of those parts of Ala- 
bama, Florida, Georgia, North and South Caro- 
linas and Virginia which are traversed by the 
Line. 

The display made by the Norfolk & West- 
ern Railway in the States Exhibit Palace was 


645 


The most important Company exhibit was 
the Norfolk & Western’s miniature building 


representing their Experimental Farm at Ivor, 
Virgima. The entire booth was constructed 


from suggestions made by F. H. LaBaume, the 
Agricultural and Industrial Agent, and was a 
distinetly fine conception. Its finished appear- 
ance evidenced the skilful workmanship which 
had been utilized for its creation. It was made 
by the Car Department of the Norfolk & 
Western shops at Roanoke, Virginia, and 
shipped in sections to the Exposition. Among 
the manufacturing interests exploited were 
the Virginia Brewing Company of Roanoke 
who displayed their ‘‘ Pilsener’’ beer and re- 
ceived a gold medal, the Roanoke Cotton Mills 
who showed a full line of manufactured warps 
and twine, and the Suffolk Drug Company who 
exhibited their extracts. Manufactured tobacco 
was in evidence and only one exhibit made under 
the auspices of the Norfolk & Western Rail- 
way failed to receive either a gold or a silver 
medal. Among the distinctly creditable and 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


A 


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Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


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EXHIBIT OF THE NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILWAY 


striking tobacco exhibits, the makers of each 
of which received a gold medal, were: The W. 
A. Brown Tobacco Company of Martinsville, 
Virginia, with their miniature log cabin made 
entirely from leaf and manufactured tobacco; 
Sparrow & Gravely, also of Martinsville, who 
showed a splendid collection of tobacco plug, 
and Alberti & Company of Bedford City, Vir- 


@inia, whose exhibit of dark leaf tobacco was 


the finest ever shown at an Exposition. Among 
the smaller displays were samples of minerals 


which he in paying quantities along the line 
of the Road, outside of the Virginia District. 
All of the Virginia minerals were in the Vir- 
ginia Mineral and Timber Building, but some 
interesting specimens from other States were 
shown in the Company’s booth—notably, the 
blue and buff sandstone from McDermott, Ohio. 

The Grand Trunk Railway System of Canada 
made a notable exhibit of the fish and game 
resources of the extensive territory which it 
penetrates. Two gold medals and one silver 
medal were awarded to this exhibit which was 
one of the most attractive of the Exposition 
sights and appealed irresistibly to the tourist, 
traveler and sportsman. This Railway System 
Exhibit was due entirely to the initiative of 
G. T. Bell, the General Passenger Agent of the 


) 


THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY BUILDING 


Grand Trunk, and the details were supervised 
by H. R. Charleton, the Advertising Agent of 
the Railway. 

A separate building was utilized for the 
Grand Trunk exhibit. It was in charge of R. 
MeC. Smith, Special Passenger Agent for the 
Line, with offices at Detroit, Michigan. The 
structure was a pleasing combination of Dutch 


P 


H. R. CHARLETON 
Advertising Agent 


Gals BELE 
Gen'l Pass. and Ticket Ast. 


and Colonial 
porches and 


architecture and had wide shady 
lofty ceilings. The lower floor 
consisted of a single room whose walls were 
Nned with pictures artistically inserted in 
panels or strung as a frieze close to the ceiling. 
The pictures were chiefly large and artistic 
photographic views depicting characteristic 
scenes along the line of the Road. Many of them 
had been taken in districts which, unknown a 
few years ago, now are famous. Others showed 
spots that are the haunts of enthusiastic sports- 
men and nature lovers but are less well known 
to the general public, while some especially 
beautiful scenes portrayed places that are com- 
paratively unknown even to traveled Canadi- 
ans. Among the most beautiful of the pictures 
were several illustrations of famous Canadian 
lakes, notably Temagami—a worthy rival of 
Maggiore or Como. 

There were also a number of utilitarian 
photographs serving adequately to illustrate 
the splendid double track roadbed of the Grand 
Trunk, than whieh no better exists on this 
continent, if anywhere. Among the world’s 
railways the Grand Trunk is the longest eon- 


646 


Agriculture. 


double track system under a single 
and the photographie views of 
construction and = equip- 


ment gave a splendid in- 


tinuous 


management ; 


sight into the physical 
eondition of the Railway 


and testified to the excel- 
lent care and attention that 
the Company displays. 
Supplementing the fine 
collection of views, there 
was a set of colored photo- 


eraphs which formed a 
frieze. These were all 
sporting scenes. Superb 


mounted specimens of fish 
and game were exhibited; 
oaken plaques bearing 
mascalonge, wall-eyed pike, bass and pickerel 
depended from the ceiling at varying intervals, 
fine heads of elk and gigantic moose orna- 
mented the columns which supported the upper 
floor, and mounted birds occupied pedestals. 
In cabinets were small taxidermic specimens, 
the whole forming a very adequate representa- 
tion of the game that can be found in the high- 
lands of Ontario. 


R. McC. SMITH 
Spl. Passenger Agt. 


Tamestows Official DERtSETaen Corporation. 


Copyright, 


Confederate flag. S&S. Bernheimer & Son of 
Port Gibson, Mississippi, filled two glass cov- 
ered boxes with samples of the highest grade 
long staple cotton grown in Mississippi. This 
last exhibit consisted principally of the species 
known as ‘“‘ Allen Long Staple.’? Mr. Scott 
and the Messrs. Bernheimer each received a 
gold medal. 

With the exhibits of the States and Railways 
there were a few commercial showings made of 
industries allied with agricultural and horti- 
cultural interests. The German Kali Works of 
Atlanta, Georgia, the Royster Guano Company 
of Norfolk, Virginia, and the Pocomoke Guano 
Company, also of Norfolk, exhibited fertilizers 
and each firm received a gold medal. It is not 
easy to describe entertainingly a fertilizer ex- 
hibit, but something might be said concerning 
these displays. However, with the exception 
of the last-named firm, it was impossible to ob- 
tain any information from the exhibitors as 
to what they showed or what claims they had 
advanced for an award. The Pocomoke Guano 
Company occupied three hundred and forty- 
two square feet in Section 32 of the States 
Exhibit Palace and displayed a full line of their 
fertilizers with literature explaining the spe- 


EXHIBIT OF THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY SYSTEM 


Searcely less interesting than the fixed ex- 
hibits were the pictures shown in two kineto- 
scope machines. These showed various subjects 
of the Railway operations. The views were 
taken of trains in motion and from trains in 
motion and they also pictured station scenes 
and the devices of train management. With 
the exception of the exhibit made by Nova 
Seotia, this was the only display from the Do- 
minion of Canada. It could not well be called a 
commercial exhibit since no attempt was made 
to exploit the industrial possibilities of that 
great territory which lies north of the United 
States boundary line, but it gave a splendid 
conception of the attractions of British 
America. 


MISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITS 


Though Mississippi was not officially repre- 
sented at the Exposition, two superlatively fine 
exhibits of cotton showed the Commonwealth’s 
agricultural possibilities. Charles Scott of 


Rosedale, Mississippi, shipped six bales of the 
finest grade of cotton wrapped in silk. These 


were installed in two pyramids, one represent- 
ing the United States colors and the other the 


647 


cific uses of the different grades and the crops 
which would be especially benefitted by using 
particular brands. It is not always the highest 
grade or most expensive fertilizer that is best 
for a crop; some vegetables require a surplus 
of one element in the soil while others get 
along with much less of that and require a 
large amount of another. With some crops dif- 
ferent fertilizers are needed at different stages 
of their development. The Pocomoke line was 
very complete. 
The Farmers’ Manufacturing Company of 
Norfolk received a gold medal for its exhibit 
of vegetable and fruit packing boxes. Prin- 
cipal stress was laid upon their veneer barrels, 
berry crates, lettuce, bean and pea_ baskets, 
which form the principal packing supply for 
the local trade around Norfolk and the adjacent 
counties, but they also showed the output of 
the subsidiary companies owned by them—the 
Virginia Manufacturing Company, their Suf- 
folk branch, displayed tin bound butter dishes 
and high grade fruit and vegetable packages 
which are shipped all over the Atlantic Sea- 
board; their plant at Coinjock showed _ its 
cooperage stock, staves and headings for sugar, 
apple, fish and peanut barrels; the Meheran 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


EXHIBIT OF THE GERMAN KALI WORKS 


River Logging and Lumber Company, one of 
their chief subordinate corporations, showed 
hardwood lumber, ash, oak and hickory. Most 
of this is used for export to Glasgow and Liver- 
pool. This last plant is the principal logging 
outfit for the Company and supplies the differ- 
ent plants with raw materials. In addition to 
the display of this stationary mill, the Company 
showed the output of about half a dozen small 
portable mills which they move whenever they 
purchase a new tract of timber. 

The International Harvester Company of 
America occupied twenty-five hundred and 
fifty-six feet in Section 16 and exhibited its 
engines, which are described in the chapter on 
Machinery. 

F. Danzenbaker of Norfolk made a complete 
exhibit of apiary supplies, chief among which 
was a smoker utilized in bee culture and _ in- 
vented by Mr. Danzenbaker. This device had 
a perforated side grate bar which held a re- 


movable metallic asbestos fire back shell, de- 
flecting the air at right angles and preventing 
a back draught to the valveless bellows. The 
air which passed over the top of the burning 
fuel cooled and expelled the smoke and, as was 
demonstrated in the exhibit, would yield this 
result for several hours with a single filing. <A 
gold medal was awarded to the device on ac- 
count of its slow burning and the fact that it 
yielded less heat than usual—the coolness of 
the smoke preventing any injury to the bees. 

Angell & Cash, taxidermists, of Providence, 
R. I., received a gold medal for their exhibit of 
Riker Patent Mounts. The display made by 
this firm was extremely beautiful and _ the 
mounts appealed to all who were interested in 
preserving flowers and butterflies. The fragile 
specimens, imbedded in soft cotton and covered 
with glass, were safe from jarring or from 
injury by insects. 

Peter Henderson & Company, who received 


ENDERSON 
LAWN GRASS} 


SOWN THIS SPR! 
a] PETER HENDERSON 
Samy SSS rCentinnetsst Mew Ye) 


648 


Agriculture. 


gNDERSONS A cTERS. 
, InvinctBte BS 
nVINCIE => 


PETER HENDERSON & CO. 


a gold medal for lawn grass and asters, had an 
exhibit which covered far more area than any 
other at the Exposition. Around some of the 
State buildings various grass seeds were 
planted, mostly Italian rye, but the hot south- 
ern sun was fatal to the growth and the Hen- 
derson lawn seed was used when the spaces 
were replanted. The more prominent Expo- 
sition parks also showed grass grown from the 
Henderson seed. Most of the parking was pre- 
pared during July and August, 1906, when 


there was little rainfall and the heat was 
excessive. Water then was not abundant and 


it was difficult to secure enough for sprinkling 
purposes; the growing was, therefore, accom- 
plished under disadvantegeous conditions— 
nevertheless, the results were quite satisfactory. 
The plot of ground around the New Jersey 
State Building was one of the reseeded places 
and it was regarded as a special exhibit of the 
Henderson goods, since the grass grown from 
their seeds prospered well. The firm also sup- 
plied the flower beds at this place. The other 


. ee 


GLADIOLUS FARM OF ARTHUR COWEE, BERLIN, N. Y. 


large exhibit which won for this Company a 
gold medal was a display of the ‘‘ Henderson 
Invineible Asters,’’ planted around the States 
Exhibit Palace and the Arts and Crafts see- 
tion. This type is one of the latest and high- 
est achievements in China asters; the plants are 
healthy and robust, producing long stems and 
massive flowers of fine form and exceedingly 
durable. These flowers are especially prolific 
and bloom from early summer until checked 
by frost. 

The Coldwell Lawn Mower Company of New- 
burgh, New York, occupied forty hundred and 
fifty-eight square feet in Section 27, exhibiting 
their lawn mowers of hand, horse and motor 
power. Those mowers -cceived a gold medal. 
They are described in the article on Machinery. 

In the Court of the States Exhibit Palace 
there were a number of periodic displays and 
a few permanent showings. Cordley and Hayes 
exhibited fiber vases used for displaying flor- 
ists’ stock, and Arthur Cowee, the gladiolus 
king, shipped each week to the Exposition 
about five thousand gladioli thus maintaining 
a constant display of fresh flowers. The gladi- 
olus exhibit received a gold medal. It made an 
exceptionally beautiful picture. It is possible 
that no flower is easier to cultivate than the 
gladiolus nor does any embrace a greater range 
of color or more endless combinations and varie- 
ties. Some of the blooms that were exhibited 
compared favorably in rich beauty with the 
most expensive and rarest orchids. At the 
Meadowvale Farm there are one hundred acres 
of gladiol and in this nursery there are over 
fifteen thousand varieties. The display at the 
Exposition was very complete, including the 
World’s Fair colleetion of Groff’s New and 
Rare Gladiolh which might fairly be ealled 
unique. It contains the most expensive varie- 
ties of the flower and hundreds of them were 
unknown before 1907. 

None of the horticultural exhibits attracted 
more admiring comment than the gold medal 
display of the Hubert Bulb Company. This 
Company, whose farm is in Norfolk County, 
selected its territory because the climate was 
like that of the south of England and the soil 
similar to Holland’s—two sections famous for 
bulb culture. Among the attractive tulips in 
the Hubert display were specimens of the 
‘‘early flowering,’’ the ‘‘late flowering’’ and 
the ‘‘Darwin.’’ Spanish iris was well ex- 


4 TSR 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


FS 


alta’ 


hibited. The ‘‘early flowering’’ gladiolus was 
illustrated copiously. The narcissus is the 
firm’s specialty and the display of this flower 


FARM OF THE HUBERT BULB COMPANY, PORTSMOUTH, VA. 


's. PE et re 


was unusually fine and wonderfully varied. 
Among other blooms displayed, the peonies 
were most prominent. 


FOOD AND ACCESSORIES 


HEN the Department of Agriculture was 
organizing, this country and in fact the 
world, was paying marked attention to 

the disclosures then making on the subject of 


food adultera- 
tion. Novelists, 


journalists and 
investigators 
generally were 
filling columns 
of space in the 
newspapers and 
pages in the 
magazines, and 
in some in- 
stances vol- 
umes, with 
their diatribes 
against unsani- 
tary conditions 
in large estab- 
lishments pre- 
paring. food 
products and 
against the sub- 
stitution of one 
material for an- 
other or the use of dangerous preservatives. 
Pure food shows were being held throughout 
the country, and the subject of food purity was 
the paramount National issue. 


DANIEL G. HEIDT, Jr. 
Chief Dept. Agriculture and Foods 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Appreciating the importance of the subject 
and the interest that would inevitably be ere- 
ated by a mammoth pure food display, the 
Exhibit Division devoted an entire building 
to the demonstration of comestibles. Whether 
the subject in itself was of sufficient interest to 
draw irresistibly a majority of the visitors or 
that the giving of samples proved the potent 
attraction, it is impossible to say, but greater 
erowds visited this building and sauntered 
through its aisles than attended any other 
showing on the Grounds. It was generally 
known as ‘‘ The Pure Food Show,’’ although 
the official title of the building was Food Prod- 
ucts; and it could not be claimed that all of 
the exhibits were entirely free from adultera- 
tion, but ncething could be exhibited unless it 
met the requirements of the Pure Food Law 
of the United States and bore upon its wrapper 
a label which showed the name and quantity 
of each ingredient. 

The building was a beautiful Colonial strue- 
ture and contained sixty thousand and odd 
square feet of floor space. Nearly one hundred 
exhibits were installed therein. Of the many 
interests in the building, tea and coffee were 
most largely represented. 

For their goods in both of these classes the 
Thomas J. Lipton Company received a gold 
medal. This Company erected a booth made 
of handsome hardwood, artistically finished 


THE FOOD PRODUCTS BUILDING, FROM LEE’S PARADE 


650 


Agriculture. 


EXHIBIT OF THOS. J. LIPTON & CO. 
London and New York 


and brilliantly lit. <A central pyramid dis- 
played the various brands of teas and coffees 
vended by the firm. Coffee, like wine, improves 
with age—that is, green coffee; but once 
roasted, the sooner used the better. All of the 
principal coffee packers, recognizing this, place 
their goods in hermetically sealed boxes. The 
Lipton roasted coffees were all shown in tins, 
but there were some expensive beans exhibited 
and some very costly teas which are used to 
give peculiar flavor to various blends. Little 
brown Cingalese, garbed in snowy white linen, 
served tea and coffee to visitors. 

McCormick & Company exhibited their teas, 
spices and flavoring extracts in an exception- 
ally handsome booth containing large plate 
glass cases which held the firm’s products. Tho 
posts of the structure were made of glass and 
contained layers of teas of various shades im- 
ported from all the tea raising countries of the 
world. The extracts were displayed in long 
glass tubes, and the spices were shown whole 
and ground. The Company received a gold 
medal for its full exhibit. They also received 
a bronze medal as an appreciation of the ap- 
pearance and: design of their pavilion, which 
was one of the most artistic in the Foods Build- 
ing. It was decorated thoroughly in keeping 
with the Oriental character of the merchandise. 
The upper and lower floors were adorned with 
Asiatic lanterns, fans, pictures and rugs, and 


teas. 
but attractive. 


bamboo chairs and tabourets were placed here 
and there. 

The Dwinnell-Wright Company of Boston 
received a gold medal for its coffees, spices and 
The exhibit of this Company was small 
This firm makes a specialty of 


EXHIBIT OF DWINNELL-WRIGHT CO. 
Boston, Mass. 


‘““White House’’ coffee; and the booth, which 
housed the display, was an approximate repro- 
duction in miniature of the home of the Presi- 
dents of the United States. 


EXHIBIT OF CAUCHOIS & COMPANY 
New York City 


Cauchois & Company of New York made an 
elaborate exhibit of their Mexican Private Es- 
tate Coffee. The booth was an open Spanish- 


* es 
A SOUVENIR PACKAGE OF THE FINES? 
TEA GIVEN WITH EVERY SERVICE OF TEA, 
@ Eur ICED OR HOT 10% -@ 
a . 


ego OEE WY Meese wee WNT “Tae xT 
Pa) DANOGET 4 
Extracts, Spices Teas Spices ney Pi 
mom res eo erm ae rr im 


“PORE ep PRODUCTS — usED AY THOSE WRO WANT “Tur BEST” - : . PORE FOOD PRODOCTS — WEED BY / 
BANOUET BRAND? ) ij 
| Spices amt Teas” © Se ma 1a 


Extracts, Spices Teas | 
Patracty Girne Taw | 


EXHIBIT OF McCORMICK & CO. OF BALTIMORE, MD. 


651 


AOVTVd SLONGOYd GOOA AHL 


minty BE 
eit ’ Hr 
a ee 


‘uol}e10dioy) ydeisojoyg [eIOyJQ uUMOsoWEL 


yysiisdog 


652 


Agriculture. 


American structure, thatehed with grass, and 


the attendants were girls dressed in Mexican 
costume. 


x, SSO 


. shia airs siete ® 3 4 


= 
Lk 
= 
o 
fm 
B 


EXHIBIT OF MARTIN GILLETTE & COMPANY 
Baltimore, Md. 


Martin Gillette & Company of Baltimore had 
one of the most original booths on the Grounds. 
It was an enormous teapot, large enough, so it 
was claimed, to hold more than five million cups 
of tea. The pot was an exact magnified repro- 
duction of a porcelain tea brewer. Within the 
booth was a counter where tea, hot or cold, was 
served. 

B. H. Howell, Sons & Company received 
gold medal for their sugar. No attempt was 
made to display this product attractively, the 
firm merely sending a few bags of refined sugar 
to the Exposition where it was exhibited in the 
collective display of T. S. Southgate & Com- 
pany. 

The exhibit of the Franklin Sugar Refining 
Company occupied a prominent aisle corner in 
the Food Products Building. The installation 
was singularly simple and effective. The booth 
was a modified Dorie structure and the Com- 


pany’s products were tastefully displayed 
therein. 
The claims made by the Refinery for the 


highest award to be granted by the Jamestown 
Jury was based upon the absolute purity of 
their products, and to illustrate their method of 
attaining this result, the exhibit showed sugar 
in various stages of refinement from the raw 
state erude to the finished sparkling white 
product. 


EX. OF THE FRANKLIN SUGAR REFINING CO. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


The Franklin Refinery has made a feature 
of packing sugar in small parcels of hght 
weight and in a great variety of sizes, in order 
that buyers might select readily the quantities 
and shape wanted without the product being 


653 


contaminated by handling or exposure to pos- 
sibly germ laden air. This feature especially 
appealed to the Jamestown Pure Food Jury, 
and taking into consideration the process em- 
ployed by the Refinery to attain its high 
method in other lines, impelled them to grant 
to the sugar a gold medal. 

The picture shows a pyramid of sugar sacks 
and at each corner and on the top, jars of sugar 
in different stages, while the walls behind are 
gracefully decorated with boxes each contain- 
ing two pounds of their fine granulated sugar 


for table use. 

The Breakfast Food companies were well 
represented. The Quaker Oats Company of 
Chicago exhibited, within an attractive white 


enameled booth of considerable dimensions, its 
Quaker Oats and Quaker Puffed Rice, and re- 
ceived a gold medal for both products. The 


EXHIBIT OF THE QUAKER OATS COMPANY 
Chicago, Ill. 


exhibit of puffed rice was distinctively a 
‘live ’’ exhibit, and rice flakes at intervals 
of every few minutes puffed and separated 
with a noise resembling the explosion of a 
miniature cannon. Puffed rice candy was made 
on the premises and sold there. At the dem- 
onstrating counter Quaker Oats, Puffed Rice, 
Wheat Berries and Puffed Rice Candy were 
served. 

The Egg-O-See Cereal Company of Quincy, 
Illinois, erected a most artistic booth and re- 
ceived a gold medal for installation. The 
booth was constructed entirely of ash, Mission 
finished, with a large old-fashioned brick fire- 
place and wrought iron andirons upon which 
rested oak logs. Upon the mantel-shelf stood 
plates and pots of ancient pewter. On one side 
of the fire-place was a handsome ash cabinet 
containing dishes and on the other side a book 
rack. To the rear of the booth, in either corner 
was a tiny room, one of them a kitchen and 
the other an office. In the center of the booth 
was a heavy round table about which were 
arranged quaint high backed Mission chairs. 
The Egg-O-See Company received a_ silver 
medal for ‘‘ Egg-O-See ’’ and “‘ E. C. Corn.”’ 


CEREAL COMPANY - 


EXHIBIT OF THE EGG-O-SEE CEREAL COMPANY 
Quincy, Illinois. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


The Natural Food 
Company of Buffalo, 
New York, received 
a gold medal; as did 
the National Starch 
Company of New 
York City, who ex- 
hibited their Kings- 
ford’s and Duryea’s 
COrne and soleor's 
starch, with which 
were displayed 
samples of their va- 
rious bi - products. 
The exhibit was en- 
tirely educational 
and showed the 
Various processes 
involved in produe- 
ing these two va- 
rieties of starches 
ard. 


each of which is a stand- 


exhibited in a 


Horlick’s Malted Milk was 
very attractive booth which was finished in 
Mission style and furnished harmoniously. 


There were two Condensed Milk displays, the 
Borden Company and the Saint Charles Con- 
densed Company, each exhibiting the goods 
they manufacture. 

In accordance with their usual custom, the 
H. J. Heinz Company were represented by an 
exhibit of their ‘‘ Fifty-Seven Varieties.’’ 
The booth occupied a prominent place at the 
northwest entrance to the Food Products Build- 
ing. The general lines of the booth were Colo- 
nial, designed in full accord with the general 
architectural scheme of the Exposition. In ad- 
dition to a large and attractive exlnbit of 
goods, the Heinz Company made a_ special 
feature of serving to visitors samples of their 
various comestibles. 

The main part of the booth consisted of an 
auditorium where one hundred and fifty per- 
sons could be comfortably seated, and several 
times daily an illustrated lecture was given in 


EXHIBITS OFS THES. JMHEINZ COMPIPrSBURGSPRAS 


this room. By means of a stereopticon and 
verbal explanation, the visitor was conducted 
into the fields where the products were gath- 
ered and then though the departments of the 
Company’s various establishments. By no 
means the least attractive feature of the Heinz 
booth was Mulvaney’s famous painting ‘‘ Cus- 
ter’s Last Rally.’’ On account of its historic 
interest, this picture became one of the sights 
of the Exposition. The Heinz Company re- 
ceived a gold medal for their products. 

The exhibit of the Southern Cotton Oil Com- 
pany was splendidly installed and presented a 
comprehensive display of the Company’s food 
products. The center of the booth, a two-story 
affair, was surrounded by a wide space filled 
with low counters and small round _ tables. 
There were daily various demonstrations of the 
uses to which Wesson oil and ‘‘ Snowdrift ”’ 
lard are put. The refinement of cotton seed 
oil has exercised the ingenuity of many chem- 
ists. The peculiar bitterness and the distinet 
odor prevent the unrefined product from com- 
peting suecessfully with other oils either for 
the table or for cooking. By the Wesson pro- 


Petey > sai | 


Pe 


EXHIBIT OF THE SOUTHERN COTTON OIL COMPANY OF NEW YORK CITY 


654 


Agriculture. 


cess the disagreeable taste and pungent odor 
are practically, if not entirely, eliminated. No 
severer test could be devised than the use of 
the oil in making doughnuts, and these were 
served daily at the booth to hundreds of visit- 
ors. Besides the doughnuts, which were served 
continuously during the hours of demonstra- 
tion, croquettes, oysters and other dainties were 
fried in the oil, and ice cream was made of oil 
and water as a substitute for milk, and cakes 
were made with snowdrift lard in place of but- 
ter. As a whole, the exhibit gave a genuine 
object lesson illustrating the value of a vege- 
table cooking fat as compared with hog lard. 
In addition to the health value of vegetable 
oil as compared with animal fat, the exhibit 
showed the advantage of frying with a sub- 
stance capable of being heated many degrees 
higher than lard without danger of burning 
or smoking and also illustrated the economy 
which might be practiced, for the oil can be 
used and re-used a number of times. The 
Southern Cotton Oil Company received a gold 
medal for Wesson oil, Snowdrift lard and the 
various soaps made from these products. 


Si panied We 


EXHIBIT OF THE GENESSEE PURE FOOD CO. 
Leroy, N. Y. 


A gold medal was awarded to the Jell-O ex- 
hibit for its installation. The Genessee Pure 
Food Company of Leroy, N. Y., manufacturers 
of ‘* Jell-O,’’ exhibited this product together 
with Jell-O ice cream powder and ‘‘Grain-O’’ 
cereal coffee,’’ and received also a 
bronze 


for their goods. The Jell-O demonstration 
showed how jellies and ice creams were made 
with the powders manufactured by this firm. 
A booth that attracted unusual attention was 
that of the Ballard & Ballard Company of 
Louisville, Kentucky. The enclosure repro- 
duced an Egyptian temple covered with hiero- 
elyphies, the door to which was guarded on 
either side by the phcenix, the ancient emblem 
of imnortality. An imitation stone fence sur- 
rounded the booth, at one corner of which stood 
an obelisk—the Company’s trademark and the 
name which they have given to their flour. 
The interior of the temple contained theatre 
chairs, and at frequent regular intervals 
through the day a leeturer deseribed the Bal- 
lard flour and the welfare work which is being 
done by this Company. In addition to the lee- 
ture, a practical demonstration of the value of 
Obelisk flour was offered in the distribution 
of rolls or biseuits to the audience. The firm 
received the enly gold medal for flour awarded 
at the Exposition. They also received a gold 
medal for welfare work. At its inception, this 
philanthropic endeavor was confined within 
narrow bounds and consisted mainly of such 
endeavors as would contribute to the comfort 
of the young women employees, but both mem- 
bers of the firm—Charles and Thruston Ballard 
—are practical philanthropists and their efforts 
to improve the condition of their employees 
and render the employment more pleasant have 
widely ramified. They maintain for their girls 
and women rest rooms, lavatories and baths, 
attractive, well ventilated, lighted and heated 
parlors. The men also have their lavatories 
and bath rooms, with lockers for their clothes, 
all given freely and enabling the workmen to 
come to the mills attired in ordinary citizens 
clothes, without running the danger of ruining 
them at their day’s work. Meals are furnished 
free to the office force, while the other em- 
ployees of the Company run a co-operative 
mess in which all bear their pro-rata of ex- 
penses, except that the Company gives the 
bread that is used and which is baked each 
day on the premises from the Company’s flour. 
The mills are maintained as hygienic models, 
and in addition to these devices 
and plans for the benefit of em- 
ployees, the firm annually dis- ¢ 
tributes sixty-five per cent of its = 
net profits to its employees. This  — 
dividend is pro-rated among those | 
who are on the pay roll of the % 
Company in accordance with the 
salaries which they draw, and as 
a general thing amounts practi- 
eally to an _ extra 
month’s salary. 
ver This is paid by 
check on the 
rst da yw Ob 
each July, that 
being the end 
of the firm’s 
fiscal year. 


yN 


EXHIBIT OF BALLARD & BALLARD, LOUISVILLE, KY. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


‘ 


EX. OF SCHWARZSCHILD & SULZBERGER CO. 
Chicago, Ill. 


The Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Company of 
Chicago received a gold medal for their 
‘* Majestic *? ham and bacon, lard and canned 
meats, for ‘‘ Advanee’’ canned meats, for 
‘* Laurel Brand ’’ hams, bacon and lard and 
for ‘‘Crispine’’ and ‘‘Advanece Compound.’’ 
The exhibit made by this firm was installed in 
a very attractive space and was admirably ar- 
ranged for advertising purposes. Several thou- 
sand cans of meats, tierces of lard, jars of 
pickled meat, jams in canvas covers and tiers 
of bacon were shown. Every day some special 
food article was distributed gratuitously to 
visitors and attractive souvenirs were given to 
callers. The demonstrations were planned to 
illustrate the value of these goods as well as 
their availability for instant use, and in both 
of these provinces they succeeded. 

Green River Bourbon Whiskey received a 
gold medal. The exhibit made by this distil- 
lery, which is located at Owensboro, Kentucky, 
was neither a straight rye or corn whiskey but 
a Bourbon, and consisted of bottles taken from 
regular stock. All of it was six-year old whis- 
key, distilled on the sour mash plan and bottled 
and guaranteed under the Pure Food Law as 
‘ straight ’’ whiskey. 

The Large Distillery Company of Pittsburgh, 
Pennsylvania, received a gold medal for their 
pure Monongahela rye whiskey. The firm had 
previously received medals and diplomas at 
most of the large fairs, as at Chicago in 1893, 


Paris, 1900, and St. Louis, 1904, and in all of 
these instances, as in the present case, the 
award was based on purity as well as taste and 
aroma. The Large is a rye whiskey and is 
bottled at the distillery under the supervision 
of the Government. 

P. Hoctor of London, manufacturer of wines 
and liquors, also exhibited; and the Heurich 
Brewing Company of Washington exhibited its 
beers and received a gold medal; as did Gar- 
rett & Company, manufacturers of the ‘‘ Vir- 
ginia Dare’’ and other wines. This latter 
Company exploited its still and sparkling wines 
in one of the most attractive of the small booths 
in the building. The Company advertises 
widely and uses some artistic lithographs for 
the purpose of gaining attention. The origin- 
als of these pictures were exhibited at the Ex- 
position and served invariably to interest the 
passers by. 

The Consumers’ Brewing Company of Nor- 
folk, Virginia, maintained an attractive booth, 
where they exhibited ‘‘Pale Bottled Beer’’ and 
‘‘Broneo Export.’’ The purpose of the display 
was for advertising merely and no commercial 
efforts were put forth. The beer received a 
gold medal. 


Jee MAHONEY. CONSUMERS BREWING 


PRE 


EXHIBIT OF THE CONSUMERS’ BREWING CO. 


Among the distilleries represented in this 
building, the Dreyfuss-Weil Company made one 
of the most odd exhibits. They had a booth 
representing Devil’s Island, and upon the 
island was placed a bottle eight feet high, an 
exact replica of the one in which their Devil’s 
Island gin is sold. 

An attractive exhibit was made by the 
Welch Grape Juice Company of Westfield, New 
York. This, by the way, was the first exhibit 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


ENTRANCE TO COURT OF THE FOOD PRODUCTS BUILDING 


656 


Agriculture. 


in the building to be finished. Various sized 
bottles containing the Company’s products 
were arranged upon silver trays, forming a 
pyramid. The Mecklenburg Mineral Springs 
of Chase City, Virgimia, and the Adirondack 
Spring Company of Saratoga, New York, had 
small exhibits in the building. 

The Coco Cola Company of Atlanta showed 
a complete distilling plant in operation and 
used a part of their section as a counter for 
the sale of their beverage. 

S. D. Matthews of Hamilton, North Carolina, 
received a gold medal for his exhibit of honey. 
The Valley of the Roanoke River bears plenti- 
fully haw and other plants that make white 
comb honey, and from this section the supply 
for the exhibit came. The Matthews honey 
had previously received gold medals at the 
Pan-American and at the St. Louis Expositions. 
It is worthy of note that honey from Martin 
County, North Carolina, also received the grand 
prize at Paris. 


& 


EXHIBIT OF VERMONT MAPLE SU 
MAKERS’ ASSOCIATION 
Randolph, Vt. 


GAR 


The Vermont Maple Sugar Makers’ Associa- 
tion exploited one of the most important indus- 
tries of their State. This organization is fos- 
tered by an annual State appropriation, and its 


SCENE IN A SUGAR CAMP AT MAPLE GROVE 
FARM, VERMONT 


display was made under official auspices. The 
various implements used in making maple 


sugar and maple syrup were on exhibition and 
griddle cakes with maple syrup were served 
during the entire Exposition. A model of a 
miniature sugar camp formed a part of the ex- 
hibit and was one of the most interesting 
features of the Food Products Building. Stud- 
ents examined and studied this portrayal of 
a country sugar orchard with evident interest. 
A gold medal was awarded for the excellent 
quality of maple syrup and maple sugar exhib- 
ited by the Association, as well as for the sugar 
making apparatus. 

Among the mechanical features of special 
interest was an exhibit made by the Ice Ma- 
chine Supply Company of New York City. 
This machine, which received a gold medal in 
the Foods Division, was exhibited in the dairy 


657 


EXHIBDT OFS TES ICEeMACHINESUPRPIEY CO: 
New York City 


department of the Virginia Polytechnic In- 
stitute. The machine was used for cooling a 
box eight feet wide, sixteen feet long and 
eight feet high, divided into two compartments, 
one for butter, milk and cream and the other 
for restaurant supphes.. The machine was con- 
structed by P. R. MeCrary, an engineer, who 
has made a specialty of developing small ab- 
sorption machinery of a continuous and auto- 
matic type. It was constructed entirely of 
pipe. Twelve-inch pipe six inches long was 
used for the generator and the absorber was a 
pipe of similar dimensions, each being fitted 
with the necessary iron heads and with the 
proper amount of heating and cooling surface 
in the shape of interior coils through which 
steam was passed in the generator and water 
in the absorber. The double pipe type con- 
denser, exchanger and cooling coils were used. 
This has enabled the absorption machine to 
produce results not obtained by the old system 
of eylinders with round coils. The only moy- 
ing part of the machine was a small especially 
designed ammonia pump which circulated that 
fluid and was operated at one and a half 
strokes per minute. The only power necessary 
to operate the machine was heat derived from 
a small boiler, the steam being used to heat the 
generator and drive the ammonia pump. 

In addition to the cooling box, brine tanks 
were provided which served for the double 
purpose of freezing cream for long distance 
shipments and for the manufacture of the 
small amount of ice used on the premises. 
These tanks also served to maintain the tem- 
perature of the room over night while the ma- 
chine was not in operation, so that a steady 
and constant temperature of thirty-four to 
thirty-six degrees Fahrenheit was maintained 
at all times, regardless of whether the machine 
was in operation or not. The temperature of 
the brine was at zero or slightly below. 

Mrs. Nathalie C. Buchanan received a gold 
medal for brandied fruits, fruit cake and 
mince-meat, pickles, condiments and _ relishes. 


OLD VIRGINIA LOG CABIN 
Exhibit of Mrs. Buchanan 


The Jamestown 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


BUILDING OF THE WALTER BAKER CHOCOLATE CO., DORCHESTER, MASS. 


Mrs. Buchanan, whose home is in Louisville, 
Kentucky, is one of a large resourceful class 
of southern women who wisely have utilized 
their talents in producing goods or doing work 
for which they are best fitted. In a lttle log 
cabin which looked exactly like many a moun- 
tain hut in Kentucky or West Virginia, the 
Buchanan exhibit was installed. The great 
open fire-place where large logs burned merrily 
on cold days was the chief feature of the 
ground floor—a single room which otherwise 
was undecorated. Tables were loaded with 
preserves, pickles, curry, chutney, catsups, 
sauces, mince-meats, fruit cakes and various 
brandied fruits, all of which were superlatively 
good. The Pure Foods Act had no terrors for 
Mrs. Buchanan, who uses no prohibited pre- 
servatives, and the Jury, which passed most 
rigidly on food offered for award, unhesi- 
tatingly gave her a gold medal. 

The exhibit made by Walter Baker & Com- 


Wy 


MAIN EXHIBIT ROOM IN THE WALTER BAKER CHOCOLATE COMPANY’S BUILDING 


pany, Limited, of Dorchester, Massachusetts, 
received a gold medal for installation and an- 
other for chocolate preparations, breakfast 
cocoa and cocoa butter. This 
old and well known house 
erected for its exhibit, at the 
Jamestown Exposition, a Co- 
lonial cottage, a pure type of 
an early New England home 
of the pre-Revolutionary pe- 
riod. It was one of the most 
attractive buildings on the 
Grounds; in every detail it 
reproduced the era for which 
it stood. The building was at 
the corner of Commonwealth 
Avenue West and Powhatan 
Street and was surrounded 
by an old-fashioned fence of the kind common 
in New England during the middle of the Eigh- 
teenth Century. In the rear was a home-like 


Wa tace S. SHAW 
Mgr. of Exhibit 


658 


Agriculture. 


garden filled with native flowers, during most of 
theseason amass of bloom. The weatherboarded 
exterior, unpainted, was stained to give it the 
appearance of age. In keeping with the ex- 
terior, all within was old-fashioned and beauti- 
ful in its simplicity. An attractive hall or 
reception room with an old time fire-place was 
just within the main door; the walls of this 
room were covered with a pattern of old tapes- 
try paper, on which were hung historical pic- 
tures. To the left was an apartment dedicated 
to Virginia, adorned with portraits of Generals 
Robert E. Lee, Fitzhugh Lee and ‘‘ Stonewall ”’ 
Jackson; an etehing of Washington’s Last 
Birthday, and other pictures of intense local 
interest. This room was furnished with fine 
old Colonial furniture, all originals, many of 
the pieces antedating the Revolution, and all in 
excellent condition. The main exhibit room 
was very lke an ancient New England kitchen. 
with a large brick fire-place and an old Dutch 
oven like those in which the Puritan mothers 
baked their famous beans. In this room was a 
complete exhibit of the products of Walter 
Baker & Company and a complete set of minia- 
ture machines showing the processes used in 
preparing chocolate and cocoa for the market. 
In this room twice daily lectures were given by 
a professional cooking teacher. These were 
demonstrations in the use of cocoa and choco- 
late in culinary work; many dainty dishes were 
prepared and samples iven to the audience. 
The trademark of the firm, with which every- 
one is so.familiar, was represented by a number 
of young ladies dressed in the famous costume 
of ‘‘La Belle Chocolatiére.’’ The exhibit was 
splendidly managed by Wallace S. Shaw, as- 
sisted by A. M. Dow, both of whom have 
long been connected with the Baker firm. 


REPUBLIC OF HAITI 


Though not entirely a food exhibit, the dis- 
play made by the Republie of Haiti was in- 
stalled in the Food Products Building. The 
natural market for Haiti’s surplus products 
seems to be the United States, and yet a small 


PR a ST 


EXHIBIT OF THE REPUBLIC OF HAITI 


proportion of its ex- 
ports come to this 
country. To familiar- 
ize the American peo- 
ple with the value of 
Haiti’s goods, just 
now is a prime pur- 
pose with that Goy- 
ernment and in conse- 
quence they are mak- 
ing exhibits at the 
various Expositions. 
Under the direction of 
Louis Laraque, the 
Haitian Commissioner, 
extremely attrac- 


LOUIS LARAQUE 
Haitian Commissioner an ( 
tive section of the 


building was devoted to a comprehensive show- 


ing of Haiti’s products. There were fifty or 
more samples of hardwoods and boards, both 
polished and rough. Among the woods repre- 
sented in this collection were goatwood, bitter 
ash, elm, Cedar of Lebanon, spotted mahogany, 
wild gauva, lignum-vitew, mahogany, and oak, 
while some woods peculiar to Haiti were shown 
coquemola, bayahombe, grisgris and others. 
The Republic of Haiti received a gold medal 
for its collective forestry exhibit and several 
exhibitors received silver and bronze medals. 
The Panama straw hats were notably fine. 
Merceusescanne of Quartier Roche-a-Bateau, 
the principal exhibitor of these, received a gold 
medal. A very beautiful display of tanned 
leather, strong, soft and glossy, sent by N. 
Marcou of Port au Prince, received a gold 
medal, as did the fancy work sent by Madame 
Adeline de Jardin of the same city, the Super- 
intendent of ‘‘ The Madeleine,’’ an institution 
governed by the Sisters of Charity; and 
Madame Judith Prophéte of the same city re- 
ceived a gold medal for night caps. The Re- 
public of Haiti received a gold medal for its 
collective exhibit of coffee and sugar. The 
former was especially delicious. J. C. L, Di- 


quini of Port au Prince received a gold medal 
for cigars, and Eugéne F. Nazou of Cape 
Haitien obtained a similar award for honey. 


Hi 


17 tet 
Cot b 


MINES AND METALLURGY BUILDING 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


660 


CHAPTER XVII 


MINES AND METALLURGY 


PERSONNEL OF DEPARTMENT—HONORARY DIRECTOR—VIRGINIA MINERAL AND TIMBER ASSO- 

CIATION—VIRGINIA’S RAILWAY EXHIBITS—DISPLAYS OF NORTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, OHIO, 

MICHIGAN, KENTUCKY, MARYLAND, NOVA SCOTIA, VERMONT, WEST VIRGINIA—MISCELLAN- 
EOUS EXHIBITS—MINING MACHINERY—MINING LITERATURE 


T the northeast corner of Lee’s Parade 
stood the Palace of Mines and Metal- 
lurgy. In proportion to the exhibit 
space of the Exposition, the area under 

roof allotted to this Department was unusually 
large. As finally arranged, the bwilding set 
apart for these exhibits contained an area of 
sixty thousand square feet, or nearly an acre 
and a half. 

A part of the building was devoted exclu- 
sively to a collective exhibit made by the Vir- 
ginia Mineral and Timber Association, and the 
interior decorations of this section were un- 
usually fine. In the main building, individual 
exhibitors decorated their booths each accord- 
ing to his taste, but the installation of exhibits 
was under the supervision of the Chief of the 


VOS#i ee RAM Apel rH.)): 
Chief 


DAVID Sil DANG RH. D: 
Honorary Director and Member 


ing of mines, ore-beds and quarries, the collee- 
tion of minerals and stones and their utilization 
in the widest range of divisions, and metallurgy 
was classified in all lines of equipment and 
processes, the Department bent its chief 
energies to secure exhibits of minerals and 
rocks which would be not only interesting as 
ore specimens but would deal with the prin- 
cipal producers of commercial necessities. 
With this end in view, obviously it was desir- 
able to exhibit structural materials, building 
stones and the products of clay, lighting ma- 
terials and various coals. All of the exhibit 
space was taken and much more could have 
been utilized had it been available, notwith- 
standing that industrious solicitation of exhib- 
its had been pursued only in the eastern and 


JAS. A. DORSEY 
Assistant Chief 


Jury of Awards 


Department. The colorings of the walls and 
columns were harmonious, and to a large de- 
gree the shades of the booths blended well with 
the tone of the interior. The decoration of 
the ceiling was very attractive, a design of 
Miss L. Thompson of Washington, D. (Cl, Gee 
ecuted by the Veerhoff Galleries Company of 
that city. The central scheme of these dec- 
orations was an adaptation of the colors in 
the National Flag, and red and white streamers 
ran from central points to groups of flags, and 
blue, white or red bunting hung festooned 
along the walls. 

‘‘Mines and Metallurgy’’ was under the su- 
pervision of David T. Day, Ph.D., of the United 
States Geological Survey. Dr. Day’s title was 
Honorary Director, the word honorary, how- 
ever, in his case indicating only that his 
services were gratuitous, for his splendid 
ability and wide acquaintance were dominating 
factors in securing the real success of the 
Department. Joseph H. Pratt, Ph.D., State 
Geologist of North Carolina, was Chief of the 
Department. James A. Dorsey of Washington 
was curator of the Mines Building. Though 
the classification of mines included the work- 


b) 


661 


southern States. Virginia, North Carolina, 
Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Ohio 
and Vermont installed in the Mines and Metal- 
lurgy Building collective exhibits illustrating 
the mineral resources of these several common- 
wealths; and Connecticut, New Jersey, South 
Carolina, Tennessee, Oklahoma and San Diego 
County, California, included the display of 


their mineral resources with the show of 
their other products in the States Exhibit 
Building. The only distinctively official for- 


elgn commercial exhibit at the Exposition was 
in the Mines Building—the mineral display 
made by the Provinee of Nova Scotia, which 
was a most interesting and creditable showing. 

The Virginia Mineral and Timber Association 
was organized primarily for the purpose of 
bringing to the world’s notice the great oppor- 
tunities for investment that were afforded by 
the mineral and timber resources of the State. 
‘he first effort of the Association was its dis- 
play at the Jamestown Exposition. The Gov- 
ernor of the State, the Honorable Claude A. 
Swanson, was selected President of the Asso- 
ciation, and to its interests he devoted a large 
part of his time and energies. General Rufus 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


VIRGINIA MINERAL AND TIMBER EXHIBIT 


A. Ayers of Big Stone Grap, Virginia, was the 
Vice-President, and the Honorable W. W. 
Baker of Hallsboro, Virginia, the Treasurer ; 
these together with C. E. Doyle, W. J. Payne 
and W. D. Duke of Richmond, N. V. Richards 
of Washington, and F. H. LaBaume of Roanoke, 
constituted the Directorate. A number of 
prominent men throughout the country were 
associated as honorary vice-presidents, and in- 
cluded in the list were Thomas F. Ryan, New 
York; D. B. Wentz, Philadelphia; John W. 
Eckman, Pulaski, Va.; John B. Newton, Bris- 
tol, Va.; Robert J. Camp, Suffolk, Va.; Isaac 
T. Mann, Bramwell, W. Va.; S. D. Crenshaw, 
and E. R. Williams, Richmond, Va.; H. K. 
MeHarg, Jr., Bristol, .Va.; Charles Catlett, 
Staunton, Va.; John L. Roper, Norfolk, Va., 
and William Foster, Schuyler, Va. Bruce C. 
Banks of Wytheville, Va., was elected secretary 
of the Association, and was the active director 
of the enterprise, so far as related to the ex- 
hibit at the Exposition. Mr. Banks had previ- 
ous exposition experience; he collected the 
mineral exhibit of Virginia for the St. Louis 
Exposition and received a gold medal and 
diploma in acknowledgment of his services 
there. The portion of the Mines and Metal- 
lurgv Building oceupied by this Association 
was practically a separate building which had 


Gen. Rurus A. AYERS 
Vice-President 
OFFICERS VA. MINERAL AND TIMBER EXHIBIT 


Hon. W. W. Baker 


Treasurer 


been purchased from the Exposition Company 
at a cost of thirty thousand dollars, and ten 
thousand dollars more was spent for decora- 
tion. It is doubtful if a handsomer interior 
was ever shown at an exposition. The domi- 
nant green and gold gave a pleasing color tone 
to the large hall; the artistic staff ornamenta- 
tion was most beautiful and the blending of 
colors was restful and pleasing to the eye. 
Handsome reception 
rooms were installed, and 
a graceful pagoda, which 
served as the office of the 
Secretary, was the central 
feature of the hall. 

The exhibits were in- 
stalled with the view of 
keeping geologie and geo- 
g@raphie arrangements 
perfect, so that a traveler 
might locate the display 
he sought or a geologist 
might trace the continu- 
ity of exhibits. The cen- 
tral display was arranged 
in geologic order, in handsome plate glass 
cases and upright cabinets surrounding the 


Bruce C. BanKs 


Secy. Virginia Mineral 
and Timber Exhibit 


pagoda. It was known as the Virginia State 
Exhibit, and was the one which had _ been 


collected by Mr. Banks for the St. Louis Expo- 
sition, where it received the highest award. 
However, to the display made there, many 
features were added, until at the Exposition 
it showed in an appreciable way the mineral 
possibilities of the State. In the cases gold 
and copper were displayed, and silver, lead, 
zine, nickel and tin. Also there were curi- 
ous quartzites. The wide range of iron ores 
was shown by red and brown hematites, ses- 
quioxides, magnetic, manganese and specular 
ores. The granites, sandstones, marbles and 
slates of the State yielded beautiful samples. 
Cireumjacent to the State’s Exhibit were the 
displays of the Norfolk & Western Railroad, 
the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, the Southern 
Railway, the Richmond, Fredericksburg & 


662 


Mines and Metaliurgy. 


Potomac Railroad, the 
Seaboard Air Line, the 
Atlantic Coast Line, 
the South & Western 
Railway, the Virginia 
Iron, Coal and Coke 
Company, the Virginia 
Anthracite Coal Com- 
pany, the Clinchfield 
Coal Corporation, the 
Blackwood Coal and 
Coke Company, the 
Stonega Coal and Coke 
Company, the Tazewell 
Coal and Land Com- 
pany, the Pocahontas 
Colheries Company, 
the Pulaski Iron Com- 
pany, the Bertha Iron 
Company, the Mathei- 
son Alkali Works and 
the Southern Gypsum 
Company. 

The Norfolk & West- 
ern Railroad, which 
through its line to 
Bristol, its Clinch Valley extension and _ its 
main track, traverses the greater part of Vir- 
ginia’s southwest, contributed most largely to 
the mineral exhibit. Their exhibit was exclu- 
sively commercial, and, as arranged by Dr. E. 
A. Sehubert, who under the direction of Mr. 
LaBaume had exclusive charge of the display, 
showed commercial possibilities in a widely 
varying line of mineral industries. 


IRoN—CoaL AND Coke—BuiLpiInc SToNEs—OREsS 
PULASKI COUNTY EXHIBIT 


Throughout southwest Virginia, especially in 
Pulaski, Wythe and Smythe Counties, there hes 
a deposit of galena. This mineral is now being 
worked by the Bertha Manufacturing Company 
of Pulaski, and a large quantity of high grade 
galena and limestone were exhibited by them. 
The same Company showed some of their cala- 
mine ore, zine blend, mixes and flux, as well as 
finished spelter in three grades, Southern, 
Dominion and Bertha Pure, which latter is the 
recognized standard of the United States Gov- 
ernment. They also had on exhibition some 
lead in pigs. Perhaps the most striking part 


of their exhibit was a miniature reproduction 
of the old Bertha mines, from which was taken 


EXHIBIT OF POCAHONTAS COLLIERIES CO. 


663 


OFFICE AND OFFICE FORCE 
VIRGINIA MINERAL AND TIMBER ASSOCIATION 


for many years practi- 
cally the entire supply 
of zine silieate reeoy- 
ered in the United 
States. They also 
showed zine furnaces 
with all appliances, 
and surprised many 
people who learned for 
the first time that the 
recovery process is by 
distillation and not 


smelting. The Bertha 
Company received a 
gold medal. 

Other eompanies 


operating in this terri- 
tory and having zine 
or lead exhibits, were 
the Chamberlaine Min- 
eral Company of Sugar 
Grove, Va., and the Co- 
lumbia Zine Company 
of Cedar Springs, Va. 

The exhibits of iron 
ore and pig iron were 
many, and varied in size from small geologic 
specimens to pieces weighing two tons and 
over. The qualities ranged from .a very low 
grade silicious ore, high in phosphorus, sulphur 
and titanium, to specimens which come well 
within the requirements for the manufacture 
of Bessemer pig; and the varieties included 
brown hematite, red hematite, specular, fossil 
and magnetite. In this collection were speci- 
mens taken from active operations showing the 
quality of ore now being converted into finished 
product, but the vast majority of the exhibit 
came from practically undeveloped properties 
or prospects. It is said that the territory 
tributary to the Norfolk & Western has such 
a vast tonnage of ore that it must be computed 
in billions rather than in millions of tons, while 
in certain sections the quality approaches that 
of the Superior basic ores and excels the ores 
of Alabama. 

Gold medals were awarded to the following 
iron companies exhibiting ores and_ finished 
pig: To the Buena Vista Iron Company and 
to Hugh E. Taylor of Front Royal, Virginia, 
for Brown Hematite ore; to H. J. Seibel, Jr., of 
Front Royal, Virginia, for Manganese ore, and 


Se 
AS COLL 


1 Pocanon sta 
fy POGAHONTAS.Vq. 


EXHIBIT OF POCAHONTAS COLLIERIES CO. 


to M. V. B. Tilson of Tilson’s Mill, Virginia, 
for Red Hematite. 

The Norfolk & Western displayed collectively 
a choice assortment of mineral waters from 
springs adjacent to its right-of-way, and _ re- 
ceived a gold medal in this class. 

By far the most important product handled 
by this railway is coal and its product, coke. 
The System links three great coal regions with 
the sea; these are the Flat Top Pocahontas 
Field, the Clinch Valley District and the Elk- 
horn Tract. These several areas were repre- 
sented by fine exhibits, both of coal and coke, 
and the displays demonstrated the thickness 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


and variety of the seams and the structural 
quality of both coal and coke. Among the 
twenty or more operations represented might 
be especially mentioned the Pocahontas Con- 
solidated Collieries Company, which showed one 
solid piece of coal four feet square and ten feet 
high, exhibiting the thickness of the seam. 
This lump had no parting, was taken three 
miles from the entrance to the mine, and 
weighed seven and a half tons. It received a 
gold medal. Another very remarkable lump 
was shown by the Jaekson Coal & Coke Com- 
pany of Petersburg, Penn., selling agents for 
the W. C. Atwater Mill Creek Mines. This ex- 
hibit was the largest lump of coal ever mined 
and weighed nine tons. 

The Norfolk & Western Railroad received 
a gold medal for its collective exhibit of coal, 
coke and copper ore, and gold medals were 
awarded to the Pocahontas Collieries Company 
for their coal; to the Stonega Coal & Coke 
Company of Virginia for its roader, gas, lump 
and cannel coal and coke, and to the Pulaski 
Iron Company for its iron ore, coal, coke, pig 
iron and limestone. 


EXHIBIT OF STONEGA COAL & COKE CO, 


The Stonega exhibit was particularly at- 
tractive, and consisted of a tabouret made of 
Stonega seventy-two-hour foundry coke; also 
two massive coke pillars supporting an arch, 
the letters on which, spelling the words 
‘‘Stonega Coke,’’ were made of the material 
they named, and were especially shaped for the 


purpose. The arch supported a glass sign on 
which was shown the Virginia analyses of 


Stonega coke for an entire year. To the 
Stonega Company was awarded the only gold 
medal given for coke at the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition, and the original of that gold medal 
appeared mounted in a mahogany case sup- 
ported by the tabouret above mentioned. <A 
mining car within the arch was filled with gas 
and domestic coal. The car was one of the 
regular standard vehicles used by the Company 
in its several mines. The background of the 
exhibit was composed of two panels, one of 
which contained an oil painting of the Stonega 
plant and the other was decorated with photo- 
graphic views of the different works operated 
by the Company. The whole exhibit was sur- 
rounded by a balustrade, the posts of which 
were made of coke, and between these posts 
there was festooned an iron trace chain of the 
kind used in the harness of mules that haul the 
coal in the mines. The specific color scheme 
of the exhibit was black and silver, very like 
the coal and coke exhibited. 

The exhibit of the Norfolk & Western empha- 
sized the wonderful development of the coal 
producing territory it drains. In twenty-five 
years the output has grown from an annual 
shipment of less than two hundred thousand 
tons to a total for 1907 which reached thirteen 
million tons of coal and three million tons of 
coke. 

The only large deposit of gypsum south of 
the Potomae River and east of the Mississippi 


is found in Smythe County, Va. The extent 
of this deposit is not known, but the Buena 
Vista Plaster Company, which exhibited its 
product, has mined the field for many years 
and the drill core, taken from the deposit of 
this County, forty-two feet long and showing 
solid gypsum both gray and white, averaging 
about ninety-nine per cent. in calcium sulphate, 
is fair evidence of the possibilities of the streak. 
The Southern Gypsum Company of North Hol- 
ston, Va., which draws its supply from the same 
source, was also an exhibitor in the Norfolk & 
Western division. 


MATHEISON ALKALI WORKS 


Practically all of the salt deposits of Vir- 
ginia tributary to the Norfolk & Western Rail- 
road are controlled by the Matheison Alkali 
Works, of Saltville, Va., who received a gold 
medal for their salt, sodium carbonate, caustic 
soda and bicarbonate or cooking soda. The 
Matheison Works is one of the largest plants 
of its kind in the country, and they displayed 
a pyramid of their package goods resting upon 
heavy barrels and casks which contained their 
sodas. They also showed a large picture of 
their works. The exhibit was very attractive. 


odes 
MATHEISON EXHIBIT 


There are few sections of this country so rich 
in limestone as the Valley of Virginia, a terri- 
tory traversed throughout its entire length by 
the Norfolk & Western. That the Valley is, in 
fact, a limestone formation, was accentuated 
by the displays from that section, which con- 
sisted of the highest grade specimens of blue, 


664 


Mines 


it. 
IN RA 


and Metallurgy. 


EXHIBIT OF THE SOUTHERN RAILWAY 


white, gray and black limestones and marbles. 
These stones are suitable for all building and 
structural purposes, for making lime, for flux- 
ing, for agricultural uses, for road-building, 
and for cement. A large triple arch erected 
by the Pulaski Companies from varieties of 
building stones deserved and received special 
attention. From the same district were shown 
buff sandstones and the grosser sandstones used 
in heavy structural work as well as_ shales, 
clays and bricks. 

The exhibit of high grade copper ores shown 
by the Norfolk & Western were all taken from 
Halifax County, Va., and Parsons County, N. C. 
This field is not well known but six or more 
active operations in the district have for a num- 
ber of years taken this mineral from true fissure 
deposit; the ore averages about three per cent. 
metallic copper. In the collection were some 
of the finest specimens of copper-glance, azu- 
rite, malachite, bornite, chalcocite and chalcopy- 
rite that were ever placed on exhibition, and 
many of the specimens averaged eighty-five per 
cent of metallic copper. Lower grade copper 
ores from other fields were also exhibited. 
Those of the Blue Ridge and northern Virginia 
and from Grayson County formed a display 
consisting largely of malachite and native cop- 
per, and the specimens from Grayson showed 
a pig from the Ore Knob Mine, some concen- 
trates and chalcopyrite ore averaging in excess 
of five per cent. 

Among the secondary mineral deposits, which 
are being developed along the Norfolk & West- 
ern Railroad, might be mentioned barytes, feld- 
spar, kaolin, mica, nickel, arsenic, manganese, 
ferro-manganese and ochre and other pigments. 
Samples of all of these were exhibited in the 
collection and some of them have passed beyond 


is 


NORFOLK & WESTERN TIMBER EXHIBIT 


665 


the possibilities of a prospect into the realm of 
mineral certainties. 

The Norfolk & Western made also an exten- 
sive timber exmbit and one which attracted the 
attention of every visitor to the building. 
Among the showings in this class was a huge 
grape-vine from Bedford County and a section 
of a giant poplar from Wise. There were fifty 
different varieties of timber taken from a single 
farm in Pulaski County, specimens from thir- 
teen fine forest giants of Washington County, 
large spruces from Smythe and cypress from 
Nansemond. The pines of Prince Edward and 
the oaks of Bland were especially noticed. 

The exhibit of the Southern Railway con- 
sisted of woods and mineral products from that 
part of ‘‘ The Old Dominion ’’ most directly 
tributary to this System. The exhibit was 
very attractively installed. In the center of 
the space was a pavilion whose columns were 
formed of various Virginia hardwoods. In 
front of this pavilion there was a choice exhibit 
of colored marbles surmounted by a handsome 
bust representing Virginia and made from the 
white marble of Loudoun County. The back- 
ground of the whole was a fine display of the 
pines and hardwoods of the Southern’s Vir- 
ginia territory. The mineral exhibit consisted 
of iron, manganese, copper, coal and other ores, 
and soapstones, marbles, brownstones and 
clays; enough in each instance to show quality 
without over emphasizing any portion at the 
expense of another. The entire exhibit was 
enclosed by oak pedestals made in a Virginia 
factory from Virginia wood. These pedestals 
were surmounted by columns of Virginia soap- 
stone and crowned with balls of marble and 
soapstone taken from Virginia quarries. The 
Southern Railway received a gold medal for its 
collective mineral display. Few exhibits at the 
Exposition were so thoroughly artistic. 

The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company’s 
exhibit, which formed an important portion of 
the Virginia mineral and timber display, was 
an excellent object lesson. It presented a series 
of illustrations of the wealth producing mate- 
rials in the territory contiguous to the road. 
The mineral exhibit was especially comprehen- 
sive, though timber was not neglected. Huge 
columns of coal from the Kanawha and New 
River fields were featured. Coke of exceptional 
quality appeared in pyramids and coals of vari- 
ous grades and sizes were shown. 

Iron was exhibited by several mining com- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposiion. 


EXHIBIT OF THE CHESAPEAKE & OHIO RAILWAY 


panies; the principal displays being made by 
the Alleghany Ore and Iron Company of Coy- 
ington, and the Low Moor [ron Company of 
Craig County. Buckingham County slate was 
an important component of the collection and 
pyrites from Louisa County was another. These 
mineral deposits are well known throughout the 
United States. Among the building material 
displays which attracted particular attention 
was the collection of the ‘‘Chesapeake & Ohio,’’ 
which included the limestone and cement ex- 
hibits of the Old Dominion Portland Cement 
Company of Fordwick, Augusta County, and 
lime and limestone from Indian Rock, Botetourt 
County. The Electrolytic Company of Hol- 
comb’s Rock made an excellent display of 
hardened steel and steel hardeners. In connee- 
tion with the ore exhibits, numerous specimens 
of mineral waters were shown in bottles. The 
timber booth of the railway company con- 
tained some fine samples of poplar, oak, pine, 
walnut, hickory and cedar. A very catchy 
decoration for the booths was afforded by a 
number of handsome oil paintings prepared 
from photographs of mining operations and 
timber tracts. The Collective Exhibits of Min- 
erals and Timbers each received a gold medal. 

The Colonial Coal & Coke Company, the 
Blackwood Coal & Coke Company and the 
Clinchfield Coal Corporation installed their ex- 
hibits in adjacent booths, and the paintings of 
their operations gave a fine exemplification of 
the processes employed in the production of 
coke. These showed mine openings, coal min- 
ing machinery, the various branches of mining, 
scenes in mining towns, conveying coal to the 
ovens, coke ovens in operation, and the 
handling of coke. In connection with the coal 
and coke shown, these pictures were instructive 
as well as entertaining. The Virginia Anthra- 
cite Company of Blacksburg, Va., occupied a 
prominent part of the building and as the fea- 
ture of their exhibit showed a miniature replica 


A ©’ 


of the ‘‘ Merrimae ’’ floating in a sea of coal. 
It was an actual work of art and undoubtedly 
gave the Merrimac Coal quite an extensive ad- 
vertisement. The different sizes of the anthra- 
cite were exhibited in glass cases, and the Com- 
pany received a silver medal, the highest award 
given to anthracite coals at the Exposition. 


EXHIBIT OF VIRGINIA ANTHRACITE COAL CO. 


The Virginia Iron, Coal & Coke Company of 
Bristol, Va., received a gold medal for coal, 
coke, iron ores, pig and commercial iron. This 
Company, which conducts some of the largest 
operations in the south, occupied one end of the 
building between the two main entrances. Its 
exhibit was one of the best installations in this 
section, which was crowded with fine booths. 


EXHIBIT OF THE VIRGINIA COAL & COKE CO. 


EXHIBIT OF BLACKWOOD COAL & COKE CO. 
666 


Mines and 


sca ait nat ar 


 rccenmenatitl 


EXHIBIT OF VIRGINIA IRON, COAL & COKE CO. 


A large painting, fifty-two feet long and twenty 
feet high, formed not only a striking feature 
of the exhibit but perhaps attracted more at- 
tention than any single object in the building, 
not only by reason of its size, but on account 
of its artistic and historical merit. It was a 
wonderfully well executed reproduction of the 
first coal operation in Southwest Virginia. The 
Company showed a mine entrance with mining 
ears loaded and pyramids of coal and coke 
standing nearby. Cases of various iron ores 
worked by the Company and a stand of com- 
mercial iron were important features. 

Mr. Banks, who installed and had charge of 
the maintenance of the Virginia exhibits, was 
ably assisted by D. S. Blair of Wytheville and 
J.T. Dunn of Bland. The display of minerals 
and timbers in this building was devoted ex- 
clusively to the showing of Virginia’s wealth 
in these lines and undoubtedly awakened a 
more profound interest in her resources than 
had ever before been manifested. So well did 
this exhibit subserve the purpose for which it 
was created that it will probably be used by 
the State to form the nucleus of a mineral and 
timber museum. The opportunity which this 
splendid collection afforded the State to begin 
worthily a department lkely to add so much 
to the wealth of Virginia, will scarcely be neg- 
lected by the State; especially as the contribu- 
tors to it consented to allow their exhibits to 
become the property of the Commonwealth. 
Governor Swanson, General Rufus A. Ayers 
and the Hon. W. W. Baker. the President, Vice- 
President and Treasurer, respectively, of the 
Association, and the various committee chair- 
men who secured the highly gratifying results 
which materialized at the Exposition, deserv- 
edly received much praise for their efforts and 
the thanks of the Exposition Company for add- 
ing a feature which in its way was as attractive 
as any portion of the Exposition and which was 
installed as a whole more artistically than any 
commercial showing made there. 

One of the finest exhibits in the main section 
of the Mines and Metallurgy Building was 
made by North Carolina in the center of the 
east end of the building and facing the chief 
entrance. Arehways of Mount Airy granite 
and the pink granite of the Balfour Quarry 
Company and a three foot granite balustrade 
enclosed the striking display of the State. The 
balustrade was formed of the four principal 
stones quarried in North Carolina. Besides the 
white and pink granite mentioned there was 
the Rowan gray granite and the pearl blue 
stone of the Consolidated Granite Company. 
Building stones cut and polished formed col- 
umns and spheres which surmounted the 
corners of the balustrade. The exhibit was de- 
signed, collected and installed by Joseph Hyde 
Pratt, the State Geologist, and was extremely 
comprehensive. The American Gem & Pearl 
Company of New York, the North Carolina 
State Museum and Mr. Pratt offered a collec- 
tion of gems which represented fully the pre- 
cious stones and gem minerals found in North 
Carolina. Especially interesting were speci- 


667 


Metallurgy. 


mens of rhodonite and hiddenite, varieties 
which have been found only in the North State. 
Gold medals were awarded to Mr. Pratt, to the 
American Gem & Pearl Company of New York, 
to the Balfour Quarry Company and to the 
Rowan Granite Company. 

Miea and talcum industries were compre- 
hensively represented by the crude, interme- 
diate and finished products arranged to illus- 
trate the various steps in the manufacture of 
the materials into commercial products. The 
Silver Mica Company, the North Carolina Tale 
& Mining Company, the American Lava Com- 
pany, the Taleum Puff Company, the Glendon 
Mining & Manufacturing Company and _ the 
Croatan Company co-operated in furnishing 
the specimens exhibited. The Carolinas Mona- 
zite Company of Shelby, N. Y., received a gold 
medal for their display of monazite, both crude 
and refined, and associated minerals. This in- 
dustry was attractively exhibited by a five-foot 
vertical section of a gravel deposit enclosed in 
a box having a glass front. In connection with 
this were jars containing corresponding quanti- 
ties of crude and concentrated products ex- 
tracted from the gravel, thus illustrating the 
working of the deposit. The use of the salts 
and the rare elements obtained from monazite 
was represented by a display of incandescent 
mantels. 


NORTH CAROLINA 


EXHIBIT OF NORTH CAROLINA 


Georgia was represented by a special collec- 
tion of economic minerals. Her building stones 
were displayed in the form of columns and 
large slabs of cut and polished colored marbles 
displayed along the walls. The installation 
was made with a view of showing how artistic- 
ally these marbles could be made to blend. 
Granites were displayed in cubes, polished and 
rough. The collections were prepared by W. 
S. Yeates, the State Geologist, and were in- 
stalled under the direction of 8. B. Jones. The 
State of Georgia received a gold medal for its 
collective mineral exhibit. 

The principal feature of Ohio’s Mineral Dis- 
play consisted of an exhibit of ceramic prod- 
ucts. Professor J. A. Bownocker, the Ohio 
State Geologist, adopted the very commendable 
plan of concentrating the demonstration and 
making it especially fine rather than compre- 
hensive. The ceramic exhibit was sufficiently 
complete to satisfy, from every point of view, 
the student of clay products. The pottery dis- 
play was perhaps the most complete and at- 
tractive ever brought together in a single col- 
lection at an exposition. The same may be said 
of the brick and tile exhibits. Bricks were 
shown in panels, over forty in number, each 
representing a different brick, which was la- 
beled to show its name and its special use. 
This method of exhibition afforded an oppor- 
tunity for comparing the color and texture of 
the cubes. 

In order to realize how complete were the 
exhibits it will only be necessary to read the 
list of those firms contributing. These were, 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


OHIO EXHIBIT 


for potteries, the Rockwood Pottery Company 
of Cincinnati; the Roseville Pottery Company, 
the S. A. Weller Pottery Company and the 
Owens Pottery Company of Zanesville; the 
Knowles, Taylor & Knowles Company and the 
Homer Laughlin China Company of East Liver- 
pool; the Pope Gosser China Company of Co- 
shocton; the Cambridge Art Pottery Company 
and the Cambridge Glass Company of Cam- 
bridge; the Sebring Pottery Company of 
Sebring; the Burleigh & Winter Pottery Com- 
pany and the Star Stoneware Company of 
Crookville; the Chambers Window Glass Com- 
pany of Mount Vernon, and the Hocking Glass 
Company of Lancaster. The Brick companies 
exhibiting were the Canton Pressed Brick of 
Canton; the Columbus Brick & Terra Cotta 
Company; the Columbus Clay Products Com- 
pany and the Iron, Clay, Brick Company of 
Columbus; the Coshocton Brick Company of 
Coshocton; the Ohio Mining & Manufacturing 
Company of Shawnee; the Logan Clay Prod- 
uct Company and the Logan Brick Manufactur- 
ing Company of Logan; the South Webster 
Brick Company of South Webster; the Hanover 
Pressed Brick Company of Hanover; the Hy- 
drauhe Press Brick Company and the Oakland 
Pressed Brick Company of Zanesville; the 
Straightsville Impervious Brick Company of 
Straightsville, and the New Lexington Press 
Brick Company of New Lexington. 

The State of Ohio received a gold medal for 
its Mineral and Ceramic Exhibits; also for its 
collective display of pottery and glass. The 
Pope Gosser China Company and the Rockwood 
Pottery Company each received an individual 
gold medal, the former for decorated and plain 
china and semi-porcelain and the latter for art 
pottery. 

The Mineral Exhibit of Michigan consisted of 
displays of iron, copper and graphite from the 
upper peninsula; salt and coal from the north- 
ern portion of the lower peninsula; gypsum 
from the vicinity of Grand Rapids, and brick 
and cement products from various parts of the 
State. The principal. contributors to the iron 
exhibit were the Oliver Mining Company, 
which displayed an extensive series of iron 
ores, and glass models representing the under- 
ground workings of their mines; the Public 
Museum of Grand Rapids, which furnished two 
massive specimens of high grade specular ore; 
the Cleveland Chffs Mining Company, which 
sent an extensive series of enlarged photo- 
graphs illustrating the charcoal industry in its 


MICHIGAN EXHIBIT 


relation to the smelting of charcoal iron, and 
the Michigan State School, located at Hough- 
ton, which furnished a fine series of cabinet 
specimens and a number of enlarged photo- 


graphs of mining plants and underground 
workings. 

The copper industry was represented by 
cabinet specimens and mining photographs 


furnished by the Michigan College of Mines. 
The Massachusetts Consolidated Mining Com- 
pany of Greenland, Michigan, sent a block of 
native copper weighing fifteen hundred pounds, 
and the Michigan Copper Mining Company of 
Rockland exhibited a mass of copper weighing 
nine hundred pounds, together with other char- 
acteristic specimens. The Mohawk, Wolverine, 
Calumet & Hecla, Quincey, Tamarack and Osee- 
ola Mining Companies each furnished samples 
of the ‘‘ run of mine ’’ rock of their respective 
companies. The Lake Superior Smelting Com- 
pany had a fine exhibit of commercial copper 
in its various forms. Copper in its manufae- 
tured state was represented by a series of 
marine propellers furnished by the Michigan 
Wheel Company of Grand Rapids. 

The graphite interests of Michigan were rep- 
resented by an exhibit made by the Detroit 
Graphite Company, which illustrated the differ- 
ent steps in the transition from graphite shale 
to graphite paint products; and the Michigan 
Graphite Company of Saginaw, Michigan, 


furnished a characteristic series of their high 
gerade lubricating graphite. 


Randall lump coal 


KENTUCKY EXHIBIT 


from Bay City, represented the State’s re- 
sources in that line. There was a fine exhibit 
of salt from Port Huron. The Italian Mosaie 
Art Company of Detroit exhibited a collection 
of marble mosaics. The Gypsum deposits of 
Grand Rapids and vicinity, from which are 
produced the famous Michigan stucco, were 
represented by a series of mineral and erystal- 
lized specimens furnished by the Grand Rapids 
Public Museum, and a comprehensive exhibit 


of alabaster, stueco and wall plasters was 
shown by the various factories in Grand 


Rapids. 

Kentucky made an exhibit which deserved 
special commendation, since there was no State 
appropriation for the purpose and the required 
money was raised by private subscriptions. A 
space one hundred and ten feet long by ten feet 
wide at the eastern end of the Mines and Metal- 
lurgy Building was allotted to Kentucky; and 
within thirteen huge cases of Flemish Oak was 
displayed one of the most comprehensive exhib- 
its of a State’s mineral wealth, so far as variet- 
ies were concerned, that was ever made at an 
exposition. A considerable part of the exhibit 
was furnished by the Kentucky Geological Sur- 
vey. More than one thousand mineral speci- 
mens composed this collection, the display of 
eoal and oil being especially interesting to the 
industrial world. Bituminous and eannel coals 
of superior quality were shown in huge piles, 
and petroleum in every form, from rock to re- 
fined oil, was in the collection. There were 


668 


Mines and 


many varieties of fire clay of high quality, gyp- 
sum, marl, pyrites, lead, zine, calcite, fluor-spar 
and other minerals in the cases. <A gigantic 
pillar of salt represented another valuable 
product of Kentucky, and a large geological 
map, ten feet by ten feet, made an interesting 
showing of the State’s mineral distribution. 
Large samples of building stones were neatly 
arranged near one end of the Kentucky collee- 
tion, and the walls back of the minerals were 
covered with appropriate pietures and instruct- 
ive maps. 

Maryland’s exhibit included types of ma- 
terial which illustrated the natural resources of 
the State. Immediately in the foreground 
were large models of Baltimore and vicinity 
and of the coal regions of Western Maryland, 
and back of the models were shown many vol- 
umes of the Maryland Geological Survey Re- 
ports, while on the walls were hung maps of 
the State and of several of the counties. 

The publications of the Geological Survey 
described the chief mineral resources of the 
State, and the reports treated of the strati- 
graphy and fossil contents of formations which 
are of great value and interest to students. 
The maps were interesting both from geologic 
and geographic standpoints. The roads were 
represented with such fidelity that one could 
follow most of the minor turns and twists made 
necessary by the occurrence of hills. All eleva- 
tions were shown and geologic formations were 
indicated. In connection with this latter sub- 
ject, a large framed section drawn to seale and 
appropriately colored represented diagramic- 
ally the various geologic formations of the 
State in the order of their superposition, from 
the older gneisses up through the limestones 
and shales and coal measures to the younger 
elays, sands and marls of the coastal plain 
region. There were also manuscript drawings 
representing the areal distribution of clays and 
coals and cement and building stone materials 


MARYLAND EXHIBIT 


One of the most costly as well as one of the 
most attractive exhibits in the Mines and 
Metallurgy Building was made by the Govern- 
ment of the Province of Nova Scotia. It oc- 
cupied about six hundred square feet floor 
space; and the Province received a gold medal 
for its display of economic minerals. The two 
great mineral resources of Nova Scotia are coal 
and gold, although other deposits are found in 
more or less considerable quantities in various 
parts of the country. Probably considering 
that exhibiting coal at Norfolk was like ‘‘Car- 
rying Coals to Neweastle,’’ this mineral was 
not shown, but cards told that ‘‘Nova Scotia 


669 


Metallurgy. 


produces over sixty per cent. of the total coal 
output of Canada.’’ The Nova Scotia gold 
was well displayed, and it constituted not only 
the finest exhibit of its kind on the Grounds 
but one of the very best ever assembled. 

In the rear of the exhibit was a glass case, 
heavily protected with steel bars, which con- 
tained a valuable display of gold in its free 
state. There were about one hundred and 
twenty-five specimens, representing the follow- 
ing districts: Gold River, Montague, Waverly, 
South Uniaeke, Ofer, Renfrew and Beaver Hat. 
Above this case was a large golden obelisk 
indicating in mass the gold which up to the 


EXHIBIT OF NOVA SCOTIA 


present time had been mined and recorded in 
Nova Scotia. The column represented ap- 
proximately twenty million dollars, although it 
is claimed by Government experts that fully as 
much again has been taken out and not re- 
corded. After gold and coal, iron ranks as the 
next important mineral product of the Prov- 
ince, and some splendid specimens of pyrite, 
pyrrhotite, hematite, Lmonite and ochre were 
shown. Gypsum, marble and elays received 
due attention, the marble display being un- 
usually fine; and there were some fine speci- 
mens of copper ore. The show was under the 
direction of Hon, C. P. Chism, Commissioner of 
Mines for the Government of Nova Scotia, and 
was sent to the Exposition in care of the Cura- 
tor of the Provincial Museum. 

Vermont occupied a conspicuous section 
fronting on two main aisles. The booth was 
enclosed by a handsome railing made of ten 
polished posts of Vermont marble of different 
kinds, and these were connected by chains. At 
one end was a polished wainscoting of varie- 
gated Vermont marble six feet high. The posts 
and wainscoting were furnished by the Vermont 
Marble Company. The display of ‘* The Green 
Mountain State ’’ consisted entirely of building 
stones. The exhibit was arranged and installed 
by Professor George H. Perkins, the State 
Geologist, and included one hundred and five 
specimens of marble, granite and slate sent by 
twenty-four individuals or corporations. The 
specimens consisted of cubes and slabs, cut or 
polished, and many both cut and_ polished. 
About every variety of marble, granite or slate 
produced within the borders of the State was 
in the collection; and accompanying the display 
of stones were fourteen enlarged photographs 
illustrating Vermont stone quarries and mines. 

In the Mines Building, stones for structural 
or ornamental purpose were very numerous. 
Few quarries exhibited individually, and the 
list of awards scarcely indicates the quality of 
this class. As components of several State col- 
lections, these materials helped to secure the 
eold medals. The North Carolina Granite Cor- 
poration of Mt. Airy, N. C., received a gold 
medal for an enormous monolith. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


A remarkable mineral exhibit was made by 
West Virginia. At the corner of Willoughby 
Avenue and Bacon Street, there stood a lofty 
column which was built of coals taken from 
West Virginia’s mines. To obtain a firm foun- 
dation on shore sands with water only seven feet 
beneath them, and at the same time to secure 
an anchorage that would enable the structure 
to resist a wind pressure of fifty pounds to the 
square foot, required very skillful engineering, 
and H. Rus Warne of Charleston, the architect 
who prepared the working plans, performed his 
duties admirably. A concrete base forty feet 
square and one foot thick carrying heavy rail- 
road rails was buried flush with the surface 
of the ground. From this foundation the sup- 
porting walls were moulded to get a proper 
footing for the framework. Around the central 
frame were placed platforms with angle iron 
braces for the support of the seams. Each 
seam was placed independently and was not 
called upon to sustain any part of the overlying 
burden. Without that arrangement, the soft 
coals from the Pocahontas and New River 
fields could not have been used. Twenty-one 
car-loads of material were required for 
the column. As the coal reached the Ex- 
position each block, faced by hand and 
bedded in cement with wire anchorages, 
was placed in its proper position. The 
column measured sixteen feet square at 
the base, twelve feet six inches square 
at the top, and was one hundred and 
twenty-three feet six inches high. It 
carried over eight hundred thousand 
pounds of coal and thirty-eight thou- 
sand feet of frame timbers. 

Carroll Robinson represented the 
Commission as General Supervisor of 
the construction and A. F. Withrow & 
Company of Charleston were the con- 
tractors. The coal column was de- 
signed by Neil Robinson of Charleston, 
West Virginia. 

Exclusive of State displays, all of 
the coal exhibits came from Virginia 
and West Virginia. The Pocahontas 
Coal Association exhibited a large 
block of coal representing an original 
section of their ten foot coal seam, 
and samples of coke, supplemented by 
large photographs of their various 
plants. The Davis Colliery Company 
had as a background to their exhibit 
a large model, about eighteen feet 
deep, showing the outside of their 
colliery Number One, located at Coal- 
ton, W. Va. The steel tipple, slack 
bin and crusher house were shown in 
the foreground in their relative posi- 
tions around the pit mouth; the power 
house, coke ovens, railroad tracks, 
mine tracks, cars, houses, ete., were 
all represented just as they were at 
the colhery. The exhibit illustrated 
to an expert mining man the extent 
and size of one of the Company’s 
operations, while the general public 
viewed it as a pleasing and attrac- 
tive exhibit. Beside this model 
large cubes of Roaring Creek and 
Copen splint coals were shown, and 
exhibits of furnace and foundry 
coke. There was one full section of 
Copen splint about three feet 
square and seven feet high, a 
single piece. The samples of 
coke were , handsome 
pieces rich in carbon 
and showing perfect Copyright, 7 
structure. The Company re- °*°** 
ceived a gold medal for 


t. Off. Ph. Co, 


WEST VIRGINIA COAL TOWER 


colliery and gas coal and for foundry and fur- 
nace coke. The New River Coal Company 
showed two cubes of their coal with analyses, 
and supplemented this with a large number of 
most excellent photographs. Castner, Curran & 
Bullitt, the representative of the Pocahontas 
Coal Association, showed charts of the produe- 
tion of coal from the West Virginia field by the 
Companies which they represent, and they also 
had on exhibition a copy of the original oil 
painting of Pocahontas. 

An exhibit of peat and peat products was 
made by the American Peat Society, and col- 
lected under the direction of Charles Davis. 
It was one of the first of its class ever made 
at an exposition. 

No attempt was made to exhibit mining ma- 
chinery on a large scale. There was, however, 
one display which deserves especial mention. 
The Keystone Driller Company of Beaver 
Falls, Pennsylvania, installed in the east central 
portion of the building a complete exhibit of 
their output, comprising machines, tools and 
apphances adaptable to various mining uses. 
This Company received a gold medal, and pre- 
viously it had received the Grand Prize at the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The display 
included water well machines for all diame- 

ters of wells and all depths up to a thousand 
feet; machines for prospecting for lead, 

zinc, iron ore and copper; also for exam- 
ining alluvial deposits of gold or tin. 
There were core drills for coal and 
mineral prospecting. These bits may 
be used interchangeably with any com- 
mon drilling tools upon any machine 
that drills by up-and-down stroke. Its 
peculiar form of core drill as distinct 
from the rotary drill hitherto exelu- 
sively used was in this exhibit for the 
first time brought to the attention of 
the public. There were portable oil 
rigs for all depths up to half a mile, 
and blast hole drills to be used in 
making heavy railroad and canal cuts 
and for exploring ground for sub- 
ways and under river tunnels. The 
operations of all of the above devices 
were well represented in the exhibit, 
and a practical illustration of well 
sinking was made with a large elec- 
trically driven machine. 
The Standard Oil Company made a 
most elaborate exhibit, which com- 
pared favorably with any other ever 
made by the Company. They were 
emphasizing particularly their ‘‘Cap- 
ital Cylinder’’ and ‘‘Renowned En- 
gine Ouil,’’ but they also showed 
many varieties of crude and refined 

oils used for lighting purposes and a 

case of candles made by hand. This 
Company received a gold medal for 
its cylinder and engine oils. 

The Aluminum Company of Amer- 
ica received a gold medal for its 
manufactured products, bauxite and 
alumina. Their display oeceupied 
a prominent place near the center 
of the building, and they showed 

specimens of crude bauxite from 

which the metal aluminum is de- 
rived. All of these exhibits had 
been collected in Alabama, 
Georgia and Arkansas. After the 
erude material, aluminum 
oxide was next shown, 
this representing the 
first stage in the process 
of reduction of the ore, 
then pig aluminum and the 
various forms of aluminum 


670: 


Salintticcbichiepingute dh chitithnelilinici-nictattianincsi 


Mines and Metallurgy. 


ingots, representing the different grades which 
are used in the manufacture of aluminum arti- 
cles. The portion of the exhibit which was most 
attractive showed the manufacture of aluminum 
utensils. As an illustration: the manufacture of 
a coffee pot was explained in stages. First was 
seen the original circular blank from which the 
utensil was made; then the blank after the first 
drawing operation had been effected; the sec- 
ond drawing operation followed, and the fourth 
specimen showed the blank after it had been 
spun; the fifth exhibit was of the pot after the 
spout had been soldered on, and the hole 
stamped for spout and handle. Similar exhib- 
its showed the manufacture of the spout, the 
handle and the top, and the last was a finished 
coffee pot ready for use. Other utensils whose 
processes of manufacture were illustrated were 
a Syphon, a mess kettle and canteen. The vari- 
ous uses of aluminum were well represented by 
sets of rods, tubing, sheets, wire and eables. 

Precious and semi-precious gems were shown 
in three large plate glass cases. Some of the 
stones were finished and others were in their 
natural form, as erystals, cleavages and frac- 
tured pieces. For the most part these were 
taken from American territory, but some were 
from Siberia, Persia, Ceylon, South Africa, 
Congo Free State, Egypt, Brazil and Austral- 
asia. 

The Arizona Turquoise Mines Company of 
New York made an excellent display of their 
gems, which represent the product of a mine 
recently opened in Arizona. The specimens 
were of excellent color and were shown in the 


rough, as clear turquoise and as turquoise 
matrix. 


There were a number of cut stones, green, 
red, pink and yellow, from Maine and Cali- 
fornia, and a vivid collection of amethysts and 
cut stones from Virginia, North Carolina and 
Montana. The last State also furnished some 
beautiful blue, green and pink sapphires. San 
Diego County, California, furnished some ex- 
ceptionally fine erystals of kunzite and cut 
gems; and from Amelia County, Virginia, 
spessartite and orange red garnets were sent. 


ANALYSES BY PROF B.H HITE 
STATE CHEMIST. 


WOIS. VAL F.C. ASH. SUL. PHOS 
BALTIMORE,MD. CENTURY, WA, 0.67 36.89 55.41. 


0.67 3703 5568 6.62 165 014 


“CENTURY COAL CO, 


FAIRMONT COAL CO. 
BALTO.Mb. FAIRMONT, W.VA.NEW YORK. 


78 4.25 52.88, 5.6 


“Bue CREA@L CO.ELMCoryCo. § ,,, 
: CHARLESTON, \ MR Ne aces 
Casin Creek Cons. Coat Co 
CHARLESTON, W.VA, 


WINIFREDE COALCO. sd a2 ge 26 
CROWN HILL WEVA, KeR 
THACKER COAL&COKE CO 
THACKER.W.Wa.,Cin, 0. 


“Winirreoe CoacCo 
Wirurreoe, W.VA. 


ARBON COALCO. 
| CARBON AW.VA. CHARLESTON. Va.Cin.0. 
Tue Mr. Careon Co.LTD. 
POWELLTON. W.VA. 
Loup Cr. Convery Co. 
PAGE.W.VA 


” Tne New River COLLIERTES Co. 
Tnuamone, W.VA. 1) BRONDWAY. NY. 


Gupesioe Pocand CoacCo 
MASEL Wva t Pac arwan Noe 


Piney COAL & COKE CO 
STANAFOREW.VA. CHARLESTON W.VA 


b BeeCHwood COALS Cone Co 
CLAREMONT, W.VA 


Wivoce States C&CCO, CCB : 

Cotumeus.0.0LmMsTeD WVA » Ayer 
POCAHONTAS COAL OPERATORS ASSN. 
PPOWHATAN. W.VA, G.C & B Sales 


ne * ress © sp peaeie 


38.14 54.88 b. 83 


3778 57.08 4.30 


$9.09 4.32 


3633 58.08 5. 17. 


26.59 5B.42 3, 96 


36.76 57.97 4 63 

32.65 60.98 4.99 

31.38 6437 “asa 

32.90 61,05 526 0.76 r 
20.67. 16: ae 2.14 0.59 

1872 7252, 381 “0.65 205 
18.04 7895 243 O77 005 
20,08 4.85 445 0.63 056 - 
17.42 7836 430 ate 002 


There was a wonderful collection of tourmaline 
in magnificent erystals, some with a green ex- 
terior and a red or pink interior, and others 
were rich red throughout. This last variety, 
known as rubellite, came from California. 

The exhibit of Tiffany & Company of New 
York, London and Paris, contained many of the 
specimens noted, and their display also in- 
cluded a full series of the best obtainable speci- 
mens of precious and semi-precious gems and 
stones in their natural form as crystals in the 
original matrix. With these were also de- 
tached or cleavage pieces, broken fragments, 
boulders and pebbles, all illustrating the con- 
ditions of gems as found in nature. Many of 
the semi-precious stones were exceptional both 
as to size and quality. Among the most 
notable of these was a section of an enormous 
jade boulder. This specimen measured three 
feet by two and was one-eighth of an inch 
thick. It was highly polished on both sides 
and was as translucent as a piece of cathedral 
glass. This firm’s display of the Califorma 
gems included some of the largest and hand- 


somest erystals of rubies, sapphires, topaz, 
quartz, tourmaline and kunzite ever shown. 


The collection was exhibited in three cases in 
the principal aisle in the center of the Depart- 
ment of Mines, the more precious specimens 
being placed nightly in a safe. The exhibit 
was secured for the Exposition through the 
good offices of Doctor Kunz, a member of the 
Tiffany Corporation and the scientist after 
whom kunzite was named. Gold medals were 
awarded to Tiffany & Company and to Dr. 
Kunz. 

The American Rutile Company exhibited 
crude and refined rutile—one of the minerals 
from which titanium is obtained, and Joseph 
Hyde Pratt added to the exhibit many speci- 
mens of tungsten, molybdenum, uranium, 
ehromium and literature relating to ferro-al- 
loys. <A practical illustration of the hard steel 
manufacture was furnished by the Manganese 
Steel Safe Company of Plainfield, N. J., which 
received a gold medal for its product. One of 
the Safes made by this Company was gener- 


WEST VIRGINIA SEWIOKLEY, 
GOV. W.M.O.DAWSON 


RED ve 
403 243 OS : 


Hon. WA shee Corie 

Hon, P.M.Staunton Hon.A. 

WEST VIRGINIA COAL COLUMN, 
Designed By NEIL ROBINSON. Charleston WM 
Archiletlurevw HH. RUS WARME. 


PITTSBURGH 


Contractors ALF WITHROWS Co, Charl 

Supt. Of Cons. HERMAN F 

THIS COLUMN REPR 

Thickness OF tineleen Dist 

Mined Commercially 

The Seams Are pt 

Order. The Oides! 417 
DIMENSI O° NS 


123 Ft. Gin High. GFt Square ArBase! 


BELMONT 
ROARING 


Chief OF The Bureau OF Mines J.W.PAUL. 
Production For The Year 1906 


46.452.845 TONS COAL 
3,395.744,T0NS COKE 48.8 SSCoke Ovens 
55 .769.MENEMPLOYED, 718 MINES 


POWELLTON 
No L EAGLE 


SEWELL 


MOS zi 
a WELCH 
ORE CE SS 0.48 | 1 
6:13 0.83 & 
000/099 8S 
0.19) 1.398 

0.05| 0.64 

omlni7 § 
Joud| 1.06 

fois) 0.98 9 


BECKLEY 


6 
8 0.72,,601 FIRE CREEK 
42 0.487.019 
7 $4 0.75 008 
211 7.48/0. 68 on? 


TABLET AT WEST VIRGINIA COAL TOWER 


671 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposiiton 


ously placed at the disposal of the Chief of the 
Mines Building and was used during the Expo- 
sition period for storing valuable gems. The 
Safe was known as the Bayonet Joint Bank 
Safe and was made out of two pieces—a radical 
departure from other models. The Safe had a 
single thickness of metal. The door was one 
piece, the body another, and both were so 
tough that breakage was practically impossi- 
ble, while no annealing process could soften the 
material. 


EXHIBIT OF THE MANGANESE STEEL SAFE CO. 
Plainfield, N. J. 


A display of ferro-alloys and steel harden- 
ing metals occupied another especially prepared 
booth and was a collective exhibit illustrating 


very completely this interesting group of 
metals. The Primos Chemical Company made 


an excellent display of iron alloys and harden- 
ine materials together with the crude minerals 
from which they were derived. Among the 
former were ferro-vanadium, ferro-silicon, fer- 
ro-manganese, ferro-boron, ferro-titanium, fer- 
ro-molybdenum and ferro-tungsten. In lump 
and in concentrates were shown hubnerite, 
wolframite, sheelite, molybdenite and others; 
and to illustrate the uses of these, samples of 
various steels were also shown. The entire ex- 
hibit received a gold medal, tungsten, molybde- 
num and their alloys being especially empha- 
sized. 

Eimer & Amend showed a number of ores 
which illustrated the occurrence of minerals 
from which steel hardening metals are derived. 
They also showed important apparatus and 
utensils used in modern mining and assaying 
laboratory work. These included an assaying 
balance, laboratory classifier and slime table, 
both designed by Professor Monroe of Columbia 
University, erucible and muffle furnaces, elec- 
tric furnace, electric heating appliances, flasks, 
samples, ete. In another section this same Com- 
pany showed a complete outfit of balances, 
beakers, flasks, heating arrangements, platinum 
ware, filtering and testing apparatus for a com- 
plete weather analysis laboratory; and in a 


x I 


EXHIBIT OF EIMER & AMEND 
New York City 


third section, lamps, furnaces and stoves, using 
alcohol as fuel, and an alcohol testing and de- 
termining apparatus. This firm received a gold 
medal for assaying and metallurgical supplies 
and their mineral collection. 

Among the most prominent exhibits under 
the heading of chemical apparatus and chem- 
ical products were those relating to platinum. 
Baker & Company of Newark, N. J., exhibited 
bottled samples of crude platinum, platinum 
nuggets, sands and sponges, platinum chlorides, 
various salts of platinum, platinum coins, irid- 
ium and metals of the platinum group, as well 
as gold and silver. There were sixty-six arti- 
cles in this range. They also displayed plati- 
num manufactured ware such as_ crucibles, 
dishes, boats, spatulas, triangles, rivets, ete., 
and received a gold medal for their display of 
platinum ore and its products. As a whole, 
their exhibit illustrated platinum as completely 
as any ever made. 

The S. S. White Dental Company of Phila- 
delphia, who also received a gold medal, 
made an exhibit which illustrated the many 
services which platinum renders to modern 
dentistry. 

The Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Com- 
pany of New York received a gold medal for 
chemieal ozone and a silver medal for the 
apparatus for regenerating air by the means of 
ozone. This was the first significant display 
that has ever been made of sodium peroxide in 
a condition suitable for commercial purposes. 
This compound has the property, when brought 
into contact with water, of liberating oxygen 
gas. This is of great value to mine operators 
and for use in submarine boats, since vitiated 
air may be vitalized automatically by the gen- 
eration of nascent oxygen and the absorption 


EXHIBIT OF THE PRIMOS CHEMICAL COMPANY 


672 


Mines and 


EXHIBIT OF THE RogessLer & HAsSSLACHER CHEMICAL Co. 
New York City 


of carbon dioxide through the sodium hydrate 
produced. In connection with the exhibit, this 
Company showed their small oxygen generator, 
which is operated in a nearly air-tight dark 
room, for the purpose of illustrating how air 
may be purified. 

A gold medal was awarded to the Collective 
Exhibit of Radium which had been brought 
together by George F. Kunz, Ph.D., of New 
York, Professor Truman Abbe of Washington, 
and Doctor Metzenbaum of Cleveland, Ohio. 
This exhibit was intensely interesting and _ in- 
structive. It included nearly all of the minerals 
that are radio active and contained as well 
number of radium salts. The use of radium in 
medicine was illustrated by photographs and 
radiographs of various experiments made with 
this recently discovered element. The litera- 
ture on the subject was well represented. Ra- 
dium samples were exhibited in a dark room, 
and from time to time phonographic lectures 
were delivered. 

Lighting materials were displayed in a see- 
tion especially prepared for this purpose. Near 
the center of the building there was a cireular 
pyramid containing specimens of all kinds of 
lamps, illustrating the evolution from the crude 
clay lamp of the ancients to the highest de- 
veloped modern lamp. In another case in this 
space was the exhibit of the Welsbach Com- 
pany, containing specimens illustrating the 
minerals containing thorium and the various 
salts manufactured from the crude product, 
and the incandescent mantles used commer- 
cially for illumination. The principal mineral 
employed is monazite, and shown with it were 
associated minerals, such as garnet, limenite, 


zircon, ete. This exhibit was arranged and in- 
stalled by H. S. Minor, and it received a gold 
medal. 


ab 
ie? 


TCopsrient, Jamestown. Official Pngoevack Corporation. 


673 


ENTRANCE TO COURT OF MINES AND METALLURGY BUILDING 


Metallurgy. 


At the northwest corner of the Mines Build- 
ing there was a display of abrasive materials. 
Several prominent firms contributed to this ex- 
hibit. The Pike Manufacturing Company 
Pike, N. H., sent a number of fine whetstones, 
oil stones, corundum wheels and blocks of crude 
materials from which these were constructed. 
The Norton Company of Worcester, Mass., con- 
tributed alundum in mass and many wheels and 
stones manufactured from it. The Carborun- 
dum Company of Niagara Falls showed a 
superb collection of crude carborundum as well 
as wheels and stones. The exhibits made by 
the three foregoing Companies each received 
a gold medal. Among some less considerable 
yet important contributors were the Cleveland 
Stone Company of Ohio who showed a pyra- 
mid of grindstones illustrating a wide range 
of grits to be used for special purposes; Irvine 
Reifsneider of Bowmansville, Pa., who showed 
some of the celebrated Turkey Hill Mill Stones, 
J. A. Wright of Keene, N. H., who exhibited 
samples of infusorial earth used in the manu- 


facture of silver polishes, and the Highland 
Forest Company of Willets, N. C., who, with 


the American Garnet Company of Cortland, 


N. Y., displayed a fine collection of garnet 
rock and ground garnet. In addition to these 


individual and firm exhibits J. H. Pratt showed 
an instructive collection of abrasives illustra- 
ting not only the uses of the various materials 
but their points of oecurrence and distribution 
—an exceptionally complete display. 

The literature of geology, mines and metal- 
lurgy was well represented by copies of nearly 
all current publications on these subjects. In 
a few instances, the publishers made special 
exhibits, as, for instance: The Coal Trade 
Journal and Mine and Minerals; and the Amer- 
ican Institute of Mining Engineers made a dis- 
play of Institute papers, which included its 
‘“Transactions,’’ published annually, containing 
lists of officers, rules, ete., proceedings of meet- 
ings, papers revised for final publication; and 
its pamphlets, which relate to such subjects as 
the evolution of mine surveying instruments, 
the glossary of mining and metallurgical terms, 
special mining and railway maps, etc., were in- 
tensely interesting. These publications were 
arranged in a space near the south entrance 
to the building—an enclosure furnished with 
chairs and writing tables and which served 


as headquarters for geologists and mining 
engineers. The Institute received a_ gold 
medal. 


ATA 
#4, i 
Hae al 8 


ONICTINd OYDAN AHL 


PONT SORTS ings 


be ie | | 


ied 


es 


674 


‘uolzei0diog ydeiZojoyg [eMOWO uMoysouref ‘yysIAdoD 


be) 


xi =, a a 


Pe, A \ 


CHAPTER XVIII 


NEGRO PARTICIPATION 


LAYING CORNERSTONE OF NEGRO BUILDING—UNITED STATES SUPERVISION—NEGRKO_ ARCHI- 
TECT AND CRAFTSMEN—PROMISING EXHIBITS—EDUCATION DISPLAYS—COLLEGIATE, SECOND- 
ARY AND INDUSTRIAL—SCULPTURE—AGRICULTURAL SHOWING—FOODS—PHOTOGRAPHS— 
CHINA-WARE—EMBROIDERIES 


HE cornerstone of the Negro Building was 
placed in position February 14, 1907, by 
the Grand Lodge of the Negro Masons 
of Virgima. Mr. Myers, of the Board of 

Governors, tendered the site for the building, 
and Giles B. Jackson, Director General of the 
Negro Development and Exposition Company, 
delivered a stirring address on the purposes of 
the Negro exhibit, and he prophecied: ‘‘The 
showing that we will make in this building will 
startle the world, it will astonish those who 
are unfamiliar with the true condition of the 
Negro and it will be stimulating to our race.’’ 
He was entirely right. No one interested in 
the study of ethnology and the evolution of a 
race from a state of semi-barbarism to useful 
citizenship could visit the Negro exhibit with- 
out being profoundly impressed. The un- 
prejudiced observer could see what had been 
done during the forty-two years that had 


elapsed since slavery was abolished and could 


not fail to predict hopefully for the future. 
The building was designed by W. Sydney 
Pittman, a graduate of Tuskegee and Drexel 
Institutes and at present an architect in Wash- 
ington. The United States Government bore 
the major portion of the expenses entailed by 
this exhibit and the building was erected under 
the Government’s auspices. The architect of 
this building was the first negro whose design 
had ever been accepted by the Government. 
All work on the structure was done by negroes, 
the contractors were negroes and so were the 
workmen. The building had two stories, was 
two hundred and thirteen feet long and one 
hundred and twenty-nine feet wide, and within 
its walls were nine thousand, one hundred and 
fourteen exhibits. Some of these possessed 
little merit, others were exceptionally meritori- 
ous. There were embroideries completely ar- 
tistic in design and execution and others that 
had no intrinsie or artistic value but evidenced 
laudable ambition and persistence. So with 


ae as 


j 


THOMAS J. CALLOWAY 


Chairman Executive Com. 


GILES B. JACKSON 


Director General 


other. branches of manufactures and of art 
work—there was a wide difference between the 
worst and the best. 

Rarely has there been a better showing of 
industrial training, combined with academic 
work, than was displayed in the collection that 


675 


appeared in the Negro Building. Many intell- 
gent, thoughtful, purposeful white men visited 
the exhibit and were deeply impressed. While 


those who came to view and to examine were 
residents of all sections of the country and all 
were Impressed more or less deeply, it may be 


EXHIBIT OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE 
Hampton, Va. 


said that the men from the Southern States un- 
dismayed by some of the crudities that were 
in evidence, were most enthusiastic in their 
approbation of the obviously fine purpose and 
commendable ambition which was throughout 
manifested and they were astounded at the 
general excellence of the exhibit. 

The Hampton Normal Institute made a splen- 
did illustration of the various functions of 
that famous school. Though exceedingly sim- 
ple, the display was arranged in a most dig- 
nified manner and very attractively. The wall 
space of the exhibit was broken by panels of 
olive gray burlap, the woodwork being stained 
a gray green. In the lower part of each panel 
was placed an exhibit typifying a class, the 
upper portion of the panel being occupied by 
an enlarged photograph of students at work 
in the department from which the exhibit 
came. In this way the work of the following 
departments was illustrated: The Shoe Shop— 
by shoes in different stages of construction ; 
the Tin Shop—by tin buckets and various cook- 
ing utensils; Cabinet Making—by a chair and 
desk; the Tailor Shop—by a coat partly fin- 
ished; the Machine Shop—by a small gas en- 
gine; the Printing Officee—by pamphlets and 
circulars; the Department of Blacksmithing, 
Wheelwrighting and Painting—by a large truck 
wagon; Steam Fitting and Plumbing—by lead 
pipe joints; the Boys’ Manual Training De- 
partment—by tinware, models of woodwork 
and a small house building; a Girls’ Manual 
Training Department—by canned fruit, a cook 
book, a set of baby clothes and a shirtwaist 
suit; the Agricultural Department—by objects 
illustrating experiments in root growth; the 
Academie Department—by large charts outlin- 
ing the course. The exhibit received a -gold 
medal. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


The Virginia Union University received a 
gold medal for an exhibit which well subserved 
the purposes of its designers and gave a good 
idea of the scope of the school and the work 
of its graduates. It contained two educational 
cabinets and two cases of articles made in the 
manual training department, as well as some 
pictures painted by the students. The cabinets 
were of the most approved modern style, and 
one of them had been made in the industrial 
department of the University. Each contained 
sixteen frames or thirty-two surfaces for ex- 
hibits. The front face of one contained an in- 
dex to the exhibit and the other a picture of 
the University grounds. The other frames con- 
tained a complete history of the University and 
the schools out of which it had evolved—Way- 
land Academy in Washington, the Richmond 


Institute and the Theological Seminary of 
Richmond. The pictorial story was intensely 


interesting, starting with the schools of 1867 
in the old barracks at Washington and in the 
abandoned slave pen at Richmond. Pictures 
of the different buildings which the school has 
occupied since that time followed. The frames 
contained portraits of the past presidents of 
the various schools and the present faculty 
of the University; groups of students in the 
college department and in the theological de- 
partment and a group of the graduating class 
of the year 1907. Graduation statistics and 
notes concerning the occupations of the alumni 
occupied one frame; several frames were filled 
with pictures of prominent graduates, men who 
have achieved success in various spheres. One 
of these groups showed the portraits of those 
who had been presidents of State conventions ; 
another, moderators of associations; others, 
presidents of colleges and schools, professors, 
editors, authors, pastors. legislators and busi- 
ness men. There were some remarkable ex- 
amination papers in Hebrew and Greek, the- 
ology, psychology, algebra, physiology, manual 
training, mechanical drawing and other sub- 
jects, and the drawings in plant morphology 
and in zoology were especially interesting and 
creditable, 


EXHIBIT OF HOWARD UNIVERSITY 
Washington, D. C. 


The exhibit of the Howard University of 
Washington, D. C., also received the highest 
award. Like the other exhibits of the Negro 
schools, it was arranged simply and was in 
consequence extremely effective. Its installa- 
tion evidenced taste and the display appropri- 
ately told the story of the University. It oc- 
cupied a fine aleove wainscoted to a height of 
eight feet with dark green burlap. On the 
walls were displayed a score or more of large 
photographs handsomely framed. <A central 
frame, much larger than the others, gave a 
panoramie view from the main hall and showed 
the extent of the campus with its athletie field 
and the relative sizes of the several buildings. 
This view attracted general attention. To the 
right of the picture was the large reservoir lake 


which adjoins the campus and the extensive 
parks of the Soldiers’ Home which stretch out 
to the Catholic University properties. The 
other photographs showed in detail the prin- 
cipal buildings of the University and the Presi- 
dent’s house. The view of the interior of the 
library with its many thousands of volumes 
proved effective, as did also the views of the 
classes in the arts, sciences and industries—the 
latter being a basic part of the educational sys- 
tem in connection with the academy and the 
teachers’ college. 

The room was furnished with a heavy oak 
table and chairs and afforded a restful head- 
quarters for the alumni and their friends. The 
graduates of this University number over 
twenty-five hundred and, widely scattered, are 
engaged in all lines of professional and general 
work. An outline of the history of the insti- 
tution was given on charts which also showed 
important data concerning the work of the Uni- 
versity and its graduates. 

The St. Frances de Sales Academy of Rock 
Castle, Virginia, a school that is principally 
supported by the Drexels of Philadelphia, re- 
ceived a gold medal for some beautiful ex- 
amples of dressmaking and faney work. In 
another part of the building there was a second 
Rock Castle exhibit made by the St. Emma 
Industrial and Agricultural College for Negro 
Boys. At the St. Emma school the colored 
vouth are taught various trades and practical 
agriculture. The exhibit made at the Expo- 
sition consisted of six vehicles, two sets of har- 
ness, several suits of clothes, a dozen pairs of 
shoes, one wardrobe, forgings from a_black- 
smith shop and a large sign. The workmanship 
shown in this exhibit was extraordinary, and 
when the Jury of Awards bestowed a gold 
medal on the display they took advantage of 
the occasion to compliment the school highly. 

The other gold medal exhibits which received 
general commendation were those made by the 
Agricultural and Normal University of Lang- 
ston, Oklahoma, which showed photographs 
illustrating its industrial work; the Claflin Uni- 
versity of Orangeburg, South Carolina, for 
class room work and industrial exhibits; and 
for similar reasons gold medals were awarded 
to the Lynchburg Public Schools of Lynchburg, 
Virginia, and the West Virginia Colored Insti- 
tute at Charleston, West Virginia. The Penn 
School of St. Helena Island, South Carolina, re- 
ceived a gold medal for photographs and basket 
work and the Norfolk County Public Schools 
for industrial work, while the exhibit of the 
Wilberforce College of Wilberforce, Ohio, 
which ineluded drawings, paintings and sam- 
ples of literary and industrial work, was ex- 
ceptionally meritorious. 

The Normal Industrial Institute of Peters- 
burg, the largest colored school in Virginia, 
well deserved the attention it received. Ex- 
amination papers of the senior grades were 
surprisingly well prepared and showed neat- 
ness, fine penmanship and a high grade of 
intelligence. 

Though not in the gold medal division, there 
were a number of other industrial educative 
displays which received awards and some of 
these were distinctly high class. The showing 
of iron work made by the Tougaloo University 
of Mississippi was exceedingly creditable and 
the general exhibit of the Joseph K. Brick 
School of Enfield, North Carolina; the Robert 
Hungerford Normal and Industrial School of 
Etonville, Florida, and the Lincoln Public 
School of Leavenworth, Kansas, were note- 
worthy. The Fisk University of Nashville, 
Tennessee, made a fine exhibit and offered a 
unique demonstration of student training. 
Daily one of the students gave a lecture on 


676 


Negro Participation. 


Nes corer 


Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Copyright, 


AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITS IN THE NEGRO BUILDING 


chemistry, biology, or some other study and 
this talk was succeeded by songs from the Fisk 
Jubilee Singers. 

In the division of art the best specimens 
formed a series of historic tableaux represent- 
ing the Negro at different periods of our coun- 
try’s history. Beginning with the landing of 
slaves at Jamestown, in 1619, there were scenes 
commemorating the establishment of the first 
Negro church with a negro pastor in 1816, 
the first Negro school house, the beginning of 
home building by the Negroes, Negro soldiery, 
Negro slaves working in the cotton fields, 
escaping slaves, and an old slave defending 
his master’s home during the Civil War, 
and there were tableaux showing Negro 
mechanics and banks operated by Negroes. 
an improved home, a Sunday scene and 
a college commencement with Fred Douglas in 
the foreground. These pieces were designed 
and executed by Meta Vaux Warrick of Phila- 
delphia and she received a gold medal for 
her work. 

The agricultural exhibits were not numerous 
nor were they as worthy as might have been 
anticipated from the fact that there are so 
many Negro farmers who now till their own 
soil. The only two awards given in that de- 
partment were to Rufus Jordan of Henderson, 
Kentucky, and to A, ©, Taylor of Charleston, 


ae ae oe 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


South Carolina, for cotton. Each of these won 
silver medals. 

In the Department of Foods, Henry Kirklin 
of Columbia, Missouri, received a gold medal 
for canned vegetables. He exhibited jars of 
White Plume Celery, Ponderoso Tomatoes, 
Fordhook Cucumbers, Kentucky Pole Beans, 
Chinese Giant Peppers and Egyptian Beets. 
The Kirklin exhibit at the Exposition consisted 
entirely of products which had been grown in 
his garden at Columbia and they attracted the 
attention of agriculturists from all sections. 

An alcove in the building was devoted to 
the musical compositions of Negroes, among 
whom H. T. Burley is the most famous, al- 
though Cole and Johnson were represented by 
their popular rag-time compositions. Another 
alcove was devoted to newspapers published by 
Negroes and it surprised visitors very much to 
learn that in this class there are over two hun- 
dred and fifty publications. There was a 
library adjoining the newspaper aleove and 
within were five hundred volumes whose au- 
thors were Negroes. The works of Paul Law- 
rence Dunbar, the poet whose untimely death 
was a matter of general regret, occupied a 
prominent position, while among the other fa- 
mous contributors were Booker T. Washington, 
DuBois and Chestnut. Over the door at the 
east entrance were the portraits of three well- 


MODELS OF INVENTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS MADE BY NEGROES 


The Jamestown 


known men who have been registrars of the 


United States Treasury—R. B. Bruce, J. W. 
present 


Lyons and the incumbent, W. T. 


Vernon. 


ort 


| 


' 


¥ 


PHOTOGRAPHS EXHIBITED BY A. P. BEDOU 
New Orleans 


Among the general exhibits there were ex- 
cellent samples of photography. A. N. Scur- 
lock of Washineton, D. C., made a fine showing 
of photographs and A. P. Bedou of New Or- 
leans exhibited some views which were ex- 
ceptionally artistic and evidenced remarkable 
judgment in securing the best effects of heht 
and shade reproductions. Each of these ex- 
hibitors received a gold medal. 

There were some excellent examples of china 
decorations and embroidery. Frances Spencer 
Dorkins of Norfolk received a gold medal for 
her exhibit of china painting and faney work. 
In the exhibit were forty pieces, all of them 
meritorious and some particularly artistic. 
This young woman, whose work would receive 
attention at any exposition, personally performs 
every detail in connection with her output. 
The designs were original and all the colors 


oe 


EXHIBIT OF FRANCES S. DORKINS 
Norfolk, Va. 


were fired by the exhibitor. There were three 
large plaques, a dog’s head painted from life 
and two floral pieces which were much admired ; 
and some artistically painted steins, a claret 


Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


pitcher decorated with berries, and a sugar 
and cream set were commended highly. Mar- 
garet Fortee of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 
Marcella Meekins of Covington, Virginia, and 
Ida Underwood of Rainbow, Connecticut, re- 
ceived gold medals for embroideries. 

Unfortunately for historic purposes, most of 
the exhibitors in the Negro Building entrusted 
their affairs entirely to the Executive Commit- 
tee and did not see their own exhibits. In most 
cases it proved very difficult to obtain descrip- 
tions even of those displays which received 
gold medals but the lhttle that is noted in this 
chapter will serve to show that the effort was 
commendable. 

Thomas J. Calloway, Andrew F. Hillyer and 
Giles B. Jackson were in charge of the Negro 
Building and it is difficult to praise their 
work too highly. They were assiduous in their 
devotion to the task which was assigned to 
them and were tireless in their endeavors. 


They seemed to be at all times enthused with 


games 4) 


LACE CENTERPIECES EXHIBITED BY 
IDA UNDERWOOD 


a desire to prove to the world what were the 
achievements of the Negro, not so much with 
a view of showing what he had accomplished 
but what he gave assurance of accomplishing 
in the future. 

The only State which appropriated any 
money for a Negro exhibit was North Carolina 
whose Legislature unanimously voted that the 
sum of five thousand dollars be expended to 
help in making a display that would reflect 
credit on the Negroes of the State, and an 
Executive Committee, composed of progressive, 
capable and conscientious Negroes, was se- 
lected to collect an exhibit and to expend this 
sum. Reverend C. H. Williamson of Raleigh 
was selected as the executive head and he was 
ably assisted by C. M. Hunter of the same city, 
who served as Secretary. A number of medals 


were awarded to various exhibits which 
formed a part of North Carolina’s  con- 
tribution. 


678 


WES jn aa 


Jamestown “Official Paetoetart — 


Copyright, ation. 


INSIDE INN 


CHAPTER XIX 


CONCESSIONS 


HOTEL ON GROUNDS — RESTAURANTS — STANDS — OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHERS — WAR PATH — 


AMUSEMENTS, GREAT SPECTACLES, CYCLORAMAS, ORIENTAL SHOWS, 


MENAGERIE, LABY- 


RINTHS, INCUBATOR, WILD WEST, MINOR ATTRACTIONS. 


2, ESTAURANTS amusements 
and vending exhibits were 
all included in the James- 
town classification as 
‘‘eonecessions.”’ Of the 
selling group, there were 
quite a number widely 
distributed throughout the 
Exposition Grounds and in the exhibit palaces. 
The restaurants were not numerous, but were 
sufficient for the attendance. The rates charged 
in these places were not exorbitant. 

There was only one hotel on the Grounds, 
Tue [xsipe INN, which was a large three-story 
building modeled after the Queen Anne style 
of architecture. It was a roomy structure, the 
apartments on the lower floor being especially 
spacious. Some of the sleeping rooms were 
small; but that is usual with exposition hotels, 
and the ‘“‘Inside Inn’’ did not sin so badly in 
that respect, while it could not be denied that 
they were all comfortably furnished. 

There was a ball room in the hotel, where 
many Exposition functions, especially dances, 
were given and a spacious hall, where numer- 
ous conventions met. During the greater part 
of the open period of the Exposition, two large 
dining rooms were operated, one for the guests, 
who preferred the American plan, and another 
a la carte. Late in the season, the former room 


was abandoned, as the plan of the hotel no 
longer included a flat rate for meals and a 
room. 


Before the hotel, a piazza extended, a com- 
fortable, well-shaded porch, that directly over- 
looked Hampton Roads and afforded an ex- 
cellent viewpoint for those who cared to ob- 
serve the stationary battleships or the changing 
scenes of the busy harbor. For the entertain- 
ment of the hotel guests, 


a good orchestra was 


Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


PIAZZA OF INSIDE INN 


Copyright, 


679 


engaged and the music which they rendered 
was a feature that attracted many to the Inn. 
The Inn was conducted by local people, who 
were unacquainted with the methods employed 
in hotel enterprises of such magnitude and un- 
doubtedly a number of mistakes were made in 
the earlier months of the Exposition; subse- 
quently, competent technical help was secured. 
The management of the Inn was then beyond 
eavil, 

Occupying one of the choicest places on the 
Exposition Grounds was the Marine Restav- 
RANT, operated by Nathan, Grandall & Ham- 
burger. Among the higher class eating places 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MARINE RESTAURANT 
Willoughby Boulevard 


it was perhaps the most popular. This build- 
ing lay to the west of the Government Piers 
and fronted on the boardwalk leading to that 
feature. The restaurant was built on spiles 
and at high tide was on three sides surrounded 
by water. The walls for the most part were 
elass, arranged so that the entertainments were 
given in the open air; for, except during dis- 
agreeable periods, and these were rare, there 
were practically no walls. The view of the 
diners was uninterrupted and the play of the 
breezes fell throughout the apartment. The 
Marine Orehestra was appropriately garbed in 
the uniform of sailors and they played well. 
Voeal soloists added to the musical program. 
The GoverNMENT RESTAURANT, operated by 
Firmin Michel, stood at the eastern approach 
to the Government Piers. It was a building 
somewhat similar to the one just deseribed, and, 
like the former, extended over the water. It 
was, however, at no time a profitable venture 
and it ceased operating long before the Expo- 
sition closed. The proprietor was well-known 
as the ‘‘Hot Roast Beef Sandwich Man,”’ for 


HLVd UVM AHL JO AGIA 


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680 


Concessions. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation, 
THE SWISS ALPS 
War Path 


he had vended this article at a number of expo- 
sitions. He conducted another eating place on 
the War Path and was successful in that lo- 
cation. 

Fritz Muller & Sons were the proprietors of 
the Swiss VILLAGER, a very popular restaurant, 
which architecturally reproduced a Swiss 
chalet set against a background of simulated 
snow-clad peaks. The Muillers were experi- 
enced caterers on a large scale, had much 


= act i 


Copyright, Tamestaiin Official PRntoeet phe Gor somos 
THE PRESS CLUB RESTAURANT 


Commonwealth Avenue, West 


exposition experience and their place was ex- 
ceedingly well patronized in’ proportion to 
the attendance on the Grounds. It was the 
scene of many set luncheons and dinners. The 
Swiss Village stood at the head of the War 
Path, in close proximity to the principal amuse- 
ments. <A fine orchestra, composed of men and 
women, played every afternoon and evening 
and during an extended period Tyrolean sing- 
ers added greatly to the enjoyment of diners. 

Not far away was a building, designed for a 
Union Labor Hall; but, diverted from this pur 


~ 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 
OLD JAMESTOWN CAFE 
War Path 


681 


pose, served as headquarters for the Jamestown 
Press Club, and afforded restaurant space for 
one of the concerns, operated by Stillwell & 
Benson. These restaurateurs managed several 
popular-priced eating places at the Exposition. 
The chief of them was the one in Labor Hall. 
but scarcely less important was the OLp Jamps- 
TOWN Carn, situated just at the center of the 
north side of the War Path and surrounded by 
all the big amusement concessions. In the 


STREETS OF SEVILLE this firm had another eat 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporatio 


ELECTRIC KITCHEN 
Lee’s Parade 


Nl. 


ing place and still another in the Palace of 
Commerce. This Orp Norroik Car stood just 
within the Exposition Grounds to the left of 
the main entrance and was one of the first 
sights to greet the incoming visitor. 

Miss Nellie F. Conway, a very competent 
eateress, operated the Exncrric Kircnen. The 
building was comfortable and home-like and 
the fare was good. The kitchen was at the 
northwest end of Lee’s Parade; and a mega- 
phone man permitted none of those who crossed 
the soldiers’ grounds to miss hearing the praises 
of the establishment which his voice was adver- 
tising. 

Colonel B. H. Oxley, a Virginian whose taste 
for water-ground corn meal had survived from 
boyhood, was the proprietor of the Onp Corn 
Miui restaurant; and the corn cakes served 
therein were made from meal ground in the 
water mill attached to the building. A _ big 
turbine wheel attracted the attention of all 


right, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 
OLD CORN MILL 
Powhatan Street 


Copy 


who entered the One Hundred and Fourth 
street gate; and throughout the season his 


place was well patronized. 

There were a number of minor eating places 
and innumerable booths, from which ice cream 
cones, candies, cakes and sodas were sold. 
Some of these booths were Kiosk affairs, seat- 
tered at intervals throughout the Grounds; 
and a number of them were in the buildings. 
There were also an appreciable number of 
stands selling fruits, pop corn and peanuts. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


fa | 
en ook 


By 


ae ea POSSI oes 


amestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Copyright, J 


. OFFICIAL 
_ PHOTOGRAPHS: 


HEADQUARTERS OF JAMESTOWN OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPH CORPORATION 


At the northeast corner of the War Path 
there was a two-story Queen Anne build- 
ing, the headquarters of the JAMESTOWN OFFI- 
CIAL PHOTOGRAPH CORPORATION. It was an 
attractive structure and close inspection § re- 
vealed some interesting features. These were 
mainly photographic and indicatory of the 
character of the concession. 

In the upper sash of each of the windows 
on the lower floor, historical transparencies 
had been placed. There were seventy-two of 
these and they portrayed some of the most 
historical spots in Colonial Virginia. In some 
of the windows, there were definite series, such 
as the one that illustrated Jamestown or others 
which showed Williamsburg or Yorktown. Gen- 
erally, the views were indiscriminately placed ; 
and, while all of them were historical, they 
were grouped without design other than to 
form the most agreeable visual combination. 

The lower floor of the building was used as 
a display and sales room; the upper was de- 
voted to the offices and work rooms. A corps 


of efficient operators were employed by the cor- 
poration, and the cameras and photographs 
supplhed to them were of the best quality. All 
of the principal events of the Exposition were 
photographed, and moving pictures were made 
of the most important special occasions. With 
the exception of personal photographs, practi- 
cally all the pictures in this book have been 
reproduced from the photographs made by the 
Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation, 
and it is needless, therefore, to say that few 
attractive spots on the Exposition Grounds 
were missed by the artists, who, in addition to 
their landscape work, photographed every con- 
vention and State day group and most of the 
important exhibits. The corporation had the 
exclusive concession for all photographic work 
on the Exposition Grounds and the press de- 
partment was largely dependent on it for ma- 
terial for advertising the Fair. Few expositions 
have been so bountifully supplied with pictorial 
material for exploitive purposes, and none had 
photographs of better quality. 


THE WARPATH 


The amusement concessions at the Exposition 
were not as numerous as had been the case at 
other fairs of a similar size, but they were 
generally high-class and, as a whole, ranked 
well above the average. Many of them were 
distinetly excellent. 

Probably the principal concessionaire was 
Emmet W. McConnell, who was sole proprietor 
or managing director of several amusements. 
He conducted the spectatorium representing the 
Conflict of the Merrimae and Monitor, the two 
large cycloramas portraying the battles at Get- 
tysburg and Manassas, a Shoot the Chutes and 
a Seenic Railway. 

By all odds, the most suecessful amusement 
venture at the Ter-Centennial and, in some re- 
spects, the greatest amusement success of any 
exposition, was the Merrimac anp Moniror 
exhibition, whose books showed that approxi- 
mately twenty-five per cent of all the paid ad- 
missions to the Grounds yielded tribute also to 
this great show, and the books further proved 


another curious fact, that on several days the 
receipts at the Merrimae and Monitor box 
offices were greater than the Exposition en- 
trance receipts. 

Associated with Mr. McConnell was E. A. 
Austin, a well-known 
artist and designer 
of large spectacles. 
Most of the McCon- 
nell successes have 
been produced by the 
same artist. The se- 
ries, which began with 
‘Hobson Sinking the 
Merrimae,’’ was_ fol- 
lowed by the ‘‘Johns- 
town Flood,’’ at Buf- 
falo, and by two 
scenographs at St. 
Louis—‘‘New York to 
the North Pole’’ and 
the ‘‘Galveston 


EMMET W. McCONNELL 


Concessions. 


oe 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


= 


EXTERIOR OF MERRIMAC AND MONITOR 


Flood.’’? The Merrimae and Monitor was un- 
doubtedly the best effort of the artist. It was 
a wonderfully realistic reproduction of the 
first battle between ironclads. 

The ease with which the Merrimae destroyed 
the wooden vessels of the Federal navy was 
pictured convincingly, and served to explain 
the immense importance which the United 
States attached to the trial of the Monitor. The 
duel between the armored vessels was given 
with remarkable fidelity to the original. The 
mimic conflict and the accompanying lecture 
had been prepared with exceeding care and 
both were absolutely impartial. The Federal 
and Confederate accounts of the fight have dif- 
fered in details and in essentials. Actual par- 
ticipants in the original encounter shared in 
perfecting the portrayal and the dispassionate, 
fair outcome of their labors gave as a result a 
scene and story much more interesting than 
either biased account. 

Few of the distinguished visitors to the 
Exposition failed to visit the Merrimac and 
Monitor, and some figures will show how re- 
markable was the attendance. The grand total 


revenue of the Exposition from all admissions 
to the Grounds from April 26 to November 
30 was six hundred and forty-one thousand 
eight hundred and thirty-two dollars and five 


a ee 


Copyright, Jamestown ‘Official Photograph Corporation. 


cents, while the gross receipts of the Merrimac 
and Monitor, which did not begin operating on 
Opening Day, or, in fact, for several weeks 
afterward, was one hundred and thirty-eight 
thousand three hundred and sixty-five dollars 
and seventy-five cents. A unique mark of ap- 
preciation was given to Mr. McConnell by the 
Jury of Awards, who bestowed on him a gold 
medal for the mechanical and artistic excellence 
of this exhibit. 

The BarrLe or GrrryspuraG, a famous cyclo- 
rama, painted by Philippoteaux, one of the best 
historical painters of the nineteenth century, 
was the next-door neighbor of the Merrimae 
and Monitor. This remarkable combination of 
canvas and lay figures has been seen at numer- 
ous expositions and always attracts. The artist 
pictured the battle with rare judgment, bring- 
ing into view all the important details which 
combined made the name of Gettysburg one of 
the most noted in the domain of war. The Barr- 
TLE OF MANASSAS was another panorama of- 
fered by Mr. McConnell. The picture is not so 
well known as Gettysburg, but is scarcely less 
worthy of praise. It gave equally as well an 
idea of how a great Southern victory had been 
accomplished as the other picture gave of a 
Southern debacle. These immense paintings 
were intensely interesting to history-lovers. 


INTERIOR VIEW OF MERRIMAC AND MONITOR 


683 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


DeGA LO Wb) EGA Se PARC i RE a 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


SHOOI THE CHUTES 


mammoth. 
The incline was very high and steep and the 
receiving lake large enough for swimming con- 


The SwHoor tHE CHUTES was 


It differed in no respect except size from 
the usual efforts of the kind. The same might 
be said of the Scentc Raitway. It was large, 
strong and some of the scenes were interesting. 

Occupying the entire western end of the War 
Path was Gaston Akoun’s BrautriruL ORIENT 


tests. 


GASTON AKOUN 


FERDINAND AKOUN 


and Srreprs oF Cairo, Associated with Mr. 
Akoun in this and several other enterprises was 
his brother Ferdinand. Within the Streets of 
Cairo stood the inevitable Turkish Theater, 
where oriental girls danced, oriental musicians 
played, oriental prestidigitateurs performed 
their tricks. All of these features have been 
witnessed at other expositions, and most of them 
were no better or no worse than their pred- 


socsanenatie. 


pee La CS ea 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


SCENIC RAILWAY 


ecessors; but one distinctly superior was the 
dancing by an artist known as the Princess 
Rajah. er terpsichorean offering was well 


Pra 
Prine 
serene 


X ee 


Sas a Sone ‘ 3 ea AS as 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MAIN ENTRANCE TO BEAUTIFUL ORIENT 


out of the ordinary and ranked high as an 
artistic performance. 

The theater, however, was among the least 
of the attractions. The Beautiful Orient was 
well named. It reproduced with singular fidel- 
ity one of the busy sections of an Eastern city. 
Gilded minarets, tapering towers, gaudy kiosks 
and curious oriental booths lined the crescent- 
shaped street. In the jewelry shops were 
oriental souvenirs of all kinds, especially beau- 
tiful fllagree work that appealed to the con- 
noisseur. In the rug bazaars, there were low- 
grade Smyrnas, precious Daghistans and Bok- 
haras, and, still more valuable, India prayer 
rugs from Madras. There were some compara- 


BEAUTIFUL ORIENT AND STREETS OF CAIRO 


684 


Concessions. 


tively cheap Chinese silks and some of the less 
expensive silks of Hindustan, while with these 
were shown elaborate embroideries from Persia 
Arabia and Turkey. There was a Turkish restau- 
rant, where a guest might easily fancy himself in 
Constantinople; and, to the man from the 
western world, there were countless other odd 
and quaint sights that made repeated visits to 
this concession pleasant and profitable. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


TEMPLE OF MIRTH 


The crystal maze, that curious adjustment of 
mirrors which has mystified many thousands, 
was reproduced by the Akouns, who also oper- 
ated the Temrin or Mirru, a well-named place 
since it could evoke laughter from the veriest 
misanthrope. Distorting mirrors, puzzling 
labyrinths, unsteady stairways and precipitous 
chutes were some of the many features which 
proved potent to produce hilarious outbursts. 
The bally-hoo connected with this show was one 
of the best on the War Path and gave a prom- 
ise of enjoyment which the patrons surely 
realized. 

Among the other Akoun enterprises, the 
most important was the Ferrart Witp ANIMAL 
SHow—a menagerie and theatre combined. A 
fine collection of forest denizens occupied the 
numerous cages and every hour trained beasts, 
lions, tigers, panthers, wolves and bears per- 
formed. There were some especially fine ex- 
hibitions given by celebrated animal trainers 
and by some snake charmers of more than ordi- 
nary merit. 


n : al oe 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


FERRARI'S WILD ANIMAL SHOW 


The great disaster which, during the Spring 
of 1906, appalled civilization, the Dustrucrion 
or SAN FRANCISCO, was reproduced with aston- 
ishing accuracy and was admittedly an artistic 
and mechanical triumph. The great metropolis 
of the Pacific Coast seemed actually on the 
stage. The beginning of the storm; the patter 
of raindrops and the drenching downpour as 
from a waterspout; the increasing gale and the 
ensuing tornado; reports as of artillery and 
dread rumblings; the gaping ground and _ tot- 


685 


: ‘ “2 Ses ue 
Copyright, Jamestown Ofhcial Photograph Corporation. 


DESTRUCTION OF SAN FRANCISCO 


tering buildings; and, last of all, the encom- 
passing fire—these were parts of the show, and 
a lecturer entertainingly explained their rela- 
tion to the tragedy. 

Captain Louis Sorchow, a veteran sub-marine 
worker and a trained concessionaire, gave a 
most interesting exhibition which he ealled 
Drep Sea Divine. It showed the diver in full 
harness working at his trade in a glass tank 
filled with water. 

A Bany INcupatror exhibition was well pa- 
tronized; and, considering the lack of a large 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


INTERIOR OF BABY INCUBATOR 


immediate population to furnish material, the 
supply of babies was never meagre. Some of 
the incubator results were marvelous. Several 
wee specimens of humanity, whose lives ap- 
peared to be limited by days at the most, 
thrived and became healthy infants under the 
care of the nurses and as a result of the treat- 
ment. The development of some of these poor 


babies proved so interesting that the Incubator 
had perhaps more steady patrons than any 


ss aan: ea a ‘Sie al le! Sore woo Pi a oe setae 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


EXTERIOR OF BABY INCUBATOR 


other show on the Grounds. Instead of one 
visit satisfying, it simply gave an appetite for 
repetition. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


: g AS Se ee Se 
HhebeeeeSle SSS a RISES Sar a ue ects 
| 1 \ hy 


Sa es. ed OS 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


if ESQUIMAUX VILLAGE 


THE ESQUIMAUX VILLAGE 


The Esquimaux VILLAGE was a fairly good 
simulation of the hfe that is enjoyed by Uncle 
Sam’s wards in Alaska. The Hampton Roads 
temperature made the Arctic clothing almost 
unendurable, and the sports were not per- 
formed with much zest. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


THE KLONDIKE 


The Kionpike Goup Miner, another cold 
climate enterprise, was more interesting. The 
trips across country on dog sledges were illus- 
trated and the methods employed in extracting 
gold from placers or deep diggings were graph- 
ically portrayed. An interesting lecture was 
given with the exhibit. 


ee 


eS 


TRIXIES*Educated Horses. | 


Edward theVl By Royal command:at Windsor GagHlesam as: | 


WONDERLAND 


BOSTON MASE 
SUMMER 1906 


PALACE THEATRE LONDON ENG. 4 ser: 1996 - 7, 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


Near the northeastern end of the War Path 
stood a railway station with the rear entrances 
of three cars abutting on the platform. Each 
of the cars was a theatre for a moving picture 
show which carried the audience through 
strange scenes. The concession was known as 
Haur’s Tours or THE WORLD. 

W. H. Barnes offered two excellent attrae- 
tions: THe Princess Trixig and PAuL Rm 
VeERE’sS Ripp. The former was a trained mare 
whose performance, however it may have been 
engineered, was most astounding. Apparently, 
the animal gave evidence of really acute in- 
tellect, answering questions which demanded 
reasoning powers and showing at times curious 
discrimination. The replies were perhaps sug- 
gested by the trainer through some signal, but 
how it was done remained a mystery. The 
other show gave a good idea of the famous ride 
of the Revolutionary patriot. 

There were several paintings exhibited. The 
most important of these and the best known 
was Nana, a study in the nude. The room 
containing the picture was draped in_ black 
velvet-and the figure lying on the couch seemed 
to be alive. The judicious use of lights height- 
ened the illusion which was really startling. 


PRINCESS TRIXtE, 


PRINCESS TRIXIE AND PAUL REVERE’S RIDE 


Concessions. 


An Oup Mitt stood at the northwestern limit 
of the War Path. The great wheel was turning 
all the time and served as an invitation to the 
passing throng. The mill had little or nothing 
to do with the real concession, which was a 


series of picturesque eanals winding through 
tunnels and in the open. 


a wb teh cana ee 
Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


THE OLD MILL 


Copyright, 


PHARAOH’s DavGutrer, an illusion, which 
transplanted later to London made a huge sue- 
cess, occupied an attractive theatre and fasei- 
nated the curiously inclined. There were also 
on the War Path some odd painting puzzles 
which mystified their observers. 

Hei_t Gare was the genuine thriller of the 
Exposition. In this production a scries of con- 
centric waterways led to a precipitous incline 
just at the middle of the daylight section. 
Then, a plunge; and the traveler was in Hell. 
The demons were there and so were snakes, 
lizards, bats and other eerie creatures. A visitor 
could step upon some slick and slimy moss and 
slip against a dead fish of an ice-cold serpent. 
The enjoyment to be derived from the experi- 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporatiou. 


HELL GATE 


ence depended somewhat upon the nervous or- 
ganism of the visitor; but, on the whole, people 
seemed to relish the show, which was certainly 
a novelty. 

Fair JAPAN had an excellent site at the centre 
of the eastern end of the War Path. It was 
exclusively a theatrical enterprise and all the 
actors were Japanese. These included musi- 
cians, jugglers, club-swingers, fencers, wrestlers, 
eymnasts, singers, tragedians and comedians. 


687 


The show given by the troup from Nippon was 
eminently artistic and drew well during the 
brief period that the enterprise continued. Un- 


fortunately for the promoters, the show did not 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


FAIR JAPAN 


materialize until the Exposition was half over. 

CoLONIAL VIRGINIA was housed in a repro- 
duction of the old Capitol at Wilhamsburg. The 
entertainment that was given there consisted of 
performances and moving picture shows repre- 
senting life at Jamestown and Williamsburg, 
the two capitals of the Colony of Virginia. The 
burning of Jamestown was an especially real- 
istic act. In addition to the theatrical effects, 


there was a quasi-museum of colonial relics and 
a gallery of colonial portraits. 


asia mc a on 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


COLONIAL VIRGINIA 


The Ostrich FarM was a most entertaining 
feature to most of the visitors. Except in the 
extreme Southern States and in California, the 
big bird is a strange sight; and few of those 
who attended the performance at the Farm had 
ever seen so many ostriches in one place. The 
great, ungainly birds were driven, hitched to 
sulkies and ridden by jockeys. Plumes were 
sold and so were eggs. The exhibition gave a 


good idea of the methods employed to rear 
ostriches. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


THE OSTRICH FARM 


The PuHinrppine VILLAGE was far removed 
from the amusement section. It occupied a 
large area near the mid-eastern boundary of 
the Exposition. Enclosed within a high pal- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


i 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation, 


ENTRANCE TO PHILIPPINE VILLAGE 


isaded fence, there were several independent 
groups of huts, each serving as a village for a 
tribe. Extremely interesting was the exhibi- 
tion, for it exemplified accurately the daily do- 
ings of the little brown men and women. The 
houses were counterparts of those in the islands, 
and within doors were utensils and implements 


which the natives had brought from their 
homes. Women wove baskets and made crude 
potteries. The men fought with strange 


weapons, and both sexes joined in the various 
dances. Some savage Moros formed a part of 


the population; but the large majority seemed 
entirely civilized—their attire alone causing 
comment. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


INDIANS FROM 101 RANCH 


Mitupr BroruErs’ 101 Rancuw of Bliss, Okla- 
homa, was represented at the Exposition by 
cowboys, cowgirls, Indians, Mexicans, half- 
breeds, buffaloes and some splendid horses and 
steers. This was a stupendous show, employing 
a large number of people and giving a great 
variety of interesting and typical Western 
features. The ancient stage coach robbery was 
performed with good effect; a horse thief was 
captured and executed; a quadrille on horse- 


zm * 


‘MILLER 
“BROS- 


SR. 


101 RANCH 


een oem 


le ie 


1 ‘Copyright, 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


BUFFALOES FROM 101 RANCH 


back was danced; extraordinary lasso exhibi- 
tions were given; an Indian raid on a caravan 
was successfully perpetrated and rapidly 
avenged; steers were roped and thrown; a 
pony express was duplicated; buffaloes were 
hunted; an expert rifle shot broke glass balls 
while riding at full speed—these were some of 


a 
™ 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


AMERICAN MONORAIL EXHIBIT 


the many acts performed in an enormous ring 
and before a large grandstand and still larger 
bleacheries. 

There were three railway concessions, two of 
them, the Inrra-Murat and the Mrniatrurp, 
were purely concessions, while the third, the 
Monorail, was primarily an exhibit. 


————— ————— SSS 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


MINIATURE RAILWAY 


There were a number of minor enterprises on 
the War Path, some of them having a measure 
of merit, others with no reason for existence. 


101 RANCH—WILD WEST SHOW 


688 


APPENDIX 


CONTAINING OFFICIAL REPORTS 
OUROPLICERS WM DIREGLO Rs 
AND CHIEFS. 


LHOIN LV WOTYOLIGNV 


‘uoljeiodiog ydes OUd [LIOWO UMOJsoueL ‘}Y, 


WMAP 4,412 LOMs UROL IAYD 


SaspabsyaaN! 


rr ame etree tri 


efi 


STATEMENT OF H. ST. GEORGE TUCKER 
PRESIDENT 


Editor of Official History, 
Jamestown Exposition. 

Sir:—Complying with your request for a 
brief outline of the duties devolving upon the 
President of the Jamestown Exposition, I take 
pleasure in sending the following memorandum: 

During the pre-Exposition period the duties 
of the President might have been grouped 
under two generic heads—‘legislation’’ and 
‘‘exploitation.’’ The By-Laws of the Company 
provided that he should also have a general 
supervision over the whole work of the Expo- 
sition. 

My predecessor, the distinguished and _ la- 
mented General Fitzhugh Lee, had personally 
presented most of the Exposition’s invitations 
to the different States of the Union which could 
have been approached during his lifetime. It 
was my privilege to continue this work. 


The Act of Con- 
‘ gress, which author- 
ized the celebration 


of the Ter-Centennial 
and directed the 
President of the 
United States to pro- 
claim the event and 
invite the nations to 
participate in a naval 
and military féte, was 
passed in March, 1905. 
It was not then 
deemed advisable by 
the managers of the 
Company to send any 
representative abroad 
for the purpose of 
supplementing the 
Nation’s invitation. However, a few months 
later this course seemed wise and I proceeded 
to Europe. While on the other side of the At- 
lantie, I visited England, France, Germany, 
Austria-Hungary and Italy; and I received as- 
surances from the governments of each of these 
nations that their navies would be represented 
at the rendezvous in Hampton Roads in 1907. 
This European trip helped considerably to 
advertise the Exposition. In Government cir- 


COL. SAMUEL HODGES 
Aide to the President 


eles abroad, it was known 
that a celebration would be 


held during the year 1907; 
but the President’s proclama- 
tion contained nothing to in- 
dicate that a commercial, or 
in fact any, exhibition would 
be held  co-temporaneously 
with the international naval 
and military gathering. This 
was inevitably the case under 
the provisions of the Act au- 
thorizing the proclamation, 
and the President was powerless to bring the 
Exposition to the attention of the world. 
Through the good offices of a number of our 
country’s diplomatic and consular representa- 
tives, I was able to exploit the Exposition 
proper as contra-distinguished from the purely 
official celebration. To what extent this work 
may have benefited the Exposition commer- 


W.S. DAVIS 


Private Secretary 


691 


cially | am unable to say, but it is unlikely that 
it failed to have some effect. 

I returned to the United States early in 1906, 
and subsequently aided the efforts then being 
made by the other officers of the Company for 
the purpose of obtaining financial assistance - 
from the Government, as well as the permission 
of Congress that the Departments and Bureaus 
of the Government should exhibit. 

Subsequently, and until the near approach 
of April 26, 1907—Opening Day—my work was 
principally confined to the delivering of invita- 
tions to previously uninvited Commonwealths. 
During this time I also addressed many import- 
ant meetings, bringing the Exposition to the 


attention of a large number of influential 
people. In the same interim, I was required 


to appear several times in Washington, as other 
Exposition bills were later considered. 

After April 26, 1907, and until Closing Day, 
the President’s duties were mainly social. He 
was required not only to preside at set fune- 
tions, but generally to superintend or su- 
pervise the entertainment of all distinguished 
guests. 

To assist in this work, the Secretary of War 
kindly detailed three United States officers— 
First Lieutenant Harry N. Cootes, Twelfth 
United States Cavalry; Second Lieutenant P. 
H. Bagby, Sixth United States Infantry, and 
Second Lieutenant E. C. Waddill, Nineteenth 


LIEUTENANT WADDILL LIEUTENANT BAGBY 


United States Infantry. Mr. Cootes was Mili- 
tary Secretary of the Exposition, and each of 
these officers fully measured up to the obliga- 
tions they had assumed. 

Colonel Samuel Hodges was the personal 
representative of the President in visiting 
State buildings and on other occasions when 
it was impossible for the President to be 
present. Hon. N. Veloz-Goiticoa, under whom 
was Joseph Sinnott, represented the President 
in the entertainment of foreign guests. Samuel 
Niemeyer was engaged for a time as Colonel 
Hodges’ assistant. Warren J. Davis was my 
private secretary. Each of the gentlemen 
mentioned discharged his duties to the entire 
satisfaction of the President. In addition to 
these members of the staff, the indefatigable 
Secretary of the Company, Gwynn T. Shepperd, 
was called into service constantly. 

Respectfully yours, 
(Signed) H. Sr. G. Tuckrr, 
President. 


STATEMENT OF C. BROOKS JOHNSTON 
CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS 


Editor Official History, 
Jamestown Exposition. 

Sir:—Prior to the creation of the Board of 
Governors, the Company’s affairs were en- 
trusted to a number of committees who re- 
ported to an Executive Committee. There was 
a Director-General, who was the chief executive 
officer of the Company, but under the rules 
which had been adopted it was practically im- 
possible for him to perform any work unless 
authorized so to do by some committee. No 
one connected with the Exposition believed 
that there was the shghtest chance of the 
celebration being ready by 1907 unless there 
Was some change in the first organization. 
Various plans were suggested for the alteration 
of the Company’s by-laws in such a manner 
as might obviate the difficulties of the situation. 
It was proposed, among other ideas, that three 
co-ordinate directors or managers should be 
chosen and these might apportion among them- 
selves the executive duties of the Exposition. 
It was also suggested to increase this number 
to five, following the same course in regard 
to the placing of power and responsibility, but 
the committee having in charge the preparation 
of a new set of rules realized the importance 
of concentrated authority and recommended to 
the Directors that a board of five be appointed 
who would supersede to a great extent the 
Executive Committee and would practically 
supplant all the standing committees. They 
further recommended that the Board should 
elect a chairman, whose province was to direct 
the affairs of the Company. This suggestion 
was adopted, and in the fall of 1904 the Board 
of Governors was organized. C. Brooks John- 
ston was elected Chairman and C. 8. Sherwood 
Vice-Chairman. 


CHAIRMAN AS CHIEF EXECUTIVE 


At all times it was the opinion of the writer, 
and he has not altered his view, that the Chair- 
man of the Board of Governors was intended 
to be not simply what the title may have im- 
plied, the presiding officer of the Board, but in 
reality he was to be the chief executive of the 
Exposition. The by-law, which permitted the 
Board of Governors to select a general manager 
who would have to report to the Chairman, 
coupled with the other rule which gave to 
the Chairman the power of instantly dismissing 
any employee of the Company, clearly indi- 
eated the Directors’ wishes in regard to the 
final authority of that office. But from the be- 
ginning, however, the individual members of 
the Board of Governors appeared to consider 
their chairman simply as a presiding officer of 
a Board which was jointly executive, and did 
not regard the Chairman as the only executive 
with the other members as legislative advisers. 
This individual executive idea grew and broad- 
ened, and finally when the first departments 
were organized the Board appointed two of 
its own members managers of divisions. The 
restriction of executive authority to the Board 
membership had not at that time, however, 
become an absolute order, because a third de- 
partment, ereated at the same time, was en- 


trusted to a non-member of the Board. These 
appointments were made in May, 1905. Up to 


that time the Chairman of the Board had di- 


rected all of the affairs of the Company—at 
least, apparently. In other words, what had 
been done was executed under his direction, 
but much that in his opinion was imperative 
had been left unaeccomplished. 

Before the Board was created the writer had 
been Chairman of the Grounds and Buildings 
Committee and had largely conducted not only 
the development work of the Exposition site, 
but had negotiated with the architects and 
engineers, who later became the Exposition 
3oard of Design. The direction of this work 
was continued by him until the Grounds and 
Buildings Division—one of the three just men- 
tioned—was created. In only two other lines 
had Exposition matters progressed—exploita- 
tion and legislation. Both of these had been 
supervised by the Chairman since the Board 
was organized. The former continued to be 
supervised by him until the winter of 1905, and 
the latter throughout the life of the Exposition. 
It was during the time that Exploitation was 
directed by the Chairman that the department 
in charge of C. R. Keiley as Chief, paved the 
way for the very suecessful campaigns that 
later were made for National and State partici- 
pation, as well as the co-operation of historie 
and patriotic associations. The only attempt 
at legislation which had been made since the 
Company’s Charter became effective that was 
not directed by the Chairman was the presenta- 
tion of a Bill to the Fifty-eighth Congress, re- 
questing an appropriation in aid of the celebra- 
tion. §. Gordon Cumming of Hampton was 
placed in charge of this measure. For many 
reasons, it appeared impossible to obtain a 
hearing before the Congress then sitting; con- 
sequently, the Bill was withdrawn against the 
protest of many, among whom was the writer, 
who believed that at least some recognition of 
the Ter-Centennial could then have been se- 
eured, even though no appropriation might 
have been obtained—an effect which would 
have advanced the Exposition at least one year. 


NATIONAL ASSISTANCE © 


The Board of Governors was created in the 
fall of 1904 and in December of that year a 
second Bill was prepared for presentation to 
Congress. Although five million dollars was 
the amount requested by this measure, it was 
never anticipated by any one that such a sum 
could be secured, yet it was thought possible 
to obtain some aid from the National Govern- 
ment. The opposition of Speaker Cannon to 
any appropriation measure was so pronounced 
that as the session progressed it was feared 
the Bill would not pass in any form. However, 
on the very last day of the Fifty-eighth Con- 
gress an Act passed the House and Senate 
which authorized a celebration and appropri- 
ated money for a Government entertainment 
fund, thereby creating a naval and military 
commemoration quite distinct from the Expo- 
sition proper. 


PLEDGES DEMANDED 


The Speaker of the House was willing that 
such a Bill should become a law provided that 
the Exposition people would agree to make no 
further request that the National Government 


692 


Chairman of the Board of Governors. 


appropriate money for the Exposition, and 
prominent members of the Virginia delegation 
in Congress urged the writer to agree that if 
this Bill should be passed the Exposition Com- 
pany would pledge itself not to ask additional 
aid. This he refused to do, claiming and _ be- 
lieving that the celebration was entitled to 
Government recognition and support, and he 
stated his intention of presenting the James- 
town claim until an appropriation was made. 
The Bill, therefore, was presented to the House 
of Representatives without any provision re- 
garding future action and the strongest argu- 
ments advanced against the measure were that 
it was merely an opening wedge for future 
assaults upon the public Treasury, or that 
camel-like the Exposition was then stretching 
its head into the provision tent only to devour 
later all the food therein. However, the end 
verified the judgment of the writer, for the 
Bill was passed in spite of the antagonism. 


STATES’ PARTICIPATION 


Prior to the action of Congress, the only 
legislative work which had shown an actual 
result was the securing of an appropriation 
from North Carolina. <A Bill setting aside fifty 
thousand dollars for North Carolina’s partici- 
pation passed the Lower House at Raleigh, but 
was killed in the Senate, and only one day 
was left before the legislative session ended 
in which to secure a reversal of this decision. 
The Chairman of the Board secured an excel- 
lent delegation to go to Raleigh and contest 
the ground, and as a result within an hour of 
adjournment a Bill was passed appropriating 
thirty thousand dollars, with the provision, 
however, that unless the United States Govern- 
ment appropriated a total of not less than one 
million dollars in aid of the celebration the 
North Carolina Act would become void. 


CHAIRMAN IN CHARGE OF LEGISLATION 


When the Exposition bureaus were organized 
legislation was explicitly placed in charge of 
the Chairman, who from the first had argued 
against employing paid lobbyists to promote 
a cause which only needed a logical explana- 
tion in order to insure sympathetic support. 
This was one of many matters in which the 
Board entirely disagreed with the Chairman, 
and only the continued success of the legisla- 
tive efforts under his direction prevented a 
change of policy. When agreeing to continue 
as manager of this important work the Chair- 
man was actuated by three convictions: first, 
that it would lower the dignity of the celebra- 
tion to employ any men, however competent, 
to lobby in its interests, and he knew that if 
he did not continue in charge this course would 
be adopted; second, that the finances of the 
Company were too involved to permit the in- 


currence of any unnecessary expense, and, 
third, that legislation was an affair which 


properly lay within the province of the chief 
executive of the Company, and one which 
naturally should be controlled exclusively by 
him, 


EXPOSITION INVITATIONS 


During General Lee’s lifetime invitations of 
the Exposition were extended by him; and ac- 
companying or preceding the President of the 
Company there were usually one or more of 
the other officers. T. J. Wool and O. D. 
Batchelor, the General Counsel, and G. T. 
Shepperd, the Secretary, performed the greater 
part of this work, the first and last named 
serving in the East and Mr. Batchelor in the 


693 


West. But there were others who shared in 
this endeavor—Dr. R. L. Payne in North Caro- 
lina, Honorable John Goode in Georgia, W. H. 
Mason and T. H. Synon in Wisconsin and John 
Whitehead in Ohio. With the exception of the 
direct tender of the invitations, all of the work 
of legislation was performed in the office of the 
Chairman of the Board. Every member of a 
State legislature in the United States received 
one or more communications relating to the 
Ter-Centennial. The historical significance of 
Jamestown was explained in detail and the 
sisterly or motherly relation of Virginia toward 
every other State in the Union was related at 
length. As a result, those who took the direct 
invitations did not have to waste any time 
explaining the purposes of the cause they had 
come to advocate. 


A COMMISSIONER-GENERAL 


General Lee died in the spring of 1905, and 
until the fall of that year the Chairman of the 
Board of Governors was unassisted in the work 
of directing the commissioners to the several 
States. In October, 1905, Honorable William 
E. Cameron, former Governor of Virginia, was 
appointed Commissioner-General of the Expo- 
sition, and his duties were to aid the Chairman 
of the Board of Governors in the division of 
legislation, his special work dealing with the 
legislatures of various States. Among the 
Commonwealths which previously had author- 
ized commissioners, and in some cases had 
made appropriations, Pennsylvania, New York, 
Massachusetts and Maryland had appointed 
no official representatives. It was deemed im- 
portant that the Governors of these States 
should take some action in the premises and 
the Commissioner-General wrote to each of 
them requesting that they appoint at their 
earliest convenience their State Commissioners. 
Early in December the New York Commission 
was appointed and organized. Governor 
Douglas of Massachusetts named his Commis- 
sion, and sent Mr. Fairbanks, the Executive 
Commissioner, to Norfolk to arrange for a site 
for the State Building. Governor Warfield of 
Maryland appointed a large and thoroughly 
representative Commission, who shortly after 
the organization visited Norfolk. Governor 
Pennypacker of Pennsylvania likewise acceded 
to the requests of the Exposition Company and 
a fine body of Pennsylvanians officially visited 
the Exposition site early in January. The New 
Jersey Commissioners, headed by their Govy- 
ernor, the Honorable Edwin S. Stokes, arrived 
in February. The visits of these Commission- 
ers not only helped the Exposition cause in 
the several Commonwealths that were pledged 
to participate, but generally aided the Expo- 
sition and caused an added interest to attach 
thereto. Strong letters were addressed to the 
Governors of the States which held legislative 
sessions during the winter of 1905-6 and gen- 
erally favorable responses were received. The 
prognostications of the Governors were, how- 
ever, not always realized, notably in the case 
of Towa, Minnesota and Kentucky, whose Gov- 
ernors appeared to believe that their States 
would undoubtedly participate, yet no one of 
which was represented officially, though Ken- 
tucky participated through individual effort. 


WINTER OF 1905-6 


In mapping out the work to be done during 
the winter of 1905-6, it was thought best that 
those States which had been approached but 
had not taken action, as well as the States 
which had appointed Commissioners without 
making appropriations, should be visited by the 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


same Commissioners who had previously ap- 
peared before the several legislatures. North- 
ern and Eastern States were, therefore, visited 
by Messrs. Wool and Shepperd, who during 
the preceding spring had accompanied General 
Lee, and South Carolina, Kentueky, Ohio and 
[owa were visited early in January. William 
Henry Mann of Petersburg was sent to South 
Carolina, H. N. Castle of Norfolk to Kentucky 
and John Whitehead of Norfolk to Ohio, Gov- 
ernor Cameron going to Ohio and also Iowa. 
On the twenty-eighth of November, 1905, the 
Commissioner-General visited Atlanta at the 
instance of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce 
on the occasion of the launching of the pro- 
jected Commercial and Industrial Exposition 
of Atlanta in 1910, and while there created 
some enthusiasm, which later bore fruit in the 
passage of a Bill for Georgia’s participation. 
In connection with the legislative work of the 
Exposition, Honorable Andrew Jackson Mon- 
tague, Governor of Virginia, gave to the 
Commissioner-General letters addressed to the 
Governors of all the States in the Union, urging 
their attention and requesting their aid in Vir- 
ginia’s undertaking. Governor Cameron, who 
is an exceptionally eloquent speaker and digni- 
fied, forceful man, performed well the duties 
of his position and made many friends for the 
celebration. In addition to his appearance in 
the place named, his communications to other 
States undoubtedly inured largely to the cur- 
rent and later success of the division of legisla- 
tion. The Honorable Harry St. George Tucker, 
who had succeeded General Lee as President 
of the Company, went to Europe shortly after 
his election, but later he performed the services 
which had formerly been the province of Gen- 
eral Lee and subsequently of Governor Cam- 
eron, and was highly successful in his efforts, 
especially in Congress, of which body he had 
formerly been a member, and in New England, 
where he was well-known through his connec- 
tion with the American Bar Association, of 
which organization he had been President. 


CONTINUITY OF LEGISLATIVE PLAN 


From the beginning until the end of the 
legislative campaign the plan of work was not 
changed, and it is well in mentioning this fact 
to state that no exposition ever had secured so 
large a State participation with so small an 
expenditure of money. In this connection, it 
must be considered that not only could the 
State buildings be taken as the contribution of 
the several Commonwealths to the sum total 
of the Exposition, but in the History Building 
were many showings which attested to the 
interest which had been created by the legis- 
lative campaign; the Mines and Metallurgy 
Building held numerous State exhibits, as also 
did the Palace of Manufactures and Liberal 
Arts, while the States’ Exhibit Building, one 
of the largest and handsomest on the Ground, 
was practically filled with the exhibits of the 
participating Commonwealths. 

The successful campaign of the States was 
beneficent not only directly, but as an indirect 
influence, determining, in a great measure, 
congressional sentiment in favor of an appro- 
priation. The States whose legislatures had 
voted to participate in this celebration, thereby 
had evidenced sufficient interest to make any 
opposition from the representatives of these 
Commonwealths in Congress appear, to say 
the least, inconsiderate, and it would have been 
eurious if the Congressmen or the Senators 
from any State which had appropriated di- 
rectly in aid of the Exposition had vigorously 
opposed a National appropriation for the sup- 
port of the same object. 


SECOND NATIONAL BILL 


When the Fifty-ninth Congress convened, 
Honorable Harry Lee Maynard, Representative 
from the Second District of Virginia, intro- 
duced a Bill which in heu of an appropriation 
to aid the Exposition, contained a clause au- 
thorizing the issuance of silver two-dollar 
pieces giving the seigniorage to the Exposition 
Company. Numerous hearings were given by 
the special committee on Industrial Arts and 
Expositions. The seigniorage clause was aban- 
doned and an appropriation clause inserted. 
Changes were made not only in the details of 
the Bill, but in its general character. The 
writer always maintained that not only was 
an appropriation eminently desirable for utili- 
tarian purposes, but that an actual principle 
was involved in the Exposition’s demand, that 
the Cradle of the Republic deserved National 
recognition and should have it. Nevertheless, 
it appeared almost impossible, notwithstanding 
the innumerable alterations, even to get the 
Bill introduced in the House of Representatives. 
This result was in no way attributable. either 
to the lack of influence of Mr. Maynard or to 
his failure to use the most intelligent effort, 
for he was personally popular in Congress, and 
no man could have worked harder for a meas- 
ure than he did for the Exposition Bill. It was 
simply a proof of the extraordinary power 
wielded by the Speaker of the House, who un- 
influenced by the fact that a large majority of 
the Representatives were favorable to the Bill, 
dictatorially kept the measure from the House 
calendar and did not permit it to be read. 


ENTERED THROUGH SENATE 


As a final resort, the Honorable John W. 
Daniel, senior Senator from Virginia, took the 
amended Bill, which had obtained the endorse- 
ment of the House Committee on Industrial 
Arts and Exposition, and introduced it as a 
rider to the Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill 
for the year 1906-7. The amendment was ac- 
cepted by the Senate, returned to the House 
and aceepted at a conference between the Rep- 
resentatives of the two branches of Congress. 
As an illustration of extraordinary inconsist- 
eney, it would be difficult to find one more con- 
elusive than the action of Congress in relation 
to the final Exposition Bill which was intro- 
dueed at the second session of the Fifty-ninth 
Congress. Like the previous measure, this Bill 
was presented by Mr. Maynard. It carried in 
the form of a loan an appropriation of one 
million dollars. If the arguments against the 
previous measure were sound they were surely 
irrefutable contentions if applied to this last 
Bill. 


OPPOSITION OF SPEAKER 


Mr. Cannon and his adherents had empha- 
sized their conviction that the Exposition 
could not possibly succeed, and that an appro- 
priation was tantamount to throwing away 
money. The first Bill appropriated nothing for 
the Exposition, but established a fund for a mil- 
itary and naval celebration, the money to be 
spent principally in the entertainment of visit- 
ing army and navy officers. The second Bill ap- 
propriated a sum slightly in excess of one mil- 
lion three hundred thousand dollars, of which 
amount two hundred and fifty thousand dollars 
was to be given to the Exposition Company. 


NATIONAL LOAN 


The opposition to both of these Bills, as 
has been said, was predicated upon the cer- 


694 


Chairman of the Board of Governors. 


tain failure of the Exposition, but when the 
Exposition Company requested a loan of one 
million dollars there was less antagonism evi- 
denced. Congress granted the request and took 
as security for repayment only a proportion 
of the gate and concession receipts. It must 
have been obvious to every intelligent member 
of Congress that the Exposition would un- 
doubtedly succeed if it was able to repay the 
Government loan through the channels pre- 
seribed by the Bill. The Exposition was obli- 
gated to repay into the Treasury of the United 
States forty per cent of its gross receipts from 
concessions and admissions. 


SHOWING OF CONCESSIONS AND 
ADMISSIONS 
The Concessions and Admissions report 


showed that admissions yielded six hundred 
and fifty-two thousand four hundred and fifty- 
four dollars and forty-five cents, and that the 
Concessions Department collected two hundred 
and seventy-five thousand six hundred and 
seventy-five dollars and forty-eight cents, or a 
total from both sources of nine hundred and 
twenty-eight thousand one hundred and twenty- 
nine dollars and ninety-three cents. It would 
have required joint receipts from these depart- 
ments of exactly two million five hundred thou- 
sand dollars to have liquidated the Government 
loan. Certainly, ten per cent of this total, or 
two hundred and fifty thousand dollars would 
have defrayed all of the extra expenses inci- 
dent to handling the larger crowd and there 
would have been left a credit balance for the 
Exposition amounting to the difference between 
two millon five hundred thousand dollars and 
one million one hundred and_ seventy-eight 
thousand one hundred and twenty-nine dollars 
and ninety-three cents, or approximately one 
million three hundred and twenty-two thousand 
dollars. As it was, the Exposition repaid one 
hundred and ten thousand dollars into the Na- 
tional Treasury, and, deducting eight hundred 
and ninety thousand dollars from the amount 
stated, the Exposition treasury would have had 
four hundred and thirty-two thousand dollars 
to liquidate its obligations after repaying the 
entire Government loan—all of this being pre- 
dicated upon two million five hundred thousand 
dollars of receipts. 

Until a division of exploitation and exhibits 
was created in the fall of 1905, the duties of 
the first topic had been directed by the Chair- 
man of the Board. For a long while this was 
the only operating department of the Exposi- 
tion, and when matters of legislation were 
inaugurated the duties which were similar were 
directed by the Chairman. As one who has 
had experience may speak with conviction, the 
writer would state that the officer who has 
charge of one of these topics should always 
direct the other, for they are most closely 
joined, not only in methods, but in results. 


SCOPE OF EXPOSITION 


The purpose of the Exposition Company, 
and certainly the desire of a majority of its 
Directors and Officers in the beginning, was to 
ereate an historical and not an industrial dis- 
play. While it was recognized that certain 
commercial showings must necessarily be made, 
it seemed to be the general opinion that the 
sentimental and patriotic side of the celebration 
should be most accentuated. As a consequence, 
the earlier exploitation was primarily founded 
on historic themes and such matter as was 
prepared for newspapers, magazines, pamph- 
lets, or special papers to be read before differ- 
ent societies all dealt with the history of James- 


695 


town and its effect upon the Nation. Resulting 
from this policy, there was created a sentiment 
that later became most beneficial to the cele- 
bration, namely, a strong interest among the 
patriotic societies of the country. The great 
exhibits which in the History Building were 
made by the Daughters of the American Revo- 
lution and by the National Society of Colonial 
Dames of America, may be traced directly to 
the earher exploitation of the Company; and 
the desire to co-operate in the celebration which 
many of the strong National organizations evi- 
denced before the close of 1905, determined the 
Chairman of the Board to continue as manager 
of Congresses and Special Events after the 
Division of Exploitation was separated into 
departments thereafter known as ‘‘Exploita- 
tion’’ and ‘‘Congresses and Special Events.’’ 
As a matter of fact, the direction of this de- 
partment, except for a very brief and incon- 
siderable period, was the province of the Chair- 
man from the time the Board organized until 
it was superseded by a Director-General in 
July, 1907. The report of R. H. Sexton, one 
time Chief of the Department of Congresses 
and Special Events and later the Director, will 
show in detail what was accomplished in the 
way of awakening the interest and inducing 
the co-operation of organizations, as well as the 
means provided to afford entertainment for 
visitors. 


POWER OF CHAIRMAN 


Notwithstanding the construction of the 
rules which obtained among the individual 


Governors, the Chairman was at least nomin- 
ally at all times the Chief Executive of the 
Company, and matters which did not fall 
naturally under the direction of a Governor 
of some division were supervised by the Chair- 
man, to whom also from time to time important 
subjects were especially referred. Two of these 
particularly may be mentioned, each of them 
important if not determining—railway  sub- 
scriptions and the labor question. The former 
was left practically to the sole direction of the 
Chairman and the latter was principally di- 
rected by him. As regards the subscriptions 
made by the transportation companies main- 
taining terminals at Norfolk, it may be said 
that the resolution of the Transportation Com- 
mittee, when it voted to purchase the shares 
of the Exposition Company, carried a proviso 
which made the agreement at best tentative and 
undoubtedly difficult to enforce had the sub- 
seribing parties determined to make a legal 
fight against the enforcement. But, on the 
other hand, it is certain that there was a moral 
obligation to subscribe and this view, which 
the Chairman emphasized in all his negotia- 
tions, could not be evaded. The success of 
these negotiations made the Exposition pos- 
sible, for during the time they were progressing 
other subscribers were very loath to pay and 
unquestionably collections from individuals 
would have been made largely through legal 
channels if the principal subseribers had failed 
to keep their tentative agreement. 


LABOR QUESTIONS 


In the matter of labor, a problem that de- 
manded a solution, there is much that might 
be said, but a brief outline must suffice. While 
he was Chairman of the Grounds and Buildings 
Committee the subject of employing union or 
non-union labor at the Exposition was referred 
to the writer, who at that time was directing 
all matters affecting buildings. At his request, 
a special committee was appointed to assist 
him in the adjudication of this subject. This 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


committee consisted of C. Brooks Johnston, 
Chairman; 8. S. Nottingham, T. J. Wool, Bar- 
ton Myers and W. EK. Barrett. The committee 
was, to a certain extent, influenced by the 
interest which the local unions had manifested 
regarding the Exposition, but this did not de- 


termine their course. There were a number 
of conferences between the committee as a 


whole, a few members of the committee or the 
Chairman alone, representing the Exposition, 
and, on the other hand, the labor delegations, 
and it must be said that the demands of or- 
ganized labor, as made by the spokesmen of 
the various unions, could not be considered 
unfair. The committee resolved finally that 
only union labor should be employed by the 
Exposition Company, and that the good offices 
of the Company should be used to influence the 
employment of union labor for the construction 
of buildings to be erected at the Exposition by 
exhibitors, concessionaires and State Commis- 
sioners. The Exposition Company had at no 
time cause to regret this decision. There were 
few disputes, and they were amicably adjusted. 
The writer can pay this compliment to the 
various trade unions unhesitatingly, for prac- 
tically every dispute which did oceur at the 
Exposition not only came under his personal 
view, but was generally settled by him with 
the representatives of the various trades. 


FINANCIAL FAILURE 


Now, it is a fact that the Exposition failed 
financially, largely by reason of its incomplete- 
ness on Opening Day, and it is, therefore, not 
nnreasonable to say that had no time been lost 
getting from Congress first recognition, then 
the small sum that was appropriated to aid the 
Exposition, and finally the Government loan in 
the spring of 1906 instead of February, 1907, 
there is no question that everything would have 
been ready on Opening Day, and that the 
Exposition would have been as supremely 
beautiful and attractive at the beginning as 
it was during its closing months. In the judg- 
ment of experts if this had been the condition, 
the Exposition would have recorded an un- 
precedented triumph, a success without any 
question from its opening until its close. The 
principal handicap at all times was lack of 
available funds. 

In conclusion, the writer seizes the oppor- 
tunity to express his appreciation of the 
individual services rendered by the various 


i 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


™~ = - at 


members of the Board of Governors. Though 
disagreeing with them entirely in regard to 
their conception of their duties, he cheerfully 
testifies his conviction that each member acted 
solely with a view to the good of the Company 
so far as he was able to appreciate where the 
good lay. He does not question that each man 
did his best and that mistakes when made 
were deeply regretted by those who had been 
unfortunate enough to make them, but it is his 
positive opinion that no Exposition can possess 
a chance for success unless one man directs it. 
A governing board composed of five, six or 
seven co-ordinate and equal members is a 
dangerous experiment. That such an organiza- 
tion invites failure is a solemn conviction of 
the writer who believes that in the case of the 
Jamestown Exposition the system did more 
than anything else to contribute to the financial 
disaster. 


DRAWBACK OF SYSTEM 


The accounts of the Exposition could not 
possibly have become so involved if one man 
had possessed the right to demand statements 
whenever he saw fit and from whomsoever he 
chose, with the understanding that instant dis- 
missal would follow the refusal or inability of 
an. officer to make such a statement. Obvi- 
ously, 1t was impossible for any co-ordinate 
officer of the Company to make such a demand 
upon a fellow official. The desire of one de- 
partment to spend money utterly dispropor- 
tionate to its actual needs could have been 
peremptorily stopped if one man had possessed 
autocratic power, but it was extremely difficult 
to get the Board of Governors to act jointly 
against some Governor of the Board. These 
views are not stated here academically or as 
hypothetical subjects, because the Chairman 
advised either that he be empowered to control 
statements and expenditures or that the Board 
exercise the power which they had taken. On 
one occasion drastic action was recommended 
very strongly, but the advice was disregarded. 
As stated in the first part of this paper, the 
writer believes that the Directors intended con- 
ferring sufficient power on the Chairman and 
that the by-laws gave him adequate scope, but 
the views of the Governors were at variance 
with the laws of the Company and there was 
no concentration of executive power. 

Respectfully yours, 
C. Brooks JOHNSTON. 


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+ AGUMAREReaEE: 


SERVICE BUILDING 


696 


STATEMENT OF JAMES M. BARR 
DiRECTOR-GENERAL JULY 15-OcToBER 5, 1907 


Editor Official History, 
Jamestown Exposition. 

Sir :—I have been asked by the publishers of 
the Jamestown Exposition Blue Book for a 
statement showing my connection with the 
Exposition, and in comphance submit the fol- 
lowing: 

The Exposition was opened April 26, 1907, 
in a condition of great incompleteness as to 
grounds, buildings, exhibits, and attractions to 
draw attendance. The Board of Governors of 
the Exposition Company, being without funds 
to complete the Exposition, entered into an 
agreement early in June with the Norfolk 
bankers, under which the latter agreed to pur- 
chase one hundred thousand dollars first mort- 
gage bonds of the Jamestown Exposition Com- 
pany, the money paid therefor to be used in 
completing the Exposition (only about forty- 
eight thousand dollars of this amount was so 
applied, the balance having been used by the 
bankers to meet obligations theretofore in- 
curred); they to be placed in control of its 
expenditure and of all expenditures made by 
the Exposition Company thereafter during the 
life of such agreement; such control to be exer- 
cised through an Advisory Committee to be 
selected by them. I was asked to serve in this 
capacity and, after being placed in practical 
control of the management of the Exposition in 
such capacity by the Board of Governors, con- 
sented to do so wholly as a public duty and 
without compensation. 

I immediately took charge of the work and 
found, according to the statement of the Au- 
ditor, that the obligations of the Exposition 
Company were approximately seven hundred 
thousand dollars (this was afterwards found to 
be approximately one million two hundred 
thousand dollars), in addition to the Govern- 
ment loan of one million dollars, as shown by 
the records of the Auditor’s office; and that the 
earnings of the Exposition from admissions and 
concessions (after deducting the percentage 
due the United States Government) had been 
largely insufficient to meet the wages of the 
employees; that no money (nor credit) what- 
ever was available for the purchase of supplies 
required for the proper conduct of the Exposi- 
tion; for properly advertising it throughout the 
country ; or for the presentation of a creditable 
Exposition. 

Being unwilling to be held in any manner 
responsible for this condition, which I was then 
powerless to relieve, I declined to act further 
for the Exposition until money was provided to 
meet its immediate needs, complete it as origin- 
ally designed, and conduct it to a conclusion 
in a thoroughly ereditable manner. 

During this time I was, without my knowl- 
edge or consent, elected Director-General of the 
Exposition Company by its directors, but as I 
was unwilling to bear the responsibility for the 
failure of the Exposition, which was then 
threatened, I declined the office. 

Subsequently, at a meeting of the Norfolk 
bankers and representatives of transportation 
lines entering Norfolk, when the latter sub- 
seribed for one hundred and eighty thousand 
dollars of the first mortgage bonds of the 
Jamestown Exposition Company, to provide 
money for settling with the len creditors 
thereof, having been assured that no man pos- 


697 


sessing public confidence would accept the posi- 
tion if I declined it, and that, in consequence, 
the Exposition would be threatened with fail- 
ure, I consented to take charge of its manage- 
ment, provided the United States Government 
would consent to the use of receipts from ad- 
missions and concessions so far as might be 
necessary to meet the operating expenses of 
the Exposition (the Government was entitled, 
under the terms of the one-million-dollar loan, 
to forty per cent of receipts from admissions 
and concessions from opening of the Exposition 
up to July 31 and, commencing with that day, 
to one hundred thousand dollars semi-monthly 
until the close thereof, November 30) ; and that, 
in addition, a fund of one hundred thousand 
dollars be raised to assure the completion of 
the Exposition and its conduct to a successful 
conclusion. 

Immediately thereafter I was, with my con- 
sent, again elected Director-General of the 
Exposition Company by its Directors, and was 
upon the day of such election advised thereof 
by a committee appointed for the purpose, of 
which the President of the Exposition Company 
was chairman; and was strongly urged thereby 
to accept the office that day, in order to assure 
the pubhe that the Exposition would be carried 
to a conclusion. This I declined to do until the 
conditions named above were made effective. 

I obtained the consent of the Government 
to the arrangement proposed; and, the fund 
named having been subscribed, I accepted the 
office, July 12, upon the condition that I be 
placed in sole control of the management of 
the Exposition. This condition was accepted 
by the Directors, and the by-laws of the Com- 
pany were amended so as to place such control 
in me. 

Upon taking charge of the Exposition as 
Director-General, I reorganized the working 
force on a commercial basis; provided out of 
receipts money for advertising the Exposition 
throughout the country; for furnishing attrac- 
tions on the Grounds to draw the puble 
thereto, being convinced that the exhibits 
alone would not do so; and pressed the work of 
completing the Exposition as rapidly as con- 
ditions permitted. These expenditures and 
this work had an immediate effect to increase 
attendance, which continued to grow until the 
middle of September. 

During the time I was in charge of the 
Exposition, moneys approximately as stated 
were provided out of its receipts for the fol- 
lowing purposes, in addition to meeting ordi- 
nary operating expenses: Advertising, seventy- 
five thousand dollars; musie and other attrac- 
tions, fifty thousand dollars; completion of 
grounds and buildings, twenty-one thousand 
dollars (in addition to one hundred thousand 
dollars provided for this purpose through the 
Norfolk bankers and the Jamestown Stock 
Subseription Underwriting Committee) ; repay- 
ment Government loan, fifty thousand dollars. 
Further, moneys to the extent of approximately 
forty thousand dollars, due from exhibitors for 
space, had been pledged to secure loans previ- 
ously made, and moneys from this source were, 
therefore, not available for meeting operating 
expenses. 

Of the one hundred thousand dollars sub- 
seribed under the Jamestown Stock Subsecrip- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


tion Underwriting Agreement, but. fifty-four 
thousand dollars were delivered to me, of which 
amount fifty-two thousand dollars were ex- 
pended in completing grounds and buildings; 
one thousand dollars toward payment of bill 
of the Washington restauranteur who provided 
banquet given President Roosevelt on the 
opening day (the balance, thirty-five hundred 
dollars, having been paid by me out of re- 
ceipts) ; and one thousand dollars in payment 
to the widow of the first President of the 
Exposition under resolution of the Board of 
Directors thereof (passed prior to my conneec- 
tion with the Exposition) to pay her ten thou- 
sand dollars. 

Friction in connection with a detail of man- 
agement having arisen between the President 
of the Exposition Company and me, and the 
Directors thereof failing to support the by-laws 
of the Company, I tendered my resignation as 
Director-General on September 16; the Board 
of Directors having declined to accept same at 
the meeting held on the twenty-fourth day of 
September, I again tendered my resignation 
in the following letter, and it was then (Octo- 
ber 5, 1907) accepted: 

Norfolk, Va., September 30, 1907. 
To the Board of Directors, 
Jamestown Exposition Company. 

Gentlemen:—I have received your request adopted 
at your meeting held on the twenty-fourth instant 
(with, I am informed, but one dissenting vote), that 
I withdraw my resignation as Director-General, ten- 
dered upon the sixteenth instant, and I beg to say 
in reply, after full consideration, that, while I greatly 
value and fully appreciate this expression of confidence 
in me, I cannot do so under the conditions existirg, 
and therefore beg to ask that I be relieved at once. 

In accepting the Director-Generalship of the Exposi- 
tion, at a time when the resources of your Company 
were exhausted, and when the Exposition, in conse- 
quence, faced disaster, I was morally bound to serve 
it in this capacity until it had been conducted to a 
conclusion if the conditions imposed by me, accepted 
by you and incorporated in your by-laws, were recog- 
nized and enforced. This, for reasons satisfactory to 
you, has not been done, and being, in consequence, 
powerless to do the things for the Exposition which 
its reputation and success, in my opinion, demanded, 
I requested to be relieved of the duties of Director- 
General as soon as the Exposition was completed in 
a thorough manner as a creditable Exposition, believ- 
ing my full obligation thereto had been performed, 
under the circumstances existing. 

As the Exposition has been completed, it can now 
be easily conducted to a conclusion, if discord be 
eliminated from its management; and if I can be of 
any further service, in an unofficial capacity, I would 
be glad to have you call upon me. 

I beg to express, through you, my thorough apprecia- 
tion of, and thanks for, the urgent requests made 
upon you by the members of the State Commissioners’ 


—_ —— ’ 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


CENTRAL GROUP OF BUILDINGS 


Association, the Business Men of Norfolk, and the 
Coneessionaires, that I be induced to continue to serve 
as Director-General, and to say that 1 would have 
pleasure in complying with their wishes if it were 
possible for me to do so. 
Yours very truly, 
(Signed) J. M. Barr. 

The Jamestown Exposition was a success in 
every way except pecuniarily ; as an Exposition 
it reflected credit upon its promoters, designers, 
the State of Virginia, and the Nation. For the 
reasons stated below, it was impossible for it 
to sueceed pecuniarily : 

The small population within three hours’ 
ride of the Exposition—all previous expositions 
have drawn from fifty per cent to sixty per 
cent of their attendance from within this 
distance, 

Its incomplete condition upon the opening 
day, which greatly discredited it. 

The late completion of the Government Pier, 
the most beautiful single feature of the Exposi- 
tion. This was not done until September 12, and 
the Exposition could not be considered com- 
plete until that time. 

Hostility of the press, caused by the failure 
of its representatives to receive courteous treat- 
ment from the management on the opening day, 
and the placing of paid advertising matter in 
one paper only at the time of the opening. 

Insufficient advertising—the work of adver- 
tising was not undertaken systematically until 
the middle of July, as money required therefor 
was not earlier available; and at no time was 
sufficient money available to do this work thor- 
oughly and efficiently; in consequence, the 
pubhe was not fully informed of the holding 
of the Exposition. The best advertising se- 
cured was from visitors to the Exposition who 
were pleased therewith, and, returning home, 
so advised their friends. This form of adver- 
tising did not become effective until the com- 
pletion of the Government Pier. 

Inadequate service for the transportation of 
people between Norfolk and the Exposition. 

These conditions were clearly seen by me 
when I consented to take charge of the man- 
agement of the Exposition; and my sole hope 
and purpose then was to complete and conduct 
it to a conclusion as a thoroughly creditable 
Exposition, believing, if this were done, all 
that could be would be done, and that the 
people of the South would have no cause for 
humiliation therein. 

Respectfully yours, 
(Signed) J. M. Barr. 


698 


STATEMENT OF ALVAH H. MARTIN 
DirEcTOR-GENERAL OcTOBER 5-NoVEMBER 30, 1907 


Editor Official History, 
Jamestown Exposition. 

Sir:—Complying with your request for a 
statement of my services as Director-General 
of the Jamestown Exposition Company, I take 
pleasure in submitting the following: 

I was elected Director-General by the Di- 
rectors of the Company at a meeting held 
Saturday, October 5, and | assumed the duties 
of the position on the Monday following. I 
fully appreciated at the time the honor which 
my fellow-Directors conferred on me, but at 
the same time realized the responsibilities at- 
taching to the office, and, in view of the condi- 
tions then obtaining, I knew that the labors 
would be onerous, the difficulties many and the 
end problematical. 

It is, perhaps, needless for me to say that I 
was not a candidate for the position. No man 
possessing average business acumen would 
wish to undertake a work which promised 
failure as an almost inevitable ending. At 
best, only a partial success was possible. As 
a matter of fact, the main object of my solici- 
tude was so to conduct the affairs of the Com- 
pany as to insure the completion of the Expo- 
sition period in a creditable manner and to 
keep the gates open until the night of Novem- 
ber 30. The conditions which confronted me 
when I entered into the office were distressfully 
embarrassing. There were many obligations 
which had been incurred previously and there 
was practically an empty treasury. All of 
these debts could not be paid, but it was im- 


perative to meet the September pay-roll and 
to liquidate certain bills for advertising and 


supplies, and a large account for music. To 
pay certain creditors in other lines was not 
only inexpedient but impossible. However, it 
required forty-five thousand dollars to dis- 
charge inevitable obligations assumed prior to 
October 7. 

As a natural result of winter’s approach, the 
attendance decreased, and, to a certain extent, 
this diminution might also be traced to the 
adverse reports of administrative misunder- 
standings, widely disseminated through the 
press of the country. Nevertheless, my rela- 
tions with the officers and employees of the 
Exposition were at all times most pleasant. I 
did not become Director-General for the pur- 
pose of rewarding or punishing, and I asked 
for no personal loyalty; but I demanded that 


those who worked for the pay of the Exposition 
should strive for its success. 

So far as possible economy was_ practiced, 
and to add to the income every effort was made 
to increase the interest in special events. Some 
of the State days and set occasions of October 
and November were surprisingly successful. 

Vigorous efforts were made to attract the 
interest of the people in behalf of local cele- 
brations. The attendance on the dates fixed 
for these occasions, particularly on ‘‘ Norfolk 
Day’”’ and ‘‘ Norfolk County Day,’’ were highly 
eratifying. 

When I accepted the office I promised that 
the business of the Company should be econom- 
ically administered and with no friction which 
could be avoided by my effort, and I faithfully 
kept my word. As Director-General, I received 
no compensation and gave my services freely 
and gladly. During my administration every 
obligation that was assumed was met; and, in 
addition to the payment of forty-five thousand 
dollars on accounts due when I assumed office 
and the liquidation of current debts, the Com- 
pany was able also to pay into the Treasury 
of the United States ten thousand dollars on 
account of its indebtedness due to the Govern- 
ment. 

To have accomplished this result without co- 
operation was impossible, and the business 
administration was upheld and helped by the 
sympathetic assistance of all the officers and 
employees, and by the splendid aid of the 
President of the United States, the representa- 
tives of the Government, the various Governors 
and State Commissioners and the officers of the 
Army and Navy. 

Those who helped to make the Exposition 
were proud of their achievement, for they gave 
to the country an example of patriotic effort 
which should be a source of pride to Virginia 
through all time. Unfortunately, it was in- 
complete until too late to insure its financial 
success, but in other ways it was a veritable 
triumph. No more beautiful and dignified 
celebration was ever held, and I shall always 
esteem it a privilege that I was able as Director- 
General so to hold together the Exposition’s 
forces as to bring the enterprise to a successful 
conclusion on the date officially announced in 
the Act of Congress providing for the same. 

Respectfully yours, 
(Signed) Anvan H. Martin. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


THE ELECTRIC FOUNTAIN 


699 


THE DIVISION OF WAYS AND MEANS 


HE story of the Ways and Means of an 
Exposition planned to cost two million 
dollars, which ultimately developed 
into a three-million-dollar enterprise, 

must be a record of strenuous work and 
insatiate demand on ingenuity and resource- 
fulness. Even to secure the amount with 
which to create the Exposition according to 
its original plans presented difficulties. When 
Exposition operations were begun the only 
apparently available sources for funds were 
the subscriptions to the two classes of the 
Company’s stocks. The common was assessed 
to yield by installments running over a period 
of several years, enough to pay for the land, 
and the sales of preferred stock would give to 
the Treasury five hundred and sixty thousand 
dollars approximately, provided that there were 
no delinquencies, a contingency that did not 
ensue, for subsequently it proved that not over 
seventy per cent. of this could be collected. 

While similar expansion beyond first  esti- 
mates has been without exception the history 
of all American Expositions, it must be con- 
sidered in estimating the attendant difficulties, 
that never in a community so small as that 
bordering on Hampton Roads had so great an 
Exposition been planned. The actual white 
population of the three Hampton Roads com- 
munities was in 1901 not over sixty thousand, 
and in this total could be counted few men or 
corporations of wealth. Nevertheless, in the 
face of obstacles which might have been 
deemed unsurmountable the Exposition was 
completed, and, though this completion was 
tardy, the finished fair presented an achieve- 
ment marvelous in its beauty, instructiveness 
and impression of permanence. An apprecia- 
tion of these facts will surely grow in this 
country as a prospective is had, and will 
demonstrate the virility of a community which, 
with its limited resources, demonstrated its 
indomitable hopefulness and nerve and created 
an undertaking which has demonstrated to the 
country the enormous possibilities in the 
growth and future commercial supremacy of 
Tidewater Virginia. 

Up to the demands of the original estimates 
funds were supplied and that the one million 
dollars or more excessive cost beyond the 
primal figures remained to be adjusted after 
the closing, was due principally to failure of 
attendance, for instead of five million paid ad- 
missions which were reasonably expected but 
one million four hundred and one thousand 
persons paid at the turnstiles; and, instead of 
approximately two million dollars gate receipts, 
the actual total was less than six hundred and 
fifty thousand. 

The attendance shortage was due largely to 
two basic causes. First, the small population 
of the cities immediately adjacent, militated 


seriously. Second, adverse publicity was es- 
pecially harmful. The widespread and con- 
tinuous advertisement of the Exposition’s 


incompletion and the publicity given to the 
indiscriminate criticism of its management, 
were important contributing factors deterring 
prospective visitors. Added to these were 
other minor causes, among which might be 
noted the hesitancy of the local banks and rail- 
roads to furnish funds for completion, the 
delay in finishing the Government Pier until 
the middle of September, inadequate transpor- 
tation by water between the Exposition, on the 


one hand, and Washington, Baltimore and the 
great cities further north, on the other, and, 
lastly, a cause which operated to largely divert 
local attendance, the inadequate and expensive 
electric car service between Norfolk and the 
grounds, requiring by one line forty-five min- 
utes of travel and a ten-cent fare, and by the 
only other sixty minutes and fifteen cents. As 
regards this latter cause it may be said that 
the Jamestown Exposition was the first one to 
be confronted with an electric car fare greater 
than five cents and none needed such time for 
transit. The Pan-American at Buffalo, an 
enterprise of about equal cost and size and 
which recorded a paid attendance of about five 
million, had a seven minutes trolley ride and 
a five-cent fare. This Exposition is taken as 
a criterion for comparison because its cost was 
approximately the same as that at the Ter- 
Centennial. The areas of the two differ little 
and the population within one hundred and 
fifty miles was nearly the same, while there 
was little to choose between the two in the 
matter of distance transportation facilities. 

Although the Exposition did close its gates 
in debt to an extent of about one million dollars, 
exclusive of its stock indebtedness, it possessed 
an insuperable advantage over all its prede- 
cessors because it had a tangible asset to 
counterbalance this large lability, and it is 
confidently hoped that a sale of the lands which 
had been purchased for the site, will yield a 
sum sufficient to lquidate all the Company’s 
obligations and will demonstrate the commer- 
cial wisdom of its projectors, the creators of the 
Ter-Centennial, while it also demonstrates their 
patriotism which has placed permanently, 
within the cradle of the Republic, monuments 
which likely will last until the nation is called 
upon to celebrate its quadro-Centennial. 

The organizers recognized, in formulating a 
financial plan, that it would be useless to at- 
tempt to raise the money requisite, appropri- 
ately to celebrate the Ter-Centennial, unless 
that plan should offer to the investor a reason- 
able prospect of preserving the money invested ; 
that to build an Exposition on rented land, 
as the other Expositions heretofore held in 
America had been built, and thereby require 
the destruction of all that might be created, 
would not only be an unnecessary waste, but 
would render impossible the effort to obtain 
the money needed. It was, therefore, decided 
to acquire by purchase sufficient land on which 
to eonstruet an Exposition, having that land 
located in the direction of Norfolk’s develop- 
ment, so that it might be an asset of growing 
value after the Exposition, and that a large 
percentage of the expenditure in the improve- 
ment of the land, in making streets and side- 
walks, installing a system of sewerage and 
pipes for the distribution of water and gas, 
would have a salvage value by being available 
in the future development of the land as a 
suburb of Norfolk, and that the ownership of 
the land being secured, the buildings could be 
made more permanent and thereby perpetuated 
as lasting memorials of the event, while to 
some extent saving the investment. 

It having been determined to purchase a site, 
a committee was appointed on August 25, 1902, 
to secure propositions from landowners. Ad- 
vertisement was made in all the papers of the 
adjacent cities, asking for offers of sites. 
Several offers were made, all of which were 


700 


Ways and Means. 


considered by the committee and every site 
offered was visited and examined. It was, how- 
ever, decided that the most eligible was the 
one which was finally purchased—overlooking 
Hampton Roads and owning riparian rights as 
far thereinto as the harbor lines extended. 

The purchase of this site involved long nego- 
tiations and resulted in a price being fixed 
that was only a little more than one-third of 
that first asked. It consisted of about three 
hundred and fifty acres for about one hundred 
and twenty thousand dollars. There were two 
residences on the land, one of which was used 
as an administration or office building during 
the constructive period; the other was devoted 
during the Exposition to the use of women’s 
organizations engaged in philanthropic work. 

No more beautiful site could have been se- 
cured; it was high, level and had a frontage of 
about a mile on Hampton Roads. On it was 
a wealth of native foliage, which was wisely 
utilized by Warren H. Manning of Boston, the 
Landscape Engineer, and not only added to the 
beauty of the landscape effect, but saved a 
great deal of cost for planting. 

The plan for sale of common stock having 
provided for payments on it in instalments 
during 1904-’05-’06-’07, it was necessary to 
stipulate that the land be paid for in instal- 
ments, the deferred payments bearing interest. 
It was estimated that with interest on deferred 
payments the cost of the site would be about 
one hundred and forty thousand dollars. Five 
hundred thousand dollars common stock being 
contemplated, the payments thereon were fixed 
at twenty-eight per cent., payable eight per 
cent. January 1, 1906; seven per cent. each 
January 1, 1905 and 1906, and six per cent. 
January 1, 1907, to yield the requisite one 
hundred and forty thousand dollars to pay for 
the land. The sale of one block of fifty thou- 
sand dollars stock afterwards fell through; 
purchasers of some of the remaining four hun- 
dred and fifty thousand dollars did not pay the 
installments due on it, and a shortage of re- 
sources resulted from these two causes. The 
management later found it necessary to pur- 
chase for sixteen thousand dollars about 
twenty acres of additional land lying along 
Hampton Roads at the mouth of Boush Creek. 
The above shrinkage of resources from stock 
defaults and the additional purchase of land 
caused the unpaid fifty-four thousand dollars 
indebtedness on the site which remained when 
the Exposition opened. 


A TWO MILLION DOLLAR EXPOSITION 


It was contemplated that an Exposition of 
moderate size should be created, historical and 
educational in its scope, but without attempt- 
ing large exhibits of a commercial and indus- 
trial character. Such an Exposition it was 
estimated could be constructed for about two 
million dollars, which might be secured by 
sales of stock and by donations from the 
United States, the State of Virginia, and from 
the cities adjacent to the site. The Legislature 
of Virginia, in granting the charter, March 
10, 1902, stipulated that it should be void unless 
one million dollars should have been subseribed 
to the capital stock of the Company on or be- 
fore January 1, 1904. It was provided by the 
charter that the stock of the company should 
be exempt from all taxation. 

Although complete organization could not 
be effected until the condition of the charter 
had been complhed with and one million dollars 
subseribed—on January 1, 1904—muech_ that 
was preliminary and fundamental to the Ex- 
position was worked out during the three pre- 
ceding years. As soon as the movement in 


701 


favor of the Ter-Centennial Celebration began 
to take definite form, a fund was secured, in 
1901-2, for preliminary expenses, by subserip- 
tions from Norfolk County and the cities on 
Hampton Roads— 

Nortolke County subseriupin ssn «cies + tele e $ 682.94 


Nort ole Out vasemeur caters tera eunccQeis eicv creme sus easie 1,426.90 
POYtSIMO UG ORE at rebtottase: sapere cheers © sce-dlauels onehote 475.63 
ING W DOT TMING Wistert arsine ws aiateciele os aerotye aie 757.37 
Berkelevgaemeupicrescrert ke eiacckePeys aiciets in se arats) shy 300.00 

$3,642.84 


SECURING SUBSCRIPTIONS 


The incorporators issued a prospectus pro- 
viding that two classes of stock should be 
created, one million dollars preferred stock, 
which would entitle the holder to receive six 
per cent. interest, principal and interest to be 
paid by the Exposition Company as soon as 
possible after the close of the Exposition; and, 
five hundred thousand dollars of common 
stock, to be known as ‘‘Guarantee Stock.’’ 
The prefered stock was to be paid for in full 
in installments during the years 1904, 1905, 
1906; the common stock, to be paid up to the 
extent of twenty-eight per cent., which was 
estimated to be sufficient to purchase the land, 
leaving the remainder due on common stock 
subject to call by the directors only for the 
payment of debts or for the redemption of 
preferred stock. The prospectus was issued 
and sale of stock begun. During the Spring 
and Summer of 1903, the sale of stock having 
been irregularly prosecuted by Sub-Committees 
from the Executive Committee, it was decided 
to employ Theodore J. Wool as Special Agent. 
He was empowered to open an office in the At- 
lantic Hotel in Norfolk and to conduct from 
there, as a headquarters, a vigorous campaign 
for the purpose of selling sufficient preferred 
and common stock by December 31, to comply 
with the requirements of the charter, and make 
it effective at that time. He was aided by the 
Secretary, Gwynn T. Shepperd. The sale of 
stock was vigorously pushed, and on December 
31, five hundred thousand dollars of common 
stock, and six hundred and twelve thousand 
two hundred and fifty-two dollars of preferred 
stock was announced as sold. The charter was 
thereby made effective, although later a num- 
ber of subscribers failed to meet the calls made 
on their stock subscriptions, and by their fail- 
ure seriously embarrassed the Company. On 
March 15, 1902, the passage was secured of 
an Act of the Legislature authorizing Boards 
of Supervisors of counties, and councils of 
cities and towns of the Commonwealth to sub- 
scribe to the capital stoek of the Jamestown 
Exposition Company, and to contribute to the 
objects for which the Company was _ incor- 
porated. 

Immediately on the assembling of the Legis- 
lature in December, 1902, a bill was introduced 
appropriating two hundred thousand dollars 
as a donation from the State in aid of the 
Exposition. It was urged that this appropria- 
tion was necessary not only for the pecuniary 
aid it would furnish, but because until the 
State of Virginia did what might be reason- 
ably expected, it would be useless to request 
aid from the United States Government. The 
Legislature, in the face of strenuous opposition, 
passed, by a close vote, the appropriation of 
two hundred thousand dollars in aid of the 
Exposition, subject to the condition that fifty 
thousand dollars should only be paid when the 
Exposition Company should have collected two 
hundred and fifty thousand dollars from bona 
fide subscriptions to its stoek, and the remain- 
ing one hundred and fifty thousand dollars 
could be paid only when an additional two 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


hundred and fifty thousand dollars should have 
been raised from its stock subscriptions, and 
that must be prior to January 12, 1906. 

Early in December, 1905, the requisite two 
hundred and fifty thousand dollars having been 
collected from stock subscriptions, fifty thou- 
sand dollars, forming the first portion of the 
Virginia State appropriation, was received. It 
then, however, became evident that the requisite 
additional two hundred and fifty thousand dol- 
lars would not be collected from the stock- 
holders within the required time to prevent 
forfeiture of the remaining one hundred and 
fifty thousand dollars, due by the State. 

The Company then faced an appalling emer- 
gency. If the remainder of the State appropria- 
tion were forfeited, the strength of the oppo- 
sition in Virginia would, in all probability, 
prevent a re-appropriation by the Legislature, 
which soon was to assemble; and the failure to 
secure the appropriation made by the State of 
Virginia would probably render futile any 
effort to secure direct aid or further partici- 
pation from the National Government. The 
condition presented such a erisis in the affairs 
of the Company that for a time a collapse of 
the whole enterprise seemed likely, unless the 
appropriation of the State could be saved. At 
a meeting of the Executive Committee, a sub- 
committee was appointed to suggest some 
course for raising the requisite two hundred 
and fifty thousand dollars from stock. This 
Committee, not having submitted a plan, the 
Board of Governors referred the matter to the 
head of the Division of Ways and Means, who 
opened negotiations with the Atlantie Trust 
and Deposit Company, and formulated a propo- 
sition, whereby it was proposed to sell to the 
Trust Company for two hundred and fifty thou- 
sand dollars the uncollected balances due or to 
become due on common and preferred stock, 
subject to the condition that, as the subscrip- 
tions were paid they would be used for the 
redemption of the purchase, and that whenever 
the Bank shall have received two hundred and 
fifty thousand dollars, plus five thousand dol- 
lars as its compensation, it would re-assign the 
stock to the Exposition Company, provided it 
shall have received these amounts within eigh- 
teen months. 

The sale of stock subseriptions, with the right 
of redemption, avoided the objectionable feat- 
ure of a loan. It was not a loan, because the 
Exposition Company undertook no obligation 
to refund the two hundred and fifty thousand 
dollars advanced by the Trust Company which 
had to secure its money from the collections 
on stock. It was true that the Officers and 
Members of the Board of Governors gave to 
the Trust Company their personal obligation 
of $25,000 as additional security, and a lien 
was executed by the Company in favor of the 
Bank on the first one hundred thousand dollars 
to be collected from coneession rights. This 
proposition, submitted by the Governor of 
Ways and Means, received the approval of the 
Board of Governors, and was endorsed by the 
committee which had been appointed by the 
Executive Committee and by the Board of 
Directors. The necessary contract with the 
Atlantic Trust and Deposit Company was duly 
executed and the sum of two hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars immediately passed to the 
eredit of the Exposition Company, and was sub- 
ject to its cheek. Demand was therefore made 
upon the Treasury of the State, and the remain- 
ing one hundred and fifty thousand dollars of 
the appropriation was paid. 

After the contract was closed with the 
Atlantie Trust and Deposit Company that 
company left the collection of the stock sub- 
seriptions in the hands of this Division, and 


during the year 1906 the collection from the 
stockholders was pushed as rapidly as possible, 
all amounts as collected being passed to the 
Atlantic Trust and Deposit Company. 

When the session of the General Assembly 
convened in January, 1906, a bill was intro- 
duced at once to provide for an additional 
appropriation of one hundred and fifty thou- 
sand dollars by the State of Virginia, one-half 
to be used for the erection of a State Building, 
and the other for assembling a suitable exhibit 
of the State’s resources. This bill was after- 
wards modified and approved, March 10, 1906. 
One hundred thousand dollars was appropri- 
ated by the Legislature, of which twenty-five 
thousand dollars was to be utilized for a State 
Building, five thousand dollars for furnishing 
the headquarters and the remainder for pur- 
poses of exhibit and entertainment other than 
the sum of twenty-five hundred dollars, which 
was given to the Association for the Preserva- 
tion of Virginia Antiquities, for the erection 
of a building at Jamestown Island. 

At one time an application had been made 
to the Councils of the City of Norfolk for an 
appropriation of two hundred thousand dollars, 
and this was referred to a special committee. 
No further action, however, by the city was 
ever taken on this matter, because of the ob- 
jection urged against the right, which the city, 
under the Constitution of the State, might have 
to appropriate money for such an object. For 
this reason, the idea originally had of applying 
for appropriations to the cities of Portsmouth 
and Newport News, and to the County of Nor- 
folk and other adjacent counties was aban- 
doned. However, as later will be shown, the 
Councils of Norfolk appropriated money for 
improvments, and utilities necessary for the 
Exposition. The aggregate amount of these 
appropriations amounted to little less than the 
sum originally requested. 


CONGRESSIONAL AID SOLICITED 


In January, 1904, a Bill was prepared asking 
the Congress of the United States to appro- 
priate three million dollars to aid the Exposi- 
tion. After this Bill had been presented to 
Congress a number of architects and engineers, 
associating themselves into a co-partnership, 
presented to the Exposition a plan for the de- 
velopment of its grounds and the construction 
of its buildings. Their estimate of the total 
cost of the undertaking was four million five 
hundred thousand dollars. This did not inelude 
any expenses other than those incident to actual 
building and landscape work. 

This was a Presidential year, and the feeling 
in Congress was strenuously against any appro- 
priations for other than absolutely necessary 
purposes, especially in view of the fact that 
the Treasury expected to face a considerable 
deficit. As a consequence, the Bill was with- 
drawn until the second session of the Fifty- 
eighth Congress, which convened the December 
following. Meanwhile the Jamestown Expo- 
sition Company had entered into an agreement 
with other landscape designers and architects 
who were known then as ‘‘The Associated 
Architects and Engineers,’’ and later as ‘‘The 
Exposition Board of Design,’’ and all of the 
work of designing and planning of the Expo- 
sition was left exclusively in their hands. 

A Bill was introduced December 5, 1904, 
and referred to the Select Committee on In- 
dustrial Arts and Expositions. After a number 
of hearings it was reported on February 14, 
1905, to the Committee of the Whole House. 
Under the amended Bill, Congress was asked to 
appropriate two million dollars. It was _ pro- 
vided in this Bill that twenty acres of land 


702 


Ways and Means. 


should be conveyed by the Exposition Company 
to the Government of the United States, and 
that as much of this money as might be neces- 
sary could be used by the Secretary of the 
Treasury to erect on this land buildings which 
were to be the property of the Exposition 
Company during its existence and would later 


revert to the Government for use as naval 
barracks. 
It was at that time still the idea of the 


Exposition management not to make extensive 
the industrial and commercial exhibit features 
of the Exposition, and such was also the senti- 
ment of the friends of the Exposition in Con- 
gress. The opposition, however, in Congress 
to any appropriation, in direct aid of the Expo- 
sition, even though only historical and eduea- 


tional in its scope, was so potential that all 
direct appropriation was eliminated from the 
bill. 


On March 3, 1905, a Bill was passed, au- 
thorizing the President of the United States 
by proclamation to invite participation of all 
foreign Nations in a rendezvous of their ships 
and soldiers, in Hampton Roads, Va., and 
appropriating two hundred thousand dollars to 
be expended in entertainment and other mat- 
ters in connection with the Army and Navy 
features, and fifty thousand dollars for the 
erection of a monument on Jamestown Island. 


APPROPRIATION GRANTED 


During the Autumn of 1905, a Bill was 
adopted providing for governmental aid along 
certain specifie lines, in furtherance of matters 
growing out of, and ancillary to that part of the 
celebration for which the United States Govern- 
ment had already assumed responsibility by its 
invitation to foreign countries to participate 
with their ships and soldiers. The Government 
was asked to provide a Club Building for en- 
tertainment of officers of the Army and Navy; 
another as a place of rendezvous for soldiers 
and sailors of our own and of foreign countries ; 
to erect suitable buildings and assemble such 
exhibits as the Government had heretofore as- 
sembled in its buildings at other Expositions ; 
to appropriate the sum of four hundred thou- 
sand dollars for the construction of the Piers 
and Basin, which had been made a main feature 
of the Exposition plan, and which would serve 
as a convenient and suitable place of landing 
from ships assembled in Hampton Roads. The 
Government was also asked to appropriate, in 
direct aid of the Exposition, the sum of a 
million dollars, as its contribution to the cost 
of the improvements on the Grounds, and of 
the various utilities which were necessary to 
make creditable to the Nation even that part 
of the celebration which the Government had 
undertaken—the assembly of ships and soldiers 
of all nations at Hampton Roads. Six months 
were consumed in Congress because of the 
strenuous opposition to further appropriation 
in any form by the Government. It was not 
until June 30, 1906, on the last day of the 
session, that a Bill appropriating a total of 
one million three hundred and fifteen thousand 
dollars was allowed to pass as a rider placed 
in the Senate on the Sundry Civil Appropria- 
tion Bill. The one million dollars direct appro- 
priation asked for was cut down to two hundred 
and fifty thousand dollars, and was the only 
amount appropriated by the Bill which the 
management of the Exposition Company could 
control the expenditure of. It was stipulated 
that it should only be paid over when it should 
be shown that the Exposition Company had 
expended five hundred thousand dollars of its 
own money for the purposes of the Exposition 
other than salaries. This exhibit of expendi- 


703 


tures was made and approved by the Treasury 
Department on October 26, 1906, at which time 
one hundred and eleven thousand nine hundred 
and eighty-five dollars and fifty-six cents was 
paid into the Treasury of the Company, the 
remaining one hundred and thirty-eight thou- 
sand fourteen dollars and forty-four cents was 
paid November 15, 1906. The Government 
Appropriation Bill carried additional appro- 
priations amounting to five hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars, to be expended for the 
erection of the Exhibit Buildings and Club 
Buildings, under the supervision and direction 
of the Board created by the Act of March 3, 
1905, and composed of the Secretaries of the 
Treasury, War and Navy; four hundred thou- 
sand dollars for the erection of the Great Piers 
and Basin heretofore referred to, to be con- 
structed under the direction of the War De- 
partment by plans prepared by the Exposition 
Company ; twenty-five thousand dollars for Pier 
and other items at Jamestown Island, and one 
hundred thousand dollars in aid of the Negro 
Development and Exposition Company for the 
erection of a building and the cost of assembling 
an exhibit showing the progress and work of 
the Negro race. The appropriation having been 
passed on June 30, 1906, plans for the Piers 
were prepared by the Board of Design as 
rapidly as possible, and submitted to the War 
Department for approval, and bids for econ- 
struction were advertised for. The first bids 
received were so much in excess of the appro- 
priation that they required alterations and 
amendments. This involved additional loss of 
time, so that it was not until November 1, 
1906, that the contract was finally let to 
Seofield Company of Philadelphia, for the 
erection of the Pier for three hundred and 
eighty-five thousand dollars, under a penalty 
of one hundred dollars per day to have it 
completed by May 1, 1907, that date being five 
days after the date fixed for the opening of the 
Exposition. It may be noted that this pier was 
not completed until September 14—four and a 
half months after the opening of the Exposition. 
Had not six months, however, been lost through 
the opposition in Congress to the passage of 
the Bill in aid of the Exposition Company, the 
Pier might have been built in ample time, and 
it would have been at the opening of the Expo- 
sition the architectural feature and attraction, 
which it proved during the closing weeks of 
the Exposition; and had it been thus completed 
at the opening of the Exposition, it would have 
largely contributed to its popularity and sue- 
cess; it would have prevented much adverse 
newspaper criticism at the opening; have in- 
creased attendance, and thereby have reduced 
probably to a large extent the financial deficit 
at the close. 


BUDGETS 


When the By-Laws of the Company were 
altered to provide for a Board of Governors, 
the committee system practically ceased, and 
what had been committee work was thereafter 
the provinee of the Governors. One of the 
earliest divisions created was Ways and 
Means, with Barton Myers as Manager. In 
the organization and conduct of the divisions 
there was no committee work, the details of 
each branch being entrusted solely to a man- 
ager, who reported to the Board. 

The first budget prepared by the Division of 
Ways and Means was based upon the assump- 
tion which had always been entertained, that 
the Exposition could be created by an expendi- 
ture of two million dollars. It was not actually 
a budget but an equitable division of the 
balanee which was left after deducting from 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


two million dollars the amount already ex- 
pended for the creation of the Exposition. 
Shortly after this budget was presented to the 
Board of Governors they appointed T. J. 
Wool, one of the General Counsel of the Com- 
pany; T. S. Southgate, Manager of the re- 
cently created Division of Exhibits, and Bar- 
ton Myers, Manager of Ways and Means, a 
committee to prepare a paper setting forth 
fully the plan and scope of the Exposition, 
together with a detailed estimate of its cost. 
This Committee formulated a plan and scope 
which was pursued by the Exposition. They 
estimated the number of buildings which 
would be required and the cost of their con- 
struction and set forth the other expenses 
incident to the creation of the Exposition. 
Subsequently, during May, 1906, a second bud- 
get was prepared by the same Committee, and 
in this paper several changes were made and 
the requirements for buildings reduced. The 
expenses of the Exposition were for many 
months calculated upon the basis of this second 
budget, but by October, 1906, a number of 
additional buildings had been projected— 
mainly in the Division of Exhibits—and the 
expenses of construction along all lines having 
increased by reason of the high prices of 
material and labor, freight congestion, bad 
weather and bad roads, it became evident that 
the Exposition could not be completed without 
aid from the United States Government. The 
same Committee was then instructed to prepare 
a third budget. They called on the Governor 
of each Division and on each officer to submit 
an estimate as of November 1, 1906, of what 
sum would be necessary to complete the work 
of his respective Division or office and to pay 
all expenses up to April 26, 1907—the date of 
the opening. From the estimates so sent in, the 
Committee compiled and submitted a budget, 
on December 8, 1906. 


UTILITIES 


It is impossible in a paper of this nature 
to follow an absolutely chronological arrange- 
ment. The matters relating to a_ budget, 
though separated by many months, formed 
practically one continuous operation and it has 
not been deemed expedient to break the con- 
tinuity of the idea. In the budget presented 
February 13, 1906, provisions were made for 
an intramural railway, a gas, a power and a 
refrigerating plant, but the Committee sug- 
gested that each of these utilities might well 
be let as a concession to an independent 
operator or to an operating company. 


INTRAMURAL Ratiway 


The construction of an intramural railway 
by the Exposition Company being impracti- 
cable because of the want of funds, the Board 
of Governors at first considered its construction 
by a subsidiary corporation, the capital stock 
of which should be held by the Exposition 
Company, and the construction in part pro- 
vided by the sale of mortgage bonds. However, 
acting on the advice of the Committee, the 
Board later decided to offer it as a concession, 
and invite propositions for its construction as 
such. This course thereafter relieved the 
Ways and Means Division from the further 
responsibility of providing for its construction. 
The concession was let for twelve and one-half 
per cent. of the gross receipts to a subsidiary 
corporation organized and controlled by the 


Norfolk & Portsmouth Traction Company. 
That company built its line around the 
Grounds, double-tracked, excepting across 


Raleigh Court, where only a single track was 


deemed practicable. The total trackage was 
five miles. Ten cents fare was charged during 
the earlier months of the Exposition; later the 
fare was changed to five cents, which, with 
additional advertising, largely increased the 
patronage of the line and made it a great con- 
venience to visitors. 


Gas 


PLANT 


One of the utilities essential to an Exposi- 
tion—while not needed in large quantity—is 
gas of suitable quality for cooking in the State 
buildings, or at the concessions and exhibits, 
as well as for charging airships and balloons. 
To produce such a supply, a very careful inves- 
tigation was made of the expediency of building 
a small gas plant on the Exposition grounds. 
It was, however, finally determined to secure a 
supply from the Norfolk City Gas Company. 
This was furnished by high pressure (twenty- 
five pounds) through a three-inch main from 
Norfolk. A contract was therefore made, 
whereby the Exposition Company agreed to 
furnish the necessary pipe line from the city 
and for the distribution of gas within the 
Grounds. It was late before such a contract 
could be concluded and difficulty was encoun- 
tered in securing the necessary pipe. For these 
reasons the line was not completed when the 
Exposition opened, and some embarrassment 
was caused by those who had made their plans 
to use gas. The line was, however, completed 
by May, and the distribution perfected by May 
15, after which time a sufficient supply was 
furnished for all purposes until the close of the 
Exposition. 


ELECTRICITY 


When it was originally contemplated to 
make the construction of the Exposition merely 
historical in its character, it was estimated 
that a small electric plant would be sufficient 
to furnish light, very little power being re- 
quired; but, as the plan of the Exposition ex- 
panded in commercial and industrial features, 
and the Company undertook to illuminate the 
Government Pier, it was found that to install 
machinery to produce and distribute sufficient 
electricity for lighting and power would cost 
six hundred and fifty thousand dollars; it, 
therefore, became necessary to contract with 
some company to furnish the necessary energy, 
and an agreement was made with the only 
available corporation, the Norfolk & Ports- 
mouth Traction Company, which was then con- 
structing at Norfolk a large plant—one of the 
finest in America. It was first agreed that the 
Exposition Company should contribute to the 
building of a service line via Ocean View. 
Later, however, it was deemed wise, in order 
to guard against the danger of breakage, to 
construct a second service line along the Vir- 
ginian (Tidewater) Railroad, the Exposition 
Company contributing thirty thousand dollars 
to the cost of the line. All machinery for dis- 
tribution within the Grounds was supplied by 
the Exposition Company, the estimates for 
which were increased from time to time far 
beyond what was originally anticipated to light 
the additional buildings that were erected for 
the installation of exhibits, the War Path, the 
Camps, the State Buildings, and for the elabo- 
rate system of lighting which became necessary 
also by reason of the size and architecture of 
the Government Pier—the cost being increased 
by the constantly advaneing price of wire and 
other electrical appliances. Copper, which cost 
at the Buffalo Exposition, eleven cents a pound, 
cost here, during the early stages of construc- 
tion, nineteen cents, and later twenty-seven 


704 


Ways and Means. 


cents per pound. The electrical display at this 
Exposition was unsurpassed in beauty by any 
Exposition which has been held in this country, 
and elicited enthusiastic admiration from all 
who saw it after its completion. Great credit 
is due W. M. Dixon, who designed and installed 
the electric system; but its cost—for the rea- 
sons set out above—so far exceeded what was 
first contemplated, that it, in the end, con- 
tributed to the accumulation of imdebtedness 
which it became necessary to provide for by 
bond issues. 


REFRIGERATION 


Although several applications were made to 
the Concession Department of the Exposition 
for the right to erect and operate an _ ice- 
making and cold storage plant on the Grounds, 
none of the applicants executed a contract. 
Several of the States exhibits had small refrig- 
erators for their own and their neighbors’ use, 
and a contract was made with a corporation 
in Newport News to supply ice practically at 
city rates to purchasers on the Ground. 

These were the four items contained in the 
budget concerning which the committee recom- 
mended that they be installed by contract or 
concession. 


NORFOLK’S CONTRIBUTIONS 


Public utilities, for the supply of which the 
Exposition was entirely or largely indebted to 
the City of Norfolk—a fact mentioned hereto- 
fore in this article—were the water supply 
which was gratuitously furnished by the muni- 
cipal corporation, and the boulevard, to the 
construction of which the city generously con- 
tributed. 


WaTER SUPPLY 


Those who enjoyed the beautiful, clear, fil- 
tered water which was so abundantly supplied 
for all purposes at the Exposition Grounds, 
perhaps never realized the perplexing negotia- 
tions which resulted in securing it. 

Prior to the selection of the Exposition site, 
the water supply was one which received some 
consideration. The four sources of supply pre- 
senting themselves were: 

First—Throw a dam across Boush Creek and 
convert the upper portion of that stream into 
a lake; 

Second—To put down a system of driven 
wells and take the supply from a sand or gravel 
stratum, which generally about Norfolk is 
found at from forty-five to sixty feet below the 
surface ; 

Third—To have the Norfolk County Water 
Company furnish the water; and 

Fourth—To obtain it from the City of Nor- 
folk. The last was recognized to be the best 
and most certain of a sufficient supply, pro- 
vided it could be arranged. But the Norfolk 
County Water Company already owned and 
operated a line of six-inch pipe to Pine Beach, 
and early served notice on both the Exposition 
Company and the City of Norfolk that it would 
enjoin an effort on the part of the city to fur- 
nish water for commercial purposes outside of 
the city limits. 

The suggestion of damming Boush Creek was 
decided to be undesirable, because of the 
menace which might result to health by form- 
ing a breeding place for mosquitoes in such 
close proximity to the Exposition Grounds. 
The Board of Governors experimented with the 
Subterranean Water Supply by having experi- 
mental wells four inches in diameter driven at 
different points on the Grounds. This resulted 


705 


in producing fairly good water, which per- 
haps might have been obtained in good supply, 
but experts were doubtful whether the supply 
would last under continued pumping. 

As the construction of buildings was begun, 
arrangements were made with the Norfolk 
County Water Company to connect by a six- 
inch pipe the water system of the Exposition 
Company within the Grounds, with the six-inch 
main of the Norfolk County Water Company 
on the outside of the Grounds, and to take 
through a meter the water that was required 
during the pre-Exposition period. The supply 
thus acquired was expensive, and it was soon 
demonstrated that the Norfolk County Water 
Company would not be able to supply its regular 
customers in the suburbs of Norfolk and along 
its Sewell’s Point line and to furnish the Exposi- 
tion Company with any considerable quantity 
of water, unless it increased its plant at its 
source of supply and enlarged its supply mains 
to Pine Beach and the Exposition. 

In view of the constitutional inhibition 
which prevented the City of Norfolk subserib- 
ing any money as a donation, it was deemed 
proper that the city should in some other way 
aid the undertaking and the City Councils were 
asked to extend a twelve-inch water main to 
the Exposition and to furnish, free of charge, 
sufficient water during the Exposition period. 
The proposition for the city to furnish the 
water supply was at first strenuously opposed 
by the Norfolk County Water Company for fear 
that the city would become a competitor for the 
sale of water within Norfolk County and beyond 
the city limits. Many conferences were had 
between the Exposition management and the 
officials of the City Water Department and 
Councils and the officers of the Norfolk County 
Water Company, and these finally resulted in 
an appheation to the Legislature of Virginia 
to grant to the City of Norfolk the right to 
construct a water main to the Exposition and 
to furnish water free of charge to the Expo- 
sition Company, but the @ity did not ask or 
receive the right to sell any water delivered 
through this main. After the Exposition closed 
the main should be either removed or no water 
supplied therefrom for sale, excepting in such 
territory as might thereafter be embraced 
within the city hmits. 


ONE MILLION GALLONS PER DAY 


After the passage of this act, the Councils, 
upon the recommendation of the Board of 
Control, fixed the quantity of water which 
should be furnished at one million gallons per 
day—the estimate which had been submitted 
from the Ways and Means Division of the Ex- 
position. This quantity proved to be sufficient, 
and it was deemed prudent, on account of the 
heavy demand for water in the city during 
business hours, to provide sufficient storage 
capacity at the Exposition Grounds in which 
to accumulate during the night an emergency 
supply for use during the day. Estimates were 
obtained as to the relative cost of a stand pipe 
or reservoir, and it was determined to construct 
a reservoir of reinforced concrete, with a stor- 
age capacity of about two million gallons, and 
to erect alongside of it a pumping station with 
sufficient power to force the water through the 
system of mains already constructed within the 
Exposition Grounds, and also to afford fire 
pressure. The reservoir was two hundred and 
fifty-two feet long, one hundred and thirty-four 
feet wide, and eight feet deep, being about ten 
feet below the surface of the ground and six 
feet above; strengthened by an embankment 
around it. The pumps installed consisted of a 
duplicate system of double-acting triplex piston 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


pumps, so arranged that at any time should an 
accident occur to one set, the other set of pumps 
could be put into immediate operation. With 
this storage and pumping capacity, there was 
always on hand an ample supply of water, and 
no embarrassment occurred at any time during 
the Exposition either as to quantity or pressure. 
The Exposition was itself most fortunate in 
having no fire in any of its own buildings 
which required fire pressure during the term 
of its operation. The City of Norfolk, not only 
furnished the water in accordance with its 
agreement, free of charge, during the Exposi- 
tion, but continued to furnish it several months 
after the Exposition closed, during the dis- 
manthng period. 


Ture BouLEVARD 


During a visit to the St. Louis Exposition in 
April, 1903, the great benefit which Lindell 
Boulevard proved to that Exposition satisfied 
the representatives of the Jamestown Exposi- 
tion that it would be most important to have 
constructed a similar avenue by the shortest 
possible route from Norfolk to the Exposition— 
a distance of about seven miles. Though this 
was distinctly an Exposition ways and means 
undertaking, it was quite obvious that the 
finances of the Company would not permit the 
construction of such an artery with Exposition 
funds; consequently, after the return of the 
Exposition officials to Norfolk plans were laid 
and negotiations were begun looking toward 
the construction of a boulevard. 

It first became necessary to acquire right of 
way; and next, to determine where the funds 
for construction were to be obtained. The 
city of Norfolk was requested to appropriate 
one hundred thousand dollars and to expend 
the sum in the improvement of such streets as 
might be utilized as a part of the boulevard. 


BOULEVARD COMMISSION 


In order to separate the construction of the 
boulevard from the work of the Exposition 
management, it was determined to bring about 
the organization of a Boulevard Commission, 
to be composed of ten persons selected from 
certain interests. H. B. Goodridge, member of 
the Board of Trade and Business Men’s Asso- 
ciation of Norfolk, was chairman of the Com- 
mission. The remaining members were: 

W. W. Moss, President of the Chamber of 
Commerce ; 

Lieutenant C. P. Shaw, 
Good Roads’ Association ; 


President of the 


KE. T. Lamb, representing the Transportation 


interests ; 

C. H. Bull and Frank Hitch, members of the 
Common Couneil; 

J. J. O’Keefe, member of the Select Couneil ; 

Alvah H. Martin, Clerk of the Court of Nor- 
folk County ; 

John A. Codd, President of the Board of 
Supervisors of Norfolk County ; 

Barton Myers, Governor of the Ways and 
Means Division of the Exposition. 

The appointment of this Commission was 
ratified by the Councils of Norfolk City and 
the Supervisors of Norfolk County, and it was 
clothed with authority to locate the Boulevard 
by the most available route and to make such 
contracts as might be necessary for its con- 
struction. 

The City of Norfolk subseribed one hundred 
thousand dollars after the Commission was 
created, but stipulated that all of the sum 
would have to be spent within the city limits. 
Fifteen thousand dollars was appropriated by 
the Board of Supervisors of Norfolk County, 


and about fifty thousand dollars was raised 
by donations from land companies and _ indi- 
viduals owning land along the proposed route 
and from public-spirited citizens. 

Every foot of the requisite right of way was 
acquired free of cost. Arrangements were 
made with the Good Roads’ Association of Vir- 
ginia whereby an engineer was furnished by 
the State to assist in the construction of the 
road, and convicts were obtained to work on 
that portion lying within Norfolk County and 
in the quarries on the James River, from which 
a portion of the stone was secured. The Good 
Roads’ Bureau of the Agricultural Department 
at Washington also furnished an engineer to 
co-operate with the engineer furnished by the 
State, and to aid in the supervision of the work, 
and it furnished all the machinery used on the 
county portion of the Boulevard. 


CITY AND COUNTY PORTIONS 


The hundred-thousand-dollar appropriation 
of the city was expended in the construction 
of Colonial avenue northward from Ghent to 
Jamestown avenue, and Jamestown avenue to 
Colley avenue with a_ bithulithie pavement 
roadbed, thirty-eight feet in width, sewer and 
water pipes being laid along two streets out of 
the appropriation. It also constructed a mod- 
ern macadam roadbed, thirty-two feet wide, on 
Colonial avenue from the intersection of James- 
town avenue northward to the city lmits, and 
paid half the cost of building the bridge over 
Tanner’s Creek at the northern end of Colonial 
avenue, making a total of two and one-fifth 
miles within the city limits. The bridge ac- 
quired from the Norfolk & Atlantie Terminal 
Company across Tanner’s Creek was widened 
to provide for a driveway separate from the 
portion occupied by the electric cars and was 
practically rebuilt and safeguarded with rails 
on each side. The Boulevard was opened from 
the city lmits to the southern side of Tan- 
ner’s Creek (the Northern Branch of Elizabeth 
River), and a first-class modern macadam road 
about thirty-two feet wide was built for a dis- 
tanee of about one mile. North of Tanner’s 
Creek, Maryland avenue was utilized, having 
already been dedicated as a public road by 
the Norfolk & Hampton Roads Company, one 
hundred and twenty feet in width, subject to 
a twenty-five foot right of way down its center, 
owned by the Norfolk & Atlantic Terminal 
Company. The Commission decided to grade 
both sides of the Boulevard roadbed thirty-six 
feet in width, and to build a macadam road 
eighteen feet in width along the roadbed on 
the eastern side of the avenue—the roadbed on 
the western side to be left for use as an earth 
road. Both roads were thoroughly graded, the 
road on the eastern side being drained through- 
out its length with tiles. The macadam on this 
road was completed from the Northern Branch 
of the river about three miles to the inter- 
section of the tracks of the Virginian Railroad 
Company, and within about one-third of a mile 
of the Exposition Grounds—the remainder of 
the distance being put in good condition as 
an earth road. While credit is due to all of 
the members of the Boulevard Commission and 
to the Couneils of the City of Norfolk and the 
Board of Supervisors for the construction of 
this Boulevard, especial recognition is due to 
H. B. Goodridge, the Chairman of the Boule- 
vard Commission, for his untiring and _ per- 
sistent work in consummating this great work, 
and to W. W. Moss, the Treasurer, for his 
gratuitous services in securing, collecting and 
distributing the funds necessary for its con- 
struction. The construction of this Boulevard 
has secured to the City and County of Norfolk 


706 


Ways and Means. 


a great highway for travel, which will be a 
lasting benefit to both, and will serve as a most 
important agent in the building up of the 
entire tributary section of the city and county, 
making possible the location of industries and 
commercial enterprises along its line, and 
affording a road good at all seasons of the 
year by the most direct route to the heart of 
the city. 


EXPOSITION UNDERTAKINGS 


Perhaps the most important of all utilities, 
with the exception of those which deal with 
the actual human necessities such as water, is 
transportation. When the Exposition site was 
chosen, the only medium of communication 
between the property and Norfolk was an 
electric line which was part of a combined 
trolley and ferry system operating between 
Norfolk and Newport News. This line did not 
then approach closer than a quarter of a mile 
to any point of the Exposition’s boundaries. 
Early in the Summer of 1905, this electric line, 
known as the Norfolk and Atlantic Terminal 
Company, constructed a spur track into the 
Exposition Grounds, and this was the only 
method of transporting men and materials. 
Imperative as it is for an Exposition to have 
adequate facilities for transporting visitors 
during the period when its gates are open, the 
building time demands principally facilities for 
transporting freight, and of such the Exposition 
in its early period was absolutely void. 


REACHING THE WatTER FRONT 


Realizing the absolute necessity for securing 
a water front which would afford an outlet to 
deep water, an arrangement was negotiated 
between the Governor of Ways and Means, 
representing the Exposition Company, and a 
committee from the Norfolk & Hampton Roads 
Company, owners of the property fronting on 
the Elizabeth River near the western end of 
One Hundred and Fourth street, whereby it was 
agreed that the Exposition Company should 
have an option to purchase for ten thousand 
dollars a section of land fronting two hundred 
feet on the Elizabeth River. This site was to 
be used as a location for a commercial pier, but 
the Exposition would have a vested right to 
install or cause to be installed an electric rail- 
way to operate between the pier and the en- 
trance on Maryland avenue, which then was 
planned to be the main gate of the Exposition. 
On this railway it was intended that a fare of 
five cents should be charged and the cars would 
be required to stop at every street intersection. 


LEASE OF PINE GROVE 


Although the pine grove,situated just beyond 
the western boundary of the Exposition site, 
was the property of the Norfolk & Hampton 
Roads Company, it had been leased without cost 
to the Exposition Company for the life of the 
undertaking. It was not the purpose of the 
Exposition management to install an entrance 
at any point of this grove, even when it was 
intended to erect a pier near the western limit 
of that section. The idea was to run the cars 
by the grove up to the main gate on Maryland 
avenue and One Hundred and Fourth street. 
When from causes which will later be shown, 
the main entrance was diverted to Ninety-ninth 
street, midway between the eastern and western 
boundaries of the Exposition, it was determined 
to erect a gate at the pine grove for the conve- 
nience of those who desired to walk, and con- 
sequently, a concession was let to the Miniature 
Railway Company to operate a service line 


707 


of the 
Inside 


water end 
beyond the 


between the 
and shghtly 
Exposition. 


pier up to 
Inn at the 


CHANGE IN TRANSPORTATION SITUATION 


Before the purchase of the land for the pier 
was consummated, W. J. Payne, President of 
the Norfolk & Atlantic Terminal Company, pro- 
posed that the pier at Pine Beach, owned by 
his Company, should be enlarged and a special 
ear service inaugurated thence to the main 
entrance. Negotiations with Mr. Payne re- 
sulted in the drafting of a contract, wherein 
it was stipulated that his corporation and the 
Exposition Company should build at their joint 
expense a passenger and freight station on 
Maryland avenue, between One Hundred and 
Third and One Hundred and Fourth streets; 
that the cars should enter at the former street 
and, making a cireuit, pass out at the latter, 
and that ample provisions should be made at 
the main entrance for Exposition visitors who 
might come by the electric line or by any water 
line landing at Pine Beach. 

About the time the contract between the 
Exposition Company and the Norfolk & Atlan- 
tic Terminal Company was ready for execution, 
the Norfolk & Portsmouth Traction Company 
aequired control of the stock of the Norfolk & 
Atlantic Terminal Company, and, having per- 
fected arrangements to extend its Ocean View 
line to Pine Beach, it acquired, by purchase 
from the Norfolk & Hampton Roads Company, 
without the knowledge of the Exposition Com- 
pany or without conference with any of its 
officers, a right of way through Ninety-ninth 
street. This is mentioned, not as an implication 
of any impropriety in the purchase of the 
property without conference with the Exposi- 
tion officials, but it prevented a very desirable 
movement of the Exposition, since it was in- 
tended to fence for camps certain lands which 
had been acquired by a gratuitous lease from 
the Tidewater Railway—these lands lying along 
the southern boundary of Ninety-ninth street, 
and then it was not purposed to have any gate 
on the Ninety-ninth street line. Mr. Dupuy, the 
General Manager of the Tidewater, exemplified 
personally and for his Company a fine public 
spirit, agreeing that he would not let to any 
amusement concern the right to operate on his 
Company’s lands, although it was reasonable 
to believe that such leases would bring hand- 
some prices. 


LocaTIon oF Main ENTRANCE 


As soon as the Norfolk & Portsmouth Trae- 
tion Company aequired control of the other 
trolley line, the management of the Exposition 
approached R. Lancaster Williams, President 
of the Norfolk & Portsmouth Traction Com- 
pany, to ascertain whether he would complete 
the pending negotiations for the erection of a 
passenger station on Maryland avenue, at One 
Hundred and Fourth street, and for the en- 
largement of the pier at Pine Beach. He then 
advised the Exposition representatives that, in 
view of the extension of his line from Ocean 
View, economy in operating demanded that 
both branches should have a common terminus 
where all passengers might be handled, and 
that this was not possible at One Hundred and 
Fourth street. The Exposition Company then 
offered for terminal purposes the free use of an 
entire block lying at the southwest corner of 
its Grounds where Maryland avenue and 
Ninety-ninth street intersect. At that point, 
the cars of the Norfolk & Atlantic Terminal 
Company, from the pier or from Norfolk, would 
meet the cars of the Ocean View line as they 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


‘ame through Ninety-ninth street, for by this 
time it was known that the fencing of Ninety- 
ninth street was impossible. 

The Norfolk & Portsmouth Traction Com- 
pany prepared suggestive plans for terminals 
at the point offered by the Exposition and sub- 
mitted these to the Board of Governors for 
approval. The Board pointed out basic defects 
in the arrangement of the tracks. These dealt 
principally with the danger to the traveling 
public. As suggested, the tracks were so dis- 
posed that visitors leaving the grounds to reach 
outgoing cars would be forced to go over via- 
ducts and down flights of steps into a practical 
pocket, which, in the event of a rush, might be 
perilous. It was suggested by the Governors 
that these plans should be amended by the 
Traction Company so as to obviate this danger- 
ous arrangement. This suggestion did not 
convey any objection to the location of the 
terminals, for the Board distinctly approved 
the offer of the site for a terminal station, but, 
at the next conference between the Governors 
and the traction officials, the latter submitted 
a new plan, in which they stated that they 
had determined to provide terminals on Ninety- 
ninth street, at the point to which the Tidewater 
Railroad had already built its tracks, and they 
proposed to locate a joint passenger terminal 
for the electric and steam roads. While the con- 
tract with the Norfolk & Atlantic Terminal Com- 
pany was being prepared—the agreement which 
provided for the erection of a passenger station 
on Maryland avenue—the Board of Design at 
the Exposition had prepared plans for the sta- 
tion and had actually advertised for and re- 
ceived bids for its erection. The Department 
of Works had graded a roadbed to be used by 
the Norfolk & Atlantic Terminal Company, 
forming a circuit where it is now unused and 
never has been used. These facts are men- 
tioned explicitly to show that it was not the 
intention of the Board of Governors of the 
Exposition Company to erect its main entrance 
at any point other than Maryland avenue and 
One Hundred and Fourth street. The change 
from One Hundred and Fourth street to Ninety- 
ninth street, still keeping a Maryland avenue 
entrance, was a concession to the Traction man- 
agement. The diversion of the terminal station 
from the avenue was contrary to the original 
plans of all connected with the Exposition Com- 
pany, and was merely conceded, the Board con- 
sidered, for the purpose of meeting the wishes 
of the Traction managers; although it has since 
been learned that the Ninety-ninth street en- 
trance had been favorably considered between 
the Traction Company officials and the Gov- 
ernor of Works of the Exposition Company, 
and tentatively agreed on before it came to the 
Board of Governors. 


DISADVANTAGEOUS ENTRANCE 


This decision caused a station to be erected 
and people to be introduced to the Grounds 
at a point not contemplated by the Board of 
Design in their scheme for the Exposition 
buildings. It had the further effect of prevent- 
ing the Company from closing Ninety-ninth 
street and bringing the camps within the Ex- 
position enclosure, and it caused Exposition 
visitors to lose the advantage of the splendid 
view prepared for them by the upbuilding of 
One Hundred and Fourth street, which con- 
tinued within the Grounds along what was 
ealled Powhatan avenue. The Norfolk & Ports- 
mouth Traction Company did not conclude the 
negotiations which had been pending with the 
Norfolk & Atlantic Terminal Company, and the 
Pine Beach Pier was not enlarged. This forced 
the Exposition Company, at a later date, to 


induce the organization of an independent com- 
pany, entitled The Deep Water Pier Corpora- 
tion, which erected a Commercial Pier at the 
western extremity of One Hundred and Fourth 
street, providing accommodations thereby for 
freight and passenger steamers, while the Ex- 
position constructed a temporary entrance at 
One Hundred and Third street and Maryland 
avenue, which later was removed to One Hun- 
dred and Fourth street during the closing 
months of the Exposition, the Norfolk & Atlan- 
tie Terminal Company operating cars alter- 
nately there and to the main gate. 


TERMINAL FREIGHT WAREHOUSE 


One item of increased cost for construction 
was caused by the necessity to erect a terminal 
freight house on the lands of the Tidewater,— 
by that time and since known as the Virginian 
Railway,—and for additional tracks in the 
yards at that point, as well as within the Expo- 
sition Grounds. For many months, in fact 
until late in the Winter of 1906, all freights to 
the Exposition had come over the Norfolk & 
Atlantic Terminal Company’s tracks, or had to 
be delivered by steamers at the Pine Beach 
Pier and carted to the Exposition. At that 
time the Exposition Company erected a small 
Commercial Pier, extending from the eastern 
boundary of the Exposition site about twenty- 
two hundred feet, out into Willoughby Bay, 
and while the water at the outer end was com- 
paratively shallow this, the best make-shift 
possible under the circumstances, proved in- 
valuable to the Exposition, since, in January, a 
bridge over which the electric line operated 
from Norfolk was destroyed, and, without this 
Commercial Pier, it would have been extremely 
difficult, if not impossible, to get building ma- 
terial to the Grounds. 


INADEQUATE TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES 


It had been realized that the transportation 
facilities, excellent as they were for Norfolk 
City, stopped at that point. To the Exposition 
Grounds it was most difficult to move material. 
When the Tidewater Railroad Company began 
constructing its line from the coal fields of 
West Virginia, the Governor of Ways and 
Means urged Mr. Dupuy to begin building from 
their terminal contiguous to the Exposition. 
This section was built rapidly, and without 
this means for shipment the exhibits of the 
Exposition and the building materials, possibly, 
would have been indefinitely delayed in transit. 

About the end of February or the first of 
March, 1907, the Virginian Railway began de- 
livering cars, but the congestion caused by the 
large number of shipments of material for the 
buildings, stone for streets, lumber for board- 
walks, decking for the War-Path and for tent 
floors, was aggravated by the inpour of exhibits, 
so that there were at one time hundreds of 
loaded cars on the tracks between the Exposi- 
tion and Norfolk and a multitude of exhibits in 
the Exposition Grounds. The outward move- 
ment of these latter was embarrassed by the 
insufficient sidings of the single-track line of 
the Virginian Railroad. 


ADDITIONAL TRACKAGE 


A conference between the Governors and the 
Virginian Railroad authorities resulted in a 
contract whereby the transportation company 
agreed to give to the Exposition free use of its 
track yard, and a small freight house then 
standing on it, and it offered to build, at the 
Exposition’s cost, a large addition to the freight 
house, and to install certain additional tracks. 


708 


Wavs and Means. 


The Exposition Company agreed to take over 
three tracks, which had already been con- 
structed within the Exposition Grounds, east 
of the Power, Fuel and Alcohol Building, and 
referred to the railroad the cost of constructing 
them. The Exposition Company also agreed 
to pay for laying tracks on Commonwealth 
avenue to the States Exhibit, Mines and 
Metallurgy and Transportation Buildings, and 
through Commonwealth avenue to the War- 
Path. The Terminal freight house cost eight 
thousand eight hundred dollars, and_ the 
tracks and sidings cost nineteen thousand 
one hundred and ninety-six dollars and forty- 
eight cents, exclusive of grading. The Ex- 
position Company reserved the right to re- 
move the freight house if later it seemed 
desirable, and the Virginian Railway agreed 
to pay as salvage the cost of the rails and 
seventy-five per cent. of the cost of the ties 
used in the tracks mentioned. This contract 
was performed in a manner satisfactory to both 
interests, and enabled the Exposition to handle, 
with reasonable facility, the large quantity of 
exhibits which arrived prior to the opening and 
during the two succeeding months, but involved 
a cost of construction not anticipated before 
the Exposition expanded along industrial and 
commercial lines. 


Mair, TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE 


Next to transportation, as an Exposition pre- 
requisite, ranks the means for communicating 
messages. Until a month or so before Opening 
Day the mail facilities were very bad. The 
only method of obtaining letters was to have 
these delivered in Norfolk or at the Pine Beach 
station, about a quarter of a mile from the Ex- 
position’s secondary gate at One Hundred and 
Third street, but later a post office was estab- 
lished on the Grounds and the service was 
excellent. 

After considerable negotiation between the 
authorities of the Western Union and Postal 
Telegraph Companies, on the one side, and the 
Governor of Ways and Means, representing 
the Exposition, contracts were consummated 
whereby these two telegraph corporations 
agreed to extend their lines to the Exposition 
Grounds and to pay the Exposition Company 
fifteen per cent. of their gross receipts from all 
business, either outgoing or incoming. 

Similar negotiations with the Bell Telephone 
Company and the Governor of Ways and Means 
resulted in a contract pursuant to which the 
telephone service was extended from Norfolk 
at the expense of about thirty thousand dollars, 
and, in consideration of the exclusive right 
granted to this company to install pay tele- 
phones for publie service, it furnished the Ex- 
position Company, free of charge, with all of 
the telephones necessary to the conduct of its 
own business. The actual cost for labor and 
material in installing its own telephones was 
defrayed by the Exposition, which also paid 
part of the wages of employees in the operating 
room. 


Miuirary Camps 


A necessary utility for a class which was ex- 
pected to contribute largely to the success of 
the Exposition was a satisfactory and ade- 
quately large tract of land for camping pur- 
poses. It early became apparent that within 
the Exposition Grounds there would not be 
sufficient land available for encamping the large 
number of troops, National and State and the 
uniformed orders, which were being booked for 
attendance at the Exposition, and it was neces- 
sary to seek some site beyond the Exposition 


709 


enclosure. All of the land to the west of the 
Exposition had been bought by people inter- 
ested in outside amusements and commercial 
enterprises, therefore, only the south and east 
offered possibilities. 

At first an effort was made to secure the 
farm lying east of the Grounds and separated 
from them by Boush Creek. Frequent confer- 
ences were had with the owners, but no agree- 
ment could be reached. While their disposition 
was to facilitate the Exposition, the necessity 
under which they felt themselves to keep their 
land in an untrammeled position to be sold at 
a good price should an opportunity present, 
made it inexpedient for them to lease except 
at what otherwise would have seemed an un- 
reasonable figure. 


MR. DUPUY HELPS 


In this emergency the Governor of Ways 
and Means, once more, approached Mr. Du- 
puy, the General Manager of the Tidewater 
Railroad. It was with a feeling of confidence 
that the Exposition’s request was advanced, 
since Mr. Dupuy had in every way possible 
evidenced a kindness of spirit and a generosity 
toward the Exposition. The hopes of the Com- 
pany were not disappointed. An agreement 
Was consummated whereby they leased free 
of rent about two hundred acres lying on the 
south side of the Exposition Grounds, bounded 
on the west by Maryland avenue and on the 
east by track yards near Boush Creek. Con- 
trolling the property on both sides of Ninety- 
ninth street, it was anticipated that this street 
would be closed during the Exposition by a 
fenee across the eastern boundary at Boush 
Creek and the western end at Maryland avenue, 
thereby making the military camps an integral 
part of the Exposition Grounds, but for rea- 
sons stated in connection with the change in 
the location of the main entrance this expec- 
tation was not realized. The ground so do- 
nated was used for the camps for all of the 
regulars stationed at the Exposition and for 
a number of militia regiments that attended 
from time to time. 

It should be mentioned here that the Vir- 
ginian Railway, which had always shown a 
generous disposition to aid the management of 
the. Exposition, had permitted the Department 
of Works to take the top soil from a large 
area of its terminal property for use on the 
Exposition Grounds, and also to transplant sev- 
eral thousanc trees from its property. 


EXPOSITION TO COST $2,500,000 


The statement of expenditures to date of 
November 1, 1906, was accurate. If, in addi- 
tion to these figures the requirements of the 
Company for the period between the first of 
November and the 26th day of the succeeding 
April were taken, it became obvious that in- 
stead of a two-million-dollar Exposition, the 
cost of the undertaking would be little, if any, 
less than five hundred thousand dollars more. 
It is very probable that the statement of con- 
tracts let and supplies ordered actually fell far 
short of the real amount, since the Auditor’s 
figures could only show such contracts as had 
been reported to his office. It was at that time 
believed both by the Auditor and the Board 
that all contracts had been reported and conse- 
quently the figures were accepted as correct. 
It was clearly evident that approximately one 
million six hundred and seventy-five thousand 
dollars would have to be supplied from some 
source or sources in order to complete the Ex- 
position. There was little doubt that Congress 
would advance a reasonable amount in the 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


form of a loan and the management considered 
it distinetly advisable to curtail the request to 
exact needs. Therefore, in addition to the esti- 
mates of expenditures, estimates of resources 
were carefully made. The resources were esti- 
mated, with as probably available, seven hun- 
dred and twenty-five thousand nine hundred 
and fifty-two dollars, which, deducted from the 
amount needed to complete the work, showed 
a deficit of nine hundred and forty-nine thou- 
sand four hundred and twenty-seven dollars 
and fifty-six cents. 

Omitting details of the budget of December 
8, 1906, the following will doubtless be inter- 
esting, being the estimated requirement of the 


Divisions and Offices as reported by their 
respective heads: 

ESTIMATED REQUIREMENTS. 
Presrieng sa. Ofeeren crs sede este eet $ 6,800.00 
Boaracon Governors: cee ee eee 10,037 .50 
mecretary s\ Oince. sameeren 3,420.00 
TPAASULOLAS OTIC Cn paa rer aeriekecters.teneteaeie tte 2,150.00 


Resi fapertsys Ob Ke aes Soci DOIN ORuntod ac 
Meditale Department.ja.mraer aie ie tee tea 
Legal Department. sees eke ee eee 4,710.00 
Congresses and Special Events......... 13,025.00 
Wars) anid (Meany pie or, 5) <jsiinter cusses oho spose 937.50 
Hxplouba blonice wees secre eareete rears ta is 99,637.50 
Department of Wxhibitsy. ss. aee ee 30,270.00 
Concessions, Admissions and Collections 15,700.00 
History, and iducatioms se -ictstesictste teens 54,250.00 
Divastony Of sWiOlkKses 20s sie ier oe eee eT Oritalitme 2 


5,072.50 
1,950.00 


SUNALLOS «5 Aa tihetsror sualenetasmer eles, eshere ese one 229,701.62 
$1,675,379 .56 
ESTIMATED RESOURCES. 
Balance due on Preferred 
Stock, including call due 
Denice? Me AWN Garni a doo ce 3278,733 .00 


Less 10% on $562,450.00..... 56,245.00 


$ 222,488.00 


Balance due on Common Stock.......... 65,251.00 
Cash” Ima Banks acnusac anysnern lems eteioaccdsitaceaers 63,713.00 
ESTIMATED RECEIPTS. 

Concession Spaces in Grounds..$10,000.00 
Concession Spaces in Warpath. 53,000.00 
Concession Spaces Palaces of 
(GOMMETCEM see eer 20,000.00 
Concession Spaces Exhibit 
Buildings sacee mite sate oar 4,500.00 
87,500.00 
Pre-Eixposition Admissions ............. 15,000.00 
EXHIBITS. 
Virginia State Manufacturers’ 
Building, Pityse cacy ere ee $75,000.00 
Pure Foods Buildings......... 30,000.00 
Out-of-Door Building.......... 8,000.00 
States Exhibit Building....... 10,000.00 
Mines and Metallurgy Building 10,000.00 
Marines Buildin on semana 10,000.00 
Manufacturers’ Building....... 75,000.00 
Machinery and Transportation 
B wii oe marcos ae one eee 50,000.00 
Educational ta.e ene sae rons 4,000.00 
————— 272,000.00 
$ 725,952.00 


RECAPITULATION. 


Requirements to Opening Date..........$1,675,379 .56 
ROS OULCES Ss pre serious meee neers 725,952.00 


ONE MILLION DOLLARS MORE NEEDED 


To supply the above deficit, application was 
made to the United States Governor for a loan 
of one million dollars. 

This loan was granted by Congress on the 
ninth day of February, 1907. A provision in 
the Loan Appropriation Bill stipulated that the 
money should be paid to the Exposition Com- 
pany in four two-hundred-and-fifty-thousand- 
dollar payments, and that to insure the appli- 
eation of all the money to the purpose for which 


it was appropriated, the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury was directed to appoint a disbursing agent. 
The ruling of the Treasury Department in 
regard to the disbursement of the money sup- 
pled by this loan, in effect compelled the Expo- 
sition Company to produce, when demanding 
any quarter of the total, itemized bills amount- 
ing to exactly two hundred and fifty thousand 
dollars. These bills had to be approved, not 
only by the proper Exposition authorities, but 
countersigned by Frederick P. Grosscup, who 
had been appointed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury as the Department’s Disbursing 
Agent. On behalf of the Exposition Company, 
these bills were approved by Mr. Tucker, the 
President of the Company; Mr. Martin, the 
First Vice-President, and Mr. Johnston, the 
Chairman of the Board of Governors. By the 
time the bills for the third payment were in 
process of collection it became evident that, 
instead of a surplus remaining from the loan, 
there would be a deficit, and, in fact, it was 
believed that when all bills had been pre- 
sented it could be shown that the loan was 
practically spent when it was secured. This 
condition was especially unfortunate since the 
confidence of all the managers in the ability 
of the Company to complete its work with the 
money advanced by the Government, had 
caused many stockholders, most of whom had 
previously thereto paid promptly each assess- 
ment, now to become delinquent; and _ this 
added appreciably to the difficulties of the 
situation. 


ADDITIONS TO DEFICIT 


The deficit, resulting from the shrinkage of 
the estimated resources, as set out in the budget 
of December 8, 1906, was made greater by the 
tremendous increase in cost of all constructive 
work in the completion of the Exposition, and 
for additional buildings, mainly in the Divyi- 
sions of Exhibits, History, Education and 
Social Economy. The increased cost of con- 
struction resulted from advance in price of 
materials of all kinds, stimulated by an abnor- 
mal demand; the high price of labor; and the 
extra price which had to be paid for labor 
working overtime; and, also, by the stormy 
weather and excessive rains for weeks in 
February, March and April. From the latter 
cause, the roads became well-nigh impassable 
for the heavy wagons distributing material and 
installing exhibits. Hundreds of loaded freight 
ears accumulated on the tracks, which, at times, 
it was impossible to unload; thus heavy charges 
for demurrage, and handling and hauling mer- 
chandise and material tended to swell pay- 
rolls and expenses in the Division of Works 
far beyond the original estimates. Not only 
did this unfavorable conjunction of conditions 
greatly increase the deficit before the opening 
day, but it prevented the Company from com- 
pleting the Exposition by that day. The same 
weather conditions also deterred the United 
States Government contractors in their con- 
struction of the Government Piers and Smith 
Basin. 


EXPOSITION IN DIFFICULTIES 


The Opening Day of the Exposition was well 
attended, but for several days subsequent the 
paid attendance was considerably less than the 
operating expenses. There was a large number 
of bills due for work under way, and more new 
work had to be done in order to complete the 
Exposition. Instead of the estimated surplus 


*The figure for the Department of Works was intended to include all payments for completed buildings 


and grounds. 
Opening Day.—Ed. 


This included all of the expenditures of that Division, exclusive of the maintenance cost after 


710 


Wavs and Means. 


for operations during an expected dull period, 
for reasons which have been shown the Com- 
pany was facing a considerable deficit resulting 
from loss in operation. These reasons impelled 
the Board of Directors on May 4, 1907, to re- 
sort to an issue of four hundred thousand 
dollars first mortgage bonds, to be dated June 
1, 1907, and to mature June 1, 1908, bearing 
six per cent. interest, and secured by a deed 
of trust, which conveyed the Exposition site 
of about 350 aeres and all the Exposition build- 
ings standing thereon. This action of the 
Board of Directors was ratified by the stock- 
holders on June 1, 1907. The proceeds from 
the sale of these bonds was to be utilized in 
part for paying the lien creditors, and it was 
purposed then to apply the remainder to the 
completion of the Exposition. It was antici- 
pated that the steam railroads and waterlines 
would take two hundred thousand dollars of 
these first mortgage bonds, distributing the 
subscription among themselves in the same 
proportion that their subscription to preferred 
stock of the Exposition had been distributed. 


PROBABLE ASSISTANCE 


Preliminary conferences held with represen- 
tatives of the transportation interests had en- 
couraged this belief and some of the companies 
were prepared to subscribe for their respective 
quotas; but, first one obstacle, then another 
arose, and the consummation of the transaction 
was delayed until the close of the Exposition, 
when the Company’s affairs passed into the 
hands of the receivers, and it was then too late 
for the aid of the transportation companies to 
accomplish the result originally desired. One 
line, however, The Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad 
Company took bonds amounting to thirty thou- 
sand dollars as collateral for a loan of a suffi- 
cient sum, to pay the hens on the History 
Building and complete it. 

It was hoped that the banks of Norfolk could 
subscribe for one hundred thousand dollars 
worth of these bonds and the bankers ap- 
peared favorable to the proposition. Had they 
promptly followed this course it undoubtedly 
would have inured largely to the benefit of the 
Exposition, have influenced the transportation 
companies favorably and have been of incal- 
culable benefit in creating abroad a confidence 
in the Exposition, its management and _ its 
future; but to the contrary, they appointed a 
committee of three to arrange and consummate 
details. 


Banks Maker ConpirTIons 


The associated bankers of Norfolk finally 
coneluded to subscribe the one hundred 
thousand dollars worth of bonds, but they 
coupled their subseription with a provisional 
agreement which, if accepted by the Exposition 
Company, was tantamount to a receivership for 
the undertaking. The proposition made by the 
bankers was that the three men named by the 
banks as a committee should form an Executive 
Committee, who were to appoint an Advisory 
Committee of such a size as they pleased. This 
Advisory Committee, whether it consisted of 
one man or three men, was to be the para- 
mount power in the Exposition, subject only to 
the authority of this Bankers’ Committee, who 
designated themselves as the Executive Com- 
mittee. The Bankers’ Committee, having taken 
the one hundred thousand dollars worth of 
bonds, appointed a man who was without any 
exposition experience whatever, practically to 
supersede the Board of Governors. While the 
management recognized that this proposition 
was distinctly unjust to the men who had 


711 


created the Exposition, and who for six years 
had struggled snecessfully to overcome the 
innumerable obstacles that had to be encoun- 
tered; and, while they also appreciated the 
hazard to the enterprise of eliminating those 
who had, during these years, been careful 
students of Exposition matters and were fa- 
miliar with every detail of the great under- 
taking from its very inauguration, they deemed 
it best to yield the point of the bankers rather 
than to jeopardize the cause by refusing the 
aid which was required by the Exposition, and 
imperil thereby the interests of Tidewater 
Virginia, for it was feared that the business 
interests of the adjacent communities would 
suffer largely if the Exposition were to close. 
The letter announcing the appointment read as 
follows : 


Norfolk, Va., June 12, 1907. 
Jamestown Exposition Company, 
Norfolk, Virginia. 

Dear Sirs:—We beg to advise that, in accordance 
with paragraph No. 5 of the agreement between your 
Company and our Committee, we have designated Mr. 
James M. Barr as our ‘‘Advisory Committee.’’ Mr. 
Barr is prepared to act in the matter, and we bespeak 
for him your kind and cordial co-operation in carrying 
out his views and instructions, in accordance with said 
agreement. 

Yours very truly, 
CALDWELL HARDy, 
W. W. Moss, 
W. H. TAYLor, 
Executive Committee. 


(Signed.) 


Copy to 
Mr. H. St. George Tucker, 
President, Jamestown Exposition Company. 
Mr. ©. Brooks Johnston, 
Chairman, Board of Governors, 
Jamestown Exposition Company. 


Consequently, on June 12, nearly two months 
after the Exposition opened, the management 
was entrusted to J. M. Barr, a former railroad 
man who assumed control under the title of 
Advisory Committee. It was not presumed 
that the Advisory Committee would attempt 
to do more than expend the funds subscribed 
by the banks, and see that it was utilized in 
the most economical manner by the several 
departments. It was also anticipated that he 
would take advantage of the knowledge and 
experience gained by the builders of the Expo- 
sition and use them as his advisers and assist- 
ants. This behef was confirmed by his letter 
notifying the Chairman of the Board of Govy- 
ernors that he had accepted the appointment, 
which letter was as follows: 


Norfolk, Va., June 12, 1907. 
Mr. C. Brooks Johnston, 
Chairman, Board of Governors, Jamestown Expo- 
sition Company, Norfolk, Virginia. 

Dear Sir:—Referring to the enclosed advice from 
the Executive Committee, which explains itself. 

IT will want to work, in acting in the capacity named, 
through the Board of Governors, believing the work to 
be done by me can be best done through same. Will 
you kindly have prepared for me, as early as possible: 

“Official statement showing all obligations of the 
Exposition Company, as of May 31, last. 

“‘Statement of your present organization for 
handling business, and force employed and wages 
paid in respective departments, including the heads 
thereof. ’’ 

Under existing conditions, it is absolutely necessary 
to immediately reduce forces to a minimum consistent 
with efficient handling of work. Will you kindly give 
necessary instructions to cover. 

We want to complete buildings, roadways, sidewalks, 
crossings, necessary electrical equipment, and put Ex- 
position in condition for efficient operation, at the 
earliest possible day. 

In connection with the above, I beg to ask that: 

“<Pirst. No new work chargeable to construction 
account be undertaken unless previously authorized by 
me; and that all such work be paid for only upon my 
approval. 

“Second. All operating and maintenance work be 
subject to my general direction, and all monies paid 
out therefor be under my approval. 

‘«Third. Forces employed in above work should be 
placed under my general control.’ 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Will you kindly give your Auditor necessary in- 
structions. 
Yours very truly, 
(Signed.) J. M. BARR, 
Advisory Committee. 


AMENDING BY-LAWS 


Actuated by the belief that the organization 
of the Company would be maintained and, ac- 
cepting the letter above quoted as a correct 
statement of the intentions of the Advisory 
Committee. several of the Governors thought 
it would be desirable to give the Advisory Com- 
mittee a less anomalous position and constitute 
him an official of the Company. It was, there- 
fore, proposed to the Directors that the By- 
laws of the Company should be so amended 
as to vest in the Advisory Committee the 
powers which at other Expositions had been 
vested in a director-general. A Committee on 
By-laws was appointed by the Directors. That 
Committee, acting under the inspiration of the 
Advisory Committee, submitted By-laws which, 
it was stated, were satisfactory to him, and 
which alone should induce him to accept the 
position of Director-General. As a further 
reason for accepting these By-laws it was inti- 
mated that unless the Advisors Committee 
was satisfied and accepted the position, the 
transportation compamies would not pur- 
chase the two hundred thousand dollars worth 
of bonds, and that certain other financial in- 
terests would not extend the aid which was 
anticipated. 


DRASTIC CHANGES 


The amendments eliminated the Board of 
Governors so far as they might have any 
legislative or executive power, leaving them in 
an advisory capacity solely; and gave auto- 
cratic authority to the Director-General. Not- 
withstanding the drastic tenor of these rules, it 
was not even then supposed that he, without 
Exposition experience, and not being a stock- 
holder of the Company, would undertake to 
administer this great trust without consultation 
with the men who had knowledge of every 
detail of its history and creation, whose finan- 
cial interest in the Company’s stock was large; 
or, at all events, without consultation with the 
Board of Directors. Had such a condition been 
anticipated, the disasters of the next ten weeks 
might have been averted, with revenues arising 
from concessions been safeguarded, and the 
exploitation of the Exposition conducted in 
such a manner as to have secured a_ better 
attendance. 


Demanps oF Apvisory COMMITTEE 


The alteration of the Company’s By-laws did 
not constitute the sole condition under which 
Mr. Barr was willing to change his title from 
Advisory Committee to Director-General. He 
insisted : 

First—That there should be an understanding 
between himself and the National Government 
that the Federal authorities would not assume 
control of the Exposition machinery on account 
of any suspension of payments due or to be 
due on the Government loan; 

Second—That there should be an agreement 
between the Exposition Company and the prin- 
cipal ereditors of the Exposition that they 
would not push their claims for immediate 
settlement. 

Third—That the sum of $100,000 should be 
placed in the Treasury of the Company, subject 
to his orders, to insure the completion of the 
Exposition and the payment of current operat- 
ing expenses. 


RESERVE For GOVERNMENT 


In the matter of the debt due to the Govern- 
ment, it may be well to state that fifty-two 
thousand forty-six dollars and_ forty-three 
cents had already been returned to the Na- 
tional Treasury, and Mr. Beaman, the Treas- 
urer of the Company, acting under the instrue- 
tions of the Board of Governors, had kept a 
separate account for the Government loan, 
and was holding thirty-one thousand sixty- 
four dollars and thirty-two cents at that 
time to repay to the United States Treasury 
(this amount being forty per cent. reserved 
from the gross daily receipts derived from 
admissions and concessions), thereby conform- 
ing with the terms of the Loan Appropriation 
Bill. The Advisory Committee had a confer- 
ence with the Treasury officials and apparently 
settled this point to his satisfaction, for upon 
his return to Norfolk he directed the Treasurer 
to turn over to the general account the money 
which had been reserved to pay the Govern- 
ment. At a later date, however, during his 
administration, he remitted to the Government 
fifty thousand dollars. Whether any promise 
to this effect was made at the time of this con- 
ference, the writer is unable to say. (Director- 
General Alvah H. Martin afterwards remitted 
ten thousand dollars additional on account of 
the Government loan, making total paid one 
hundred and twelve thousand and forty-six 
dollars and forty-three cents.) 


DrEEpD oF Trust 


Owing to the effort on the part of some of 
the creditors to forestall others and by legal 
process obtain an undue advantage, and by 
attaching the daily receipts of the Exposition 
Company threaten its continuance, it had been 
decided by the Directors on June 18, 1907, to 
convey by deed of trust all of the personal 
property of the Company and all of its real 
property—subject, however, to the previously 
executed mortgage, to Theodore J. Wool and 
O. D. Bachelor, as Trustees—to secure all of 
the general creditors of the Company who 
should avail themselves of the conditions of 
the deed of trust and aecept the notes of the 
Company bearing six per cent. interest and 
payable December 1, 1907. This deed of trust 
specifically excepted the United States Gov- 
ernment, because it was definitely otherwise 
secured. The creation of this deed of trust 
Was a prime cause contributing to a stay of 
proceedings on the part of a number of in- 
sistent creditors. No money was realized under 
this trust agreement nor was any intended to 
be realized. It was purely a protective meas- 
ure, placing all creditors on an equal footing 
and preventing preferences and it fully sub- 
served its purpose. 

This action of the Directors was followed 
by conferences between general creditors of 
the Exposition and the Advisory Committee 
and several officers at the Exposition, and as 
a result of these discussions a general agree- 
ment was reached, whereby the creditors, with 
one or two exceptions, concluded to withhold 
any drastic action looking to a settlement of 
their accounts, hoping that the receipts of the 
Exposition Company would enable it to meet 
its obligations. 


ASSIGNING Stock SUBSCRIPTIONS 


The third proviso was not realized without 
difficulty. The action of the banks insisting 
upon such rigorous terms for their advance of 
one hundred thousand dollars secured by first 
mortgage bonds, generally infected the commu- 


712 


Ways and Means. 


nity with a feeling of apprehension in regard 
to the Company and its capacity for repaying 
any loan which might be made. In order to 
effect the securing of a Treasury fund the 
Board of Directors, by resolution, authorized 
the proper officers to assign all of the uneol- 
lected amounts due from the subscribers on 
common and preferred stock to a committee 
composed of Hugh C. Davis, Walter H. Taylor 
and William W. Old, to be held by them as 
security for the repayment of such sums as 
should be loaned by stockholders and others 
for the purpose of making up the requisite one 
hundred thousand dollars required to comply 
with Mr. Barr’s stipulations. The assignment 
of these stock subscriptions was duly executed 
and loan subscriptions were made for eighty- 
one thousand five hundred dollars. 

These matters having been settled to the 
satisfaction of the Advisory Committee, he ac- 
cepted the position of Director-General, July 5. 

Under the operation of the amended By-laws 
creating the office of Director-General and 
vesting in that officer the executive and legis- 
lative power of the Governors, those powers, 
so far as they appertained to the Division of 
Ways and Means, terminated when the 
Director-General assumed the duties of his 
office, and this Division was no longer charge- 
able with consideration of the financial needs 
of the Exposition. 

The exact cost of construction of the Exposi- 
tion cannot be given until the amount of certain 
claims, now being adjudicated, are determined ; 
but it was approximately three million dollars, 
including all expenses during the pre-Exposi- 
tion period. There was additionally a loss of 
probably two hundred thousand dollars in 
operation, in excess of receipts during the 
seven months of the Exposition. 


SOP VME? 100? OF 
OOS, OUD OPPIEAL PROTO. OBO 
ODIO, 8. = - 


4G 


Copyright, Jamestown Officia) Photograph Corporation. 


Cash receipts prior to Opening Day were as 
follows : 


Citysot SNoriolkeayeen eens. es) os $1,426.90 
Rowman berklovierrs ee. scka ac 300.00 
Norfolke County... eatin 682.94 
CiiveoLsPortsmouthinst. a0 oie 475.63 
City of Newport News......... 757.37 


$ 2,215.94 
87,532.00 
403,689.86 
200,000.00 
250,000.00 


STATE got VIN Ina vem ele) ogee eearcs ane eis hac) 
United States Government appropriation. 


United States Government Loan......... 1,000,000 .00 
Pre-Exposition Receipts from Concessions, 
Admissions and Exhibitors............ 270,725.66 


Total Pre-Exposition Cash Receipts. .. .$2,217,590.36 
SUBSEQUENT RECEIPTS. 


Realized on First Mortgage Bonds (re- 
mainder held in Company’s Treasury) ..$ 180,000.00 
Realized on Second Mortgage Bonds..... 106,373.27 


Potala tekken: wera ee An ciacnae he 000,964,638 


Not including balance due the United 
States Government, the indebtedness 
now due general creditors now in course 


of adjudication, amounts to about..... 700,000.00 


AMON ree Mle Bobs iG exe ay it. G Gee erercneees E $3,203,964 .63 
Deduct amount refunded United States 


Government 112,046.43 


Estimated total which went into Construe- 
tion, Expenses and Loss in Operation. .$3,191,918.20 


OTHER SIDE OF BALANCE SHEET 


The Exposition Company owns its site of 
about 350 acres, with all buildings on it, and 
streets improved with sidewalks, sewer, water 
and gas pipes, ete., which may yet sell for an 
amount sufficient to pay all or a large part of 
its indebtedness. 


(Signed) Barron Mynrs, 


Governor of Ways and Means. 


WEST FRONT OF TRANSPORTATION BUILDING 


CONCESSIONS AND ADMISSIONS 


HE Department of Concessions was ere- 
ated May 26, 1905, and C. 8. Sherwood 
was named as Manager. The duties of 
this Department were performed by him 

without assistance until February, 1906, when 
F. B. Davison, then under contract with the 
Company to perform certain special duties in 
connection with the Department of Exploitation 
and Exhibits, was assigned to assist Mr. Sher- 
wood, who appointed him Chief. Subsequently, 
the Division of Concessions, Admissions and 
Collections was created, and Mr. Sherwood was 
made Governor of the Division. The duties of 
this Division were discharged by Mr. Sherwood 
and Mr. Davison until February 1, 1907, when 
H. E. Sherwood was employed as Chief Book- 
keeper. These constituted the supervising 
officers of the Division until July 15, 1907. 

Meanwhile, the Department of Collections 
had, in February, 1907, been transferred to the 
Treasurer’s office. One of the most important 
policies adopted by the Concessions Depart- 
ment was the requirement of an advance pay- 
ment on account of percentages accruing on 
contracts. The object of this policy was two- 
fold: It served as an evidence of good faith 
on the part of those seeking contracts, and it 
provided the Company with very desirable 
funds with which to pursue its plans. That it 
furthered the latter policy is demonstrated by 
the fact that eighty-four thousand two hundred 
and five dollars in cash was paid into the 
treasury of the Company during the _ pre- 
Exposition period, and four thousand two hun- 
dred and ninety-eight dollars in deferred 
payments were collected after Opening Day; 
making the total advance receipts eighty-eight 
thousand two hundred and three dollars. 

Another policy sought to limit contracts to 
a number sufficient to meet the demands of the 
public, and, at the same time, avoid creating 
a competition which would tend to endanger 
the revenues of the many. The total number 
of contracts awarded were one hundred and 
sixty-five, of which seventy-five were for the 
sale of merchandise, twenty-two for service, 
such as the Inside Inn, eating, hauling, storage, 
the sale of drinking water, toilet and black- 
ing privileges, laundry, parcel checking, ete. ; 
twenty-one for restaurants and for amusements. 
Of this number, twenty-one failed, for various 
reasons, to begin active operations. The earn- 
ing capacity of these contracts may be judged 
by the results of the first sixty-eight days of 
the Exposition—the period when the conces- 
sions were under the supervision of those who 
had awarded the contracts, a period beginning 
with Opening Day, April 26, and ending with 
July 15, when J. M. Barr became Director- 
General. 


Paid admissions during this period were... 363,976 
Receipts! from) admissions. 3a 244-2 22) 45 31 $168,039.59 
Revenue earned by concessions............ 128,822 .94 

ACOA OL ner erotics moe eiet cies ieee ree te b296,862 .53 
The average receipts per 100 paid admissions. ..$46.17 
The average concession revenue, same basis..... 35.39 

A botal sof cee sacks cee: aechortereuiete re ceeseoee nears $81.56 


During this same period the concessions paid 
to the Exposition Company, fifty-six thousand 
nine hundred and sixty-four dollars and forty- 
seven cents, of which four thousand two hun- 
dred and ninety-eight dollars was an advance 
payment—leaving the net result from percent- 
age collections of fifty-two thousand six hun- 


dred and fifty-six dollars and forty-seven cents 
—or fourteen dollars and forty-six cents as the 
Exposition revenue per one hundred paid ad- 
missions. 

The actual concessions revenue which was 
earned by the Company from April 26 to July 
15 was one hundred and twenty-eight thousand 
eight hundred and twenty three dollars, of 
which the fifty-two thousand six hundred and 
fifty-six dollars collected amounted only to 
40.87 per cent; but had collections at the 
Jamestown Exposition been as close as at Chi- 
cago, the receipts would have been one hundred 
and fifteen thousand nine hundred and forty- 
one dollars. As it was, each paid admission to 
the Grounds yielded the Exposition in gate 
money and concessions percentages, 60.63 cents. 
If the Chicago results had been obtained, 78.02 
cents would have been obtained from each 
visitor. In considering this result, it must be 
understood that during this period none of the 
concessionaires operating amusements on the 
‘““Warpath’’ were paying more than half of 
their percentages; because the advance pay- 
ments taken from them were, under their con- 
tracts, returnable through the concessionaires’ 
withholding fifty per cent of each daily per- 
centage until the Exposition had liquidated its 
apparent debt. If the distribution of the ad- 
vance payments on concessions had been ex- 
tended over the entire Exposition period it 
would have added about five cents to each paid 
admission, 

From July 15 to October 5—the seventy days 
during which the Exposition was under the 
management of J. M. Barr, Director-General— 

These figures lead to the following com- 
parison: 


Paid admissions during this period were... 726,425 
Receipts from) admissvonsie:. yee) ildeteeeere $329,249.00 
Revenues earned by concessions........... 51,997 .00 


A. total \ofai. se. aes eos = oe eles peepee lea Onn 


The average receipts per 100 paid admissions. . . $45.32 
The average concession revenue, same basis..... 7.07 


Under the direction of the Division of Con- 
cessions and Admissions as originally consti- 
tuted, the admissions revenue per one hundred 
was forty-six dollars and seventeen cents— 
while under Director General Barr it was forty- 
five dollars and thirty-two cents—or a decrease 
of eighty-five cents per one hundred. Caleu- 
lated on the same basis, the concessions revenue 
under the first administration was fourteen dol- 
lars and forty-six cents—while under Mr. Barr 
it was seven dollars and seven cents—or a de- 
crease on each one hundred paid admissions of 
seven dollars and thirty-nine cents. The total 
decrease in admissions revenue, indicated on 
seven hundred and twenty-six thousand four 
hundred and twenty-five paid admissions at 
eighty-five cents per one hundred, shows six 
thousand one hundred and seventy-four dollars 
and sixty-one cents. The total decrease in con- 
cessions revenue on this number of paid admis- 
sions at seven dollars and thirty-nine cents per 
one hundred, shows fifty-three thousand six hun- 
dred and eighty-two dollars and eighty cents— 
or a grand total loss of fifty-nine thousand 
eight hundred and fifty-seven dollars and forty- 
one cents. 

The remarkable decrease in concessions reve- 
nue as shown by this comparison is of sufficient 
gravity to warrant more than a passing notice, 


714 


Concessions and Admissions. 


and beyond question is in a measure accounted 
for by the operating of two concessions de- 
partments with opposing policies, one of which 
was struggling for existence and the other for 
supremacy. A reasonable degree of success at- 
tended the period from April 26 to July 15— 
when the Department was in the hands of those 
who had formulated its policies, took pride in 
its success and jealously guarded its interests. 
It was in marked contrast to the succeeding 
seventy days, when the evil results, which had 
been foreshadowed by Mr. Sherwood in letters 
to the Board of Governors during 1906, became 
evident. 

At that time the Manager of Concessions 
opposed the legislation of the Board which 
tended to create a rival concessions department 
in the Department of Exhibits, which would 
make it impossible for the Manager of Conces- 
sions to dispose of space in the Palaces of Com- 
merce, from which a revenue of seventy-five 
thousand dollars was reasonably assured, and 
which otherwise would place beyond the power 
of the Concessions Department the exercis- 
ing of any control over the number or char- 
acter of concessions. In the matter of the 
Palaces of Commerce, a certain price per square 
foot was to be charged for selling space, and no 
coneession percentage was to be paid. Prices 
ranged from ten dollars per square foot down 
to five dollars, and averaged about seven 
dollars and fifty cents per square foot. There 
were ten thousand three hundred square feet of 
space for sale. Of this amount five thousand 
three hundred and ninety-four feet had been 
sold and one-third of the payment made prior 
to July 1, 1907. This amounted to the sum of 
thirteen thousand four hundred and eighty-four 
dollars and sixty-six cents—leaving a balance 
due on account of twenty-six thousand nine 
hundred and thirty-nine dollars and thirty-four 
cents, with four thousand six hundred and 
seven square feet unsold. Very little money 
was later secured from these Palaces of Com- 
merce, whereas sixty-one thousand five hundred 
and twenty-one dollars and thirty-four cents, in 
addition to what was paid, would have been se- 
cured had all the space been taken. 

The following resolution adopted by the 
Board of Governors at a meeting held July 13, 
1906, doomed the Palaces of Commerce to 
failure: 

Resolved, That, in addition to the general rules al- 
ready passed upon by the Board in connection with 
the Exhibits Department, that in the case of all 
American bona fide manufacturers who exhibit their 
machinery or processes of manufacture at our Exposi- 
tion, that after contracting to pay for the space which 
they desire to occupy in the exhibit buildings at the 
rates already prescribed by the Board, that in the 
event they wish to sell the products of their own 
manufacture for immediate delivery, from their ex- 
hibit, the percentage to be charged on their gross 
receipts shall be as follows: In the event that the 
exhibit is a live one—goods manufactured on the 
spot—ten per cent. In the event that the exhibit is a 
dead one—goods being manufactured away—fifteen to 
twenty per cent, as the Exhibits Department may 
determine. 

Resolved, Second, That in the instance of foreign 
exhibitors, in order to induce the bona fide actual 
manufacturers of products abroad to exhibit at our 
Exposition such choice exhibits as may be acceptable 
to the Exhibits Department, that space in the exhibit 
buildings, in which their several products would natur- 
ally classify, would be allotted them free; and if the 
selling privilege is desired for goods of their own 
individual manufacture, that the rate be, for live 
exhibits, ten per cent; for dead exhibits, as explained 
above, fifteen per cent. 

Resolved, Third, That in the instance of foreign 
manufacturers who wish to exhibit in the exhibit 
buildings of the Exposition, and do not desire selling 
privileges, the charge for space be fifty per cent of 
the uniform rate charged American exhibitors. 


The Governor of Concessions was absent from 
the meeting of the Board when the vote on 
these resolutions was taken, but as soon as a 


715 


copy of them was placed in his hands he made 
a written protest on the ground that they were 
in direct conflict with an established policy of 
the Board which had been set forth in the rules 
for the government of concessions, in which this 
declaration was made—that ‘‘Privileges refer 
to the sale of such goods as are manufactured 
within the Grounds of the Exposition, in order 
to illustrate a machine. Concessions refer to 
the sale of goods for revenue’’—and he main- 
tained that these rules, never having been re- 
pealed, were still in force; that it was, conse- 
quently, unlawful to give to the Exhibits 
Department any right to determine what per- 
centage an exhibitor would have to pay for the 
sale of goods not made on the grounds in order 
to illustrate a machine. 

Without a distinct Government authorization 
or declaration that this was an International 
Exposition and World’s Fair, it was admittedly 
difficult for the Division of Exhibits to secure 
foreign exhibitors—but there are numerous 
agencies of foreign houses selling cheap jew- 
elry, duplicates of statues, and other fancy 
articles, who would gladly take advantage of 
such an opportunity as was afforded by this 
discrimination in their favor; and the Governor 
of Concessions objected to the un-Americanism 
of the discrimination and to the invasion of 
the Department of Concessions by the Depart- 
ment of Exhibits, which by going to the extent 
of giving free space to foreign exhibitors who 
sold for immediate delivery, certainly induced 
all to sell, and the effect of this would, he pre- 
dicted, be the establishment of two concessions 
departments, one being favored at the expense 
of the other. His last objection was based upon 
the assumption that the operation of these rules 
would make the success of the proposed bazaar 
buildings so much a matter of doubt as to 
render their construction inadvisable, if not un- 
necessary, since the Exhibit Palaces would be 
used for the identical purpose for which these 
buildings were conceived and designed. It was 
later found to be a fact that a very few of the 
foreign exhibits were anything but concessions. 
In the case of some this was, of course, not 
true—notably, the Japanese exhibit, where an 
early contract was made, and at a time when 
it was stated by the Governor of Exhibits that 
he would not permit any concessions in the 
building under his care, except such as were 
made from live exhibits or from exhibits in- 
stalled and operated personally by the people 
who manufactured the goods and whose prime 
purpose was exhibition and not sale. Later, 
however, this purpose was abandoned—as, 
obviously, it would have to be under the opera- 
tion of this resolution—for many foreign manu- 
facturers have agents here, and it is not difficult 
for concerns with any business rating to obtain 
an agency for foreign goods which are not 
represented in America, and both of these 
classes of agents would naturally take advan- 
tage of inducements offered in the way of free 
space. In round numbers, there were four 
times as many sales concessions granted by the 
Exhibits Department as were sold by the De- 
partment of Concessions—a result which was an- 
ticipated by the Governor of Concessions when 
he addressed a letter to the Board, under date 
of July 31, 1906, declining to assume responsi- 
bility for the construction of the Palaces of 
Commerce, which buildings were not authorized 
until October 19, 1906, and cost twenty-seven 
thousand dollars. 

This was only one of several instances— 
though perhaps the most glaring and far- 
reaching in its consequences—but another 
source from which there was considerable loss of 
revenue was from the sale of postal cards. This 
coneession, which had an unusually brilliant 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exp. .. 


prospect as a revenue producer, by reason of 
its being able to present so many interesting 
historical views, contracted to pay the Exposi- 
tion Company thirty-five per cent of its gross 
receipts, and it obtained a contract which not 
only purported to protect it from infringe- 
ment by sales, but, in addition, the Board of 
Governors endeavored to safeguard the rights 
of these concessionaires by directing that the 
Concessions Department supervise or examine 
all advertising matter that exhibitors might 
wish to distribute. 

Rule thirty of the Exhibits Department, as 
printed and promulgated, read: ‘‘No advertis- 
ing matter may be given away, save such as 
has been sanctioned by the Governor of Ex- 
hibits, and then only at the exhibition space; 
but this must be done without annoyance to 
visitors.’ 

On the fourth of July, 1906, this rule was 
amended by the addition of the following pro- 
vision: Instead of a period after visitors, there 
was a semi-colon and these words: ‘‘It being 
the sense of the Board that before the Governor 
of Exhibits shall decide as to any free adver- 
tising matter, papers, circulars and pamphlets 
containing photographic matter, he shall in any 
case ascertain from the Governor of Concessions 
whether it infringes upon the rights of any 
concessionaire. Any difference between the 
fFovernors of the above Departments which 
cannot be settled by them, shall be referred 
to the Board of Governors for final deter- 
mination.”’ 

In but one single instance was there ever 
presented to the Governor of Concessions any 
advertising matter which exhibitors desired to 
distribute, and in that instance his views were 
utterly disregarded and no reference was 
made to the Board of Governors for final de- 
termination. 

The Postal Card Concession did a gross busi- 
ness of only eleven thousand one hundred and 
fifty-two dollars—indieating an Exposition 
revenue of three thousand nine hundred and 
three dollars, a considerable portion of which 
was remitted—and, notwithstanding a due al- 
lowanee for the much smaller attendance than 
was anticipated, the business and the revenue 
should have been many times greater, and cer- 
tainly would have been had there not been con- 
flict between the interests of this concession and 
the interests of exhibitors who desired to adver- 
tise with souvenir cards. 

Another loss from a similar source related 
to a fan concession, for which a flat sum had 
been offered to the Concessions Department, 
and while this was being considered the adver- 
tising matter of the Singer Sewing Machine 
Company was submitted by Mr. Southgate in 
person to Mr. Sherwood. The letter of this 
Company instanced the different styles of ad- 
vertising which they desired to distribute, 
under these heads: Fans, Souvenir Views, 
Catalogues, All Nations Cards and the Mar- 
chand painting, ‘‘Lord Delaware, 1610.’’ The 
Concessions Department protested against the 
distribution of fans, but the Board of Governors 
permitted this course and thereby destroyed 
the prospect for a fan concession; and the 
other features which were presented at this 
time the Concessions Department deemed 
proper to approve or disapprove not in a mass 
but separately, and, therefore, they desired that 
souvenir views and catalogues, at least, should 
be presented for their consideration, each to be 
judged upon its own merits, for either of these 
might infringe upon exclusive rights previously 
granted to concessionaires. None of these, how- 
ever, was presented to the Governor of Con- 
cessions. 


An exclusive Laundry Concession was 


granted, and the concessionaire, at considerable 
expense, established an up-to-date plant which 
was capable of caring for the entire business 
within the Grounds and which for a time was 
worked profitably—but, against the protest of 
the Governor of Concessions, an arrangement 
was made permitting another Company to re- 
ceive and deliver at the Inside Inn—and the 
Exposition revenue from the Laundry Conees- 
sion was withheld in consequence of this action 
of the Board of Governors, which undoubtedly 
permitted an infringement of this contract. 

In the absence of any formal declaration on 
the subject by the Board of Governors, the De- 
partment of Concessions believed it to be the 
part of wisdom that all concessions to be 
granted by it should receive the approyal of 
the Board before entering into any contract; 
consequently, the practice of the Department 
was to present the applications for all such to 
the Board; which in each instance directed to 
whom the concession should be given; and no 
contract was entered into by the Concession 
Department for any concession that had not 
previously received the approval-of the Board; 
consequently, they were informed as to the 
details of every concession granted and thus 
had the opportunity of keeping in touch not 
only with the character, but also with the rate 
per cent or flat rate, as the case may have been 
in each instance, as well as the number of con- 
cessions authorized; therefore, in view of the 
manifest right of the Board to have the infor- 
mation and influence which this practice on the 
part of the Concessions Department afforded, it 
seems a misfortune that so many more were 
granted, without a due appreciation of the re- 
sponsibility of the Board,as to produce the most 
disastrous consequences—resulting in the loss 
of many thousands of dollars of revenue to the 
Exposition Company. 

A protest of the Concessions Division, which 
was overruled by the Board of Governors, 
brought forth the following letter: 

April 15, 1907. 
Mr. C. S. Sherwood, 
Governor of Division C. & A. 

Dear Sir:—I note a resolution adopted by the Board 
of Governors on the eighth instant, which granted the 
Ingersoll Watch Company the right to sell their dollar 
watches from several spaces in the various exhibit 
buildings. This resolution seems to have been passed 
regardless of the protest from this Department, which 
protest was based upon a policy announced by the 
Governor of Exhibits and discussed hy the Board of 
Governors on several occasions, resulting in the erec- 
tion of two Palaces of Commerce at a cost of about 
twenty-seven thousand dollars, in which to install sales 
concessions. 

These two buildings were forced upon the Conces- 
sions Department because of the fact that the Governor 
of Exhibits had neglected, for several months to make 
reply to a communication addressed to him on Mareh 
17, 1906, by the Chief of the Department of Conces- 
sions, asking for an allottment of spaces in the exhibits 
buildings for selling concessions other than sales from 
manufacturing exhibits, as defined in his printed rules, 
in the exhibits buildings, and by way of emphasis 
had declined to consider propositions made by respon- 
sible persons which had for their aim the securing 
of high grade selling concessions for his buildings. 

As further evidence of his policy, the Japanese 
exhibitor was by contract prohibited from selling from 
his space. Other cases might be cited, but the fore- 
going is sufficient to convince almost anybody that if 
the Jamestown Exposition makes good its pledges to 
the Government, upon which pledges it secured a loan, 
the Department of Concessions, which is expected to 
get a large part of the Exposition revenue, would have 
to find a place outside the exhibits building for its 
selling concessions. Hence, as stated, the Board, after 
many weeks of careful consideration, ordered the Pal- 
aces of Commerce. \ 

This Department has repeatedly stated that it could 
not fill the Palaces of Commerce if selling concessions, 
as such, were installed in the exhibits buildings, nor 
would it be responsible to the Board of Directors or 
Stockholders for the two buildings or the cost of the 
same, if the cause for their creation was removed. 

This Department is not informed as to the extent to 
which the Division of Exhibits wishes or expects to 


716 


Concessions and Admissions. 


install in its buildings selling concessions similar to the 
cheap watch concessions referred to in the resolution. It 
has performed its duty to date. How well that duty has 
been done may be best judged from the fact that the one 
hundred thousand dollars in revenue pledged the Board 
before the opening day amounted to one hundred and 
five thousand eight hundred and seventy-four dollars 
and ninety-eight cents up to and including April 6, as 
shown by receipts from the Treasurer, with additional 
assets for nearly ten thousand dollars more, and nine- 
teen days margin. 

This Department has weighed all matters pertaining 
to its work and is convinced that it can best judge of 
the ability of the Exposition to support its concessions; 
such judgment is a part of the province of the Depart- 
ment, else it had none; if then, some other Division 
or Department steps in and to all intents and purposes 
becomes, for the instant, a Concessions Department, 
and sueceeds in having the Board grant additional con- 
cessions without regard to what the other hand doeth, 
for the purpose of filling exhibit space never intended 
for selling concessions, as in this instance, or to gratify 
some pledge, pay some debtor, satisfy a claim, the 
result will be the same in every instance, viz.: revolu- 
tion among concessionaires, who will defy the manage- 
ment, thereby making history repeat itself. The few 
additional concessions necessary to impoverish the 
whole will not avail much in saving exhibit space from 
emptiness. 

To pursue the policy indicated in the resolution will, 
in my opinion, result in sacrificing one Department, 
successful to date, for another which has been less 
fortunate, and I am persuaded that if the Board antici- 
pates installing selling concessions in Exhibits build- 
ings, this Department should be immediately advised, 
that its conduct towards Palaces of Commerce conces- 
sionaires may be governed accordingly. 

Yours truly, 
Chief, Departments C. & A. 

This stated the views of the Chief of the 
Department—and in these Mr. Sherwood con- 
curred. 

There were other occasions in which the 
Board of Governors decided adversely to the 
Concessions Department, with the result that 
losses were sustained. A notable instance was 
the case of the 101 Ranch. This was believed 
by many to have been the most attractive of the 
amusement features, and a location for such a 
show was a matter of prime importance. The 
judgment of the Concessions Department was 
that the most suitable site was in the block 
just north of the ‘‘Warpath,’’ and the Board 
directed that this ground should be allotted to 
the show. Subsequently, against the protest of 
the Department, the action of the Board ap- 
proving this spot was reconsidered, and it was 
ordered that the Ranch be located immediately 
south of the southwest angle of Commonwealth 
Avenue—a location particularly unsuited for 
this sort of attraction, where a large number of 
men and animals were compelled to lyve—be- 
cause the land was low and boggy; and the 
Manager of the Ranch very strongly objected 
to it, but upon being assured that it would be 
filled and put into a satisfactory condition, he 
agreed to accept it. The original location was 
high, and the drainage easy. 

When the Company arrived they did not find 
the conditions as they expected, but they pro- 
ceeded, after much complaining, to erect their 
enclosure and buildings. The boggy condition 
of the land proved a constant source of annoy- 
ance and hindrance, and several cases of fever 
broke out among the people employed in the 
show, the death of at least one resulting from 
this cause. During the entire time of their stay, 
the location formed a basis of constant com- 
plaint, and besides it was a menace to the Expo- 
sition—notwithstanding that more than twenty 
thousand dollars had been spent by the Exposi- 
tion Company to put it in a suitable condition 
for use and more was expended to maintain 
it in as sanitary a condition as was possible 
under the circumstances. The 101 Ranch was 
not the only loser by this mistake, but a restau- 
ant operating a large tent in the vicinity owed 
much of its failure to its proximity to this 
menace. 

The 101 Ranch did a gross business of sixty- 


years 


seven thousand eighty-one dollars, indicating 
a revenue to the Exposition of about fifteen 
thousand five dollars, of which only four hun- 
dred and five dollars was received. The operat- 
ing Company was never satisfied with its loca- 
tion and continually protested. Even if the 
sanitary condition had been as good, the loca- 
tion away from the ‘‘Warpath’’ was undesir- 
able, and it is possible that this lost fourteen 
thousand six hundred dollars of revenue would 
have been paid if the concession had been lo- 
cated as originally intended. It is also probable 
that they would have done a paying business 
had they been better situated. This, of course, 
is problematical—but the twenty thousand dol- 
lars spent upon the location was a dead loss. 

The policy of demanding advance payments 
from Warpath concessionaires was rigidly pur- 
sued by the Department, and there was little 
difficulty in enforeing this rule until the Me- 
Connell contracts were awarded. Through 
some inadvertence, or in some way unknown 
to the Department of Concessions, Mr. MeCon- 
nell obtained the lines for his buildings, without 
first having to meet the requirements of the 
Department, that he pay twenty dollars per 
front foot for Warpath space. This sum 
amounted to twelve thousand or thirteen thou- 
sand dollars. This statement is not intended to 
reflect upon Mr. McConnell, but when the 
matter became known that the buildings were 
going up, the Governor of the Department, 
acting through the Division of Works, caused 
work on them to be suspended until such time 
as the rules should be recognized and the re- 
quired advance payment be made. Instead, 
however, of making the payment Mr. McCon- 
nell appeared before the Board of Governors in 
person and succeeded in obtaining their per- 
mission to proceed with the construction upon 
the payment of one thousand dollars. The 
Board resolved as follows: 

February 12, 1907. 

Resolved, That the Governor of Concessions be, and 
he is hereby, directed to accept the sum of one thou- 
sand dollars and notes for the balance of the amounts 
due as advance payments in lieu of charges for spaces 
in connection with the following concessions, which 
were applied for in the name of E. W. McConnell: 
Shooting the Chutes, Merrimac and Monitor, Battle of 
Manassas, Battle of Gettysburg, and Palaces of His- 
tory; said notes to bear interest at six per cent from 
the date of the rough draft of the contract, and to be 
paid out of the first percentages that accrue; and, 
further, 

Resolved, That the proper officers are hereby di- 
rected to execute the said contract. 

The demoralizing effect of this action was 
subsequently felt by the Exposition, when other 
conecessionaires who had made advance pay- 
ments as required when they obtained their 
contracts, charged discrimination and joined 
the revolt against the payment of percentages 
which had been begun by those sellers of mer- 
chandise who early realized that business in 
their direction had been so much overcrowded 
as to imperil the chances of success of all who 
were engaged. 

The expected attendance at the Exposition 
was so much greater than the real figures that 
it is very difficult to estimate what might have 
been. The Concessions Department, however, 
predicted that it would give to the Exposition 
one hundred thousand dollars as prepayments, 
and more than fulfilled its prophecy. The Man- 
ager of the Division and his Chief were sub- 
jected to much adverse criticism on the part of 
the concessionaires who desired locations in the 
exhibit buildings but could not obtain them 
under the original rulings, and afterwards 
found, when the Government of the Company 
was reorganized, that there was no difficulty 
in securing such spaces; and were still more 
criticised because it was well known that many 
of the exhibitors were concessionaires, pure and 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


simple. The antagonism between the policies 
of the Exhibits Department and the Conces- 
sions Department undoubtedly operated to the 
detriment of the Exposition, and was very 
unfortunate. On the whole, for the period that 


the Division was operated under its original 
management, the showing may be considered 
fairly satisfactory. 
(Signed) C. 8. SHERwoop, 
Governor Concessions, Admissions and Collections. 


As will be related by Mr. Wakefield in the paper which follows, he was appointed Director 


of Concessions and Admissions, by Director-General James M. Barr, on July 20, 1907. 


From that 


date until the close of the Exposition, his position was practically the same as Mr. Sherwood’s 


had been. 


Hon. Alvah H. Martin, 
Director-General. 

Sir:—I have pleasure in submitting to you 
herewith tabulated reports covering the results 
of the operation of the Admissions Department 
and of the Concessions Department, said De- 
partments comprising the Division of Exposi- 
tion Operation. I think you will find the re- 
ports clear, full and comprehensive, covering all 
information that might be called for or desired. 

In submitting my reports, | deem it well to 
somewhat briefly review the operations and 
environments that have econduced to produce 
the results shown. 

In the very beginning of Exposition organi- 
zation, Hon. C. 8. Sherwood of Portsmouth, Va., 
and member of the Board of Governors was 
placed in charge of this Division and he re- 
mained in active charge and control until July 
20, 1907, practically all of the regular conces- 
sion contracts and a few of the exhibitors sell- 
ing privileges were negotiated and executed 
under his directions, and the construction and 
installation of the ‘‘War Path’’ features was 
completed under his watchful eye, and as he 


required. The design and arrangement of the 
War Path or Concession street, being as 


planned by him, and the location and archi- 
tecture of the concessions located thereon being 
according to his specifications and demands. 

July 20, 1907—Mr. James M. Barr, Director- 
General, who had been placed in absolute 
charge and control of the Exposition, July 1, 
by the Board of Directors and financial inter- 
ests, desirous of rescuing the enterprise from 
the chaotie condition and perilous situation 
which then and for a considerable time previous 
had obtained, requested that I detach myself 
from the Division of Exhibits, in which Division 
IT had served as Chief of the Division and accept 
the appointment of Director of Concessions and 
Admissions with its attendant cares and re- 
sponsibilities. I accepted the appointment and 
took charge of the offices and operations on 
July 22, 1907. 

I reorganized the Departments by the ap- 
pointment of Mr. H. E. Sherwood as Chief of 
Department of Admissions, promoted from the 
position of Chief Clerk, same Department, by 
appointment of Colonel C. A. Wood as Chief 
Inspector, Department of Admissions, by ap- 
pointment of Mr. J. Staley Teager as my assist- 
ant, particularly in concession operations, by 
appointment of Mr. George Vessey as Chief 
Inspector, Department of Concessions, and by 
appointment of Miss Anne 8. Schenck as Sec- 
retary and File Clerk. 

I found the operations and affairs of this 
Division in a generally chaotie and stressful 
condition. This condition was largely attribut- 
able to two causes. First—A lack of proper 
eround work or basis of operation and efficient 
organization of forces therefor, resultg in 
discontent and dissatisfaction of the operating 
concessioners with the restraints and difficulties 
attending the minor details of daily recurring 
operations between the office forces and the 
coneessioners and the lack of experienced co- 
operative control and decision so essential to 
smooth working and for harmonious results. 


The statement of Mr. Wakefield is his official report to Director-General A. H. Martin: 


Second—The generally unsatisfactory condi- 
tions prevailing in the Exposition Grounds as 
a result of the execrable management of Open- 
ing Day period and subsequent events. The 
unpreparedness and unfinished condition pre- 
vailing previously, the very hght attendance of 
visitors, and from other causes. 

The seriousness of this situation was clearly 
evident in the action of all the larger amuse- 
ment concessions in making claims for large 
damages and in their refusal to further pay 
their accruing indebtedness to the Exposition, 
until their claims had been considered and al- 
lowed, or until their contract compensations 
had been minimized by reductions. Some of 
the coneessions having large operating and 
maintenance expenses, claiming that their gross 
receipts did not more than cover such expenses, 
and that therefor they could not, unless under 
very greatly improved conditions, continue to 
make payments to the Exposition Company. 

Briefly, the progress and situation in the two 
Departments of the Division as of July 20, in- 
clusive, were as evidenced below: 


ADMISSIONS DEPARTMENT. 


Paid 2d missrons stasis a accel oko Clee iene 400,218 
Pree admissionscre rs eicceic il ssere ee ere 655,319 
Total admissions: ccetaie otecleie erecta erate ene 1,055,537 


CONCESSIONS DEPARTMENT. 
5.54 


Amount paid by concessions..............$15 5 
185.00 


7 
Witonclyecrediiedins. cir-ttstiiaie “recite 19 


$138,800.54 
DueKirom (Concessions einer cee tte 64,654.04 
Balance due to concessions..............-- 30,898.74 
This amount includes eighty-five thousand 
two hundred and seventeen dollars and thirty- 
two cents collected as advance payments on 
account of percentages to accrue and ten thou- 
sand two hundred and twenty-three dollars and 
twenty-seven cents collected on a ‘‘flat rate’’ 
or ‘‘lump sum’’ concessions on which no fur- 
ther revenue would accrue. 
The Director-General took the position, and 
I think rightly, at the time and under the con- 
ditions at that time, that, not having made the 
existing contracts, he should not authorize 
changes or variations affecting Exposition reve- 
nues therefrom, but authorized in cases where 
operating and maintenance expenses, plus ex- 
position revenues, were not had, an easement of 
such portion of Exposition revenue as would 
leave sufficient for maintenance, and that such 
easement be held in abeyance until such time 
as bettered conditions and attendance would 
produce sufficient earnings to pay all the obli- 
gations of the concessioner to the Exposition 
Company. This action tended to increase the 
total of debit balances against concessioners, 
but it was obvious that there was no better 
action to be taken as matters then stood. Some 
such easements were made and some proposed 
settlements arranged, but owing to continued 
and exasperating delays in securing the ap- 
proval of some officers the best opportunities 
of settlements were lost and later settlements 
secured much smaller cash returns. The at- 
tendance at the Exposition did not increase as 
was expected and there never was an attend- 
ance that could result in profitable onerations 


718 


Concessions and Admissions. 


of the concessions installed on these grounds 
and it could only follow that Exposition reve- 
nue must suffer thereby. 

October 5, 1907—Mr. Alvah H. Martin was 
elected Director-General, vice Mr. James M. 
Barr, who had resigned. Mr. Martin requested 
all Division Directors to continue their duties 
at same compensation and along same lines as 
heretofore. 

Shortly thereafter he advised me that it was 
charged that coneession revenues had fallen 
off greatly, as compared with the period in 
which the Division was under direction of 
others, and asked that | prepare a showing or 
statement that would exhibit the real facts. In 
compliance, a full report on concessions opera- 
tions was prepared and submitted on October 
16. A part of such report, showing the sub- 
stantial grouping of the details of the full re- 
port, is as follows: 


Cash collections to July 20..... $153,662.80 
Absorbed by advance payments 
(Way: AAV Are" cipro ae 33,903.39 
= $187,566.19 
Less— 
Advance payments per cent ac- 
COUUUOS! bos aioe tis lay state ceverass re) agys Cotati ly ay) 
Flat rate prior to April 26..... 10,223 .27 


Flat rate collections by Exhibit 


Dia hele) “Aa Ree ee are een aes 2,250.00 
Difference in collections from 
accounts uneollectable after 


wih? PW es saeetaotte Clee Ne maec 15,689.26 


SS Wilayar ol) hss) 
Cash collections April 26 to July 20 on 
proper basis for comparison with period 
eA OTe ILL ya A) ePrints ya sie hors rele eicceds: si9ne<ahe 74,176.34 


Cash collections July 22 to Octo- 
laGre ie tow SE Oe nO OO ee Roe $68,354.86 
Absorbed by advertising pay- 
ments July 22 to Oct. 5...... 41,162.41 
109.517 27 
Total collections from all sources July 22 
HOMO) Crm oltover tyrotats akelsrsuareiayeanc. suete-inie laps erase 
Excess collections in period July 22 to Oct. 5 
Overs PErlOdeAprile 20. Ord Uly 20. ces ole 
Working days in period from April 26 to 


109,517 .27 


34,340.93 


AimIhe EXUGSS bce pop eee ee eee EEE 74 
Working days in period from July 22 to 

OGis te vo,d pectin nes pao pen Go Octo FUDGE 66 
Total charges against concessionaires April 

Or UL ya 2 0 nsctercch a rts ee ele azascielelsle a fases ois 168,938.65 


Total charges against concessionaires July 
LR OXCItS: loa, cone b.ol0Ga 0 aie cltscinss GO OREIe OIor 
Percentage of charges collected April 26- 


199,322.01 


Afitilly EADS eee Ste ae alaa ole ie deen Rea 45% 
Percentage of charges collected July 22- 
1) CGD epee a aha y clay carts Suction o otua ere a oats, 54% 


186,100.00 


Admission Receipts April 26-July 20...... 
313,024.00 


Admission Receipts July 22-Oct. 5........ 
Percentage of collections to gate receipts 


/Sgiraill Yagi he CAVE tages oo Orie ceeeee: Oe acces Olen 39% 
Percentage of collections to gate receipts 
Piva aC Cte Otm Ame pects ols e iciey ean sasiea ae 35% 


Note—The sum of fifteen thousand six hundred and 
ninety-nine dollars and twenty-six cents, deducted from 
collections to July 20, represents the difference he- 
tween collections in the two periods from certain 
concessions, bills against which were uncollectable after 
July 20 for reasons set forth in attached sheet. The 
deduction is made in order to equalize the collections 
in these two periods from the concession referred to, 
which equalization is necessary to a comparison, for the 
reason that these accounts were not subject to col- 
lection of material sums after July 20, 1907. 

Continued disappointing paid admissions to 
the Exposition, notwithstanding valiant and 
heroic efforts to secure large increases therein, 
caused also continued disappointing revenues 
to concessions, and a general claim was made 
that as the Exposition had failed to secure at- 
tendance sufficient for profitable concessions 
operations, the Exposition Company should not 
require payments from concessioners beyond 
their ascertained ability to pay. Hearkening 
hereto, the Director-General appointed a Com- 
mittee on Adjustment and Settlement of Con- 
cessions Accounts, said Committee being com- 
posed as follows: John A. Wakefield, Director 
of Concessions; C. L. Old, Assistant Treasurer, 
and Smith G. Brittingham, Attorney of General 
Counsel Staff. Said Committee held daily ses- 


719 


sions, beginning at 3 o’clock vp. M. and generally 
continuing late into the night. They made 
many adjustments and settlements and received 
thereby a considerable amount of cash pay- 
ments, which otherwise would not have been 
made. 

One of the many reasons why fuller collec- 
tions from concessions were not made was be- 
cause there was no direct, quick authoritative 
power for immediate settlement of contentions 
and differences held by any one official or body 
of officials and the opportunity for best collee- 
tions was lost while waiting for approval of 
tentative settlements of such contentions, dif- 
ferences and damages arising from varied 
causes and sources. 

Another and an important cause was the in- 
direct and roundabout system used in present- 
ing accruing bills for payment. The Conces- 
sions Department would make bills on Tuesday 
for Monday’s business; their bills would go to 
the Treasurer, Tuesday evening; from Treas- 
urer to Collection Officer on Wednesday, and be 
presented for payment on Thursday or perhaps 
later. My exposition experience simply em- 
phasizes my original belief that the Division 
in which bills originate should be charged with 
the collection of them as well—and report their 
cash collections to the Treasurer, taking his 
receipt therefor as a clearance of the responsi- 
bility in exactly the same manner as the Ad- 
missions Department was operated here and at 
other expositions. This would result in closer 
and quicker collections, a less divided responsi- 
bility, and an avoidance of the expense of multi- 
phed and oft repeated duplication of the book- 
keeping needful for full and complete records, 
and that the general officer in charge of the 
Division should have power and authority to 
adjust and settle conclusively and immediately 
all differences arising in his Division. He could 
be supported and reinforced in such settlement 
with the advice and approval of designated 
parties, not more than two in number, whose 
identity might or might not be known. 

Accompanying tabulated report of conces- 
sions operations and results, shows that sum- 
marized the net results were as follows: 


Gross receipts of concessions............$1,740,235.77 
Total Exposition revenue therefrom...... 417,694.57 
Cash collections. ...0+....2.5 02 -$220,899).20 
Allowances and other credits... 45,776.28 
Balances unpaid by conces- 
MLONIGLS aes i a ee ei cee eas 142,626.64 
$418,302.12 
Balance due concessioners.... 607.55 


417,694.57 


Gross receipts of concessioners is ascertained 
by estimating flat rate compensations as being 
twenty-five per cent of the gross sales, and 
adding such result to the ascertained showing 
of sales made upon a percentage basis. 

Comparison of cash results herein shown with 
similar results under concessions operations at 
other expositions having approximately same 
paid admissions, indicates that under the gen- 
erally distressing and unfavorable conditions 
prevailing, the net cash results can only be re- 
garded as highly favorable and most satisfac- 
tory. 

Further analyzed, accompanying concessions 
report indicates the sources of revenue under 
groupings, as follows: 


GROUPS. Gross _ Cash Total 
Receipts. Collected. Revenue. 
Amusements, 
Educational ...$ 614,301.49 $148,058.00 $ 80,940.05 


Rest ’nt Hatables, 


DrinksorHotels 656,733.20 152,695.47 SOTO Tt 
Misecellaneous.... 349,834.08 87,377.98 44,600.36 
Exhibitors selling 

privilege ..... 119,367 .05 99,563.12 Pe ye La 

TT Ouallinereeners $1,740,235.77 $417,694.57 $229,899.20 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


The concession producing the greatest Expo- 

sition revenue was Concession No. 1, In- 

SiGe LMM ashok oehaxalstdeuenere sectegh, oreteecanets. sonerar-alore $51,639. 
The concession paying the greatest amount 

of actual cash on account of accrued reve- 

nues was Concession No. 50, Monitor and 

Merrimac 
The concession producing the least accrued 

revenue was Concession E 12, Griest Sewing 

Machine Co., sewing machine couplers, viz. les 
The concession paying the least amount of 

actual cash was E. Moulie, Concession E 66, 


oO 
ie} 


Howernp Grimes sey rte stecatcetaih: ec eerie elcid! ne 25.00 
Cash concessions revenue for each 100 paid 

admissions to Exposition Grounds........ 16.40 
Cash concession for each one hundred dollars 

received for revenue from admissions to 

IBpqoxojssnamonl (Engoywwasly og scmogagscanacn ase 27.92 


Admissions earnings, total admissions and 
detailed and complete records thereof are set 
forth in report of Department of Admissions 
report herewith also submitted and are fully 
explanatory; and I attach to this communica- 
tion a general statement of the expense ac- 
counts of the Division of Concessions and Ad- 
missions. 

Total expenses of the Division equals 12.2 
per cent of gross cash receipts from the opera- 


tions of the two Departments, Concessions and 
Admissions. 

Herewith and accompanying please find 
copies of all forms, tickets and pass blanks 
used by the Division in its operations and its 
accounting thereof. 

On November 30 at 4:30 p. mM. the following 
letter was received. 

Mr. John A. Wakefield, 
Director of Concessions and Admissions, 
Exposition Station, Virginia. 

Dear Sir:—As the official date fixed for the closing 
of the Jamestown Exposition is November 30, 1907, I 
beg to say that your services, and those of all the 
employees in your Division, will be discontinued from 
that date. 

Thanking you in behalf of the Exposition for ser- 
vices rendered, I remain, 

Very truly yours, 
ALVAH H. MARTIN, 
Director-General. 


In accord with the above, my official service 
with the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition 
Company ceased and terminated. 

Yours very truly, 
(Signed) Joun A. WakEFIELD, Director, 
Division Concessions and Admissions, 


DIVISION OF CONCESSIONS AND ADMISSIONS. 


STATEMENT OF 


April 26-30..... 


Weenie ae shlS 5 42 
Afbaas; IERN. ae 
ahite GERI ees a 
Dies Aenyiliess & a5 
Septy 1:20.05. 
Oct. eee S yc 
Nov. 1-30..... 


JOHN A. WAKEFIELD 


Director Consessions and Admissions 


Total expenses for Exposition period.................. 


EXPENSES OF ALL 


Classified Statement of Expenditures for the Division, 


Stablonery. am desi p plies aes aster eerie aerate 
iEIMbarsbayse AKL, ChaCl aia Ang ood los Has clan oS 
Admission y Fave equipment eda aei ee ke ae 4,105.78 
Concessions equipment and cash registers........ 
Prevohtechargesy am Ce Giralyelo Caren teen nena 
Repairs work’s.cutwrkim oy stew eevee oetent serercsietere treks 
Photo prints Lor photo. passes jeri icr secre 
Miscellaneoctssexpenseiccm.,.eriarite so Gremier eiciers 


KINDS DURING THE EXPOSITION PERIOD. 


Statement of Pay Rolls from April 26 to November 30, 1907, 


Inclusive, Classified by Departments. 


Joint Concessions 


Admissions. Concessions. and Admissions, Totals. 

ise UE DMs sede $ 715.00 $ 396.00 $ 2,224.32 
Dyfhan WAS) 0,206.20 1,116.66 12,084.66 
DO tL AD 7,626.68 1,116.66 14,314.79 
5,029.77 6,531.25 IDA AU ETAL) 13 33 lene 
5,203.09 6,476.00 alia = (Ohi) 12,914.09 
5,442 .07 6,375.00 1,247 .50 13,064.57 
4,890.84 4,854.18 1,385.00 11,130.02 
2846.52 1,150.85 1,003.17 5,000.54 

$35,828.81 $38,965.21 $9,270.69 $84,064.71 


Exclusive of 
Pay Rolls of Employees. 


6,420. 
elie 
11.75 
687. 
848. 
23,525.23 


$107,589.94 


December 10, 1907. 
Mr. John A. Wakefield, 
Director of Division Concessions and Admissions, 
Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 

Dear Sir:—With feeling of the greatest respect and 
honor, I transmit my final report of the business of 
the Department of Admissions of the Jamestown Ter- 
Centennial Exposition, of which you honored me with 
consideration as competent by appointing me Chief of 
the Department, July 22, 1907, and it is with mingled 
feelings of regret that the closing of the Exposition 
causes a separation which has been to me more than 
pleasant association. 

In submitting this final report, I desire to express my 
gratitude for your uniform patience, and kind, cheerful 
advice at all times, by your words of encouragement, 
confidence in my efforts and loyalty to render you, as 
well as the Exposition, honest, faithful service. 

This report covers two periods, viz., pre-Exposition 
and Exposition proper, extending from January 13, 
1907, to November 30, 1907. 

The pre-Exposition period, commencing January 13 
and ending April 25, 1907, was of the usual interest in 
Exposition history incidental of the opening of a great 
Historical, Naval and Military Exposition. The at- 
tendance was fair when the population and the distance 
is considered. 

The Exposition period, commending Friday, April 
26, 1907, and ending Saturday, November 30, 1907, 
covering seven months and five days, was a disap- 


pointment from the standpoint of attendance. The 
working force of this Department consisted of two 
Divisions, viz., Office and Field. The Office Force, 
when with full complement, consisted of Chief Clerk, 
Assistant Chief Clerk, Chief Pass Clerk and four 
Assistants, Statistical Clerk and several Ticket Coun- 
ters, Ticket Custodian and Assistant and such sten- 
ographers and other clerks that the work of the De- 
partment demanded at times. 

The Field Force consisted of Chief Inspector, As- 
sistant Chief Inspector, seven Inspectors, ten Ticket 
Sellers and sixty Gatemen, making a total of seventy- 
seven, which was necessary to maintain the various 
entrances. The force was detailed for duty as follows: 
Morning shift from 7 A. M. to 3 Pp. M., afternoon shift 
from 3 Pp. M. to 11 Pp. M. and the night shift from 
11 Pp. M. to 7 A. M., with men enough for Wagon Gates 
and one man at each entrance to operate one pass 
stile. The Field Force operated seven entrances, com- 
prising forty-two pedestrian gates and three vehicle 
gates. 

The operations of this Department, Office and Field, 
were along the same general lines of former exposi- 
tions. 

The following statements, exhibit and appendix, ~ 
gives the financial and statistical history of the De- 
partment, which I most respectfully submit. 

Yours very truly, 
H. E. SHERwoop, 
Chief, Department Admissions. 


720 


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NOLLISOdXA TVINNA.LNAO UAL NMOLSANVS 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


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Exhibit Showing Admissions Paid and Free, with Total Revenue, 


Weather 

Date Conditions 
Fri., April 26 Clear 
Sates April 27 Cloudy 
Sun., April 28 Cleudy 
Mon., April 29 Rain 
Tues., April 30 Clear 


Exhibit Showing Admissions Paid and Free, with Total Revenue, 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


EXHIBIT OF ADMISSIONS DEPARTMENT 


Department of Admissions, for the Month of April, 1907. 

Pai Free Total Total 
Special Events Adms Adms Adms Revenue 
(Oybire IDEN ee Gere PAM BMA Omar aomne ecto g.aMoomin’ 32,164 12,397 44,561 $15,986.75 
Scahaaha gai ei sdst'oneta ese cot tine nane ohaetetis shah ax scsiee [ettateger elite el na cerenihe 1,683 5,807 7,490 1,151.00 
et ee ee re eh ORO AMS ofc OB r ot as its 3,267 3,267 A 
Fe A ee LIC OR Oso Soom e Race Sole 1,575 4,990 6,565 2, 458. te 
Opening Rhode Island Building................. 1,417 4,763 6,180 853.53 
Total satarcrte scant raacne ohne er ieie aioe lerorelel steuecers 36,859 31,224 68,063 $20,450.00 


Department of Admissions, for the Month of 


May, 1907. 


Weather Paid Total 
Date Conditicns Special Events \dms Revenue 
Wed., May 1 Cloud St. Staite heroic Rehan sen Ona aoe RD oe ecetecen ec eete lane 28 962.75 
Thurs., May 2 RageT pl nh erence tea Rane tere Pee roa erie Male toe lefemetei hen eneh a heietie sce orem esa DOL B87 .00 
Fri., May 3 Rain Opening Government Building................+++ 1,455 896.75 
Sats, May 4 Cleat Boat Races. Opening Government Building..... - obo 746.00 
Sun., May 5 Clear Fk save teleteresn eieke tose) eetvateseiere terete -areusiiete telah» leuehehets ielece ete aera ete iaaetos, 9 (yedek 9 tee tere 
Mon., May 6 Showers pbesing Gov. Bldg. Drill and Dress Parade..... 1,417 764.75 
Tues., May 7 Clear Con. of Amer. Sport’m. Concert U.S.N. Band. 1,450 813.00 
Wed., May 8 Clear Coneee oni AU RSR ANG Beetles Soe alow oto oa cee 1,839 729.75 
Thurs., May 9 Showers Two: Drills ‘and Dress, Parades; ce vee ete eros 1,187 651.75 
Fri. 7 Clear VatiOus abana. Contests mime its teletetc ie raieteretetete hctet- 1,816 1,002.00 
Sat., TRALML) @0 © cavalo rey ree etine tt crate suchen Bteae ceauNietecetereie bene teeunl ei ate Neder 1,035 551.50 
Sun., Cleat Pete a llsct austen sheds coaheretenehelauatierieticgte shehatolte te jensPeters gorettaimte serene AROS Ore 
Mon., Clear Apis Wonieat WOE option o.dnc.0 dnb reg bo OIRO AOD G00 Or 11,186 5,482.50 
Tues., Clear Opening Government Building.................:- 1,767 1,176.75 
Wed., Warm Mirginia Red lem SD ays unsetetiare sre characters 2,240 1,244.00 
Thurs., Rain Odds Mellow s Vite citi ave germane sls eieaanr eeencc ny 1,843 1,035.00 
Fri., atta; esearch dina ena ih totale hatin dea patsy wT Me a SEE ae ee 2,202 1,185.00 
Sats Clear Ween aisweci Blo ct tis: Seales state ect aust dba tittanstonsl harsheeereinalavar 2,419. 1,272.25 
Sun., ELet: wR, Grwetrsteroee is Rikitc, cee tlle Sate soc ietvalie, Nieieisi aww BeeceneRneee era raee aie siviareyeeetings 
Mon., Cleat © 6 eekisas seco Sn sce eesciass poses eat atts, su se Potato eel a) a Paielia: foi acetals 3,124 1,683.40 
Tues., Clear EL Gtel MiGs; Paty sk se.ctenster tuteuvebeyci Sabena Povanet s ianeteneters 4,218 2,143.75 
Wed., Clear Brooklyn League: Dayo. cn. sce as katte ek pees 4,875 2,501.75 
Thurs., Warm Baptists Convention of North America.......... 4,119 2,106.50 
Fri., Clear British Empire Day 2; 1,186.00 
Sati, Rain 698 .25 
Sun., } Showers sctere ane 
Mon., Mz Showers 1,210.50 
Tues., Ma Clear 1,203 .00 
Wed., Mz Clear 28 1,142.00 
Thurs., May 30 _Clear 0747 3,079.75 
Fri., May 31 Showers 7088 1,471.75 
TOF ALS Hh .: wnsvarzisattover stove (ret spate be SevaF ate teva) aiteteUateys ate 70,637 193,010 263,647 $37,277.40 
Exhibit Showing Admissions Paid and Free, with Total Revenue, Department of Admissions, for the Month of June, 1907. 
Weather ' Paid Pree Total Total 
Date Conditions Special Events Adms Adms Adms Revenue 
Sate, Jrne™ 1 Raita Foo) ssccksctctsten tec Prva oucis oes emer eoce a eoe creer cre cimeets tener sees 2,958 5,592 8,550 $ 1,507.75 
Sun., June 2 Reauit | | saveterste hieterayecartuaceeate S aescadas sesh en ecuaval oy sicaer ahaa hitet eter erm seus 2? 504 2 S04 oy 
Mon., June 3 Clear 1) US pa retin tote saa a stata sieere eins PIs te tesa et al Sree ae ms Rees 4,647 8146 12 > 5193 D974 ys 
Tues., June 4 MG CE las Pie tac otmgtigind Tuan aro mo nn ay COOo OCamDOL a0 UO 6,566 9,036 15,402 3,161.00 
Wed., June 5 Showers” paeechsveve ete cous ee ete as rtee, crate ctrantatonareee eaters eon apeieene 6,639 9,729 15,368 3,193 .00 
Thurs. June 6 Warm Woomrain ss? (Glisloy am ates aiearcle taka Seeker eens Ree Cee 5,010 10,277 D 2 t 
Fri., June 7 Clear Aidewater Ia Ydcv.wis ox caer cnein maces ere ee a eee eis 18,066 9,951 
Sats, June 8 Clear 7 Nibchayray wa Ee bate Mlay-ltohtiptnt IDEN PS e based 1 Ooo a> enc 4,195 10,443 
Sun., June 9 Wari eGR chek crane Toca cle Steeueeh chug Martie alte has Wiceec ch ct Seana g ee: Donen eee 6,883 
Mon., June 10 Pleasant Georgia Day Oe oe See ee eae OG) 
Tues., June 11 Rain Distriehuot Colunibiaw lady ce cen eran weet eran ae 4,858 
Wed., June 12 Cloudy Virgie @ Daiyee ye wiotos soe eater Conde DE etebanee ey eaveate me 
Thurs., June 13 ISEB es ane IepPe COCR Sears ce Tire: Chom OID CDRs Oh 2 FE TEO IS Och OSIRIS. 0 
Pris June 14 Showerse TR gases chide aeemte aenateretederstaerapet akace or Wear ok mieten te rctenerate 
Sat; June 15 WV ATID 6G fecctedein poh aien te opatacs haat cyt piece neh ond ot CHEMO, a oncaetickeTie aeons 
Sun., June 16 Elen Mec Minako o een One aarettig is co ee mictan roe cio ro alg toe 
Mon., June 17 Weare 2 fie oss Bk rc aee ees eee ira manta al eae aaa ist ore ates rete 
Tues., June 28 Wrarrte 9 at tic Sieters tia ialle sks ciuaiald a Peas ivr ereteee ete ae ee eee Oe eel 
Wed., June 19 Shewers Travelers Protective Association 
Thurs:, June 20 Wrarriie Oo iiteareseudsanovae' te ithe atone ene cava ite’ & Rccieea Deuce Glee Thine sere nak ort eae 
Erie, June 21 Hot North Carolina Teachers Day 
Sat., June 22 Very Hot ‘College, Chanipionshiph Davy stem ee vaste 
Sun., June 25 Very Warm 
Mon., June 24 Very Warm 
Tues., . June 25 Very Warm 
Wed., June 26 Showers 
Thurs., June 27 Fair and Warm 
Fri., Tune 28 Showers 
Sat., June 29 Rain 
Sun., June 30 Warm 


Exhibit Showing 


Weather 


Date Conditions 
Mon. Tuly 1 Clear 
Tues July 2 - Clear 
Wed July 3 Clear 
Thurs., July +4 Warm 
Fri July 5 Warm 
Sat July 6 Warm 
Sun Tully wt Hot 
Mon July $ Hot 
Tues July 9 Very Warm 
Wed July 10 Very Warm 
Thurs., July 11 Very Warm 
Fri; July 12 Showers 
Sate, July 13 Showers 
Sun., July 14 Showers 
Mon., July 15 Clear 
Tues., July 16 Warm 
Wed., July 17 Rain 
Thurs., July 18 Rain 
Fri. Tuly 19 Cloudy 
Sats; July 20 Clear 
Sun July 21 Warm 
Mon July 22 Warm 
Tues., July 25 Clear 
Wed., July 24 Warm 
Thurs., July 25 Warm 
Fri., July 26 Showers 
Sat.; July 27 Warm 
Sun., July 28 Warm 
Mon., July 29 Showers 
‘Tues., uly 3 Clear 
Wed., uly 31 Warm 


Admissions Paid and Free, 


Aico teal Sfopepes syeteuefotetone eta tatereten Wea terecae¥elatcteyevs 12.0 Cee i009, R86 


with Total Revenue, 


Special Events 
West. Virginiay Days deca cemodn ices bec etninte ae 
Wee 8 ex ehs doe 8.6 wie elvis » S 6. viw ew acuje wie Ss) wi isis b.6/s. 8 6) BRA) ban Ore one oy 
I Ouarths Wok, eh ys sxc os ae atte craved dae vei tater oie tee 25,930 
Americane Boy saves mee net Ist eee eee 6,000 
SPR CRC eri Cc. eon cues Udmerc triton tio An 4,257 


Kentucky Day 
Orphans Mayne o-oo w cere crete eres eee cals nares ame 
Richmond Day 
Sunday 


7056 


Department of Admissions, for the Month of 


443,618 


July, 1907. 


Free Total 
Adms Revenue 
9,598 $ 2,200.50 
11,617 2,416.25 
8,899 2,565.50 
12,585 11,965 .00 
9,370 2,797.75 
8,230 1,958.50 
3,275 care eee 
8,164 
tae 
7,046 
7,098 
6,498 


DPD LAD 


17 

6,945 

8,35 

8,208 

7,82 2 

5,062 3,005 

8,218 15,388 oh at 

Tato 13,973 2,836.2: 

8,37: 15,478 3 : 

T9885 16,091 aie Pata, 

74 12,415 2,350.75 

8,602 14,307 2,523.75 

3,129 3,129 ep csc 

T7580 18,148 2,615.00 

8,086 15,152 8,190.00 

7.747 15,433 3,552.25 
235.297 417.766 $83,427.00 


Exhibit Showing Admissions Paid and Free, with 


Date 
Thurs., Aug. 1 
Fri., Aug. 2 
Sat., Aug. 3 
Sun., Aug. 4 
Mon., Aug. 5 
Tues., ug. 6 
Wed., Aug. 7 
Thurs., Aug. 8 
Pri, ug. 9 
Sat., Aug. 10 
Sun., Aug. 11 
Mon., Aug. 12 
Tues., Aug. 13 
Wed., Aug. 14 
Thurs., Aug. 15 
BY rv ug. 16 
Sat., Aug. 17 
Sun., Aug. 18 
Mon., Aug. 19 
Tues., Aug. 20 
Wed., Aug. 21 
Thurs., Aug. 22 
Fri., ug. 23 
pat., Aug. 24 
Sun., Aug. 25 
Mon., Aug. 26 
Tues., Aug. 27 
Wed., Aug. 28 
Thurs., Aug. 29 
Fri \ug. 30 
Satu \ug. 31 


Exhibit Showing Admissions Paid 


Date 
Sun., Sept. 1 
Mon., Sept. 2 
Tues., Sept. 3 
Wed., Sept. 4 
Thurs., Sept. 5 
a Ae Sept. 6 
Sate Sept. 7 
Sun., Sept. 8 
Men., Sept. 9 
Tues., Sept. 10 
Wed., Sept. 11 
Thurs., Sept. 12 
Frt., Sept. 13 
sate Sept. 14 
Sun., Sept. 15 
Mon., Sept. 16 
Tues., - Sept. 17 
Wed Sept. 18 
Thurs., Sept. 19 
Fri., Sept. 20 
Sate Sept. 21 
Sun Sept. 22 
Mon., Sept. 23 
Tues., Sept. 24 
Wed., Sept. 25 
Thurs., Sept. 26 
Fri., Sept. 27 
Sait Sept. 28 
Sun., Sept. 29 
Mon., Sept. 30 


Weather 
Conditions 
Warm 
Clear 
Showers 
Warm 
Clear 
Showers 
Warm 
Warm 
Showers 
Showers 
Showers 
Warm 
Warm 
Clear 
Warm 
Clear 
Clear 
Waim 
Showers 
Showers 
Clear 
Skowers 
Clear 


Clear 
Clear 
Clear 
Clear 
Clear 
Clear 
Clear 
Warm 


Weather 
Conditions 
Warm 
Clear 
Showers 

Clear 
Clear 
Clear 
Clear 
Warm 
Rain 
Clear 
Showers 


Showers 
Showers 
Clear 
Clear 
Clear 
Clear 
Rain 
Ciear 
Clear 


Concessions and Admissions. 


Special Events 


Knights of Columbus, N. C. 


Kniphts Ole bythias! Dayoes asia cic cineca ae 
Knishtscor Columbus Waryirn acs. ae epioaitn senate 
Chris. Bros. College and Municipal Elec. Day.... 


Southern Amateur Journalists Day.........0s000 
PA aessemisetiee DAV. iisccc acu ve Odes dian mage dee 
Knightsiot MaccabeeseDayaes<s oa nsk vue cakes ae 
INOnthi Carolitia SD a yiste. 5 oa.cc: sya, oes: cca d-oug ante Balaton 
Nat’l Real Estate Agts. & Business College Day.. 
EB FANCIS MSE WAS DA Vin alavelovaia’s cess ys ae eieue sivas ore ereiers 


FLENAEVSOM Oi Vey LLY Ficle'ovccleieietelsicinia(simierarerslehe! alvietrie 
Padweak City: DaGi ncn e otaaievaib ve wie se oie tral auld aretelare 
Manchester, Ky., Veterans Mexican War 

Day. Culver Summer School Day......... 
pewebera UD Gy ev eo alcle asia Jay's sola! ovens ciel e/ocale aves ei enstereeatets 
Osteopathy Day 
Eleprasoph ebay ccc bss ietecieins aelsntemive cshyercteneretctate ke 
Oklahoma City Day 


8150 


Total Revenue, Department of Admissions, for the Month of August, 


——— 


15,614 


1907. 


Total 
Revenue 


FU GO tallSi veteran steve stotersleveVorasrsyerstel Ge ctntee x si eieme coi eie 277,153 


223,616 


500,769 


o, ») 
$128,176.75 


and Free, with Total Revenue, Department of Admissions, for the Month of September, 1907. 


Special Events 


PRAM Sass Ea ie cracsteie waa nei eanetb"enavatla ahdc'@ cdtaseue berets 
ING ue lakers WE Wine 5 song peogdstobantd io boone 
ET Ure VT oe LAY Ke seer nies eas Meta Ae Veer eee 


Rachebitesy Daly sce. seherata terse aicuer ss averaic. sisteais onetewterne 
Rhodexisland sD ayn sic crow -ceicec viens cision CR 
Rood Product Obio Dayne « ctecetreietesie al erers cies 
Ifa y Tari iD ays crccers vox cteiiene.e ws cfe eet ele eis nee caere eto aia 
Old \Northwesttand True Reform... ......00++s=- 
Dedication Government Pier. i 


INL Sx COm LD) aiyaawey ate oaiete aster oreieloutie tet <y- falleys) Oy tel eelacarainier 
Constritiion Ways fest.cceenves ta wan, cicmeherrn. a, 
MermontDay?.hicictie 2 ccietsie cs otelt are sce sipieniee © piele nie 
Ladies of Maccabees. Detroit Day, Ann Arbor... 
Saginaw Valley Day. World Temperance........ 
Missouri Day 


Paid 


Adms 


6,472 


Free 
Adms 


a 666 
R027 
TOTO 
6,796 
6,951 
7,407 
2,583 
6,445 
Gs 9 906 


ila 076 


Total 
Revenue 


RD 


SLES] Si vie witae wits * wise xi eisheceie, ties afemipiwieled sists « sansa 


201,798 


504,310 


Exhibit Showing Admissions Paid and Free, with Total Revenue, Department of Admissions, for the Month of October, 1907. 


Tues., 
Wed., 
Thurs., 
Fri., 


Dats: 
Sun., 
Mon., 
Tues., 
Wed., 
Thurs., 
Fri., 
Sat., 
Sun., 
Mon., 
Tues., 
Wed., 
Thurs. 
Fri. 
Sat., 


Thurs., 


Exhibit Showing Admissions Paid and Free, with Total Revenue, Department of Admissions, for the Month of November, 


Date 
ote a 
(Giz 
Oct. 3 
Oct: 4 
Oct. 5 
Octet 
Oct: “7 
Octoaas 
Oct. 9 
Oc tO 
Cet it 
Oct: 12 
Oct. 13 
Oct. 14 
Oct. 15 
Cate 
Oct. 1T 
Oct. 18 
Oct. 19 
Oct. 20 
Oct-21 
Oct, 22 
Oct. 23 
Oct. 24 
Oct. 25 
Oct. 26 
Oct. 27 
Oct. 28 
Oct. 29 
Oct. 30 
Oct. 3 


Weather 
Conditions 
Fair 
Fair 
Clear 
Showers 
Fair 


Clear 
Showers 


Pleasant 

Pleasant 
Fair 
Fair 
Fair 
Fair 
Fair 
Fair 
Bais 
Fair 
Fair 
Rain 
Fair 
Fair 
Fair 


W eather 
Conditions 
Clear 
Rain 
Rain 
Clear 
Clear 
Rain 
Clear 
Clear 
Showers 


Cloudy 


Special Events 


Paid 


Adms 


Free 
Adms 


Total 
Adms 


Total 
Revenue 
$ 3,092.00 


Varo ane ID ay ararcstesdhrtcot ys total eto olotmiel ec austere eras nne aoe 23,641 7,200.50 
Siceb nee eee ts te Merels: Kaela srshestatiine ans Shek herckave ets, evmeckarchersneliews 16,892 4,881 . 2: 
Béennsylvanias Dayacten ade seetietelat Ge aiavecea weer oteaelors OMG 3,73: 
Bp cbscalake Cena ce ec cot shaaistiace eis auloieie at arseeanetave aiarereea ieee ays 6. 13,645 2,957 . 2% 
2,468 eoyartal stata 
12,771 8,046.00 
Ris taReeet 2,14, deaken exe alee sravatintsytamnte tater sve ratated enter ove staal atscelis tele vey uate 13,183 2 
Delaware Social Economy Dayiecs.oucnecsee ces 20,219 
New Viaric Liar ha states auanktcveus ayes Rm rete ectnetetetees tater 23,162 
Daughters Revolution. New Castle, Ind., Day... 16,309 
Bare rst Meka te ci Oiaspove UL TAP eon. iol sv eietiete onmilont ray spenn slats 14,194 
SCD IG COC tom an paciodin ho orb cP Orgs Coton Bone 2,182 
Asheville Daya) | On UneAL Mia Davis ce ecis cisterns 13,684 
Broolklyan Daryincteretatresincnalstete wie cratic cre ctetets cherie oherate 15,599 
Manufacturing and Connecticut Day... .<.eeess 21,421 
IN. EW) JCESE VG Lat yretenecniey ache ol idietinnre aiatata bode ncareierniete 20,615 
National’ Christian) Emdeavor Dayar. ote « cee ea 13,390 
Viorktowint Day oatcrece ure aie meeloiccne curse Petsnerniecee 12,431 
ihn Mic sev eka Rar eials  aavae ep MPA PRTER sPalareits arOee atoire ahivar. creten enehe Meter ere a 1,999 
Flower Carnival. Brotherhood of America Day. 13,587 
SOuUuthwestiev ire initan lO ayes ae seuss 2aceecsteperseersialeis 198 13,019 3,708.75 
News Orleans’ Day;s.ccaerce Palette oes heel orev oetsveetaiens oe 15,724 5,036.25 
Novia Scotia. Canadian-American Day.........- AT: 15,811 4,941.50 
NortolkanDayacnan tae acer tiers eet PAL OLS. 31,374 9,177.10 
Brees Schoole Days emeieecemed Mean cise et toe nee 2 11,506 2,821.50 
So OAC Cer OOO COMO DO DC OG bec DOr CE GCr tke 1,764 yet 
RT eee SS ST Ce RE CBO eae Neer tea ae 6,727 1,381.00 
Michigans Day-2y.mitos scieleclsseletaumciels aiesinrelc cone outs. 10,417 2,394.50 
National Teer Garnivalorrtewem stents cerieinis oe chetere’s core 11,768 3,606 .00 
CTech OC EHE Da CELE OD OC COLE Oi PACU CADE RTONE: OID 10,773 2,809.00 
Total sé. -ctonrntexoene tio tise sme ae ape neree aete 255,392 172,087 427,479 $116,269.10 


Special Events 


qau 749 


1907. 


Total 
Revenue 
$ 3,063.95 
419.7 


$16,729.80 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


- ‘ _ Brought forward 71,749 $16,729.80 
Mon., Nov. 11 Clear American Federation of Labor Day.............. 6,945 1,265.00 
Iues., Nov. 12 Ragen sieia ble, diar3 1a es soudyees od sta kta) eek evecare eee cueanere is Tonal uetea stone ta 5,321 1,042.00 
Wed., Nov. 13 Raines § Lie LS Sie Sicecacecantusre § tehad eed teak ear eer ee eee 6,814 1,478.00 
Thurs. , Nov. 14 Clear Tanto c pmCmorkrcridnn Serra OpHST COMOMe Boas a 8,676 2,036.25 
Fri., Nov. 15 Clear Eastern Shore Day 10,670 2,506.15 
Sat., Nov. 16 en) OC Ge oe morn ns rr 8,189 1,650.25 
Sun., Nov. 17 Clear re i. die ai een ei oeictee ovatee ia 1,695 <p eee 
Mon., Nov. 18 Rain Spel deb ital Galen DE yeree mercies noice ooo Ann hanging Aon Be 6,871 i 
Tues., Nov. 19 (@EGh” Beto deans cndtkccn.so tomy cineca coco ogo ge mdooe oon 5,808 5 
Wed., Nov. 20 Of) i Pea tere Rae CR RTI Cre BY itis noe GG Cum.c6 Oca NTRS 7,400 Dy; 
Thurs., Nov. 21 (iw econ rin comer Ono Dido tk rccul oocdcn en otocuton 8,361 5 
Fri., Nov. 22 Rain MeLsubhetcltbean Dh Won Aros nooo acer an aDOhO Zon SoAne 5,120 : 
Sat., Nov. 23 Raptr) ~ PSs lcerteceusbois yous a) sce.seueser eyoh sas, erete hope tl ane tarmucnareren cy satu cpeseneie! oe 4,514 Sale 
Sun., Nov. 24 Lets MS Sm en eno gen bor pomimcn cle nacungon dogs oooeonopu eT 938 none 
Mon., Nov. 25 Clear Acniy rand sINavys Davis, saras,ctertan sel phasateromaetetspaters cantare 6,628 aif 
Tues., Nov. 26 Clear Bitzhughs Weer Daven etataetsraetsret accretions eters 8,430 5. Te 
Wed., Nov. 27 Clear Raleroties Da varnarentue ter atete ciatat seater terri lentes tenn tcte tele 8,331 3 00 
Thurs., Nov. 28 Cloudy Thanksgiving Days: Nie yepeoe thensteneteratar oy says orneenatete ors 19,998 6,565.00 
Bris; Nov. 29 Cloudy” he 5.0 o Giles sieraueae aotentgn eatendn n pomueancaeeete imenatee £16: 8,521 1,888 .25 
Sat., Nov. 30 Cloudy LOD Wet sea eat e Mane Be eb meta ence ule eon 9 Ob O icici 6,817 14,354 2,915.25 
TO tal Sanat. Netateh ave! ofoteh ouatalsteeneretaut order ouchateie-s tote ye 106,52 225,083 $48,466.20 
MONTHLY STATEMENT 
Exhibit showing monthly Paid, Free and Total Admissions, with Admission Receipts from all sources, giving daily average. 
Paid Free Sundays Total Receipts 
Total Admissions April 26th to 30th, inclusive, j....%....0+.s.0-- 36,839 27,957 3,267 68,063 $ 20,450.00 
Daily Average Total Admissions, 5 3,613 
Daily Average Paid .\dmissions, 4 7,368 
Daily Average Free Admissions, 4 5,591 
Daily Average Free Admissions, 1 3,267 
Daily Average Receipts, 1 9.35 
Total “Admissions fort Mays. metic sets heletes ote cuneaiaivie sara bamiecainieeeiete 70,629 180,551 12,467 263,647 37.277 .40 
Daily Average Total Admissions, 31 8,504 
Daily Average Paid Admissions, 27 2,616 
Daily Average Free Admissions, 27 6,687 
Daily Average Free Admissions, 4 Sundays....... 3,117 
Daily Average Receipts, 2 GayYSen 0. osiisazi lL, OC0 404 
Total Admissions) fom Jitum ene aneie.ccletae ceites co amie ekersinteretesnrsteiseiace 169,886 252,232 21,500 445,618 80,272.00 
Daily Average Total Admissions, 30 days........... 14,787 
Daily Average Paid Admissions, 25 days........... 6,795 
Daily Average Free Admissions, 25 days........... 10,089 
Daily Average Free Admissions, 5 Sundays....... 4,500 
Daily Average Receipts, 25 days.sraescesulonee 53,210.88 
Total tAdmisstons for, Jil ye. vereceratote etter ade tay shertetece sta teva ade. t eae coment tices 182,469 222,727 12,570 417,766 85,427.00 
Daily Average Total Admissions, 31 days........... 16,154 
Daily Average Paid Admissions, 27 days........... 6,758 
Daily Average Free Admissions, 27 days........... 8,245 
Daily Average Free Admissions, 4 Sundays....... 3,142 
Daily Average Receipts, QT day Si cans e.cfs nee POs0S0..89. 
Lotale Admissions Or, Awe ust dese letesterenteris maleasioketetsceleratchersien tatiteaniae 277,153 2115029 12,587 500,769 128,167.75 
Daily Average Total Admissions, 31 days........... 16,154 
Daily Average Paid Admissions, 27 days........... 10,265, 
Daily Average Free Admissions, CaySae oss 7,812 
Daily Average Free Admissions, + Sundays....... 3,147 
Daily Average Receipts, Di LAY Sietosiaisisrem spespey hd aac. 
Total Admissions for: September... occu vcgon pele eis econo lelchaletelee ee 302,512 186,842 14,956 504,510 138,125.00 
Daily Average Total Admissions, 80 days........... 16,810 
Daily Average Paid Admissions, 25 days........... 12,100 
Daily Average Free Admissions, 25 days........... TAT4 
Daily Average Free Admissions, 5 Sundays....... 2,991 
Daily Average Receipts, 25 days.......... .90,020-00 
Total Adimissions=for “October sieves cers/scel aveleieteloie Capever susie teteueteiete re lelet eens 255,392 163,674 8,415 427,479 116,269.10 
Daily Average Total Admissions, 31 days........... 13,790 
Daily Average Paid Admissions, 27 days........... 9,459 
Daily Average Free Admissions, 27 days........... 6,062 
Daily Average Free Admissions, + Sundays....... 2,103 
Daily Average Receipts, PHOOEW ERA oe $4,306.26 
Total) Admissions) for INWovemiD etic, «<cyers) evepe scste: ses tewate hate neesnscauélsiausanageats 106,529 1122 71 6,283 225,085 48,466.20 
Daily Average Total Admissions, 30 7,903 
Daily Average Paid Admissions, 26 days........... 4,097 
Daily Average Free Admissions, 26 days........... 4,318 
Daily Average Free Admissions, + Sundays....... 1,571 
Daily Average Receipts, QGilaysessapetoere seve $1,864.08 
Grands Potals ov qceme cs gaee ee oer an eee ae 1,401,409 1,357,283 92,043 2,850,785  $652,454-09 
Average Daily Total Admissions April 26th to November 80th, inc., 219 days ..... 0... eee e cece eee eee eee eee eee 13,017 
Average Daily Paid Admissions April 26th to November 30th, 188 days, Sundays excluded: Jr gets ceri santas Tait 
Average Daily Free Admissions April 26th to November 50th, 188 days, Sundays excluded...........-......-+... aie 
Average Daily Free Admissions Sundays, 31 days g4 


Average Daily Receipts, April 26th to November 30th, inc............ 0.2 e cece eee e eee terete tree ees 


BEST ATTENDED EVENTS. 


Exhibit Showing Admissions, Paid and Free, and Gross Receipts, on each of the ten largest days, together with Special Events 
and Weather Conditions. 


Weather Total Paid Free Total 

Date Conditions Special Events Adms, Adms. Adms. is ae 
Monday, June 10 Clear Georgia Datta tema. vane tere emitter sir 46,537 $12,319.25 
Friday, April 26 Clear Opening Daye seis ctndantaetle caeretoea 44,561 "15 , 986.75 
Thursday, July + Clear Independence) Days oy sserissies dein deeenre 58,515 resi. 
Wednesday, June 12 Cloudy Ale heh DEK ry Cuneo ach od Oa odoo mean 2oCC 38, 491 8,640.25 
Thursday, August 15 Clear Nort) Garolina, Daye. cesces creer enor OO LOL 
Monday, September 2 Clear Weabor Dayan: cicero ac ones lec me stetetenene 33,176 
Friday, October 25 Clear Norfolk and Fuel, Cement & Alcohol Day.. 31.574 
Thursday, September 2 Clear Maryland Dane ea ees ea es O18, 77 
Friday, June Clear Midewacer yaya sce eee erty me cererene: 28,017 18,066 9,951 
Wednesday, September rh Showers E'God) ProOduets) Wave sey « archer iene snetn ie ereleersaute 27,658 18,602 9,056 


Average Total Admissions for the ten 
Average Paid Admissions for the ten 
Average Free Admissions for the ten 
Average Total Revenue for the ten 


728 


1ssions. 


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SNOISSINGV WO AUVININOS 


DIVISION OF WORKS 


OMPLYING with the instructions of 
James M. Barr, Director-General, con- 
firmed by his successor, Director-Gen- 
eral Alvah H. Martin, I have prepared 

for the Official History of the Exposition the 
following brief outline of the Division of Works 
and am attaching thereto special department 
reports. 

The building of an exposition is always a 
gigantic task and as a work is peculiar to itself. 
Within a limited space of time a city has to be 
created, and the chief object which the builders 
face is to complete their operations by opening 
day. In practically every instance up to the 
present date the working period has been too 
short to permit the undertaking to be put 
through economically. 

The public at large has at best a meagre 
conception of what is necessary either for the 
creation or operation of a great exposition. It 
cares nothing for details and only looks for 
results, but there are complexities and prob- 
lems which are sufficient to daunt the most 
courageous and experienced. 

After a site for an exposition has been se- 
lected the land has to be surveyed, laid 
out definitely, enclosed and drained 
before any structural work can be 


commenced. The site selected for 
the Jamestown Exposition 


might properly be termed a 
wilderness. It was largely 
covered with trees and dense 
undergrowth and in certain 
sections was swampy, yet the 
land was in one of the most 
historic, romantic and_ pic- 
turesque sections of Virginia 
and its water front was pecu- 
harly attractive. 

In the spring of 1904, Civil 
Engineers Richie and Freeman 
of Norfolk were retained by 
the Exposition Company to 
make a topographical survey of 
the land. After this survey noth- 
ing was done until January, 1905, 
when Warren H. Manning of Bos- 
ton commenced actively to prepare 
the Grounds according to plans 
submitted by the Association of 
Architects and Engineers, later known as the 
Board of Design, who had contracted to design 
and superintend the landscape and building 
work. Mr. Manning placed M. L. Guptil in 
charge with E. M. Parker and D. H. Coleman 
as assistants. A corps of engineers was placed 
in the field by Mr. Parker and under his super- 
vision much progress was made in laying off 
streets and roadways. 

On May 1, 1905, Mr. Guptil was sueeceeded 
by Charles H. Pratt of Boston, who was ap- 
pointed engineer in charge, directly represent- 
ing the Board of Design. Mr. Pratt having 
had years of experience in park work made 
from the beginning great progress in the land- 
seape development. Over seven miles of streets 
were roughed out by Mundy Brothers of New- 
port News and a system of surface drains, 
sanitary sewers and water mains was installed 
by the Hanley-Casey Company of Chicago. 

During the time the street sewers and drains 
were being installed a large force of men was 
employed in collecting and planting hundreds 
of thousands of native shrubs and_ plants, 
also in the construction and planting of the 


WILL M. DIXON an. 
Director of Works 


vine-clad fence about the boundaries of the 
property. Isaac Hicks & Sons of New York, 
probably the best known tree-moving con- 
tractors in the United States, were engaged to 
move and transplant large trees. More than 
three thousand large trees, some of them thirty- 
three inches in diameter, were moved by this 
firm. 

Contemporaneously with this work, the 
swamps of the Exposition were drained and 
all the fresh water ponds within a mile of the 
vicinity of the site were depleted, among these 
being Lake Sanford, a large fresh water marsh 
quite some distance from the Exposition 
Grounds, yet near enough to serve as a menace 
owing to its being a breeding place for mos- 
quitoes. 

During the winter of 1905-6 a large number 
of laborers was put to work clearing the 
Grounds of underbrush and stumps, and for 
one who only saw the completed Exposition 
it would be difficult to realize the density of 
the vines and shrubs which burdened the prop- 
erty. In many places the growth was impene- 
trable by anything larger than a rabbit. There 

were many of these animals and an at- 
tempt was made to protect them, also 
quail, which at first were abun- 
dant, but as active operations 
commenced the game gradually 
disappeared. There were also 
a great variety of snakes, and 
it was no small task to dis- 
pose of them. 

Active building operations 

were not commenced until 
January, 1906, when execava- 
tions for the auditorium 
building were made. The 
building proper was_ started 
on February 20 of that year. 
From May 26, 1905, W. E. 
Cottrell of Newport News was 
in charge of the work as Man- 
ager of Grounds and _ Buildings, 
and on September 7, 1906, his 
title was changed to Governor of 
Works. Mr. Cottrell maintained 
office on the ground, but did 
not spend much of his time there 
until the fall of 1906. He was 
represented by Samuel Hodges of Newport 
News, who remained as Mr. Cottrell’s assistant 
until April 23, 1907, when he was transferred 
as aide to the President. 

Up to June, 1906, Charles H. Pratt, repre- 
senting the Board of Design, was in direct 
charge of all work on the Grounds, with the 
exception of building operations which were 
under the supervision of W. H. H. Weather- 
Wax, representing jointly the Architects and 
the Exposition Company. 

On May 21, 1906, the Governor of Works 
was authorized to employ a Chief and organize 
a Department of Electricity, and on June 25, 
1906, the writer was appointed Chief of this 
Department, which was the first one to be 
created. On September 1, 1906, the Depart- 
ment of Construction was created, Mr. Weather- 
wax being appointed Chief. From this time 
on Mr. Cottrell spent his entire time on the 
Grounds, occupying the Mothers’ and Chil- 
dren’s Building as an office. The general work 
on the Grounds was gradually subdivided and 
placed under separate departments, the heads 
of which reported directly to the Governor of 


730 


W orks. 


Works. There being eleven separate and dis- 
tinct departments, the several reports covering 
their respective branches of the work will be 
treated individually, but will constitute a part 
of the general report of the Division. 

The structural and ground plans were pre- 
pared by a Board of Design, but a number of 
changes were made from time to time by the 
Exposition Company, and finally it was very 
evident that there was no fixed plan, but the 
building of this Exposition (unlike its prede- 
cessors) was an evolution during its entire 
course of construction.. It was impossible one 
day to tell what the plan would be the next. In 
one instance, an Exhibit building was partially 
framed when the contractor was ordered to 
stop work, and after a delay of over two weeks, 
the contractor was ordered to resume opera- 
tions, and complete the building. Delays of this 
nature, which are practically impossible with 
a decided and fixed plan in view, meant not 
only a loss of time, but a loss of money, and 
held back other work which depended entirely 
on whether the building in question was to be 
built or not. The instance referred to hap- 
pened as late as March, 1907. 

The Chiefs of the several Departments of the 
Division, who were in touch with the physical 
work on the Grounds, met a number of times 
with the Governor of Works during the month 
of December, 1906, and after considering the 
matter very carefully, decided that it was im- 
practicable to start any additional construction 
after January 1, 1907, as it would tax our 
resources, both financial and physical, to com- 
plete the work on hand by Opening Day; but, 
contrary to the recommendation of the Division 
of Works, the Company contracted for the 
following buildings: 


Name. Work Begun. Cost. 
Wiphahiye Ie\roll Obes opp aeo gee Jan. 19, 1907 $ 27,335.00 
istorys sul ding sae ae ee Jan. 29, 1907 127,492.59 
Service m Sul Gin Oey ie ie, se Jan. 31, 1907 22,569 .37 
Social, Hconomy..-......... Feb. 19, 1907 23,391.00 
Power, Fuel and Alcohol...Feb. 23, 1907 24,533 .00 
AXronautic Building........ May 8, 1907 10,500.00 
Wonventionm petal sam. o eset Mar. 26, 1907 27,800.00 


The plan of the entire ground work was well 
developed before January 1, 1907. A number 
of sketches were made for the treatment of 
the main court during the month of Decem- 
ber, 1906. In January, 1907, a scheme for the 
central feature was submitted by the Depart- 
ment of Electricity and recommended by the 
Governor of Works to the Board of Governors, 
but no decision was reached in the matter 
until it was too late to execute the design, 
even had funds for the purpose been available, 
and a makeshift was secured in lieu of the 
original idea. As a matter of fact, the work 
on Raleigh Court was not authorized until 
March, 1907. 

The opening month of the Exposition was 
looked forward to by the Division of Works 
with much concern, as there had been so much 
time lost during the fall months (1906), when 
we had ideal weather for construction work, 
but were compelled to reduce the working force 
to a minimum on account of lack of necessary 
funds for payrolls and contractors’ estimates. 
When funds were finally provided the weather 
conditions were such that it was almost impos- 
sible to make any material progress on the 
work still to be completed, and in January 
it was apparent to those connected with the 
construction work that under no conditions of 
weather and labor reasonably to be expected, 
could the Exposition be completed and made 
ready for visitors on April 26; and as the Expo- 
sition Company would not consent to the post- 
ponement of the opening, it was, of course, 
necessary for the Division of Works to do 
everything possible without consideration of 


731 


cost, to be ready to receive visitors on April 
26. A good example of the expense that the 
Division was put to is shown in the Auditor’s 
records for the month of April. One Depart- 
ment in the Division was compelled to work 
union mechanies at time-and-a-half and double- 
time for overtime, and, consequently, the pay- 
roll for the month of April was in excess of 
the total amount paid for labor on the same 
class of work for the nine months previous. 

The general condition of the grounds and 
the incompleteness of the buildings and pier on 
Opening Day was such that it discouraged the 
working force as well as the officials in charge 
of the several Departments, and grave doubts 
for the future existed throughout the entire 
organization, which had to be overcome by the 
officials in charge before it was possible to 
effect any improvement. Unfortunately, the 
actual conditions furnished just grounds for 
the visitors, during the early months of the 
Exposition, to be dissatisfied and to return 
home and advise friends that the Exposition 
would not and could not be completed before 
the middle of the summer. These facts, coupled 
with the unfavorable reports, rapidly passing 
throughout the country and the financial trou- 
bles affecting the Company, made the early 
months of the Exposition period very un- 
pleasant to every one connected with the 
undertaking. 

The Division of Works had many obstacles 
to overcome, and was handicapped in the way 
of strikes and weather conditions, lack of 
funds, ete. No organization ean exist and do 
business without funds to operate. The con- 
tractors looked to and depended on this Divi- 
sion for the authorization of their estimates on 
account of work in place; and appreciating the 
great amount of work that had to be completed 
before the opening, the Governor of Works did 
everything in his power to assist the con- 
tractors, promptly issuing estimates when they 
became due, in order that they might have 
funds to continue operations, and never losing 
sight of the interest of the Exposition Company. 
Many of these estimates were not paid when 


presented, owing to the lack of funds. The 
Governor of Works, realizing the immense 


amount of work to be accomplished in a short 
space of time, informed the Board of Governors 
that some heroic action must be promptly taken 
if the Exposition construction was to be fin- 
ished on time. The state of the finances practi- 
cally tied the hands of the Governor of Works, 
making it impossible for him to insist on the 
contractors doubling their working forces, or 
even continuing work, under the existing con- 
ditions, and they simply stopped work, because 
there were no funds forthcoming with which to 
meet their payrolls. It was utterly impossible 
for this Division to complete its work without 
the requisite funds with which to pay the con- 
tractors. 

The completion of streets, roads, walks, ete., 
was delayed a number of weeks owing to lack 
of funds with which to pay for stone, gravel 
and transportation. In some instances, the 
sailroad companies confiscated whole shipments 
to cover freight charges. With such conditions 
to contend with, it was unreasonable to expect 
the completion of the work. 

The labor situation was, next to the financial, 
the most eritical one that faced the Division of 
Works, and gave the contractors and the De- 
partments a great deal of concern throughout 
the entire construction period. The Exposition 
Company had entered into a contract with the 
trade unions that all work done by or for the 
Exposition Company was to be done by strictly 
union labor, and that the Exposition Company 
was to use its influence and good offices to 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


get concessionaires, exhibitors and State Com- 
missioners to use union labor also, which, in 
fact, meant that all labor employed on the 
Grounds was to be strictly union. It became 
evident in the early stages of the construction 
period that the intention of organized labor 
was to utilize the Exposition Company as a 
means to advance wages and perfect a more 
complete organization of the several building 
trades, which, it must be said, they succeeded 
in doing most admirably—against the wishes 
of this Division. The eight-hour day was recog- 
nized, and, in many instances, the rate of wages 
on the Exposition Grounds was fifty per cent 
higher than that paid for the same class of 
work in Norfolk and Newport News. 

Inasmuch as the Exposition Company had 
committed itself, it was found expedient to 
draw written agreements with several of the 
crafts, covering the rate of wages and certain 
working rules relating to their jurisdiction, 
ete. With the exception of the plasterers’ or- 
ganization, which broke faith completely, these 
agreements were carried out as fully and fairly 
as could have been expected under the cireum- 
stances; and it was found that infractions of 
the terms of these agreements were not caused 
by the leaders or by concerted action of mem- 
bers, but by the individual action of the rank 
and file of the organization which had agreed 
to a certain definite policy with the Exposition 
Company. It is but fair and just to say that 
those directing the organizations did all in their 
power to induce those affiliated with the organi- 
zations to pursue a fair course in dealing with 
the Exposition Company. Had the written 
agreements not been made with the crafts most 
interested, it is but reasonable to believe that 
the number of perplexing questions with which 
the Division had to deal would have increased 
ereatly, and the result would have been embar- 
rassing to the contractors, as well as to the Divi- 
sion, and would have further jeopardized the 
completion of the Exposition. 

The preliminary work having been completed, 
the streets and walks were made, in order that 
materials might be delivered to the sites of the 
various buildings. The Exposition was very 
unfortunate in the beginning as regards the 
limited facilities for the delivery of construe- 
tion materials. About October 1, 1906, the At- 
lantic Terminal Electric Road extended a spur 
from their Pine Beach amusement resort some 
distance into the grounds. This materially re- 
heved the situation for the time being, but the 
increasing demand for materials soon outgrew 
these accommodations, which were relieved by 
the Tidewater steam railroad extending a spur 
into the Grounds. <A great deal of material 
was delivered by boat at the Pine Beach Pier 
and hauled by teams from there to the grounds. 
These conditions prevailed for some time, until 
the completion of Willoughby Bay Commercial 
Pier, which was finished December 15, 1906. 
Even with this addition, facilities were not ade- 
quate for handling materials at times. This Pier 
was loaded to its utmost capacity and materi- 
ally assisted the delivery. 

Considering the financial and labor situa- 
tions, coupled with the extreme wet weather 
and lack of transportation facilities during the 
winter of 1906-7, the suecessful work accom- 
plished in the building of the Exposition in 
practically nine months by the Governor of 
Works, W. E. Cottrell, is so well known by all 
who were interested in it, that I am sure the 
high esteem in which he is held by all who were 
associated with him or had business dealings 
with him, could not be added to by any words 
of mine. I wish, however, to express my ad- 
miration for his perseverance under the many 
discouraging circumstances, and his faithful- 


ness and loyalty to the Exposition Company in 
the discharge of the embarrassing and difficult 
task imposed upon him as Governor of Works. 
To quote no less an Exposition authority than 
William I. Buchanan, ‘‘The position is without 
doubt the most important and difficult one to 
fill in connection with the building and opera- 
tion of a great Exposition.”’ 

The Government Pier was planned by the 
Board of Design of the Exposition Company 
and erected under the supervision of Major 
Spencert Cosby United States Corps of Engi- 
neers. The work was executed by the Scofield 
Company of Philadelphia who sub-contracted 
the superstructure work to the Hanley-Casey 
Company and the staff and plaster work to J. 
If. Alexander, Memphis, Tennessee. The elec- 
trical work was designed and installed by the 
Department of Electricity of the Exposition 
Company. 

I attach reports of W. H. H. Weatherwax, 
Chief of the Department of Buildings; of 
Warren H. Manning, Member of the Board of 
Design for the Landscape Department; of 
Frank Graham, Superintendent of the Depart- 
ment of Electricity; of W. G. MeDowell, Chief 
of the Water and Sewer Department; of D. C. 
Miller, Superintendent of the Gas Department; 
the reports of Drs. Blue and Wertenbaker, of 
the Department of Sanitation; and a report of 
the Powhatan Guards, as well as a brief state- 
ment by John T. Goddin, Chief of the Fire De- 
partment. I have no report of the Bureau of 
Insurance, of which Joshua Garrison was Man- 
ager, or of the Purchasing Department, through 
either H. D. Coleman, Purchasing Agent, or 
G. M. Gribble, his successor. 


DEPARTMENT OF BUILDINGS 
Will M. Dixon, Esq., 
Director of Works. 

Four of the principal buildings at the Exposition— 
the Auditorium, the buildings for Primary and See- 
ondary Edueation and for College and University Edu- 
cation and the Palace of History—are of permanent 
construction. All of the other buildings are of a 
semi-permanent or temporary nature, being made of 
brick veneer or staff with plaster covering or else of 
boards, 

Strength and durability are the two factors which 
the engineer must bear in mind in any construction, 
and buildings created for temporary use must be strong 
enough to support their loads and withstand the strains 
resulting from the elements. It is necessary to prepare 
and provide for strains which may occur at any time. 
The necessary strength of the buildings will, therefore, 
be influenced only to a slight degree by the argument 
that they have to stand for a brief period only. The 
ordinary practice has been modified and adapted to 
these conditions in so far only as the quality of the 
materials and the work- 
manship called for by 
specifications and draw- 
ings have been depended 
upon in actual stresses al- 
lowed for materials and 
connections. I believe 
that, in addition to good 
workmanship and mate- 
rials, it is of great import- 
ance to have a_ building 
not only strong enough in 
its frame but also as rigid 
as possible to prevent any 
excessive vibration of the 
structure during storms. 
It is probable that such 
vibrations might cause A 
ruptures in roofing felt 7 
and flashings. The repair W. H. A. VES TE 
expenses and the annoying 
complaints and damage 
claims of exhibitors on the score of leaky roofs are 
strong arguments in favor of disregarding the tem- 
porary nature of the buildings when designing their 


constructive skeletons. The decision to use timber 
framing throughout was inevitable, owing to the 


shortness of the constructive period and the expenses 
attached to steel structures. Where timber construc- 
tion is used, the most usual and most economical prac- 
tice is to deliver the timber on the, premises and frame 
trusses, posts, ete., on the site of the building or in 
the field. 


732 


W orks. 


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733 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Since workmanship in the field is never as good as 
shop work, it requires careful and rigid inspection. It 
is clear that in the case of insufficient supervision of 
the construction the interests of the Exposition Com- 
pany were likely to suffer. It gives me pleasure to state 
that the contractors at Jamestown realized what was 
just and proper and rendered every assistance in their 
power, to the end that the inspection was thorough and 
the structures progressed with little or no friction. 

The general nature of the soil is a sandy loam. 
The walls and posts of the permanent and large semi- 
permanent buildings had to be supported on concrete 
foundations. Those of the temporary buildings were 
spread footings of timber construction. The first floors 
generally consisted of common box boards laid on 
three by four inch sleepers spaced twenty-four inches 
on centers as an under floor, the finished floor over 
the aisles being laid directly on the under floor, the 
finished floors over the exhibit spaces being laid on 
two by four inch sleepers above the aisle levels. Long 
leaf yellow pine was used for all posts, trusses, joists, 
girders and other heavy framing. The largest truss 
spans are as follows: 


Convention Fall. cccm.s deve emus eieioly witlele s luleiorere eae este Ssh 8" 
Audiporimm< Brrtldine” 45, pe.s ote ace eterno ye ase eteca ener et sty Seat” 
States  Exhrbrt . Palacerre a neve stteis aaa ster ote are Sse 77 3%” 
Manufacturers-Liberal Arts Building ..........+.00. 62’ 6%" 
Machinery-Iransportattom Building <5 we emcee cress iene 62’ 64%” 
Mines: Metallurgy, Burldimg? | .nmnsncny cee erie ere Do 1s 
Food) “Products #Batldirigy gvengstetcr sce Gers urate eager pes 55’ 11” 


On the preceding page is a list of all the principal 
structures erected by the Exposition Company under the 
superintendence of this Department, giving the names, 
type of construction, areas, contract prices, names of 
contractors and when commenced and when finished. 

In addition to the work of this Department in con- 
nection with the Exposition buildings, it exercised 
general supervision over the erection of twenty-four 
State and foreign buildings, twenty-nine private ex- 
hibit buildings and eighty-nine buildings used in con- 
nection with concessions, not including in these conces- 
sions buildings the fifty odd booths which were erected 
by this Department. It also was the duty of this 
Department to look after and to keep in repair all 
buildings, entrances, fences, boardwalks, etec., owned 
by the Exposition Company and to do all constructive 
work in connection with special days and events. 

Toilet rooms were evenly distributed throughout the 
Grounds in the various Exposition buildings, and the 
various State buildings, restaurants and concessions 
buildings were equipped with publie comfort facilities 
which were ample for general accommodation. I desire 
to call attention to the very sanitary and cleanly 
condition in which these places were kept as compared 
with former expositions. 

There were six permanent entrances to the Expo- 
sition—the main entrance, at Ninety-ninth street, and 
entrances at the Government Pier, at Powhatan street, 
at the Commercial Pier, at the Inside Inn and at the 
Deepwater Pier. The Inside Inn entrance was used 
only on Sundays, and then for persons who held passes. 
In addition to these, there were temporary pre-Exposi- 
tion entrances constructed at One Hundred and Third 
street and at U street. These entrances were used 
until the early part of September, 1907. 


Number 
Carriage of Ticket 
Name ' Turnstiles Gates. Exits. Booths. 
Main Entrance: 05.0. bieis 17 2-10’ 6 6 
Powhatan Street, ..i.... 0. 6 1-18’ 1 
1- 8’ 2, 
Deepwater (Pier is... el 12 1-12’ 2 6 
Government Pier ......... 6 2- 8° 2 2 
Commercial Pier ......... 3 1-12’ 1 
Tusides Lames teen wien 1 2-14’ 
Bacon Street Military..... 1-14’ 1 
WG, (Street-Wiagor@. - ccn-iire 1-14’ 1 
Atlantic Terminal R. R.... 1-14’ 
Midewatersr itn OR vem: s ein opts 1-14’ 


I have the honor to be 

Very respectfully yours, 

W. H. H. WEATHERWAX, 
Chief of Construction. 


LANDSCAPE DEPARTMENT 


Will M. Dixon, Esq., 
Director of Works. 

The first work of the Landscape Department was 
the preparation of a topographical survey. The con- 
tours were made by local surveyors. All vegetation 
plans were prepared by Arthur K. Harrison and A. 
Chandler Manning. The actual execution of work was 
begun by Melvin L. Guptil, who was responsible for 
the execution of the surface drainage plan—a plan 
for draining a surface of one thousand acres, including 
the Exposition Grounds. In this operation, Lake San- 
ford, nearly one hundred acres in extent, was drained 
at a cost approximating five hundred dollars, whereas 
previous attempts to remove the water from this 
swamp were very costly, evidence of which was given 
by an abandoned pump dredge and numerous ears 
which were found within or near the lake. Another 
lake of about twenty acres, a quarter of a mile back 
from the Exposition Grounds, was also drained, as 
was also a large number of holes, small ponds, stagnant 
ditches, wells, hogsheads and the like, some of which 
were recking with decayed animal matter and all of 


(Signed) 


which were breeding places for the malarial mosquito, 
which had practically depopulated the region. This 
work was regarded as essential by the officers of the 
Exposition and its execution resulted in minimizing 
malaria. 

Charles H. Pratt soon took Mr. Guptil’s place as 
my representative and the representative of the Board 
of Design on the Grounds, and it was under his 
administration that the sub-surface drainage system 
was established. This was absolutely necessary, in 
order to make the ground usable, as there were large 
areas covered during the wet periods with water from 
six inches to one foot or more in depth. This was 
especially true of that territory, at which the westerly 
end of ‘‘The Warpath’’ was situated, and the terri- 
tory along the southerly boundary near where the 101 
Ranch was loeated. : 

Mr. Pratt was transferred March, 1907, to another 
important undertaking and W. E. Ball took his place 
and continued to execute the work until the close of 
the Exposition. 

I desire here to acknowledge the indebtedness of 
the Board of Design to W. T. Brooke, City Engineer 
of Norfolk. He freely gave his time, experience, and 
knowledge of local conditions to the Board. TI also 
desire to acknowledge the services rendered by Miss 
Frances Ropes, who ably assisted in securing informa- 
tion and preparing plans. 

During all of the early period Mr. Guptil and Mr. 
Pratt were engaged in bringing together herbs and 
shrubs for the plantations and the Exposition Grounds 
and in selecting street trees and having them root 
pruned. In order that they might be in a position to 
move before the Exposition opened, there were root 
pruned over twelve hundred trees of the following 
varieties: Live oak, horn beam, persimmon, red maple, 
paper mulberry, magnolia, holly, red bay, wild cherry, 
willow, mulberry, white oak, cherry, cedar, apple, 
willow oak, dogwood, water oak, locust and maple. 
Some of these varieties were very scarce, others 
were plentiful. Maple furnished the largest number 
of trees root pruned—two hundred and eighty-seven— 
and there were two hundred and thirteen locusts, one 
hundred and ninety-five water oaks and one hundred 
and twenty-eight dogwood trees. Eighty-eight apple 
trees were thus treated and placed in position as a 
boundary for Lee’s Parade. They proved to be a most 
attractive feature, especially in the spring when they 
were covered with blooms. 

The shrubs that were collected grew on the Grounds 
or in the immediate vicinity. They were placed in 
narrow rows where the Hospital Building later stood 
and near the future sites of the Pennsylvania Building 
and the Inside Inn, but as soon as the roads were 
graded and planting spaces prepared they were at once 
put into their permanent positions. Altogether, about 
a million plants were secured and planted at a lower 
cost than has ever been the experience at an exposi- 
tion, many of the herbs having been secured in the 
beginning at a cost of thirty cents per thousand and 
the shrubs from three to four feet high as low as 
two dollars per hundred planted in place. In addition 
to the trees that were root pruned the first year, about 
two thousand were later transplanted. There was very 
small percentage of loss in all this tree, shrub and herb 
planting work. 

While the landscape operations were pursued work 
was also prosecuted on plans of grounds and buildings. 
The first work in this line was the preparation of a 
roads and lots plan for a town sub-division. This plan 
was governed partly by existing roads that had already 
been graded. The first plan for locating buildings was 
prepared in my office and showed a double pier. At 
the same time, the plan for a semi-circular pier en- 
closure was made in the office of the architect. It 
finally was determined that the simpler form was the 


most acceptable, and the parallelogram basin was 
adopted. The idea of the Exposition management to 


create a permanent memorial and to utilize as an archi- 
tectural theme designs based upon the Colonial type of 
building led naturally to a kindred scheme of land- 
seape decoration. Lending itself admirably to this 
adaptation, an exceedingly varied and _ interesting 
natural growth abounded. The most notable single tree 
was a great live oak, which was christened ‘‘ Powha- 
tan’s Oak,’’ but everywhere along the shores of the 
tidal estuaries there was a slope to the upland, usually 
steep and always covered either with a drapery of 
vines, a thicket of shrubs or a number of tall ever- 
green or deciduous trees, and often the trees, shrubs 
and vines were a combination. 

On the upland, especially along the southerly and 
westerly borders, were groves of trees, and among 
these were hollies forty feet high marked with the 
names of soldiers from North Carolina who were of the 
Confederate forces that had held this Sewell’s Point 
against the Federals at Fortress Monroe. : 

Great and small pitch, yellow and short-leaved pines 
predominated along shores and in much of the wooded 
areas, and in places there were acres of seedling pines, 
and there were frequent groups of red cedars. Oaks 
were everywhere—white, black, black jack, post, Span- 
ish, willow, water, live and red. The flowering dog- 


734 


W orks. 


sweet 
paper 
eulti- 


wood, sourwood, locust, red maple, 
gum, black gum, sassafras, willow, white and 
mulberry, orchards of ae wild, black and 
vated cherries, elms and ash all are found there. 

There were also native shrubs and shrubs from old 
gardens, in great variety; wild and cultivated roses, 
Rose of Sharon, button- ball, dogwood, callicarpa, bush 
honeysuckle, spirwas, baccharis. Of broad-leaved ever- 
green trees and shrubs, besides the tree holly, were the 
shrub holly, the red bay, the bayberry, the mountain 
laurel, bitter bush and bear grass; and of vines, 
numerous kinds of wild smilax or bamboo, scuppernong 


persimmon, 


grapes, trumpet vine, the evergreen honeysuckle, yam, 
morning glory, climbing bindweed, bitter sweet and 


cross vine. 

Of herbs there was a great variety, the most showy 
being the marshmallow, thoroughwort, plume grasses, 
atamasco lily, tawny day lily, narcissus, grape hya- 
cinth, passion flower, ruellia, butterfly weed; some of 
these, of course, having spread from old gardens, 

There was much open land within this zone of vege- 
tation, and some cultivated, the most of this being on a 
slight elevation extending from the shores of Hampton 
Roads to the southerly boundary. It was upon this ele- 
vation that Lee’s Parade, the main buildings of the Ex- 
position and Raleigh Court were located and from which 
the great double piers extended toward the Willoughby 
Channel of Hampton Roads. These open courts and 
groups of great buildings formed the civie center of the 
town plan that was first devised. The principal streets 
of this plan were made to lead straight away from and 
parallel to an eighty-foot shore boulevard, to conform 
to some already graded and because there was nothing 
in the topography to justify curving lines until the 
street system encountered the arms of Boush Creek. 
Here, curving lines were established to conform to 
the lines of the shore betwen upland and marsh, with 
room enough for house lots and a walk along shore. 
This ‘‘Flirtation Walk,’’ following the Canoe Trail 
waterway excavated to fill marshland, was one of the 
most attractive features of the Exposition-town plan. 
Both the walk and the trail pass through the finest 
and most varied of the wood and growth to which I 
have referred, and the views across the marsh and 
creek to wooded land beyond is an attractive one. 

The first large constructive operation was the build- 
ing of a fence around the Grounds. Woven wire was 
strung between posts and at the top was a cross piece 
covered with barbed wire, to prevent persons from 
passing over. All along this fence Japanese evergreen 
honeysuckle was planted and at each post a trumpet 
vine, while thousands of crimson rambler roses ap- 
peared at intervals. The planting was done two years 
before the opening of the Exposition, and during the 
Exposition period the fence was a wall of green in full 
flower. 

The planting scheme provided for a tree of one 
kind for each street and for apple trees around Lee’s 
Parade. The apples came from an old orchard upon 
the site of the Machinery-Transportation Building, 
supplemented by others from about ‘‘ Apple Tree Sta- 
tion,’’ that was thus deprived of the reason for its 
name. The other trees, nearly two thousand in all, 
were from the drained thousand acres and were trans- 
planted with special tree moving devices operated by 
trained men. 

Each street had also its special shrub through the 
center of its planting spaces, with hardy herbs outside 
and a ground cover instead of grass, of such annuals 
as petunias, zinnias, calliopsis, planted in the spring 
of the opening year. Thus were long lines of color 
provided in each street during the flowering season—at 
one time a street full of roses; again, full of marsh- 
mallows, petunias, zinnias and the like. During all 
the season there was something in bloom. 

But few nursery plants were used. The most im- 
portant plants from outside the region were the 
rhodedendrons used at the last moment about the main 
buildings—all of these came from the mountains of 
Pennsylvania. 

Respectfully submitted, 
(Signed) WaArrREN H. MANNING. 


SUPPLEMENT TO ABOVE REPORT 


M. Dixon, 

Director of Works. 

The work of the Landscape Department of the 
Exposition was under the direction of Warren H. 
Manning and the Board of Design. 

The center of the Grounds and the territory extend- 
ing from the main entrance to Smith Basin was 
slightly elevated and the drainage of this part was 
toward the east and west. Westward from the Parade 
and main buildings was ‘‘The Warpath,’’ which was 
located upon a nearly level tract and sloping gradually 
to its westerly boundary. West, north and south of 
‘“‘The Warpath’’ the land was irregular and was 
naturally wooded. The Negro Building was near the 
center of the western boundary, and the Inside Inn 
was on the extreme northwestern corner of the prop- 
erty. The State Buildings were all located on or near 


735 


the shore line. To the east of Lee’s Parade were the 
States’ Exhibit Building and the Soeial Keonomy 
Building, and beyond these the Arts and Crafts Vill: ge. 
Winding behind this village was the ‘‘Flirtation 
Walk,’’ shaded by stately old oaks, pines, large hollies, 
some bays and a varied shrub and vine undergrowth. 
At one end of this Walk was the famous ‘‘Pow- 
hatan Oak,’’ a great live oak antedating the James- 
town Settlement, and at the other end of the trail 
was ‘‘ Pocahontas’ Spring.’’ Near the Flirtation Walk 
was an old plantation 
cemetery; and there were 
a number of Confederate 
breastworks near the Arts 
and Crafts Village. 

No American exposition 
ever had such an attrac- 
tive and varied growth of 
trees, shrubs and _ herbs 
within its boundaries or 
adjacent thereto, and in 
developing the landscape 
features of the Exposition 
all the natural growth was 
utilized. Practically all 
the trees used at the Ex- 
position were found on or 
near the Grounds and 
transplanted. All the an- 
nuals were seeded directly 
in the grounds where 
grown; all plantations about buildings, excepting the 
rhododendrons from Pennsylvania and a very few nur- 
sery plants, were collected on or near the Grounds, 
from the woods and from old gardens. The large open 
tracts were heavily seeded with grass, which grew 
abundantly until the army worm made its appearance 
and laid bare great spaces. Native plants were used to 
give visitors a knowledge of the value of the common 
things wild in the territory and show that better results 
could be secured at less cost by the use of such ma- 
terial than by planting exotics. 

Respectfully submitted, 
(Signed) JuxLius J. HEInrIcH, 
Superintendent. 


JULIUS J. HEINRICH 


Superintendent 


ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT 


Will. M. Dixon, Esq., 
Director of Works. 

The following report of the organization and opera- 
tion of the Department of Electricity is submitted to 
the Director of Works in as short and general in 
manner as possible, as all details regarding the same 
have been covered by charts or other matter submitted 
to the Director of Works weekly or bi-weekly since the 
inception of the work, copies of which are on file in 
both the Director of Works’ office and the offices of the 
Electrical Department. 

To Will M. Dixon, the Chief of the Electrical De- 
partment, is due the credit of conceiving and carrying 
out the decorative lighting as well as the Auditorium 
Dome and Electric Fountain features, but the lamenta- 
ble facts regarding same are that at a time when most 
necessary to complete the above as originally intended, 
the reduction of expenditures became necessary on the 
part of the Exposition Company, and, consequently, 
they were never completed to meet his idea of perfec- 
tion and beauty. His plan of special or feature light- 
ing was on original lines and a distinct departure from 
the trodden path, as he depended on the searchlight as 
the most important factor or basis of the feature work, 
blended in with the incandescent lamp for harmony. 
Never before, to my knowledge, has the searchlight or 
projector been used in this manner, and while simple 
as far as the same has been carried out here, the idez 
has been copied and enlarged on, as you will note in 
the September 7 issue of the Electrical World, in the 
lighting of Niagara Falls by projectors. Could the 
Auditorium Dome and the Electric Fountain have re- 
ceived the treatment as proposed by the designer, no 
more beautiful features could have been installed, nor 
would they have been equaled by any feature of a 
similar nature ever seen at an exposition before, 

Mr. Dixon was declared Chief of the Department 
on June 25, 1906, and after looking over the grounds 
and everything in connection with same very carefully, 
also taking into consideration the lack of energy being 
displayed in constructing buildings, etc., the poor facili- 
ties for shipment of materials to the grounds, and 
knowing that the demand for electrical goods exceeded 
the supply by large margins, he realized that there was 
not a moment to waste if his work was to be ready 
for the public on April 26, 1907. 


Organization. 

The organization of the Department was formu- 
lated on July 17, 1906, and plans laid to carry on an 
aggressive campaign, but owing to the fact that at 
that time no definite information regarding the build- 
ings could be obtained, only two branches were formed, 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


namely, the Storeroom and the Inside Wiring Branch. 
Later, however, as fast as construction permitted, the 
other branches were formed, which resulted in the 
following Divisions: 

Inside Wiring—Wiring of all buildings and placing 
of transformers inside buildings. 

Outside Wiring—Al]l overhead construction and the 
placing of all transformers outside on poles. 

Underground Work—Installing all underground con- 
duits and cables. 

Installing Apparatus—The installing of all machines 
and apparatus in the sub-stations, and switchboards for 
same. 

Storeroom—All material was receipted for, stored 
and delivered to the work only on a written order 
signed by one of the foremen. 

Timekeeper—The time for the entire Department 
was kept by a system of checks, employees being re- 
quired to check in both morning and evening. 

Meters and Meter Readings, Inspection, Engineer- 
ing, Bookkeeping, ete., were all worked as separate 
branches, although same were all under the office juris- 
diction. 


Preliminary Layouts—Tentative Estimates. 

Not being able to obtain definite data regarding 
the number, location, ete., of the buildings on the 
grounds, letters were addressed to the various ex- 
hibitors and concessionaires whose names were on file 
in the several Departments, and also the Commissions 
of the State Buildings, requesting their electrical re- 
quirements, and while waiting for responses to these, 
the system and method of distribution were decided 
on, preliminary layouts and tentative estimates were 
made, and from these were gotten up tabulated state- 
ments of the quantities of the various kinds of ma- 
terials that would be required, which were mailed to 
some of the largest jobbers and manufacturers in 
Eastern cities, as well as local firms in Norfolk. 

At this point, it is well to observe that had con- 
tracts been let as suggested, much money could have 
been saved, as material prices were not steady but 
constantly increasing, more particularly in copper wire 
and eable which advanced approximately between 
twenty-five and forty per cent in the interval between 
the time estimates were received and the time the 
main contracts were let. 


Plans. 

Preliminary plans, as drawn up, covered the fol- 
lowing: 

A Complete Power Plant, which was later changed to a 
combination power and pumping plant, 

Distributing Sub-Stations, 

Transformer Stations, 

General Wiring Layouts, 

Are Lighting System, 

Sewage Pumping, 

Switchboards, 

Intramural Railway and 

Telephone System. ; 

As most of the above plans were adopted, the details 


on same were worked out, and the success of the same 
is best evidenced by the service that has been given. 


Poles. 

The contract for poles was let during the prepara- 
tion of plans to the Seaboard Electric Company, on 
August 26, 1906, but they failing to live up to the 
specifications, the Department cancelled the contract, 
and same was awarded to the West Lumber Com- 
pany, on September 8, 1906, said firm delivering first 
shipment on September 25, which were immediately 
dressed and prepared for setting, with the result that 
on September 27, 1906, the first pole was set, at the 
southwest corner of the Mothers’ and Children’s Build- 
ing. The setting of the balance of the poles proceeded 
as rapidly as deliveries would permit, great trouble 
being experienced in getting cars to transport poles 
from Portsmouth. The last shipment was received 
December 17, 1906. 


Underground Duct—First Conduit Laid. 


Heretofore, wooden pump logs had been used for 
Exposition work, but looking at the question of salvage 
in connection with deliveries and permanency, it was 
decided to use the Bituminized Fibre Conduit as 
manufactured by the American Conduit Company, and 
orders were placed on October 8, 1906, for one hundred 
and twenty-five thousand feet at four-and-one-fourth 
cents per foot, and this not-being sufficient, a second 
order was placed on January 15 for an additional 
sixty thousand feet. The first shipment was received 
on October 16, 1906, and on October 22, the first trench 
was dug, and the next day, the first conduit line was 
started. 


Wire and Cable. 


On September 26, 1906, bids were received on lists 
sent out for requirements on the above, but contracts 
were not let until October 17, when the American 
Electrical Works was awarded the contract for triple- 
braid and slow-burning grades of wire, amounting to 
twenty-nine thousand one hundred and seven dollars 
and fifty-seven cents. The contract for wire and 


cable for underground use was not let until October 25, 
to the Safety Insulated Wire and Cable Company, at 
a price of thirty-eight thousand four hundred and 
thirty-six dollars and ninety cents, they proposing a 
substitute for insulation, other than rubber and lead, 
as covered by the Department specifications, which was 
thoroughly inspected and tested by the Chief of the 
Department at the company’s factory in Bayonne, N. 
J., before awarding the contract. 

Prices being so unsteady, and no positive action 
having been taken for a period of several weeks on 
the letting of contracts, the Chief of the Department 
placed orders for about eight thousand dollars worth 
of R. C. wire on September 27, on his own responsi- 
bility, and the next day, copper advanced from a 
nineteen-cent to a twenty-two-cent base, making a 
saving of about two thousand dollars on this one lot 
of small orders, thus illustrating what might have been 
saved on our total requirements had orders been placed 
when the Department requested. Between the time 
that contracts were awarded as above and March 1, 
1907, the Board of Governors authorized the building 
of several additional buildings, as well as other work 
that our original estimates did not cover, and it became 
necessary to purchase a second order of underground 
cable, amounting to a total of six thousand five hundred 
and eighty-seven dollars and eighty-four cents, the or- 
der being placed March 16, 1907. This second order 
of cable was not received until several weeks after 
Opening Day, which was one of the reasons for the 
Marine Building not being lit up on April 26. 


Underground Wire and Cable. 


On December 27, 1906, the first carload of the 
material for which orders were placed on October 25 
arrived, but none was pulled in the ducts until Janu- 
ary 16, 1907, except fire-alarm cables, the installation 
of which was begun on December 28, as noted under 
the Fire-Alarm heading. The reason for the delay 
in placing the balance of the cable was that the 
insulation on same being something entirely new in 
this country, and the manufacturers being under bond 
for the faithful performance of same, it was necessary 
to await the coming of one of their engineers, who 
did not arrive until January 15, 1907. But everything 
being in readiness on his arrival, the first primary 
cable was pulled in on January 16, and same was 
rapidly installed from this time on. The Department’s 
method of handling the cable was so satisfactory to the 
Manufacturers’ Engineer that he was with us but one 
day, leaving on January 17, and did not again visit 
us until a day or so before the opening. 

There was installed in underground duets: 

80,125 feet of —500-volt wire and cable (Saftron). 

41,141 feet of 2,300-volt wire and cable (Saftron). 

5 £1300 feet of twin-conductor fire-alarm wire (lead-covered). 


321,050 feet of twisted-pair telephone wire (rubber-covered). 
22,800 feet of 8,000-volt lead-covered wire. 


Inside Wiring—First Work Done. 


As fast as buildings were constructed to a point 
where the electrical work could be installed, the same 
was begun, and in a number of cases the wires were 
installed before the roofs were on the buildings, as 
it was absolutely necessary that every moment be 
made to count. The first actual labor performed on 
the Grounds on the wiring was on July 20, 1906, when 
the commercial wiring in the Auditorium Building was 
started, enough material having been purchased from 
local dealers to start with, pending the deliveries of 
our orders that would be placed for estimates. 

The wiring on the main buildings was started as 
follows: 


Auditorium Gh wilctira ess wateyececeuetsie cisete stan castes ieee Aug. 2, 1906 
Education Buildings..*Dec: and *Com........... Oct. 12, 1906 
Manufacturers and Liberal’ Arts..Dec............. Oct. 12, 1906 
Manufacturers and Liberal Arts..Com...........] Yov. 12, 1906 
Machinery and Transportation... 7Dec.. 2.0... Oct. 28, 1906 
Machinery and Transportation....Com...0.....+s Novy. 14, 1906 
Statess Echitbttepectecrptennte oeiie ete DEG. sii att eGo ee INOVE DOUG 
States) Exhibitia, sc setiniee atercer Gomlsstan corsets Noy. 13, 1906 
MUin@S o </oie:s ho lole ors erereltacasters a) atekevels Decrees Nov. 16, 1906 
Virginia, Minerals, saeeniem sete cata Dec.............Nov, 16; 1906 
Hood) Pxodwctssmn cst areata Deexcanuciteere moe Yov. 22, 1906 
Rood! ProductsSipvcaske oscs5 keeoreeits Comemeneerorase Nov. 26, 1906 
Palaceror Gommenrcenece deen: Donia. cars seen Dec. 8, 1906 
Palacevol Commerce. crac crete Com pane sen ..Dec. 15, 1906 
U. S. Government Buildings...... DEéGien-aasrcre nee Mar. 8, 1906 


* “ Decoration’? refers to wiring necessary to supply ‘lights 
for the exterior of buildings, and ‘‘ Commercial *’ for the interior. 

The Marine and History Buildings were in such an 
incomplete state that the Department decided it would 
be impossible to have same ready for April 26; con- 
sequently, they were not started until several weeks 
after Opening Day. 


Transformer Room and Sub-Station Structures. 


Requisition had been made on the Purchasing De- 
partment for building materials for the above, on 
August 31, but lack of ambition in the placing of 
orders and pushing of deliveries on same on the part 
of the Purchasing Department resulted in delays that 
retarded the beginning of these structures until No- 
vember 29, 1906, but such good progress was made in 
the building of same that seven were practically com- 
pleted, except the floors, by December 11, the balance, 
or four, not being completed until March 16, on ac 
count of buildings not being ready for them earlier. 


736 


W orks. 


I cannot give exact dates when floors were finished, 
but in most cases they were finished very shortly after 
the structures were completed. 

Some of the structures were built of brick and 
some were of concrete, as will be noted in the following 
list, the reason for the non-uniformity being the use 
of materials on hand in order to save time. 


Long. Wide. High. 
Manufacturers Building, brick......... Pere BS eR" OY 
Palace. of Commerce, brick... <<< 50a .cisie% Lit Gory Oa ae 
BGO) PFOGUCES: briCits sini ak wicivis osc vcieie Leen eee ON a enn bre 
Machinery and Transportation, brick... 13'8” x 8’0" x 7’ 9” 
Mines and Metallurgy, brick........... Ole sens Grex: fel 1? 
States (schibits Prick sitelsics cisieiates ve were URAL C Brie [Ge Breen Aon bi 
Dube otatiom a. Gee Drickive saccsnsesrocroee AD Bs DOU Gt Sh 16% 
AUGIOLIUM, | CONCLELE. cinsis vi’ weiss ony. oe AO xe Ot xr 8? 
Marine Building, concrete............. or eae BOS Sars Oe 
Pabphe Comfort; concrete es ccs 0c ces cus LO ey Se eee 
Swiss Village, corrugated iron......... Robes aOuOceactD a Oe 
Scenic Railway, corrugated iron....... 10° OF se 8) OF x 6" .0" 
Switchboards. 


The Department early decided that a saving could 
be effected both in time and money if all switch- 
boards, except those controlling the various machines 
in the sub-stations, were built by the Department, 
and to this end contracts were let to the Slatington 
Slate Company, February 15, 1907, for slate to the 
amount of one hundred and five dollars and ninety 
cents; to the Hartman Circuit Breaker Company, April 11, 
1907, for twenty-two-hundred-volt oil switches, valued 
at six hundred and fifty-four dollars; to the Trumbull 
Electric Company, on March 16, 1907, for low potential 
switches to the value of one thousand three hundred 
and sixty-five dollars and fifty-five cents. Deliveries 
on these contracts seemed very slow, as the time was 
getting short and a vast amount of work was yet to do, 
but after a great deal of correspondence, we were en- 
abled to get deliveries on the slate, April 5, 1907; on the 
twenty-two-hundred-volt switches, April 15, and on the 
low potential switches, April 17. Immediately upon 
receipt of the slate, the same was drilled and set in 
the various transformer rooms ready for mounting 
switches as soon as they should arrive. This was 
contrary to good switchboard practice, but was excus- 
able under the circumstances. The mounting of the 
switches was begun the same day of arrival. . 


Pre-Exposition Service—First Lighting. 

On September 25, 1906, arrangements were made 
with the N. & A. T. Co. for current for use on the 
Grounds for offices and patroling during the pre- 
Exposition period, at a rate of ten cents per kilowatt 
hour, and on September 28, 1906, the offices in the 
Mothers’ and Children’s Building were lit for the first 
time. Small clusters of lamps were strung along Pow- 
hatan and Pocahontas streets to facilitate unloading 
of cars, teaming, ete., and on December 18, the Hos- 
pital being ready for service, the lights were turned 
on the same day. On December 18, lighting was also 
established in the Auditorium Building, as the field 
officers had been moved from the Mothers’ and Chil- 
dren’s Building to the Auditorium Building on De- 
cember 16. 

During the pre-Exposition period particularly, the 
Department offices were besieged by concessionaires 
with requests for light and power, in order that they 
might the sooner complete their concessions; but owing 
to the limited amount of current furnished us, we were 
unable to supply all demands, so that after investiga- 
tion, it was decided that the Merrimac and Monitor, 
Manassas, Gettysburg, Destruction of San Francisco 
and the Swiss Village, on the War Path, needed light, 
and D. C. Clark, of the States’ Exhibit Building, con- 
tractor erecting a large number of exhibits, needed 
power, and as these were the most important requests, 
or, rather, the greatest in need of completing their 
work, they were furnished current at a rate of four- 
teen cents per kilowatt hour, with no discount. 


Rules, Contracts, Applications, Etc. 


Applications, Contracts and Rules for the Supply of 
Electricity were formulated and printed in convenient 
form, and with but few exceptions, the same were all 
approved. The following is a copy of the Rules: 


RULES GOVERNING THE SUPPLY 
OF ELECTRICITY 


Application: 

1. Application for Light and Power Service shall be made 
on a blank, which will be furnished for that purpose by the 
Exposition Company, and in no case will a service connection 
be made except under authority of written contract executed 
between the Applicant and the Exposition Company. 

No application for service will be entertained unless made 
upon the regular blank furnished by the Exposition Company for 
that purpose. 


Contract: 

2. After an application for service has been approved, a 
contract will be executed by and between the Consumer and the 
Exposition Company, on terms and conditions that will be 
stated in each case. 


Plans and Specifications: 

8. Plans and Specifications for all electrical installations 
must be submitted to the Department of Electricity for approval, 
at which time the point of entry for service connection (over- 
head or underground) will be designated. 


Supervision: 


4. <All wiring and electrical heat 


installations for light, 


737 


and power shall be under the supervision of the Department of 
Electricity. 
Access to Space: 

5. The Exposition Company, or such persons as it may 
authorize, shall at all times have access to the space occupied 
by the Consumer, for the purpose of inspecting the electrical 
wiring and apparatus. 

Service Connection: 

7. The Exposition Company will make all necessary con- 
nections from the Exposition service main to the main ‘switch 
and fuses installed by the Consumer. The expense of same to 
be borne by the Consumer. 

Wiring: 

8. The Exposition Company is not prepared to do wiring 
for Consumers, but will assist them in any way that it may be 
possible to do so, 


Meter Installation: 

9. The Exposition Company will install all necessary meters 
and apparatus for measuring electrical energy and current con- 
sumed by the Consumer, but in each case the expense of same 
to be borne by said Consumer. 


Lighting Service General: 

10. Alternating current at a frequency of sixty (60) cycles 
and at a pressure of approximately one hundred and ten volts, 
will be furnished for lighting purposes, on the entire grounds 
with the exception of the War Path. 

Lighting Service, War Path: 

Alternating current at a frequency of sixty (60) cycles 
and direct current at a pressure of approximately one hundred 
and ten volts, will be supplied on the War Path. 


Power Service: 

11. Direct current at a pressure of approximately five 
hundred volts will be furnished for power purposes unless Special 
arrangements are made with the Department of Electricity for 
furnishing alternating current for small motors. 


Rates: 

12. Electrical energy and current will be furnished by the 
Exposition Company through meters to Consumers at the 
uniform rate given, subject, however, to the terms of any special 
contract form which may be provided for such service. 


RATES FOR LIGHTING SERVICE. 


100 kilowatt hours or less.......... @ .10_ per kilowatt hour 
LOL ton 280 kilowatt hoursescsn ce @ .09 per kilowatt hour 
281 to ) kilowatt hours......... @ .O8 per kilowatt hour 
626 to 1480 kilowatt hours......... @ .O7 per kilowatt hour 
1431 and above kilowatt hours....... @ .06 per kilowatt hour 
RATES FOR POWER SERVICE. 
115 kilowatt hours or less.......... @ .O9 per kilowatt hour 
116 tov 360: kilowatt hours, Soeceee. @ .O7 per kilowatt hour 
361 to 770 kilowatt hour ® .O6% per kilowatt hour 


771 to 1365 kilowatt hours......... @ 
1366 to 2225 kilowatt hours......... @ .04% per kilowatt hour 
2226 and above kilowatt hours.......@ .04 per kilowatt hour 

Nore.—Consumers using small motors on lighting circuits 
shall pay for the same at lighting rates. 


Discounts: 

All of the above rates are subject to a discount of ten per 
cent for payment on or before the tenth of the month following 
the month for which the bill is rendered. All discounts will be 
retained by the Exposition Company and credited on the No- 
vember bills when paid. 


Maintenance: 

13. The Exposition Company is not prepared to maintain 
the Consumer’s are lamps or other apparatus; nor furnish car- 
bons, incandescent lamps or other supplies. 


Aisle Patrol Lighting: 

14. The aisles on the inside of the Main Exhibit Buildings 
will be illuminated by are lamps by the Exposition Company for 
patrol purposes only. 


Street Patrol Lighting: 

15. The streets, avenues and boundary fence will be illumi- 
nated with are lamps by the Exposition Company for patrol 
purposes only. 


Non-Liability of Exposition Company: 

16. The Exposition Company will not be liable for any 
damage or injury caused by defective wiring of any kind, nor 
for failure, stoppage or interruptions in the supply of electrical 
energy and current; nor for any damage resulting from any 
electrical wiring, or electrical service whatsoever. 


-05% per kilowatt hour 


Performance: 

17. The Exposition Company reserves the right to deter- 
mine the performance of any and all lamps, motors, heaters and 
such other apparatus as may be installed. 


Construction Notes for Contractors: 

18. <All supports for wires must be secured by screws or 
bolts, as no “nail and leather head ”’ construction will be per- 
mitted on the Exposition Grounds. 

Meter Loops for the proper connection of meters shall 
be provided by the Contractor on all installations, and shall 
be in the immediate vicinity of and considered as a part of the 
service lines. 

Contractors shall provide suitable board backing for the 
proper and rigid support of all meters, as the Exposition Com- 
pany will not mount meters on lath or plaster or other fragile 
structures. 

The foregoing Rules are subject to change without notice 
at the discretion of the Exposition Company. 


This Department established a precedent in the 
manner of determining rates, as same were all deter- 
mined by meters furnished by the Company and paid 
for by the consumers, this being as near a fair and 
equitable manner of arriving at charges as possible. 
The meter method of determining charges was very 
satisfactory in most cases, eliminating many disputes 
as experienced at previous expositions, and would have 
worked out perfectly had the Department been able 
to install meters when concessions and exhibits were 
eut in. 

Orders were placed for three hundred and twenty- 
six meters, at a net price of eight thousand one hun- 
dred and eighty-nine dollars and forty-one cents, the 
first order being placed April 38, 1907, for all the 
meters except forty-one, which were ordered September 
6. The first shipment on the first order was received 
in June, and others followed as fast as the Company 
was able to pay for them, the last shipment being re- 
ceived on October 17. Consequently, a large number 
of contracts had to be proportioned, which caused a 
great deal of discussion. 

The Department was compelled to take back a 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


total of one hundred and thirty meters, all to apply 
on bills as credits, some in eases where concessions 
had gone in the hands of receivers, some where 
exhibitors had refused to pay bills and some where 
venders had closed up and quit business, making col- 
lections impossible. 

There were three hundred and fifty-four contracts 
signed for service, which was a greater average than 
that of either the Buffalo or St. Louis Expositions. I 
would say also that this is the first time that con- 
tracts were signed at an Exposition, as it was hereto- 
fore considered enough when an application for service 
had been filed. 


Collections. 

The Department’s idea regarding collections was 
that it should do its own billing and collecting, and 
have a representative of the Treasury Department 
stationed in the office, thus enabling us to better 
control the collecting, but higher authorities deemed 
best that same should be done by the Treasurer’s 
office direct, so the idea was abandoned. 

The total amount of bills for service and service 
connections was seventy-two thousand nine hundred 
and eighty dollars and seven cents, and of this amount 
thirty thousand four hundred and four dollars and 
two cents was collected, leaving a balance outstanding 
of forty-two thousand five hundred and seventy-six 
dollars and five cents. You will note that if collections 
had been made, the amount would have paid the total 
current bills for the term of the Exposition and left 
a neat balance to apply on some of the other bills of 
the Department. 


Power Plant and Power Contract. 


The power proposition was one that required the 
greatest thought and consideration, and was one of 
the first matters taken up by the Chief after his taking 
charge of the Department. He found that negotiations 
had been conducted, prior to his appointment as Chief, 
between the Chairman of the Board of Governors and 
the Norfolk & Portsmouth Traction Company, or the 
Norfolk Railway & Light Company, as then known, 
for current for the Exposition Company’s use at a 
rate of two-and-one-fourth cents per kilowatt, metering 
same at a terminal board located on the Exposition 
Company’s property, and delivering at two thousand 
three hundred and fifty volts pressure. _The proposi- 
tion also included the installing of a turbine unit 
of three thousand kilowatt capacity, with necessary 
boiler, auxiliaries, etce., to properly operate the same, 
to be installed on the Grounds, operated during the 
Exposition period, dismantled, and then re-erected 
in the Norfolk & Portsmouth Traction Company’s 
new plant at Brambleton, the entire expense of 
same being borne by the Exposition Company. Know- 
ing that the expense of this would be greater than if 
the necessary apparatus could be obtained on an ex- 
hibit basis, he immediately took up the matter on 
the rental and exhibit plan, with the result that 
enough apparatus was secured on an exhibit basis 
to supply our needs. 

As soon as the necessary data had been received 
on the same, knowing that it would be necessary to 
install a pumping station for the water works system, 
it was decided to combine the two plants, electric 
power and water pumping, under one roof, and as 
one station, and in connection with it, it was arranged 
to operate the United States Government Geological 
Survey Coal Testing Plant, the Government shortly 
before having signified its intention of removing the 
plant from St. Louis to the Exposition site, making a 
most modern and ideal installation and a combination 
never heretofore equalled. To this end, plans and 
details were drawn up to the extent of several hundred 
dollars, but by the time the matter had been fully con- 
sidered by the higher authorities, so much time had 
been lost that it was impossible for the manufacturers 
who had agreed to furnish working exhibits to get 
out the necessary apparatus for our needs, and their 
propositions were withdrawn. 

As soon as it was evident that we would be eom- 
pelled to depend on outside sources for power, the 
Chief turned attention to the proposal that had been 
practically accepted before his appointment and sought 
to modify the same as much as possible before recom- 
mending the signing of the contract, which was ree- 
ommended October 17, 1906, for signature. Changes 
were made in the contract in the interval of time 
between October 17, 1906, and January, 1907, and it 
was returned for approval. Examination of same 
showed the Chief that current would be delivered at 
ten thousand five hundred volts pressure instead of 
two thousand three hundred and fifty volts, thus 
adding an additional, expense to the Department for 
transforming apparatus, comments on which are fully 
covered by Mr. Dixon’s letters to Mr. Batchelor on 
January 24 and March 5, 1907. The contract was finally 
signed about March 20, 1907, as per Mr. Batchelor’s 
letter of the same date. The most important change 
made by the Chief in his modifications of the contract 
was the abolishing of the proposed turbine unit in- 
stallation on the Grounds and placing total depend- 


ance on two high-voltage transmission lines, thus af- 
fecting the cost to a certain extent, and reducing re- 
ceiving and transforming apparatus to the simplest 
form. 


Equipment. 


The contract for power having been disposed of on 
October 17, the Chief’s attention was turned to the 
rental of apparatus for our requirements, and on De- 
cember 21, 1906, in company with Mr. Palmer of the 
Norfolk & Portsmouth Traction Company, a trip was 
made to the General Electric Company factories at 
Schenectady, and apparatus selected as follows, to be 
purchased by the Norfolk & Portsmouth Traction Com- 
pany and leased by them to the Exposition Company: 

3 1400 K. W. 11000-2300 volt air blast transformers 


with their operating switches and panels......... $7,450.00 
300 series arc lamps, with transformers and switch- 
clerigs Canin AMA SRL At EME nOR nin ince atic o puoi & 6,300.00 
2 500 K. W. rotary converters with transformers, 
switch panels, reactances and blowers, etc....... 9,440.00 


12 panel switchboards, with necessary switches, in- 
struments, etc., for 2300-volt circuit control..... 
6 panels of switchboard for 125-250 volt control of 
motor-generators in Sub-Stations “B’’ and “C” 2,010.00 
And the following apparatus, which Mr. Dixon 


leased direct from the General Electric Company: 


2,000.00 


140 static’ transformers’. «sr. scye snes sicie «(nis es cipis sl eiieiie oie 
4 motor-penerator SEES, «ms seis ers! ele nie aieraiein eieienereenete 6,300.00 
22: PLOJECEOTS!, .ersvs.w slaves eee ei pela ab imere tere malere Gere 8,095 .00 


Arrangements were practically completed for types 
of apparatus to be used, but rental contracts were 
not drawn up until January 21, 1907, and were not 
signed until the latter part of February, as far as 
the Norfolk & Portsmouth Traction Company leases 
were concerned, and not until March 8, as far as the 
General Electric Company leases were concerned. All 
of the above leases were recommended for signature 
by the Chief on January 25, 1907. 


Main Board or Sub-Station ‘‘A.’’ 


Attached you will find data on Sub-Station ‘‘A,’’ 
regarding apparatus, and here also will be taken up 
only the construction and installing of the station. 

Imagine, if you can, the strain this Department had 
been under in getting contracts through for apparatus, 
beginning December 26, 1906, and extending over a 
period of approximately three months, building a 
structure to house the same, completing it on Decem- 
ber 18, 1906, building a concrete vault and air-shaft 
ducts, completing them on January 16, 1907, and know- 
ing that we must be ready on April 26 for the reputa- 
tion of the Department and the welfare of the Exposi- 
tion, and having March 26 arrive with no sign of any 
of the apparatus in sight, and you will realize the feel- 
ings of the Department. This station was the heart of 
the entire Exposition, for without it we were absolutely 
helpless. 

Saturday night, March 28, the rotary converters 
were delivered, and the unloading of same progressed 
so well that on April 2 the installing of same was 
begun, being the first actual work performed on this 
station. However, while the bulk of the material was 
being received and installed, it was useless unless we 
received the soapstone slabs needed to complete the 
switches for controlling the eleven-thousand-volt side 
of the service and the blowers for cooling the trans- 
formers. The slabs were received on April 23, and 
as these had to be set in concrete, it was necessary 
that same be done just as soon as possible in order 
that the concrete would set up hard enough to mount 
mechanism on and admit of connecting switch parts. 
The blowers arrived on April 24 and were set up and 
immediately gotten in shape for operation. 

The eleven-thousand-volt current from the Norfolk 
& Portsmouth Traction Company’s Plant, at Bramble- 
ton, was turned on for the first time, April 25, at 
6:56 A. M., via the Ocean View Line only, as the 
Tidewater transmission line was not completed ready 
for current until May 14, on which date it was placed 
in service. Unable to operate the oil switch controll- 
ing the current from the Ocean View Line (as storage 
batteries had not yet been installed), with no lightning 
arresters for protection from storms and no relays 
operating for automatic protection from electrical trou- 
bles, we were forced to start operating and trust to 
luck for results. 

Up to April 25, 1907, we had never had enough 
current on the Grounds to do any testing on the deco- 
rative work, and imagine our delight when, on turning 
on the same for the first time, we had only fourteen 
circuits, out of approximately nineteen hundred, that 
did not burn, and investigation showed that on most 
of these the trouble was due to poor fuse plugs. 

We had been unable to procure eleven-thousand-volt 
cable (lead-covered) to install for permanent use, so 
we temporarily installed varnished cambrie cables, and 
in the condition above described, the station was 
operated, except as the work progressed and perma- 
nent work replaced the temporary arrangements. Not 
until September 1, 1907, could the station be called 
completed. 


Sub-Stations ‘‘B’’ and ‘‘C.’’ 
Sub-Station ‘‘B’’ was situated in the basement of 
the Auditorium Building, and Sub-Station ‘‘C’’ was 


738 


W orks. 


situated in a brick structure built in the rear of the 
Destruction of San Francisco concession on the War 
Path, and contained apparatus as per attached lists, 
marked as above. I will speak only of the installing 
of these stations. The apparatus was not received 
until April 16, was set up and ready to wire for on 
April 22, but the stations were not completed and in 
operation until April 28 and March 38, respectively, 
Sub-Station ‘‘B’’ being the first to be placed in 
operation, 


Electric Fountain—Lagoons. 


During the month of December, 1906, it was de- 
cided that a fountain should form the nucleus of the 
Raleigh Square plans, and to this end the Chief of 
the Department, on December 30, 1906, asked for a 
layout for the Court, but was unable to obtain any 
information until the latter part of February. By the 
time preliminary plans were received, it was too late 
to build a fountain after our own designs, so the 
only plan to pursue was to procure a fountain in the 
open market wherever possible and change it, if it 
could be, to suit the Department’s plans. 

The fountain in use in the Tyrolean Alps at St. 
Louis during the World’s Fair was finally purchased 
on March 9th, 1907, after extensive correspandence 
had been condueted, and on March 20 the first ship- 
ment of same was received, and the balance imme- 
diately afterward, and the whole apparatus was thor- 
oughly overhauled and gotten in first-class shape for 
installing. 

The first work done toward completing Raleigh 
Square was on March 25, 1907, when the excavating 
was started for the pool in the center of the Square, 
in which the Fountain was located. Immediately on 
completion of the excavating, this Department built 
the circular structure in the center of the pool, con- 
creting and finishing same except for setting the glass 
in the spillways, installed apparatus, and were ready 
to operate, but were held back by the glass, and also 
by the Strohlow Company, to whom had been awarded 
the contracts for the basins and curb work, during the 
fore part of the month of April, and whose work was 
not finished until June. The glass for the spills was 
ordered on June 20, 1907, but was not received until 
July 3, and same was installed as soon as possible 
thereafter, and the Fountain was operated for the first 
time on July 15, 1907. 

The apparatus obtained from the St. Louis people 
was for the Fountain proper, only, so it was necessary 
to procure an additional pump and motor for use in 
pumping enough water to cover the glass spillways. 
This should have been at least six thousand gallons, 
but the money allowed for this additional apparatus 
was sufficient only to purchase a two-thousand-gallon 
pump and motor for the same, with the necessary 
piping, valves, ete., with which the Department had 
to be content. On August 27, the Fountain had 
been completed as at present operating, and you are 
left to judge as to what a beautiful object of in- 
terest it could have been made if proper support 
had been given the same by comparing with the re- 
sults that were obtained by what can only be called 
make-shifts. 

In connection with the Fountain, Mr. Dixon pro- 
posed to install spray effects in the lagoons on either 
side of the Court, and by use of banks of projectors 
and suitable color screens to work in a number of spe- 
cial combinations. For this purpose, twelve eighteen- 
inch projectors were procured, but before the same 
could be installed, retrenchments were in order, and 
same were never completed. Inasmuch as the ideas 
for this special treatment were Mr. Dixon’s and were 
never carried out, it is his privilege to hold them, and 
T shall not go into details here. 


Auditorium Dome Treatment. 


The idea for the above was taken from the August 
4, 1906, issue of the Electrical World, and was worked 
up until the same was a completed feature, ready for 
details, but as noted in the preface section of report, 
the same was only about twenty per cent completed, 
but this was enough to demonstrate what a beautiful 
piece of work this could have been made if the De- 
partment had been able to carry out the entire plan 
as originally outlined. Eight thirty-inch projectors 
only were used in the work as installed, and these 
were not operated until the night of May 20, 1907, as 
same were not received until May 5, 1907. 


Lighting Standards. 


The question of properly lighting the Grounds, more 
particularly in the immediate vicinity of the exhibit 
buildings, was one that required much thought, as it 
was desired if possible to eliminate the glare of this 
method of lighting as experienced at previous exposi- 
tions, and replace same by a softer and more pleasing 
light. After several tests, the method of placing a 
special type cluster of incandescent lamps in ground- 
glass halls mounted on an iron pipe and covered with 
ornamental staff was adopted for all portions of the 
Grounds except the outlying districts and the War 
Path. The standards averaged a height of eight feet 


739 


and there was a total of six hundred and five in use 
about the Grounds. 

The type of standard in use on the War Path was 
a large column built of wood on colonial design with 
base and top properly proportioned and designed to 
support five clusters of incandescent lamps, covered by 
ground-glass balls, to carry out the same lighting 
scheme; but these were never completed as designed, 
there being but four clusters per standard, and funds 
not available to purchase globes for the same. There 
were approximately fifty-two of the standards, nine- 
teen feet high, and they gave a much softer light than 
would are lamps if same had been installed similar 
to those at Buffalo and St. Louis. 

The effects of this type of lighting proved so satis- 
factory that it was adopted for the Government Pier, 
and was copied by the Pine Beach Pavilion Company 
along their boardwalk and piers on Pine Beach. On 
this class of work, the Department was much delayed 
on account of not being able to have grades and 
stakes for locations set by the Engineering Depart- 
ment, and also on account of designs, etc., for the staff 
work. The Chief of the Department, on December 7, 
1906, and several times later, requested grades, etc., 
but such slow progress was made on the work that 
it became necessary for the Department to run a 
large share of them themselves in order to have the 
same ready by April 26. The contract for the staff 
work was not let until March 26, 1907, to Strehlow & 
Company, but such good headway was made in casting 
the same that almost all standards were staffed except 
Raleigh Square by Opening Day. All lighting stand- 
ards were painted with two coats of lead and oil, at 
a cost of five hundred and twenty-five dollars and fifty- 
four cents. 


Arc Lighting. 

The most economical method of lighting spaces for 
patrol purposes and for general illumination, leaving 
out all feature work, etc., is the are lamp, and as 
noted under equipment heading leases were signed for 
three hundred series alternating are lamps, which were 
distributed in the various exhibit buildings, United 
States Government camps, and on the boundary fence 
and State sections of the Grounds, as follows: 


Machinery and! Transportation Building. .c.e1ses. «ce oscnse 22 
Manufacturers and Liberal Arts Building................. PA 
Mines). Bailding jc. ve sore stnior stivetacs cved terete aes muc.aiie a Fes ce i 
Statess Pxbibieh-Buildingeammeeatete aoe tein. cece eect erence 22 
Food) Proditcts ) Buildin emer ccs cloeteyaeinisc cree ePrice aa ctareiecs 12 
Uniteds States) Cavalry aCaimpneren aiiaittior cain asic. uae 14 
United: States cArtillerya Gampere nocache ec crae 4 


United States mbmfiamtoygns Gamay serrata ate eet retete ss c‘onarel EC! 
Boundary ands otatewocculonas teenie seis simien e cnere eet ot 


The Social Economy, Marine, History and Palace of 
Commerce Buildings were lit by incandescent lamps 
for patrol and watchmen’s purposes, in order to reduce 
the maintenance force on trimming to one man. 

The first shipment of are lamps was received on 
March 238, but the transformers for same were not 
received until May 19, 1907, and owing to the press 
of other work, coupled with late deliveries of are 
cable on several orders, the lamps were not put in 
service until July 13, 1907, the building cireuits being 
the first ones operated. From this date on, the work 
of installing proceeded rapidly, and on August 1 all 
of the lamps were practically in service except the 
United States Government camps, which were not 
operating until August 16, these being held up for an 
appropriation for wire, as we were out of the particu- 
lar size necessary. 


Fire Alarm System. 


On July 31, 1906, the above question was taken up 
with both the Western Electric Company and the 
Gamewell Company, and rental prices with option, etc., 
were received, and after due consideration of both 
systems, the Western Electric Company’s system was 
adopted, the rental price being two thousand two hun- 
dred and fifty dollars in both cases. The equipment 
was contracted for on November 9, and covered a 
two-circuit Central Station board, mounting relays, 
keys, sounders, meters, circuit-breakers and all neces- 
sary auxiliaries except batteries, and also included 
fifty main street boxes, all equipment being the West- 
ern Electric Company’s standard, highest class. The 
Department bought two large gongs and an additional 
facil pen register so that the board would not require 
operators constantly on duty twenty-four hours per day 
to operate the same, thereby reducing the operating 
costs. 

Sixty of the Electrie Storage Battery Company’s 
Type B. T. cells were ordered on March 22, 1907, as 
battery for the system, at a cost of sixty-five dollars, 
thus completing the equipment and giving the Grounds 
of the Exposition Company as good protection as the 
best modern practice could give, and on a par with the 
best systems in our largest cities. 

The boxes were the first part of the equipment to 
arrive, reaching the Grounds on December 22, and 
immediately preparations were made to get at least a 
part of them in service temporarily. To this end, 
ordinary relays, keys and sounders were bought, 
totaling about thirty dollars, and installed one set 
in Mr. Dixon’s office and one set in the temporary 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


fire quarters near the Mothers’ and Children’s Build- 
ing. On February 15, 1907, the system was working 
with the following boxes in circuit: Boxes Nos. 4, 5, 
23, 29, 31, 36, 41 and 44. The switchboard part of the 
equipment arrived on February 18, 1907, and the stor- 
age batteries on March 22, but same were not put in 
service until April 9 and May 3, respectively, in the 
first instance on account of the permanent Fire Head- 
quarters not being ready for occupancy, and in the 
second instance on account of not having direct current 
with which to charge batteries. 

The work of placing boxes continued rapidly as 
fast as the work on the Grounds and buildings per- 
mitted, until on June 2 the system was complete with 
forty-two boxes connected, and to date the service has 
been all that was anticipated, being constant, reliable, 
and off only once, for a period of about one-half hour, 
on September 13, 1907. 


Telegraph Work. 


Arrangements were made with the Postal and West- 
ern Union Telegraph Companies for the Electrical 
Department to do their work inside the fence of the 
Exposition Grounds, for reasons noted under the Tele- 
phone heading, and lines were installed from time to 
time as directed by these Companies, until stations 
had been installed in the Inside Inn, Administration 
Building, Palace of Commerce, Machinery Building 
and the Post Office Annex, giving the Grounds a first- 
class system, with offices covering the best sections of 
the Grounds. I have no way of determining the 
amount of business done by the Telegraph Companies, 
but was told by Mr. Feinberg of the Western Union 
Telegraph Company, and also by Mr. Heard of the 
Postal Company, that the business far exceeded their 
expectations. 


Telephone System. 

This was a hard proposition as far as a service 
reaching points outside of the Grounds was concerned, 
as the Southern States Telephone Company could not 
give the Grounds any but limited service, and the 
Southern Bell Company had restricted the number of 
telephones on the Grounds to twenty-five, both Com- 
panies stipulating that theirs should be the exclusive 
system; but the matter was handled by the Chief of 
the Department through interests other than the Bell 
Company direct, which resulted in the establishment 
of a complete exchange with all necessary auxiliaries, 
on the Grounds, capable of handling four hundred sub- 
seribers. Prior to January, 1907, the Exposition Com- 
pany’s business from the Grounds had been carried 
on over two lines to Norfolk, but in January, other 
Departments transferring their offices to the Grounds, 
it became necessary that we have better service, and 
a fifteen-drop exchange was installed in the Audi- 
torium Building, using the two former lines as trunk 
lines temporarily until the permanent exchange was 
ready. The small exchange above noted went into 
service January 28, 1907, and was not displaced until 
April 8, 1907, when the large exchange in the Adminis- 
tration Building went into service and all lines had 
been transferred. Although done for an outside Com- 
pany all labor inside the Grounds on this work was 
performed by the Electrical Department, proportioning 
the costs between the Bell Company for their pay 
stations and the Exposition Company for their ’phones, 
under an agreement entered into about August 1. 
This was done in order to avoid labor troubles which 
might interfere with our work. 

There were thirty trunk lines from the permanent 
exchange to Norfolk, and of these but twenty-one were 
connected, and these were busy most of the time during 
the middle of the Exposition period. There were one 


hundred and five lines connected to the exchange, 
which furnished service to eighty Exposition ’phones 
and forty-three Bell Company pay stations. 


Water, Sewage and Gas. 


Rather a peculiar heading to see in a report from 
the Electrical Department, but, nevertheless, it was 
originally proposed to place the above, or, at least, 
those sections of the above where power in any form 
would be required, under the jurisdiction of this De- 
partment, and you will note that the preliminary plans 
called for a combined plant. Before the organization 
of the regular Water Department, this Department 
contracted for two electric pumps to be used on sewer 
wells for pumping sewage into the deep water drains, 
and also worked up sketches, built platforms in the 
wells and did other work incidental to the same, until 
about October 2, 1906, when the Water and Sewer 
Departments were formed, and all matter pertaining 
to it was turned over to them. ; 

During the time intervening between October 2, 
1906, and August, 1907, the Departments mentioned 
had so much trouble in keeping the pumps operating 
that the Director of Works turned the maintenance 
and repairing of same back to this Department, and 
they were successfully operated until the close of the 
Fair, and although they were much abused they are 
in condition to operate for some time to come. 


Intramural Railway. 


In September, 1906, the question of whether the 
Intramural Railway about the Grounds should be 
operated by the Exposition Company or as a conces- 
sion came up, and Mr. Dixon, on September 29, ad- 
dressed a letter to Mr. Cottrell, giving approximate 
data on same, and this Department immediately took 
up the matter of prices and catalogues of equipment, 
ete. No decision having been reached by the time 
we were ready to construct our pole lines, one of the 
same was laid out covering a course that the Depart- 
ment considered a good one for an Intramural Rail- 
way, and wires for lighting and various other pur- 
poses were installed thereon. Later, the Intramural 
Railway was let as a concession, and the tracks were 
laid along the lines proposed by this Department, ex- 
cept that section crossing Raleigh Square, which the 
Department strenuously opposed from the beginning. 

The road was twelve thousand three hundred and 
fitty feet long, forming a complete loop about the 
Grounds, of which eighty-six hundred feet was double 
track and three thousand seven hundred and fifty feet 
single track. The trolley construction was by mast 
arm suspension, except that section crossing Raleigh 
Square, which was catenary construction, and covered 
a span of four hundred and thirty-five feet. The 
average number of cars operated was four, under a 
five-minute headway. I do not know the number of 
persons carried, receipts, expenses, or any data of this 
nature. 

The Norfolk & Portsmouth Traction Company oper- 
ated the Intramural Railway, but this Department 
built the same for them, furnishing all labor at cost, 
the Traction Company furnishing all material. This 
was following the policy adopted with the Telephone 
and Telegraph Companies, in order to avoid labor 
troubles that might retard our work. Current was 
furnished the Intramural Railway from one of the 
five-hundred-volt rotary converters in our Main Sta- 
Ton. Awe 


Load Data, Etc. 


Below will be found lists giving the total number 
of lamps, motors, power consumed, et¢., on the Grounds, 
listed in sections: 


LOAD DATA OF EXHIBIT BUILDINGS, ETC. 


Decorative Commercial 110-220 V. 500 Vv. 110 V. 
Name of Building. Lights. Lights. D. C. Power. D. C. Power. A. C, Power. 
AMGitOCiGM 6s xokce he oe ccik eek hee ei ete 3559 & C. P. 1574: 6. 4.G2P. 10 H. P. 
Pqat fay G, lek 
SoG. 16°C. Py 
Education 1805 $C. P: 749 #16C:.P: 
University 1758 8 C. P. 1 100 C. P. 2 A.—Fans 
700 16'C; P: 
States Exhibit. omg = em earerine tartan cee 471158 Ge Ps DO eka ee 2 A.—Fans 
TH ACOA Se 30 A.—Ster. 
9. 32)/C. Pt 
Mines fovas crersta wverotel ce chevar Sega atone ueera, ete s-ateivale 2080 8 C. P. 21 GaP: HES IRIS 6 A.—Arcs 
Gi SG Ps 1 A.—Fan 
44 16;'C. P: 4 A.—Motor 
War ginal ey iit al sets rani tenets LOTG (SIGs PB: 29 16:C9 PE 
Marine: isch ats. cba ys eri roma iphones Mt 1426 8C. P. 140) 16'GSe: ie: 
History estos in aac woe tere wales aye wale leceters 1416 &C. P. 467 16's 3 A.—Fans 
Ysera cir ates toltieos ae o bo cio oMOm abicitens scan: 3573 SC. P. 902 GaP: 8.) Eee 15 A.—Motor 
PPLp EGA Nee 20 A.—Fans 
1530 SiGe 85 A.—Ovens 
Doo LO Ge 185 A.—Ster. 
125832 CaP ; 
Palace of (Gomme ces is aes ote sors s tele s ansraere 2150 8 C. P. 6565 16.G) B 2 aks. 
The) SG PAte Tey 
teno0 GaP: 
Mannfacttrers 4: citaicier sclratettlars erst. a Soe 6469 SC. P. 471 4.GyxP: PATO Re Ral 27 Ey Maines 12 A.—Motor 
HOR SiG ks 9 A.—Fans 
1289 16C. P. 
Bye. PEE. Net 
PU SPALea aes 
ae 7 130 GPs 
Government Prer qamiee aieeinte stag sprees wis six ore 18682 8 C. P. 
Gowernnient A.B) seme pr iis an cineaen sonia 2199 8C. P. 2a I1GIC.e: UST ARIAT aah 3 A.—Fans 
Smithsonian Institute and College........ 3090 8 C. P. SS 16 CER; 
740 


W orks. 


LOAD DATA OF EXHIBIT BUILDINGS, ETC.—Continued. 


Decorative 


110-220 V. 500 V. 110 V. 


Commercial 


Name of Building. Lights. Lights. D. C. Power. D. C. Power. A. C. Power. 
REGVADHINONG oo A pnyeperend ove steak cei re10¢ 15% 2145 8Cyl P: oe GiGa ms 50 A.—Ster, 10 A.—Fans 
UR PUES SALES AOL xthiccace bee Urata cpm. @, wires secede 8058 8 C. P. 50 16C. P. 24 A.—Mutscp. 261% H. P. 
RUGCIIMIEEU: Seauihciche is sceiele blots ailah ee pcre a.cyetale a0 6484 8C. P. 88 4C.P. 34 H. P. oa F..P } A.—Fans 
133 SiG ks 8 A.—Motor 
125: 16 G) Py 50 A.—Miscel. 
je Oil Sk 
Clexpefee(t gel EIN 26 (hy Ani CICNS OT Fcc. eeERO oS <r S116 Co Re 
Raleigh Square Band Stand.............. 468 8 C. P. SOs recy 
Pet MEPANOE Fe sicle cvs aie ee km eR ATs oe PA IGOR Vee 
RE OE Pht UAB darerits et olsre terete Ani aus's.a + Bite Oe 64 8C.P. 
One Hundred and Fourth St. Entrance.... S TRG; RN 
PET OOUISERALION Ts creis oe cau eile eos ie ks emcee 349 16C. P, 
PaeR Tier EY CST Cia c.ntetner stain Chast hee re Keira ecsials os Malo 8 50 50 C. P: 
216: Ge Py 
BS ULCEA SSH ALTON are rkcnea tertile smaiols aslereyiraracce ster slale Zo LOUGa ee 
See SEARIONS 0S Uae LSA eens myelin Gaye cre sate 21 16 CoP: 
Mert s Coamnel Win peas Cianene wrurntrras cioriets welt 154 16C P 
Semi-Military Camp........... 11S? 16: GaPs 
Infantry and Artillery Camps. . 216 16C.P: 
CERTAIN? MGETS To 5 cata Gin uch notte Usa 0 Gite 5 125) 916° CP: 
Shel ca teleh ih Sala AiG ere acto Oc Dap cache tinioes ce.ait 29° 16 CaP: 
Pine: Grove: Entrances... 0. ee etre ns sn anes 5l 16C. P. 
PRED EP ALtIMEN ts pyaa.cse wetolhcersy te se ale ote eae 169 16C. P. 
PrGe water GIeDOta: mictaadia tui eve vies Secinee 149° 16 )1Ga 
BCHOSTEIO Mba DLESiek yore ccae eraichevcusteughniee: «fase Dol lakes 
Maryland A:vernue: (Gates sacecles cca aq meee PAG a ik Gey Ee 
M. and C. Building. 0... .ccc css ee se ae ees MSmeLOiGe be 
Government Pier Entrance............... Dee AG Ce ler 
Cornick Cottage........ Shevele sehen Ys sr eteceate 9 40’ 16:'C.P: 
1S ots one Re Be At Sino. d cao code au oro 697 16°CaP: 
SS OGIA Le EaTIOM ONY, eleva iatatadsataversrolaye ores als niche ars INST aK We: 12 20 A.—Ster. 
WE UEN Base Ae Kor dopon cindic.domicenicmion 61988 8 C. P. C0 Sa GPs 20 A.—Ster. LOZ PE Ps 1 Are-—Mult. 
3820 4C. P. 107% HW. P. 106 Fans 
1048 SiGa ky 265 A.—Ster. 
7298 16C. P. 34 .—Motor 
De oo Ge Ps 85 A.—Ovens 
6L 32) C.F: 
58 50:C. P. 
1 100 C: P: 
605 Lighting Standards. 4235 16C. P. Lights. 
52 Lighting Standards. 1456 16 C. P. Lights. 
LOAD DATA—WAR PATH CONCESSIONS. 
De G 
A.C. AG: AWC. AS Came 0000 Vie Dic: A. G. 
Name NEHGS Net FORGE Ne: 4 Gere Fans. Eas 110-220, Stereopticons. 
RUIS Sm ME ha Goren stam stove iceetie settee cols suet scaie csescere 267 762 1265 Vw 
Tours of fee WO EG Geercceeraeteletine sazce wat tone 60 15 9) 
paar AE Aue eae. tsi enerencten solar ete ey vee cv chewes 210 635 
PUES SAS A spatter si cise aed a's) » eyeleie' sind viene wiles 510 37) 
ERY SUNT Ds Coa staat strats Cinta ove aa sielate & Sibe 297 30 
MUenrIMAaCs ANCL OMItOTs 60-0 alecerersls oislere clenere S00 1584 S00 Amp. 
CINE DECAL WAV &: arp.a).5) miso afatets Kio) ar bra alesal’etnraceeye 12 865 50 
BhoOotines Gmutesercmemieia) lew ealiesvcilon 1194 70 
Waterway Amusement Corporation........ 590 15 
Ojohtererty Weimtnker arya lo} dh me Alo ate n.om Monies 44 18 
Ice Cream Cones (Ostrich Farm)......... 4 20 
Ice Cream Cones (Streets of Cairo)....... 4 p18) 
Ice Cream Cones (Swiss Village)......... 4 20 
MicheliURoastuBeel iti ancs amnicileeiceeetie 104 177 7 Fans 
Norfolk Candy & Peanut Company........ 20 65 ie} 
tine PICU ALOT jai lenstete sl eusieni a cre sbeouore seeliorale ns 63 490 
Expo. Soft Drink Co. (Swiss Village)..... 4 22 
Expo. Soft Drink Co. (Gettysburg)....... 21 0 il 
Expo. Soft Drink Co. (San Francisco).. 15 20 1 
Expo. Soft Drink Co. (Streets of Cairo).. 6 20 1 
Destruction tof oan EP ranCiscol, eee wc 98 1173 6 % H.P. Motor 
% Ares 15 A. ea. 
ETECES OTM atCO a rote ertispe shesia stem aglonagchel iss 1538 2320 
OUR it elai ol Seb aos ei weig Git pcos IPCC mola Me hor de 125 72 
German VeStambantist are siciere cme ouste wens aie ei ois SO D5 
ElehiGrate iat. isa tiotie cereale aes sears 13 642 1150 85 
erie omMiert ber weninactetsuer late ago sicvaterane, ¢ 262 286 2 Arcs 6A. ea. 
Mera Sta lM Al aCE. te clapper iaiscnna scccens svacate acti anenaously aL, 
AENEID AR Th Mevays ae wie cits ous) atin: ecko e oe si gieae 6s 146 164 
lds Famestowi Wheater. <n seis ccnsicre cscs G 230 
Old Jamestown Restaurant........... 90 316 
BNL as ca POMC lem siya) avstesenaledsr overs casts falaliereiene 24 132 1 30 A. Ster 
4 6A. Arcs 
Jamestown Shooting Gallery.............. 46 234 
Sitar Slows atid Girlie siseesysicie.cisels'ais/aye 6 230 1°35 A. Ster 
1 20 A. Ster 
Deep Sea Divers..............¢-2 +2 ss 00 63 ig 
Call aye HEAT Ghyeahe (ie aes Fide, aoe Oca eee 21 410 1 20 A. Ster. 
Princess Trixie and Paul Revere.......... 140 129 Bld 4 10 DBD. eoteL. 
a tees With al orGireccrstetera <Petens ote teterersiareseis sl 91 82 4 Flam. Arcs 
Bhote SHIN: ¢ «.nveer 40 110A; Ares 
Post Card Building... 30 : 250 
Japanese Roll Ball 32 97 
Hunting in Dismal Swamp............... 20 255 2 Flam. Ares 
Primal t SHOW. tate icimcisiere otocheyspsite lel os « =teiara eycic 76 120 Miele: 
10) 6:A.. Ares 
SEMI NESTLE TEI em on Gp Celio OLcn eo ay ncion fay: S16 
Phardon se Daugatenien memes ett ais tame ole 250 150 16 C. P. 
Me ase ase Cott eic olin csieiekine 2 isete 2 ee 32 356 f 
ID Yous fu) Ces MW Any tell neuer ecuetr, Ceic eRA ER acta oe CaCO crc 300 20 
SPTERLSMOLE SEV Uleaietae eter tia atstcscisiareie ttle 105 460 837 1 30 A. Ster. 
PU er Geil ss cemamerstesitepret avert enon s Vor ah svers fo Pe eusiiecer ace 3952 1203 9056 28 263% 129 K, W. “20% K. W. 
SUMMARY—WAR PATH LOAD. 
HL0O2) L68G. Pe Wamps: 
12035 8 C. P. Lamps. 
9056 4 C. P. Lamps. 
35 Fans. 
15 500 Volt Motors—268% FH. P. 
1 110 Volt Motor — % H.P 
1 220 Volt Motor — 1 Bee 
4 Stereopticons. 
30 Arc Lamps. 
LOAD DATA—STATE BUILDINGS, ETC. 
Name of Building. Decorative. Commercial. 
NCC Wie LON Knee Se acopane Pe oni ceo oMietence atau cteteere: Siecerd oe! Sie/svniele cphoratta 432 16 C. P. and 125 Amp. (Ranges) 
Ritoder lslandi tarot csmster ene tere cas tive cece Ga atene o25 eens iaue 102/16 (1G) PY 
MEA SGaONSEt ime ston teccraie uit Oe mine tie iia oe ac aiciehainra lo uve w ou.ohy 597 4C. P. 77 16C. P. Lights; 4 Fans; 45 Amp. (Heaters) 
MUNTGOUS. hier staistaseial svete ansteL eters ete. co oe Were owe ister ol Shayae| vane jet aes to: 16°C. PB, Lights 
GORBECEICIUt me cect cleo rere eects S ouN oii, oul wie wt 94 16C. P. Lights; 8 Fans 
IN OL Dn Acree OLLI cot conta shenean gneve oun Rerat cha Lece lovato ees aos 106 16 C. P. Lights 
RV EMO tataae ss Miva teeta iPad ish ous en (tt acetate ie eilelneMou ae: ie iets, eenste 11 16°C) P. and 20 8'G. P; Lights 
MMe nie hag as Se wpe uo PC On Ut Sn Oo CO. Clomenn Onur atyat 33.16 C. P. Lights 
(NSS IDES Gia caaatoe = ena ietce anion Hitec cas cite cron cire rece 31 16\C, P® Lights;"97 $C: P. Lights 
Ber aE) TUTE UST meet ge rer trots fatal oy Sees ore reneiees Care: rucuateseleeauites 36.16C. P. Lights ; 
PPO Arie ir al) ant Geer nin he a arate SAI aac ey eddisyelnion erare’ & Raietdsa 21 16C. P. Lights and 3 32 C. P. Lights 
Map Fiala so emanating ta tales ler Rat oval lets is eke Ve vel sleva aiaice, si'e, alsisvatesers: scare 140 16C. P. Lights 
A SPEER id livin Rue Oyo Ene cho dues Cae pet ILS CR ROG ROR NOIOTD CHOP OR TOR On 175 16C. P. Lights 


741 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


LOAD DATA—STATE BU 


Name of Building. 


Decorative. 


ILDINGS, ETC.—Continued. 


Commercial. 


West Virginia’ sraveseysascaueseageissstaietncess egetelb etsteislay-eraneis says. 4-3 teeters 80 16 C. P. Lights 
West Virginia Coal” Gower ta. «smert se vases ae neal 102, 8 CaP. Lights 
(SOE BID ia. Care, ates Seo aia OR oo ems he Bee ett ee ah on 60 16C. P. Lights 
Lowisianla’ cis sje tect v:stasere averece aysterauatstepstete ateteca state erate Stsuacncmatters 29 16 C. P. Lights 
Nita hOEV SSCS aa soGoncuncean nooo monaen sa potie ds 20 16 C. P. Lights 
is PENNS YLVattia soinssiatats o/s sveespels erererg! Wayans sate ae ieieveteia eliores sis 1320 8C. P. 6 32 C. P. Lights and 139 16 C. P. Lights. 
Pri eiceus. aap vtorotet ch asacdsiinte:p:ayrerekane lotecarace’ that ieee ithene etateue het aseiit came 35 16 C. P. Lights 
Mactead Nahe ractaPe aetna > Je Re celailetaxd aerate cist y abeienelian ots tsyeiela ate res tars 86 16 C. P. Lights 
Virginia ii) i Her, a Mostyn oan SEI eee crete een eet eee 244 16 C. P. Lights and 88 8C. P. Lights 
Daughters of the Confederacy 25 16\C) Ps and 24.8 G; P2 Lights 
Walter Baker & Company........ 98°16 'C. Pes 28'8'G) Pevand 19) 2;GaP. nents 
Grand Trunk Railway............ 45 16 C. P. and 250 2C. P. Lights and 2 Fans 
Pan- Presbyterian vaictecetevctcestenrs ate vic o wees wat Perinat eee 21.16 Co Py Lights 
Baltim ores Gitex verte ote cle tates fe cio cperscsrs Tahar etvce nates teats oenete 81 16 C. P. Lights 
Baptists craratccncromt sie sahotarey arn: Ciara yore sieicenern oeuetalone sa Rete eeretesereee 8) 16°C. P2<and ne 8C. P. Lights 
Connecticut Tnstrance tsar sca-tectc teres) aac tans eer acres DS S.C. RP. Ligh 
Barkin Company accra scrsin serine eters tetris eteie eects ol egiettatet ors 28 32°C. P- ane 139 16 C. P. Lights and 30 A. Ster. 
Baldwin Locomotives Works rece ce ci etetera ese releeters : 2 32.C. P.; 24 16.C. P., and 132° 4 CP. ‘Lights 
Negro! ‘Building— Mains ices cies atars es oarster emery ate oie lene leis 891 8 C. P. 60 25 C. P. and 256 16C. P. Lights 
Negro’ Building—Annex INO iiss srresicistera ar stsfolerers aresperners 59 16C. P. Lights 
Negro: Building—Annex: Noi22-t3 1. we ten senso ree wa 38 16C. P. Lights 
Negro Building—Annex ING} Bias cae iets sieclevaie cree eisai 69 16 C. P. Lights 
Negro Building—Annex No. 4....... 62:16 C. PP: Laghts 
Richmond! |City 2eie 7. cleveie +m evarel-lelaicti 27 16:@) Ps Lights 
Virginian-Pilot, cat Serpent ieee eda eee een ees 14 16C. P. and 22.8 C. P.. Lights 
American Locomotive Company 10 16 C P.3°50 8c. P, and 1764) Gr Pa Lignts 
Crematory? aursc ld Seciecise ay hee cin eeekane Semen cote nedie uasiarers Li 16 CRPa eiehes 
SUMMARY. 
269 27G, Pa sluamps. 2953 16 C. P. Lamps. 30 Amp. Stereopticons. 
905 4C. P. Lamps. 60° 25:¢; P: Lamps: 125 Amp. Ranges. 
2471 8 C. P. Lamps. oo 32G..e. Lamps: 45 Amp. Heaters. 
11 Fans. 
LOAD DATA—CONCESSIONS NOT ON THE WAR PATH. 
Name. Load. 
Exposition Waundry «3 ant saeco oieters eters tie eee eo tn ee neers 21 16('C. PR. Lamp 
Jamestownslce ‘Corporation nn, omssch een e tae ae mee ee eee eee 5 32.C. Pi and 3 16 C. P. Lamps 
Philippines Exposition, Companveseee see cece ee nn aon eee 12184 Gee Tange 
50 8C. P. Lamps 
24 16C. P. Lamps 
‘ 12 Arc Lamps 
Inside + Inino.s trscaisleca sities Sereeler hese SOP he ae YI tec eee toes 1360 16 C. P. Lamps 
760 8C. P. Lamps 
‘ ie ea Pens 
‘ oubte Ee , and 1 4H. P. Motors, 500 V. 
Old Viymte rT avertiy sic sire cto crest cerca erento ene a eeh es Pcl ee ‘2074 4 C. P. Lamps and 6 Fans 
Y. W. CoA! Restaurant: : _P. and 24 :8:C. Py Lamps 
Pocahontas’ Restaurants scr wees ee reo kena ee ee Se ee 3G. Ps and 21208 '1C. Ps bamps 
Old Noriolle (Restaurant Hanseatic eve oes rote ee ee eer eee ens . P. Lamps 
Old Wirginia Gorn rill React eee rot tetera ee ee ee eC 32°C. P. and 25, 16.C) PY Lamps 
15 H. P. Motor, 500 V. 
Marine sRestauramt © nemwoc sare wre cre rare ate aiaus eitars eeteacae ere iete oe eens 500 16 C. P. Lamps 
200 8C. P. Lamps 
908 4C. P. Lamps 
2 10 A. Headlights, 500 V. 
Model Depot: IRestamrant <n ceric acase, ccace arn bie heaton baie tetas datew ors eae a cece 100: 16.C. P) and 38.4 G. PP. Lamps 
Electric Kitchen Restaurant 38 16 C. P. Lamps 
Michel, Government Restaurant 150 16.C. BP} and 792 4°C. RY lamps 
Southern Catering Company 1520 4:C, P. and 480 2'C.P, Lamps 
Japanese Bazaar cic. trcra' «cen Sct eenc oetol Mam tue tie Gl colt Ramee ates der ote ore Poe 250 16 C. P. Lamps 
Old Dominion Souvenir Company 5 16°C, BP Lamps 
Formosa Tea oParlon cic aieisie: sus; saecens austen item tars dens hates aise de nee eee eee ee 102 16 C. P. and 194 8C. P. Lamps 
Military (GaterinerG omipaiycumenetet octec eastetrion beatin vclens Pere ae eee aan nee 6 Flaming Arcs and 100 16 C. P. Lamps 
1 4Z-H. Pi and 12) E Ps ATC Motors 
32 Fans 
LOD SRa te Ghai os corti Saar! wt Patats. Sash ohne te Pacer ere ehats Aspe se eet aed CAM AU ts Pain Se econ BEEN 822 8 '¢. P.. Lamps 
12 Flaming Ares and 4 Spot Lights 
Exposition General Supply Company serves Ss are oista olovatiers Yor wots Pia ste's Shows 48 16 C. P. Lamps 
Seating) Concession, see's; (Paradena sci ieee meer aan en eine ee eter 30) 16°@. P25) 28 8'C, P)5 and 35 4 .C) Pe amps 
SUMMARY, 
480 2C. P. Lamps. 18 Flaming Are Lamps. 
5250 4C. P. Lamps. 12 Multiple Are Lamps. 
2190 8 C. P- Lamps. 4. Are Spot Lights. 
2975 16 C. P. Lamps. 2 Are Headlights. 
20: 32°C. PR. Lamps: 21% H.P. Motors, 110 Volts. 
38 Fans. 281% H.P. D.C. Motors, 500 Volts. 
SUMMARY—TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD ON THE GROUNDS. 
2 C. RP. Lamps 
4C. P. Lamps 
8 C. P. Lamps 
D4G19 16 C. P. Lamps 
97 25.C. RP. Lamps 
120° 32C. 2: amps 
58 50°C. By Lamps 
1 100. GC. PB; Lamp ’ 
190 Fans 
184 A.C. 
(3) OL te. 
70 Are Lamps 
4 Headlights 
30 Flaming Ares 
32 Multiple Ares 
ar Spot Lights 
13 Stereopticons 
9 A. C., 410 Amp. 
4 D.C., 95 Amp. 
1 Range | 
3 Heaters +255 Amp., A. C. 
4 Ovens 
5 Motors, 81% H.P., 110 Volts A. eh 
3 Motors, 10 H. P., 220 Volts A. 
21 Motors, 97 Hi. P., 110-220 V aie DG: 
49 Motors, 470% H. P., 500 Volts D. C. 
1 Mercury Arc Rectifier, 40 Amp. A. C. 
10 30” Projectors, 63 Amp. each, 110 Volts D. C. 
Total (Gonnected: Woadieesy ace se sera eects ieee lctelonsis taco. series 4981 K. W. 
Inspection. tions in his city, and further investigation disclosed 


It was early decided that the inspection of all in- 
stallations should be as rigid as possible in order that 
the fire hazard due to improper electrical work or 
apparatus would be reduced to a minimum, and in 
order that this be done a rather distinct departure 
from the methods as followed heretofore was decided 
on. Upon investigation, the Department found that 
the representative of the Southeastern Tariff Associa- 
tion of the Board of Fire Underwriters in Norfolk, 
J. W. Smith, had been making a charge for all inspec- 


the fact that it was a general practice all over the 
Southeastern District to charge for them. In a con- 
ference on August 2, 1906, between the Chief of the 
Department and Mr. Schoen, the Chief of the South- 
eastern Tariff Association, it was agreed that Mr. 
Smith of Norfolk would make trips to the Grounds 
whenever called on by the Department, and inspect 
any. work ready, for a charge of five dollars per 
trip, said charge to be paid by the Exposition 
Company. 


i) 


W orks. 


This was continued until it became necessary to 
hold a Southeastern Tariff Association representative 
on the Grounds permanently, after which there was no 
charge. In connection with this plan, the Department 
employed an Inspector who devoted his entire time to 
the work. There was no charge to the concessionaire, 
exhibitor or contractor, the Department standing the 
expense of all inspections, thus enabling it to dictate 
as to how the work should be done, and making it 
compulsory, in installing all work, to have the approval 
of the Department in connection with the certificate of 
the Fire Underwriters before current was turned on, 
as you will note in Paragraph No. 3 of our Service 
Contract. 

The best evidence of the success of the plan is 
that the only case where fire ever occurred on the 
Grounds, due to electrical causes, was at the Streets 
of Seville, on the War Path, in a cabinet box contain- 
ing a cutout, which flashed and set fire to burlap, 
doing about one dollar damage. Mr. Schoen, in calling 
at the offices in the early part of November, 1907, 
said: ‘‘Keep the good work up, for your record of 
fires from electrical causes is cleaner than that of any 
of the twenty-six Expositions held in this and foreign 
countries. ’’ 


Electrical Troubles and Accidents. 


The Department has been exceedingly fortunate in 
the above, as we have had but two accidents on the 
Grounds, namely, a laborer falling into a ditch in the 
Machinery Building and hurting his side, and a line- 
man getting crossed up on a twenty-two-hundred-volt 
cireuit on a junction pole near the Inside Inn. Both 
accidents were due to the carelessness of the men, 
and neither resulted seriously. 

Considering the amount of wire and cable installed 
and the load earried, the electrical troubles have been 
so few that they are hardly worthy of notice. Below 
is a list of the trouble cases and their causes: 

Four burnouts on five-hundred-volt lines underground, due 
to bad joints. 

One burnout on twenty-three-hundred-volt 
carpenter driving spike in same. 

Two transformers punctured during an electric storm, which 
also burned out four lightning arresters, showing that storm 
was very severe. 

One fourteen-hundred kilowatt transformer in Sub-Station 
“A” burned out, due to defective insulation of several coils in 
manufacturing same. 

Pine Beach fire of June 26, 1907, burning up several poles 
and crippling Postal and Western Union Telegraph Companies’, 
Bell Telephone Company’s and our own service in that vicinity. 

Static discharge in high-tension line shaft between current 
transformer terminal and cable pot-head. 

The fourteen-hundred-kilowatt transformer trouble 
was the only serious trouble we have had, if even 
this could be called serious, as several days after this 
happened, the Norfolk & Portsmouth Traction Com- 
pany had two transformers burned out by lightning at 
their sub-station outside the Grounds, near the Tide- 
water Station, and we carried their entire Pine Beach 
load for nine days, in connection with our own load, 
with one large transformer out of commission, until 
they were able to take care of their load again. 

Current has been entirely turned off at the Grounds, 
including both light and power, twice for our own 
trouble (the static discharge and fourteen-hundred- 
kilowatt transformer troubles above mentioned), for 
periods of eighteen and seven minutes, respectively, 
and six times for Norfolk & Portsmouth Company’s 
troubles outside the Grounds, and at Brambleton, for 
periods of time ranging from two minutes to one-and- 
three-quarter hours. Exclusive of the six times above 
mentioned, when the Norfolk & Portsmouth Traction 
Company have had current off of both transmission 
lines, current had been off of the Ocean View line 
nineteen times and off of the Tidewater line eight 
times. This clearly shows the wisdom of supplying 
the Grounds with current over two transmission lines 
instead of one. 

Current has been turned off the Grounds partially 
on both light and power circuits a total of seven 
times, for periods averaging six minutes, except when 
the twenty-three-volt cable burned out, in which in- 
stance the major portion of the Grounds were without 
light for about four hours. 


circuit, due to 


Estimates—Criticisms. 

Mr. Dixon’s estimate for current during the Exposi- 
tion period was approximately four million kilowatt 
hours, at a cost of ninety-five thousand dollars. The 
current actually consumed was as follows: 


AV aia rate enstea accra 195,806 K. W. hours 
TONE Gee rietsic hee 230,580 K. W. hours 
Fualiy® geccctate tassse 343,390 K. W. hours 
AUGUSts Gos se ss 420,590 K. W. hours 
September 507,000 K. W. hours 
October 2s ee. 526,850 K. W. hours 
November 448,650 K. W. hours 


Or a total of 2,672,866 K. W. hours, at a cost of $63,480.19 

The estimate for construction, including labor and 
material, was two hundred and twenty-five thousand 
dollars, figuring that current would be delivered to 
the Grounds at twenty-three hundred volts pressure. 
The actual cost of construction, from inception of 
Department to November 30, 1907, excluding apparatus 
rentals and maintenance, was one hundred and twenty- 
two thousand six hundred and seventy-three dollars and 


743 


ninety-five cents for labor; one hundred and fifty-three 
thousand one hundred and twenty-seven dollars and 
nineteen cents for material, or a total of two hundred 
and seventy-five thousand eight hundred and one dol- 
lars and fourteen cents. 

The estimate for the total expense of the Electrical 
Department to the Exposition Company was approxi- 
mated at four hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The 
actual total expense of the Department up to and 
including November 30, 1907, was four hundred and 
seventy-seven thousand six hundred and_ sixty-nine 
dollars and seventy-four cents. 

Commenting on the foregoing estimates, in regard 
to the one for current, I would say that the estimates 
as furnished us by the exhibitors and concessionaires 
who had made application for current, and also those 
estimates furnished us by the Concessions and Admis- 
sions Department, were in most cases very high, as 
was later demonstrated when contracts were signed. 
Four cases in particular, I have in mind, namely, 
Travis’ Circle Swing and Observatory, the Revolving 
Parachute, the Aerial Globe, and the United States 
Smelter. The requirements furnished us on these were 
about eleven hundred horse-power. The Circle Swing 
and Aerial Globe were to have been situated on the 
War Path, and the United States Smelter was to 
have been operated in the Court of the Mines Building, 
but these were never constructed, while the Revolving 
Parachute was set up on the War Path, but was never 
operated. Besides affecting the current consumption, 
the above-named concessions were responsible for the 
rental of a second rotary converter, which would have 
been necessary if the concessions had been operated, 
thus entailing an additional rental expense of four 
thousand seven hundred and twenty dollars, in addition 
to labor and material required to install and connect 
the same. 

Regarding the construction estimate, I would say 
that the increase as shown was due to a number of 
causes, chief among them being the large advances in 
price of copper wire and cable, the electrical work on 
several buildings that were constructed, but were not 
contemplated in the original plans, the labor and ma- 
terial for installing the eleven-hundred-volt transform- 
ing apparatus in Sub-Station ‘‘A,’’ Machinery Build- 
ing, and the amount of overtime that it was necessary 
to pay the men, due to the fact that the buildings and 
grounds were so much behind and not ready for our 
work in time for us to complete same economically. 
To illustrate this last fact, on February 7, 1907, we 
were compelled to lay off about forty men employed 
in the Inside Wiring Branch, as we were up on the 
work as far as we could go, and these men were not 
put back to work again until March 14. Thus, twelve 
hundred days’ labor was lost at straight time, which 
had to be made up later at time-and-a-half rate, the 
first overtime being worked April 13, 1907. 

The total expense estimate was affected by items 
as noted above, and also by the additional expense for 
the rental of eleven-hundred-volt transforming equip- 
ment, which was not contemplated in the original 
estimates. 


Conclusion. 


In concluding this report, it is but just to say that 
the Department has made some wonderful records when 
all things are taken into consideration and compari- 
sons made with several former Expositions. This is 
the first time that a complete and full set of records 
covering all branches of the Department, including 
costs, etc., has been kept absolutely up to date from 
the beginning of the organization. Harmony and 
friendly feeling prevailed, to an extent entirely out of 
the ordinary, between the various branches, office force 
and heads, and to this can be attributed a great share 
of the Department’s success. Less overtime was 
worked, fewer tools were lost and salvage values will 
be greater than at previous expositions. Apparatus 
and cable performance was remarkable, trouble calls 
from concessionaires and exhibitors were few, and, 
taken as a whole, the operation was excellent. 

No labor troubles were experienced in our work to 
cause us delays, the Chief having made agreements 
with the various foreign companies, such as Telephone, 
Telegraph, Railway Companies, ete., to do all their 
work on the Exposition Grounds where same would 
conflict in any way with our force, and in passing, it 
is well to note that this also is the first time that such 
arrangements have been made, as heretofore most of 
the companies as above mentioned have done their own 
work on Exposition Grounds. 

Much credit is due the Department for being ready 
to light the buildings and grounds as well as was done 
on April 26, when consideration is given the fact that 
incandescent lamps were not received until April 11 
(part shipment), and barely enough 2200.110-volt trans- 
formers for the decorative lighting on the seventeenth, 
and also the condition of the main distributing station 
in the Machinery Building, as noted under the proper 
heading, and the turning on of the current without 
our having been able to do any testing. 

The praise bestowed on the illumination by the 
public, and the favorable comments of the entire 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Jury of Awards on the same were very soothing, for 
we realize that the results accomplished are not nearly 
as beautiful or complete as were designed and antici- 
pated; but as long as the public was satisfied and de- 
lighted so must we be. 
Respectfully submitted, 
(Signed) FRANK GRAHAM, 
Superintendent Department of Electricity. 


WATER AND SEWER AND GAS 
DEPARTMENTS 


When the Jamestown Exposition first began to as- 
sume tangible shape the question of a suitable water 
supply had to be considered. It was at first believed 
that the most feasible solution would be for the Expo- 
sition Company to sink wells at several points on its 
own property. There were, however, a number of im- 
portant technical objections to this course and the City 
of Norfolk solved the problem by giving to the Expo- 
sition one million gallons of water per day. Not only 
was the water given freely, but the city constructed 
at its own expense a pipe line for the delivery. 

When this matter was arranged the Board of Design 
planned a system of pipe mains to distribute the water 
over the principal streets of the Exposition, and also 
planned a concrete reservoir with a storage capacity of 
two million gallons. About seventy-five per cent of 
the street mains were laid under the direct supervision 
of the Board of Design, when W. G. McDowell came 
to the Exposition in October, 1906, to accept the posi- 
tion of Superintendent of Water and Sewers. Under 
his supervision the reservoir and pumping station were 
built and work along all lines was pushed toward 
completion. 

After considering the problem, it was found neces- 
sary to construct at the Exposition a pumping station, 
in order to distribute the water with sufficient pressure 
after its passage of eight miles from Norfolk. It was 
at first hoped that the pressure obtainable from the 
Norfolk pumps might be sufficient, but in order to in- 
sure proper fire protection a pumping station on the 
Exposition Grounds was found to be necessary. The 
following are some water statistics: 

Reservoir—Length, two hundred and fifty-two feet 
eight inches; breadth, one hundred and thirty-four feet; 
depth, eight feet; capacity, two million gallons. Built 
of reinforced concrete; cost, eighteen thousand dollars; 
cost of house, twenty-five hundred dollars. Number of 
pumps installed, two—being double-acting triplex pis- 
ton pumps, made by the Gould Manufacturing Com- 
pany. Total cost of pumps, thirty-six hundred dollars; 
capacity of each pump, one thousand two hundred and 
eighty gallons per minute. 

Number of engines installed, four—two to each 
pump—engines being the Nash gasoline engine, made 
by the National Meter Company. Pumps are operated 
about twelve hours each day, using one pump and one 
engine at a time, except in cases when a higher demand 
is made on the system, when two engines are used. 
In case of fire two pumps and four engines could be 
brought into operation, and these were used alternately 
with the regular work. Average pressure in mains, 
from 7 A. M. to 7 P. M., thirty pounds; and from 7 
p. M. to 7 A. M., twelve pounds—the latter being the 
pressure given from the Norfolk station. 

The amount in lineal feet of water mains installed 
within the Exposition Grounds is as follows: 


G-1nChiyGast. 1nOMM ply Creer tert nteterels 18,840 feet 


10-inch cast irom pipe... 2.2... 22 a. 3,830 feet 
TE rsaKOln CRAG edo, OMG oo 6 oa aa o 5,500 feet 
LG-in Che GasteicOUl lp eer acereel wer 350 feet 


The pipe line leading from Norfolk to the Exposi- 
tion Grounds is as follows: 


10,360 feet of 16-inch cast iron pipe 
27,200 feet of 12-inch cast iron pipe 

Fifteen hundred feet of this twelve-inch pipe is 
flexible joint laid under Tanner’s Creek. 

On the Exposition Grounds there are fifty-nine 
fire hydrants, being the Matthews patent with double 
hose connections and steamer connection. There were 
about one hundred and thirty-five paying consumers of 
water, aside from the Exposition and Government users. 

The Exposition Company bought and _ installed 
eighteen drinking hydrants, located at convenient 
places for the public. These free drinking places were 
insisted upon by the City of Norfolk when they gave 
the water to the Exposition. 

For seven months prior to the opening of the Expo- 
sition, water was obtained from the pipes of the 
Norfolk County Water Company, which Company had 
a line of piping leading to Pine Beach. The Norfolk 
County Water Company connected with the Exposition 
Company’s mains through a six-inch pipe, the con- 
nection being near the southwest corner of the Expo- 
sition Grounds. A monthly rate of three hundred and 
eighty dollars was paid to the Norfolk County Water 
Company for the water thus used. The pressure ob- 
tainable from this supply ranged from ten to twenty 
pounds per square inch, The supply from this source 


was discontinued on April 25, 1907, on which date 
the Norfolk City water was turned in. Throughout 
the Exposition period a small connection was had 
with the mains of the Norfolk County Water Company 
for the purpose of supplying a distant portion of the 
Government camps. 

The original plans for the sewer system were also 
made by the Board of Design and probably seventy- 
five per cent of the street mains were laid under their 
supervision. They also planned and constructed two 
pump wells as focus points of the system. The sewer 
mains are laid out on the gravity system and all 
lead to two wells located at central points within the 
Grounds. In these wells the sewerage is lifted with 
pumps through a vertical distance of about fifteen 
feet and then is carried by gravity through an eighteen- 
inch pipe out into the Bay. 

The wells are about eighteen feet deep, twelve feet 
in diameter, and constructed of brick laid in cement. 
Each was fitted with a centrifugal pump of the Brooks 
pattern, made by the Dayton Hydraulic Machine Com- 
pany, and a vertical electric motor, made by the West- 
inghouse Company. Theoretical capacity of each pump, 
one thousand gallons per minute; working capacity of 
each pump, about one million gallons per day of 
twenty-four hours; the motors are ten horse-power, 
five hundred volts, connected direct with shaft to the 
pumps. 

The lowest grade is in the eighteen-inch outfall 
sewer, the fall here being 0.15 of one per cent or 1.8 
inches per one hundred feet. Grades for the smaller 
sewers average about 0.3 of on per cent. The flow 
through some of these has to be accentuated with 
frequent flushing. 

The amount in lineal feet of sewer mains installed 
is as follows: 


S-nch! Cerra, COpvaolp Caster te nner 16,320 feet 
10-inch terra cotta pipe............. 1,200 feet 
12-imeh terra, Cottaplpe. sa. eens 1,500 feet 
18-inch terra cotta pipe leading from 

pump wells to shore line......... 
18-inch cast iron pipe laid under wa- 
GEL) OUtelnt OM b MOR aiyanecterden ee iene: 


6,900 feet 


774 feet 


At every angle point and junction point and at 
intervals of three hundred feet on straight lines 
cement brick man-holes are constructed. 

Although the matter had been taken up as early 
as August, 1906, it was not until February, 1907, that 
the Board of Governors decided to establish a gas 
system in order to meet the demands of exhibitors 
and concessionaires. Then gas engineers were con- 
sulted and asked to furnish estimates, with the view 
of determining whether it would be better to purchase 
gas from the Norfolk Gas Company or construct a 
manufacturing plant on the Grounds. Considering 
that the life of the plant would only be for one 
year and that the first cost would be so considerable, 
it was deemed advisable rather to lay a three-inch 
high pressure main from Norfolk, and a contract was 
concluded between the Exposition Company and the 
City Gas Company of Norfolk for the construction of 
a main and for a supply of the material. Frank D. 
Moses, a gas engineer, was engaged to represent the 
Exposition Company and to superintend the work. 
Under his supervision a main was laid to an entrance 
point within the Exposition Grounds by May 1, 1907. 
Up to this time few of the mains within the Grounds 
had been put down. By the fifteenth of the month, 
Mr. Moses had constructed perhaps seventy-five per 
eent of the street mains, and he then found that he 
would be unable to devote any further attention to 
the work. D. C. Miller of 
the Water Department was 
appointed Superintendent 
of the Gas Department and 
served the Exposition in 
this capacity until its close. 

It was at first thought 
that a large amount of 
gas would be used at the 
Exposition for inflating 
balloons and for other 
aeronautie purposes, but 
hydrogen was prepared at 
the Grounds and _ largely 
used for this. 

The gas furnished by 
the Norfolk plant was a 
mixture of water and coal 
gas and was delivered at 
the Exposition Grounds at 
a pressure ranging from 
fifteen to thirty pounds per square inch. This being 
a high pressure system, regulators had to be installed 
in all meters. The gas consumed on the Grounds was 
charged to the consumer at the rate of one dollar and 
twenty cents per thousand cubic feet. The Exposition 
Company paid for its gas seventy-five cents per thou- 
sand. There were on the Grounds seventy-five con- 
sumers, gas being used only for heating or cooking 
purposes. The average amount consumed per month 


Di Ga MIBEER 
Supt. Gas Dept. 


744 


W orks. 


Famestow n Official Photasrapl Corporation. 


Copy ght; 


POWHATAN GUARD 


was six hundred thousand cubie feet, and the amount 
which could have been delivered from Norfolk was 
not less than fifteen thousand cubie feet per hour. 

Respectfully submitted: 
G. McDoweELtL, Superintendent, 
Water and Sewer Department. 
MILLER, Superintendent, 

Gas Department. 


(Signed) W 


(Signed) D. C. 


EXPOSITION POLICE 


The Powhatan Guard, the name by which the police 
of the Exposition were officially known, was organized 
somewhat along the same lines as were adopted in the 
organization of the guards of the Chicago and St. 
Louis Expositions. Every effort was made to improve 
on former practice when possible, with the result that, 
while the numbers of the Jamestown force were small 
in comparison with the organizations mentioned, their 
efficiency was very great and they were able at all 
times to preserve law and order within the Exposition 
Grounds and to protect persons and property in a 
manner that enlisted the praise of all visitors. 

The policing of the Exposition was provided for by 
an Act of the Virginia State Legislature passed during 
the session of 1905, and which set forth that “Aq 
persons regularly employed as guards, watchmen or 
patrolmen under the authority of the managing officers 
of the Jamestown Exposition, should have the powers 
of conservators of the peace, not only within the Expo- 
sition Grounds, but for a mile beyond the limits, over 
the waters and the lands adjoining. ’’ 

Under this authority, President Harry St. George 
Tucker of the Exposition applied to the President of 
the United States for the detail of a regular United 
States officer to organize the force and take charge 
of its work during the celebration, and as a detail 
of this character at St. Louis and Chicago had estab- 
lished a precedent, President Roosevelt directed that 
an officer be so detailed from the United States Marine 
Corps. This officer, upon his arrival at Norfolk, at 
once set about his task of organization, although the 
opening of the Exposition was almost ten months (is- 
tant. After fully informing himself as to the condi- 
tions and requirements, he decided that a force of 
semi-military character, composed of men who had had 
military training and discipline either in the regular 
service, with the volunteers, with organized militia 
or pupils of military schools, would be best to cope 
with the needs of the occasion. The police force was, 
hy special resolution of the Board of Governors, desig- 
nated Powhatan Guard, and it had the following or- 
ganization: 

A uniformed body of patrolmen with their nec- 
essary officers and non-commissioned officers. 

A Seeret Service composed of detectives well 
versed with the personality and methods of pick- 
pockets and other thieves that prey on the public 
that assemble in large crowds. 

Special Agents, composed of trained detectives 
from the Pinkerton and Drummond Detective 
Agencies, whose duties were not only to look out 
for known law-breakers, but to exercise super- 
vision also over the conduct of the other branches 
of the service. 

These arrangements were carried out fully for a 
time, but owing to the excellent order maintained and 
the absence of many of the ‘‘light-fingered gentry,’ 
who soon discovered that the Jamestown Exposition 
was a most unhealthy place in which to ply their 
trades, the special agents were reduced in number and 


the two bodies of detectives merged into one under the’ 


name of The Secret Service. 
Over four thousand applications for positions on the 
Powhatan Guard were received after it became known 
throughout the country that such a force was to be 


745 


established. Many of the applicants were backed by 
strong political and social influences, but politics was 
not permitted to enter into the consideration of suit- 
able persons for appointment, these were selected solely 
and entirely on account of their probable efficiency. 
Four hundred and sixty men were appointed from time 
to time, but as many were discharged for one reason 
or another the Guard was at no one time composed 
of more than two hundred and sixteen men. This was 
about the strength of the organization on June 1, 1907, 
at which time, by direction of the Board of Governors, 
it was reduced to one hundred men in order to lower 
the running expenses of the Exposition. 

This number being found entirely inadequate, the 
force was increased to one hundred and sixty, at which 
size it was maintained for several months, but when 
men were discharged during the last month of the 
Exposition their places were not filled. 

The Secret Service had at various times twenty-five 
operatives attached to it, but with the exception of the 
agency men, fourteen of whom were discharged June 1 
and the remainder October 1, there were never more 
than ten detectives on duty at one time. 

The agreement between the men of the Powhatan 
Guard and the Jamestown Exposition Company pro- 
vided for a rate of pay the basis of which was the sum 
of twenty-five dollars a month to privates, non- 
commissioned officers and officers drawing a larger sum, 
in accordance with their rank, uniform, quarters and 
subsistence. The subsisting of the Guards by the Ex- 
position Company was tried for the first time with 
the Powhatan Guard, and the results were excellent, 
for not only did the men receive their pay entire, 
at the end of the month, free from the reduction of 
high Exposition prices but they were at all times 
under the supervision of their officers. At the same 
time, the Company was saved a considerable sum, as 
rations were computed as a part of the pay, which 
would have been much larger under the arrangements 
earried at St. Louis and Chicago, where the men 
received as wages fifty dollars per month without 
rations. 

The uniform of West Point gray and the white 
helmet with puggaree was adopted for dress and a 
khaki uniform with campaign hat for working clothes. 
The men were furnished with a regulation sabre and 
badge and a police whistle. 

For the first time in the history of expositions, a 
troop of mounted guards wes organized. This was 
deemed necessary on account of the territory to be 
eovered—the military parade ground and the long line 
of easily destroyed fences which had to be continually 
patroled. There being no police call box installed and 
no means of quick transportation, such as trolley cars 
or patrol wagons, available until late in the life of 
the Fair, when authority was obtained to use the 
intramural railway, the mounted guards were of great 
service and fully demonstrated the wisdom of their 
organization. 

The Powhatan Guard force y 
companies of two platoons each 
troop, the method of performing 
follows: 

Two companies alternated every four hours dur- 
ing the day, the company on duty having one 
platoon in camp. One company was on duty 
from 11 p. M. to 7 A. M. The mounted detachment 
was on syecial duty on Lee’s Parade, on the fence 
lines, on the streets and for special duty. 

The Powhatan Guard, besides maintaining patrols 
in the various buildings and about the Grounds, were 
requisitioned for special duty at State buildings and 
elsewhere on occasions of ceremony, and their appear- 
anee, firmness and gentlemanly bearing were at all 
times most favorahly noticed. 

Tn such a large body of men it would have been 
only natural that “<<plack sheep’? might have broken in, 


vas divided into three 
and one mounted 
duty being as 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


but during the life of the Exposition there was but 
one case where a theft was traced to a member of the 
force. 

The Guard itself and the Secret Service were 
able to give visitors and exhibitors, and did give to 
them, the best protection they ever had at an exposi- 
tion, and while there were some thefts and losses on 
the Grounds, the articles were usually of small value 
and in the majority of cases they were traced and 
recovered and the perpetrator punished. The conces- 
sionaires and exhibitors were very complimentary in 
their statements regarding the force, and when derelic- 
tions of duty were reported the matter was at once 
thoroughly investigated and the offender punished if 
he were guilty. 

Especial attention should be drawn to the conduct 
of the Powhatan Guard upon the following occasions: 

“‘The fire at Pine Beach, April 26, at which they 
preserved order, protected property and were largely 
instrumental in preventing the spread of the fire and a 
consequent loss to property-holders. 

““The fire at Pine Beach, June 26, where they ren- 
dered the most excellent service, preventing by their 
yuick and efficient work the loss of life which un- 
doubtedly would have oceurred among the people, 
mostly foreigners, who, crazed by the catastrophe, de- 
manded that they be allowed to rush into the burning 
buildings in order that they might save their property. 


- 


giont: in GR a 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


generally encountered in places of like popu- 
lation. There is no union depot for the nu- 
merous railroads entering the city, and the 
terminal stations are at widely separated 
points. This necessitates a large and_ alert 
force to watch points of exit; and the many 
boat and trolley lines leading from the city 
add to the troubles of the police as they offer 
other easy avenues for the escaping criminal. 
Blest with the commercial advantages which 
naturally accrue to the greatest port of the 
Atlantie coast, the police have to contend with 
the proportionate disadvantages which seaport 
facilities bring. Further, as a border city, 
criminals in their hasty exits from a sister 
State first make their way to Norfolk. 
Previous to the opening of the Jamestown 
Exposition the regular police force consisted 
of one hundred and fourteen men. Consider- 
able alarm had been expressed by citizens, by 
newspapers and by the Exposition manage- 
ment as to the measure of police protection 


ae 
oe 


CAPTAIN H. W. CARPENTER AND OFFICERS OF POWHATAN GUARD 


At this fire the Powhatan Guard and the Exposition’s 
Fire Department worked so effectively that the fire 
was prevented from spreading to the Grounds and in- 
flicting an irreparable injury to the Fair. 

“<The riots of militia in June at the Exposition jail 
and that of the visiting troops on The Warpath, July 3, 
were handled in so efficient a manner that disturb- 
ances of this nature were nipped in the bud and only 
on these two occasions occurred within the Grounds. 

“The fire at The Streets of Cairo, in September, 

vas checked by the Guards before the firemen had 
time to arrive, thereby giving the latter an oppor- 
tunity of preventing a disastrous conflagration. 

“Too much praise cannot be given to the officers and 
Guards and the uniformed service and the rank and 
file of the police for their work at all times and under 
all conditions, and they were all proud of the good 
record they had made. Many letters of praise were 
sent to the Commandant by persons who had _ bene- 
fited by their work. Taken by and large, the Pow- 
hatan Guard is entitled to the palm for having been 
the best Exposition police force as regards efficiency, 
discipline, small average cost of maintenance and all 
other qualities which count for efficiency. 

Respectfully submitted, 
(Signed) H. W. CARPENTER, 
Captain and Commandant. 


NORFOLK POLICE 


From a police standpoint, Norfolk presents, 
under normal conditions, many difficulties not 


which would be afforded to the expected multi- 
tude lhkely to make this city a temporary 
place of abode. It was said, and with reason, 
that if the police could not efficiently handle 
the situation and would permit the city to be 
overrun by pickpockets, confidence men and 
other criminals, soon it would be bruited abroad 
that Norfolk was unsafe; and inealeulable 
harm thereby would be done not only to the 
Exposition but to the city. 

Fully appreciating the necessity for adequate 
measures, the executive head of the Police De- 
partment proceeded, months previous to the 
opening of the Exposition, to secure informa- 
tion which might be helpful to him in mapping 
out plans for the conduct of the Department. 
The officials of other exposition cities were re- 
quested to give advice, and the assistance ten- 
dered by them was most useful. Visits were 
paid to other cities, among which were Wash- 
ington, New York and Buffalo; photographs 
and Bertillon measurements of well-known and 
active pickpockets, confidence men, porch 
climbers, pennyweights and other thieves were 
secured in large numbers and displayed in 
the local rogues’ gallery or systematically filed 


746 


W orks. 


for future reference in the Bertillon cabinet. 
Through the Board of Control of Norfolk, the 
Norfolk Councils made appropriations for the 
appointment of sixty extra patrolmen and a 
number of secret service men. 

To select patrolmen was not an easy task. 
On account of the prosperous times, an abun- 
dance of work was waiting to be done and 
men to fill positions were eagerly sought. For 
the first time in the history of this city, and 
perhaps in the history of any city, it became 
necessary to advertise in order to secure suit- 
able men to serve on the police force. 

Responding to the advertisement, applica- 
tions were received from many States, but as 
the law would not permit the employment of 
non-residents we were obliged to select from 
a list which ineluded the halt, the lame, the 
blind, the very voung and the extremely old. 
One good old fellow, who was stationed in a 
residential district, was discovered one night 
by a sergeant while he was carrying his large 
bars lantern, a pair of field glasses and a cam- 
era. He had read some detective stories and im- 
agined that he was properly equipped for his 
work. While a few of the extra men were 
intelligent and performed satisfactory service, 
for the most part they were troublesome. The 
regular force of captains, sergeants, patrolmen 
and detectives were the main source of reli- 
ance, and how well they did the duty assigned 
to them is attested by the records. 

The Detective Bureau was enlarged by plac- 
ing a number of tried 
patrolmen in that de- 
partment, and, in addi- 
tion, experienced men 
were secured from the 
Police Departments of 
Washington, New York, 
Buffalo, Baltimore, 
Chicago and St. Louis 
and from the Pinkerton 
Detective Agency. 
Every arriving and de- 
parting boat or train 
was met by detectives 
and the passengers care- 
fully looked over. <A 
depot squad of patrol- 
men was organized to meet all trains and 
boats and to maintain order at the stations 
and landings. In the very beginning, instruc- 
tions were issued that no merey should be 
given a known thief or no compromise made 
with him and that a vigorous warfare must 
be conducted against these enemies of society. 
Many pickpockets were arrested and placed 
under heavy bond by Police Justice Simmons. 
It soon became known that criminals could 
not ‘‘make a deal’’ with the Norfolk author- 
ities, and many who had contemplated coming 
kept away. 

Following the precedent established  else- 
where, a warning circular was issued and placed 
in each residence, business house and bank of 
the city. In this circular timely advice was 
given and the methods of pickpockets, confi- 
dence men and other thieves were deseribed. 
As a result of the precautions taken and 
the strenuous activities of the old men of the 
Department assisted by the secret service corps, 
very few complaints out of the ordinary were 
received, although many pickpockets and 
thieves of National reputation were arrested. 

The Jamestown Exposition is now a matter 
of history, and whatever may have been its 
failures or successes the Police Department of 


H. MALLORY BOUSH 
Chief of Police, Norfolk 


Norfolk stands with pride upon the record 
it made during the Fair period. The work was 
well done, the duties were zealously and faith- 
fully performed and the men of the Depart- 
ment are entitled to the appreciation of all 
citizens who take a pride in Norfolk’s fair 
name and future. 


(Signed) H. Maunory Bousgu, 
Chief of Police of the City of Norfolk* 


REPORT OF FIRE DEPARTMENT 


W. M. Dixon, Esq., 
Director of Works. 

The Fire Department of the Exposition was or- 
ganized in the fall of 1906, with Thomas Reynolds 
as Chief. He continued holding that office until August 
1, 1907, at which time he resigned and was succeeded 
by John T. Goddin. ; 

Two extra large Nott steam engines, two combina- 
tion hose and chemical engines, a Hayes ewrial truck 
and two hose wagons formed the equipment. There 
were forty firemen in the Department at its period of 
greatest efficiency and fourteen horses were used. 

Fire alarm boxes were placed in all the principal 
buildings and at numerous points on the Grounds. 
Very little damage to Exposition buildings occurred at 
any time. The following is a lst of the fires which 
occurred on the Exposition Grounds and in the imme- 
diate vicinity: 

October 30, 1906, 6 A. M.—A bunk-house occupied 
by negroes caught fire. Cause, a defective flue. Total 
damage, ten dollars. No insurance. 

October 31, 4 p. mM.—Mothers’ and Children’s Build- 


ing. Cause, overheated fireplace. Damage, about 
twenty dollars. Insured. 
December 6, 10:40 Pp. M.—Sub-cellar, Auditorium 


Building. Cause, water coming into contact with bar- 
rels of lime. Damage, seven dollars and fifty cents; 
no damage to building. 

December 15, 9:15 Pp. M.—Rear of Fisher’s Restau- 
rant. Cause, explosion of kerosene lamp. 

December 24, 6:55 p. m.—Tents in rear of Fisher’s 
Restaurant. Cause, over-heated chimney. Extin- 
guished by two thirty-gallon and three three-gallon 
extinguishers. 

January 19, 1907, 10:50 p. M.—Car near Inside Inn. 
Cause, ashes thrown on shavings. Water on thirty 
minutes; pressure, forty pounds. 


January 20, 12:30 p. M.—Fire on shore off Pine 
Grove. Cause, shavings on fire. Water on thirty 
minutes. No damage. 

January 21, 10:40 A. M.—Small fire at Inside Inn. 


Cause, defective flue. Extinguished with two thirty- 
gallon extinguishers. Damage, five dollars. Insured. 

January 22, 5 Pp. M.—Fire on lots adjoining Exposi- 
tion Grounds, grass and shrubbery. Cause, Tidewater 
Railroad Company. Extinguished by two thirty-gallon 
extinguishers. No damage. 

January 23, 6:50 Pp. M.—Fire in shack occupied by 
Government employees. Extinguished by one three- 
gallon extinguisher. Damage, two dollars. 


February 1, 12:50 p. m.—Fire at States’ ‘Exhibit 


Building. Cause, pile of shavings and rubbish.  Ex- 
tinguished by two thirty-gallon extinguishers. No 
damage. 


April 4, 8:30 Pp. M.—Fire in rear of Virginia State 
Building. Cause, pile of rubbish. Water on twenty- 
two minutes. 

April 15, 4:45 pe. m.—Pile of 
material. Water used ten minutes. 

April 22, 7:30 A. M.—Fire at Stillwell’s Restaurant. 
Cause, pile of burlap and sacks. No damage. 

April 26, 5:50 A. M.—False alarm from Hanley-Casey 
Saw Mill. Engine Company No. 2 responded. 

May 13, 5:15 A. m.—Fire in two box ears loaded 
with lumber, at Ninety-ninth street entrance. Cause, 
tramps sleeping in ears. Damage, thirty-five hundred 
dollars. 

May 138, 7.04 A. M.—Fire in Ohio State Building. 
Cause, overheated grate. Damage, twenty-five dollars. 
No insurance. ; 

May 16, 1:15 p. M.—Fire in transformer near Ma- 
chinery Building. 

May 25, 6:18 p. M.—Fire in California Exhibit in 
States’ Exhibit Building. Cause, cigarette thrown in 
garbage can. Extinguished by one three-gallon ex- 
tinguisher. 

May 30, 10:30 a. 


rubbish and waste 


M.—Fire in Vermont Exhibit in 
Pure Foods Building. Cause, explosion of gasoline 
can. Extinguished by one three-gallon extinguisher. 
Damage, ten dollars. Insured. 


June 1, 11:17 A. M.—Fire in basement of Govern- 
ment Building. Cause, spontaneous combustion. No 
damage. 


* NotE.—The police system of an Exposition city is such an important factor in the sum of conditions 
which make the reputation of a Fair that it has been deemed advisable to include this report of Chief Boush. 
Visitors to the Jamestown Exposition could not complain of lack of proteetion.—Ep. 


TAT 


LNAWLYVdsad AYIA NOILISOdx4 


‘uoljei1odiog yde. 


1s0}0Ud Tt 


2OYJC) UAMOJSOW 


ivf 


D 
~ 


W orks. 


June 25, 6 A. M.—Fire at Pine Beach. 
four hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Insurance, 
forty-two thousand dollars. Three lives lost. Damage 
to Exposition property, Negro Building and Inside Inn, 
two hundred dollars. Engine Companies Nos. 1 and 2 
and Truck Company No. 1 responded. 

June 30, 12 Pp. M.—Chesapeake & Ohio passenger 
train exhibit in Machinery Building. Cause, defective 
wiring. Extinguished by two three-gallon extinguishers. 

June 30, 12 p. M.—Fire in Chesapeake & Ohio pas- 
senger train exhibit in Machinery Building. Cause, 
defective wiring. Extinguished by two three-gallon 
extinguishers. Damage, one hundred and fifty dollars. 

August 5, 12:45 a. M.—Fire in ‘‘Streets of Seville.’’ 
Cause, defective wiring. Damage, fifteen dollars. 


Total loss, 


August 7, 11:55 a. M.—Fire in Shoe Exhibit. Mis- 
understanding with the switchboard operator. Cause, 


defective wiring. No damage. 

August 16, 10:35 A. M.—False alarm turned in from 
Box 41. Engine Company No. 2 responded. 

September 5, 1:35 p. Mi—False alarm turned in from 
Box 22. Engine Company No. 2 responded. 

September 27, 9:34 A. M.—Fire in ‘‘Streets of 
Cairo.’’ Cause, unknown. Two forty-gallon chemical 
tanks and water used. Damage, two thousand dollars. 
No insurance. 

October 10, 11:27 Pp. mM.—Fire at Press Building 
Restaurant. Cause, unknown. Damage, fifty dollars. 
Two forty-gallon chemical tanks and water used. No 
insurance. Time out, one hour. 

October 18, 3:45 aA. M.—False alarm turned in from 
Box 28. Engine Company No. 1 responded. 

October 26, 4:05 p. M.—Fire in bunk-house oecunied 
by negroes. Cause, unknown. Damage, two hundred 
dollars. Time out, forty-five minutes. 

November 9, 6:37 A. M.—Cosmopolitan Hotel and 
adjoining buildings. Damage, three thousand dollars. 
No insurance. 


Respectfully submitted, 
(Signed) Joun T. Goppin, 
Chief of Department. 


The above reports constitute all the papers 
which have been delivered to me. I understand 
that Dr. Blue will transmit his report directly 
to the Editor of the Official History. 

Mr. Cottrell resigned as Governor of Works 
at the time Mr. Barr accepted the position of 
Advisory Committee. The writer then became 
Director of Works and Assistant to the Diree- 
tor-General. 

(Signed) Wint M. Dixon, 
Director of Works. 


DEPARTMENT OF SANITATION 


Editor Official History, 
Jamestown Exposition. 

Sir:—The factors entering into the problem 
of the sanitation of a particular section of 
country include geographical position, terrain, 
elevation above sea-level, soil, drainage, meteor- 
ological conditions, food and water supply, 
number of residents, and the means for the dis- 
posal of sewage and other waste products. At 
an exposition the problem is further compli- 
cated by the fact that it is practically a large 
city which has suddenly arisen in a new place 
and where all sanitary arrangements have to 
be constructed first hand. The sewer system 
must be installed, a water supply secured, plants 
for the storage and refrigeration of food con- 
structed and a system of garbage collection and 
destruction placed in operation. Many of the 
buildings are hastily built and are simply tem- 
porary affairs which are difficult to render sani- 
tary without making the cost prohibitive. In 
selecting the site of an exposition it should not 
be overlooked that the sanitary laws of the 
State and County should be made adequate to 
cope with the complex hygienic problems in 
hand. The co-operation of the local health 
officers in reporting and locating contagious 
disease must be secured and the sanitary con- 
ditions prevailing in the nearby towns carefully 
considered. 


EXPOSITION ATTENDANCE 


The large proportion of the residents of this 
new city are on pleasure bent. They come from 


749 


all sections of the country and disregard many 
of the rules of personal hygiene. The popula- 
tion of the Exposition is constantly changing. 
thus multiplying many-fold the chances for the 
introduction of contagious diseases. During 
the construction period there are few toilet 
accommodations for laborers and soil pollution 
is apt to occur. The importance of the sanitary 
control of nearby towns and settlements was 
well illustrated in the case of Pine Beach. 
There are always mushroom towns which spring 
up in the immediate vicinity of an exposition, 
They are often populated by ignorant and eare- 
less exposition followers who have no regard 
Whatever for sanitary rules and regulations 
and who, in order to save a few dollars, endan- 
ger the lives of their patrons by using water 
drawn from shallow wells sunk in close prox- 
imity to cesspools. In a small way, this oc- 
curred at Pine Beach and the most constant 
vigilance of the Department of Sanitation was 
necessary to prevent the occurrence of typhoid 
fever in epidemic proportions. The morbidity 
statistics of the Jamestown Exposition proved 
conclusively that these conditions were met and 
overcome. In this section the two diseases 
most to be expected are typhoid fever and 
malaria, and while a constant vigilance was 
maintained against other diseases, the greatest 
energies were employed in preventing those 
most apt to occur. 


TOPOGRAPHY 


The site of the Exposition was Sewell’s Point, 
a low-lying peninsula bounded by the Elizabeth 
River on the west; Hampton Roads on the 
north, and Willoughby Bay on the east. The 
highest elevation above sea-level was fifteen 
feet, the lowest three feet and the mean nine 
feet. The soil consisted, for the most part, of 
sandy silt and was broken by large marshes, 
both fresh and salt. There were a few wooded 
portions, but the great bulk of the land had 
been cleared and used many generations for 
farming. The area of sanitation included the 
Exposition site, some four hundred acres, the 
town of Pine Beach on the west, the military 
and semi-military camps to the southward, and 
a large marshy area bounded by Boush Creek 
to the east and southeast. 


EXTERMINATING MOSQUITOES 


The territory lying south of the Exposition 
site, besides having many fresh water marshes, 
had numerous tidal inlets extending from one 
hundred to three hundred yards on each side 
of Boush Creek. The apices of the inlets re- 
ceived the fresh water drainage from the land, 
and as the salt tide reached them only three 
or four times a year they formed excellent 
breeding places for the anopheles and the culex 
sollicitans. This condition necessitated the 
digging of a large number of ditches and lat- 
erals in order to prevent the spread of malaria 
by the anopheles and to shield visitors from 
the annoyance caused by the eculex sollicitans 
and other species of mosquitoes. The method 
used consisted in cutting a main ditch down the 
center with connecting laterals on either side. 
The ditches varied in depth from six inches to 
three feet. Other measures directed to mos- 
quito extermination consisted in the filling of 
many low spots liable to be converted into fresh 
water pools by the rains, the dredging of cer- 
tain channels which were needed to add to the 
natural beauty of the grounds, the stocking of 
the reservoirs and lagoons with top minnows 
and beetles, to destroy mosquito larvee, and the 
oiling of those places where these measures 
could not be applied. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


A map of the area of sanitation, showing 
every point of sanitary interest was prepared 
February 1, 1907. The first mosquito larve 
were discovered March 20, 1907, in the old 
neglected plantation ditches adjacent to the 
Exposition. 

In April, after the arrival of the regular 
troops, Major Charles E. Woodruff and Cap- 
tain Perey L. Jones took charge of the sanitary 
measures in the vicinity of the regular camps. 
The work of draining the entire area of the 
camps had been almost completed by April 1. 


THE DISPOSAL OF GARBAGE AND 
SEWAGE 


On account of the low gradient of the land, 
the problem of sewage disposal was especially 
difficult. The separate system was adopted in 
1905, by the engineer in charge, quid waste 
and excreta being discharged by one set of 
mains and storm water by another. The sewage 
from the former was collected in wells, two in 
number, and removed from these by electrically 
driven centrifugal pumps, the sewage being 
lifted fifteen feet into another set of mains at 
the rate of one thousand gallons per minute per 
pump. The outlet sewers were laid through 
Pine Beach and discharged into the Elizabeth 
River. This system did not give entire satis- 
faction. 

The method of sewage disposal in the military 
and semi-military camps was not the same as 
that used on the Exposition Grounds proper. 
The camps of the regular troops were supplied 


Dr. Cuas. P. WERTENBAKER 


Dr. Rupert BLuEe 
DIRECTORS OF SANITATION 


with the McCall excrement incinerator, a most 
excellent device, which gave entire satisfaction. 
In the semi-military camps, covered metal 
troughs having water and sewer connections 
were installed. In all the camps ample shower- 
bath facilities were provided. 

Garbage was collected and stored in standard 
metal cans with covers and hauled in specially 
designed wagons furnished by the Studebaker 
Company. The garbage was destroyed by in- 
cineration, a Dixon furnace having been erected 
for that purpose. é 

In order to prevent the spread of typhoid 
fever by flies through food pollution, ete., a 
set of stable regulations were formulated. 
These contemplated the careful disposal of 
manure in fly-proof receptacles and the daily 
collection and removal of such excrement from 
the Grounds. In addition, all restaurants were 
sereened thoroughly and no refuse which would 
attract flies allowed to accumulate. 


COLD STORAGE 


One of the most important accessories of an 
exposition is. a well-planned and _ carefully- 


regulated cold-storage plant. This being ab- 
sent, the expedient of using refrigerator cars 
was adopted. The cars were side-tracked at 
convenient places near the Grounds and were 
used by the concessionaires. Several of the 
larger restaurants and hotels put in their own 
cold-storage plants. These were subjected to 
daily inspection and all improper foodstuffs de- 
stroyed. The milk supply of the Exposition 
was examined bacteriologically several times 
and was found uniformly bad. As a result, 
the products of all dairies except the Virginia 
Polytechnic Institute were exeluded from the 
Grounds. The milk and cream furnished by 
the Institute were carefully pasteurized and 
refrigerated prior to shipment and were of 
especially high standard. 


HEALTH RECORD 


The health of the Exposition and its patrons 
remained good throughout the entire season. 
In the first days there were a few mild cases 
of ptomaine poisoning due no doubt to the in- 
adequate refrigeration of certain foods. The 
various visiting State troops also had a small 
number of cases of diarrhcea, in all probability 
due to unwise and irregular eating and drink- 
ing. A few eases of typhoid fever occurred, 
eighteen up to September 1. Of these only five 
could be fairly credited to the Exposition. 
Considering that the permanent population of 
the Exposition was twenty-seven hundred, to 
which should be added a very large transient 
population, the incidence of typhoid was in 
very low percentage for the section of country 
and time of year. 


WATER SUPPLY 


The water supply was the same as that of the 
city of Norfolk and was piped a distance of 
six miles and collected in a distributing reser- 
voir of two million (2,000,000) gallons capacity. 
Through the courtesy of Surgeon-General Wy- 
man, the water was subjected to frequent bac- 
teriological analyses by the Hygienic Laboratory 
of the United States Public Health and Marine- 
Hospital Service. The water was ‘‘found to be 
of unusually low bacteriological content.’’? In 
this connection, it should be noted that no 
exposition should be without a working bae- 
teriological laboratory in charge of a trained 
bacteriologist. 

In conclusion, it should be stated that the 
attendance of an exposition, depending as it 
does in a large measure upon the work of 
the Sanitary Department, should receive the 
heartiest co-operation from the other depart- 
ments, especially that of the Department of 
Medicine and Surgery, from which it should be 
a separate and distinet entity. No plans should 
be put into effect and no buildings constructed 
without the advice of this department. This 
would result in the saving of thousands of dol- 
lars and would ensure the success of the expo- 
sition from a sanitary point of view. The rules 
and regulations of this department should be 
rigidly enforced, it being borne in mind that 
wealth should give precedence to health in all 
conditions where large numbers of persons are 
to be considered. 

Respectfully yours, 
(Signed) Rupert Buus, M. D., 
Pass’d Asst. Surg. P. S. P. H. & M. H. S. 
‘Director of Sanitation. 


Dr. Blue was Director of Sanitation for the Jamestown Exposition until September 7, 1907, when he 


was ordered to proceed to San Francisco and direct the fight against the bubonic plague. 


He was succeeded by 


Passed Assistant Surgeon Charles P. Wertenbaker (U. S. P. H. & M. H. S.).—Eb. 


MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 


HE history of all great expositions has 
demonstrated the necessity of establish- 
ing as one of its most important features 
a department of medicine and sanitation. 

The rush of work during the constructive period 
of an exposition inevitably leads to the occur- 
rence of accidents. This would be true of any 
building operations of a character requiring the 
services of a multitude of men, but at an 
exposition the probability of mishaps is largely 
increased—the style of architecture, the hand- 
ling of the long and very heavy timbers re- 
quired to brace the spacious buildings and the 
wide spreading roofs, the great amount of mill 
work that is done oftimes by unskilled labor— 
these, taken in connection with the necessity 
for speed which always obtains, greatly add 
to the risks of life and limb. 

Humanitarianism demands that those who 
are seriously injured should be attended imme- 
diately, and the exigencies of exposition-build- 
ing make evident the importance of caring 
even for minor accidents and eases of trifling 
illness, in order that no unnecessary time may 
be lost by the employees, whose work must be 
pushed relentlessly forward. 

During the open period of a fair it is none 
the less important that medical aid should al- 
ways be at hand. The exposition grounds are 
visited by people of every age and from every 
clime, and all that is possible must be done to 
insure the safety and comfort of the weak and 
infirm, the very old and the very young, the 
eareful and the careless, the cautious and.the 
reckless—for of all sorts is an exposition throng 
composed. 

An equally vital function of such a depart- 
ment is the application of sanitary measures, 
and when it is remembered that a large propor- 
tion of the resident exposition population is 
composed of concessionaires, many of whom 
have the crudest idea of what sanitation means 
and all of whom are permeated with the single 
idea of money-making, it becomes no small task 
to maintain a satisfactory system of sanitation, 
when contagious diseases constantly outcrop, 
and it is known that these must be promptly 
blotted out lest the innocent suffer and the 
fair be ruined by the spread of a pestilence. 

Therefore, when the celebration of the Ter- 
Centennial of Jamestown was projected, the 
earnest men directing the affairs of the Com- 
pany, carefully considering each step that might 
be necessary to the successful consummation 
of their projects, wisely determined to estab- 
lish a department of medicine and sanitation 
and place it under the control of a medical 
director. The following paragraph from. the 
By-Laws of the Company defines the duties of 
this officer: 

There shall be a Medical Director, who shall have 
charge of the medical and hospital service of the 
Exposition previous to and during the period of the 
Exposition, and who shall be ex-officio member of the 
Committee on Sanitation and shall have the right to 


inspect and pass upon all questions affecting the health 
of the employees and patrons of the Exposition. 


February 19, 1905, the Board of Directors 
honored me by electing me Medical Director 
of the Jamestown Exposition Company; and 
now that the great celebration is a matter of 
history the story of this Department is not 
without its lesson: 

The Exposition Grounds are beautifully sit- 
uated and, considering the flatness of the Tide- 
water section, the greater part of the site was 


To 


on high ground. Notwithstanding this advan- 
tage, the spot has always been regarded as un- 
healthful; it contained many low spots with 
fresh water pools and in the warm season there 
were countless myriads of mosquitoes—culex, 
anopheles and occasionally a stegomia. 

The first advice given by this Department 
was the installation of a complete system of 
sewerage of the Waring style with underground 
drains for surface water. This was promptly 
ordered by the Exposition authorities. All low 
places within the Grounds and outside for 
a mile around were earefully ditched and 
drained to get rid of stagnant water, thus 
minimizing the opportunities for the breeding 
of mosquitoes. In connection with this work, 
all superfluous vegetation was destroyed. 

A matter which troubled the Department 
sorely was the subject of an abundant supply 
of pure water, but the City of Norfolk laid a 
main to the Exposition and solved this problem. 
The Norfolk City water is drawn from fresh 
water lakes surrounded by a well protected 
water shed, is treated with alum and filtered 
in the most approved fashion before being 
pumped into the mains; so that few cities can 
boast of a water supply so free from germ life 
and in every way of such exceptional purity. 

The Marine Hospital and Public Health Ser- 
vice of the United States detailed for duty, at 
the request of the Exposition Company, Dr. 
Rupert Blue, Passed Assistant Surgeon. Dr. 
Blue entered upon his duties at the Exposition, 
January 1, 1907, and continued to aid me in 
looking after the sanitation of the Grounds 
until September 6, 1907, when he was ordered 
to San Francisco and Dr. C. P. Wertenbaker, 
Surgeon in the U. S. M. H. and P. H. Service, 
sent to the Exposition in his stead. Both of 
these gentlemen were faithful and highly in- 
telligent in the conduct of the work of the 
Sanitary Department and proved to be of in- 
estimable help to me in coping with many diffi- 
eult situations. Dr. Blue was with us during 
the greater part of the Fair period and looked 
almost entirely after the care of sewers and 
drains and the disinfection and eare of toilet 
rooms, and under his direction all fresh water 
ditches and temporary pools were treated with 
kerosene, a course which practically prevented 
the appearance of mosquitoes on the Grounds 
and almost entirely banished malaria. Dr. 
Blue and myself were in daily consultation on 
all questions of doubt, and I gladly take this 
opportunity of making my acknowledgment of 
the great value of his services. Dr. Werten- 
baker was not assigned to service until the 
principal danger period had passed, but he 
proved his efficiency by carrying out most 
effectively the methods already inaugurated. 

Before the Fair and shortly after the open- 
ing, garbage from kitchens and grounds was 
hauled away from the site of the Exposition 
and burned, but a Dixon crematory was soon 
completed and thereafter all garbage was in- 
cinerated on the Grounds. The sewerage sys- 
tem, which has been deseribed, was utilized to 
dispose of all exereta and swill. 

The first building projected on the Exposi- 
tion Grounds was the Pocahontas Hospital. It 
was also the first building to be finished and 
opened for service. At the Hospital all emer- 
gency cases, either medical or surgical, which 
occurred at the Exposition were treated. The 
building was very attractive, thoroughly artis- 


TIWLIdSOH SV.LNOHVOOd 


‘uoljzei0diog ydeisojoyg [BIOWO 


umoysouref ‘yyst1Adod 


752 


Medical Department. 


tic in appearance and exceedingly compact and 
convenient in arrangement. The offices for the 
Hospital staff, supply room, diet kitchen, steril- 
izing room, operating room and the male and 
female wards were on the first floor. On the 
floor above were the dining room, kitehen and 
sleeping rooms for the resident physicians and 
the nurses. The Hospital was furnished com- 
pletely—in no essential particular was any- 
thing lacking. The beds and mattresses were 
supplied from the stock of Frank A. Hall, a 
celebrated manufacturer of New York; and 
the Kny-Scheerer Company of New York fur- 
nished all of the hospital outfit and operating 
furniture. I have never seen any hospital more 
thoroughly equipped with all that made for the 
comfort of the patient and for the convenience 
and perfection of technique of the surgeon in 
charge. These features of the Hospital were 
especially interesting to visiting physicians and 
nurses and from them elicited unstinted praise. 

Nothing, however, contributed more to the 
success of this Department than the supplies 
furnished to us by Van Horn & Sawtelle of 
New York. All surgical dressings, sutures, 
ligatures, drainage tubes, sponges and_ band- 
ages were supplied to us thoroughly sterile 
and were used exclusively in our work with 
unvarying satisfaction. 

The staff of the Hospital consisted of Dr. P. 
W. Greene, Chief Resident Physician, and Drs. 
Ferguson and Witten, Internes. Miss Annie 
McAllister was Matron and Head Nurse. In 
addition to this fixed staff, there were two 
nurses who came each month, one from St. 
Vincent’s Hospital and one from the Protestant 
Hospital, and there were an orderly, a driver 
for the ambulance and a cook. It gives me 
great pleasure to testify to the marked faith- 
fulness and efficiency of the Hospital staff, who 
spared no effort to do their best for all who 
needed their services. 

Early in the history of our work I found it 
necessary to issue an order that no information 
regarding anyone applying to the Hospital for 
relief should be given to the public press except 
under my immediate direction, At first, this 
aroused a protest from the newspaper men on 
the Grounds, but I found the reporters entirely 
reasonable when I explained that the Hospital 
was a haven for those in distress, and that to 
print hospital news indiscriminately would nee- 
essarily bring into unpleasant notoriety those 
whose necessities forced them to apply for re- 
hef, or might needlessly alarm absent friends, 
but I promised that should injury oceur to 


anyone in whom the general publie had a night 
of interest, all proper facts would be fortheom- 
ing. Happily, there was no occasion to make 
any such reports. 

The work accomplished by the Hospital staff 
was enormous. The records of the Hospital 
only show a first visit, but many of these entries 
relate to people who lived on the Grounds 
and were treated regularly, unless they were 
afflicted with diseases dangerous to the public 
health. All patients suffering with contagious 
diseases were at once removed from the site of 
the Exposition, but the number of visits made 
to those afflieted with non-contagious disorders 
was very large. 

During the pre-Exposition period, a total of 
two hundred and ninety-one individuals were 
treated at the Hospital, and during the seven 
months of the Exposition three thousand one 
hundred and thirty-two patients were cared for 
—making a grand total in excess of thirty- 
four hundred. These included a wide range of 
diseases. There were three abortions, six child- 
births, twenty-five fractures, twelve disloca- 
tions, eighty-seven sprains, two hundred and 
sixty-seven contusions and abrasions, two hun- 
dred and twenty-seven lacerated and incised 
wounds, thirteen punctured wounds, four gun- 
shot wounds, two strangulated hernia, four 
acute appendicitis, four accidental poisoning, 
five renal colic, twenty cholera morbus, twenty- 
one syncope, ten heat prostrations—making in 
all seven hundred and ten cases of real emer- 
gveney in which lives would have been lost save 
for prompt attention. 

In addition to the cases treated, a great deal 
was done to insure the safety of visitors, and it 
several times happened that contagious diseases 
were brought into the Grounds and if they had 
not been promptly recognized by the efficient 
medical corps and promptly removed wide- 
spread epidemies might have been created. 

The Medical Director believes the establish- 
ment of a department of medicine and sanita- 
tion necessary to the success of any exposition, 
and in the light of his experience at Jamestown 
he feels sure that at an exposition with hke 
conditions and difficulties surrounding the 
maintenance of sanitation and with the hetero- 
genous population which must live within the 
Grounds, if an efficient medical service is not 
maintained, many deaths will oceur and the life 
of the exposition will be cut short by epidemic 


disease. 
(Signed) R. L. Payne M. D. 


Norr.—At the Jamestown Exposition the Department of Sanitation, though corelated with the Medical 


Department, was under the Division of Works. 


Dr. Payne, the Medical Director, was an officer of the Com 


pany and reported only to the Chairman of the Board of Governors or later to the Director-General.—Ep, 


Shy q cust af we < 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


SOUTHEAST CORNER OF RALEIGH SQUARE 


EXPLOITATION 


XPLOITATION of the Exposition began 
when Theodore J. Wood was appointed 
to secure subscriptions to the capital 
stock of the Company. In order to ad- 

vertise the cause of the Exposition principally 
in the Tidewater Virginia section and also to an 
extent throughout Virginia, he temporarily em- 
ployed as press manager John Whitehead of 
Norfolk. About a fortnight later, during the 
early part of September, 1903, C. R. Keiley sue- 
ceeded Mr. Whitehead, with the title of Chief 
of Publicity. His principal work was_ to 
educate the people of the communities in the 
historic significance of the Exposition and its 
possibilities of utilitarianism. At this time 
there was a Committee on Press and Publicity, 
but not until the Company was organized did 
a press committee really have any charge of the 
publicity work. 

At the first meeting of the Executive Com- 
mittee, after its organization in 1904, a new 
Committee on Press and Publicity was ap- 
pointed. George F. Adams was chairman, and 
the other members were: 8S. L. Donohoe of 
Fairfax, Va.; J. M. Thomson, C. E. Thacker, 
W. M. Mason, 
W. H. Wales 
and Colonel 
L. D. Starke. 
Under the 
direction of 
this Commit- 
tee, the first 
Dep art. 
ment of the 
Exposition 
was created 
—Press and 
Publicity, 


yaa Ol IML oe 
Keiley was 
continued as 
Chief. 


Mr. Adams 
was a very ef- 
ficient chair- 
man and de- 
voted a great 


SILAS E. SNYDER 


Director of Publicity deal of time 
and much 
thought to advertising the Exposition. His pri- 


vate business had brought him in touch with a 
large number of magazine men and the acquain- 
tance thus gained was undoubtedly valuable in 
securing vehicles for placing the Exposition’s 
literature before the reading public. The fi- 
nances of the Exposition would not permit a 
very extended campaign of exploitation and the 
pamphlet and book work of the Company was 
neither extensive nor elaborate. Fortunately, 
the character of the celebration was one that 
appealed to the patriotic instinct of American 
citizens generally and particularly to the 
American editors, and for more than two years 
after the organization of the Company the ar- 
ticles sent out by the Exposition dealt solely 
with the historic significance of the event or 
matters of interest connected with the scene of 
the first settlement. The pamphlets of the Com- 
pany were similar in theme; and as an illustra- 
tion of the general interest in matters relating 
to the story of the nation, it may be mentioned 
that hundreds of applications were from time 
to time received from teachers in publie schools 
and academies asking that copies of these 


brochures be sent to them for distribution 
among their pupils. 

Most valuable aids to the publicity of the 
Exposition were afforded also by pilgrimages 
which were made to Jamestown, notably the 
excursions of the National Congress and the 
Daughters of the American Revolution. These 
were largely attended and on each occasion a 
considerable quota of newspaper correspond- 
ents accompanied the visitors. The reports 
then sent out helped largely in reawakening a 
general interest in the history of Jamestown. 
It was an easier matter thereafter to secure 
editorial acceptance for articles relating to 
Jamestown and Colonial Virginia. Not only 
did newspapers evidence interest in these 
stories, but a number of prominent magazines 
of the country printed more or less lengthy 
accounts of the first settlement and of the 
commemorative celebration which was to be 
held. Several of the principal magazines sent 
their staff correspondents to visit the territory, 
and few, if any, of the leading periodicals failed 
to publish extensive notices of the Ter-Cen- 
tennial. 

When the Board of Governors was created 
the exploitation of the Exposition was directed 
by the Chairman of the Board who, previous 
to the creation of the divisions, was the chief 
executive of all the Company’s business. In 
line with the policy of the Directors of the 
Company to create a concrete historical cele- 
bration, a campaign was inaugurated with the 
idea of impressing this distinctive purpose 
of the Exposition upon the law-makers of the 
country, both in the National Congress and in 
the State Legislatures; and every effort was 
was made to interest the historical associations 
of the Union. For a time the Publicity De- 
partment was chiefly engaged in this work— 
the preparation of papers and letters to people 
who might affect legislation favorably or un- 
favorably or who might induce the co-operation 
of big patriotic associations. As the distinct 
press bureau, the Department did not exist 
until the Spring of 1906, for until that time 
the Chief of the Department was without any 
assistance other than stenographice. 


DIVISION OF EXPLOITATION 


On October 28, 1905, a Division of Exploita- 
tion and Exhibits was created, with T. S. 
Southgate as Governor. Exploitation was then 
construed to mean Press and Publicity; Con- 
eresses and Special Events; Ceremonies. The 
work of securing exhibits became so onerous 
that Mr. Southgate requested to be relieved 
of his duty in connection with Exploitation. 
Under his brief tenure of office, Mr. Keiley was 
continued as Chief of Press and Publicity; R. 
H. Sexton was engaged to direct Congresses 
and Special Events, and the Press Department 
was organized—A. L. Sutton was employed as 
manager of the Press Bureau, and several addi- 
tional writers were engaged. When Mr. South- 
gate resigned as Governor of Exploitation, his 
work was divided between two officers of the 
Company—C. Brooks Johnston, the Chairman 
of the Board of Governors, taking charge of 
Congresses and Special Events, and Barton 
Myers, the Governor of Ways and Means, add- 
ing the direction of Publicity to his previous 
duties. The title of Chief of Publicity was then 
changed to Chief of Exploitation. 


Exploitation. 


ORGANIZING BUREAUS 


After Mr. Myers became Governor of Exploi- 
tation, the advertisement of the Exposition was 
more vigorous. The Division was organized 
into various working bureaus, whose fune- 
tions were quite separate yet interdependent. 
The first of these was a General Press Bureau, 
which was directed by A. L. Sutton and through 
which all articles were placed in newspapers 
beyond the Tidewater district. The demands 
of the local press were supplied by the Chief 
of Exploitation for a number of months, in fact 
until early in the Fall, at which time Walter 
A. Virnelson was added to the staff and placed 
in charge of the local news service. An Edi- 
torial Bureau was directed by Charles Fred- 
erick Stansbury. In the Editorial Bureau were 
at various times a number of competent men, 
the best known of whom was Mr. Stansbury, 
aman exceptionally well qualified for the posi- 
tion which he occupied. Robertus Love of St. 
Louis and later of New York was another 
strong element of the foree and F. H. Bright, 
Mark O. Waters and Mayo Dudley, who were 
in turn editors after the opening of the Expo- 
sition, were able writers and men of decided 
ability. Among other members of the bureau 
whose work was distinetly creditable were John 
T. MeGinnis, A. S. Kelton, H. G. Williams, G. 
O. Mason, J. T. Robinson and L. W. Thavis. 

The stories prepared by the Editorial Bureau 
were all intended for newspapers—the maga- 
zine work was done by the Chief. Until con- 
structive work was far advanced, the articles 
dealt mainly with historical subjects and the 
history of the United States being so closely 
interwoven with the story of Virginia it was 
easy to prepare articles with a local atmosphere 
which would appeal specifically to certain see- 
tions of the country. It was the duty of the 
General Press Bureau to segregate this matter 
and for the facilitation of the work, the terri- 
tory of the United States was divided geograph- 
ically. <A series of articles were sent to North- 
western dailies, another to the Southwestern. 
A series went to the South, and others to the 
North, the East and the Middle-West. Week- 
hes and semi-weeklies had special stories. At 
its period of greatest efficiency more than nine 
thousand newspapers received a weekly service 
from the Press Bureau. The articles were dup- 
licated on a rotary mimeograph which was one 
of the adjuncts of the Distributing Bureau, 
directed by John T. Allen. In this bureau, 
the press lists were kept, and it subserved the 
purpose of a quasi storehouse, all pamphlets 
and lithographs as well as press stories being 
sent therefrom. 


POST OFFICE 


Under the direction of the Governor of Ex- 
ploitation, though in no way under the juris- 
diction of the Chief of the Division, was a post 
office, which was started in the Spring of 1906, 
This office was created in order to insure prompt 
delivery of incoming mail to the numerous bu- 
reaus and to care for mail addressed to people 
connected with the Exposition, who were trav- 
eling for it and wished their mail forwarded. At 
the post office all outgoing mail was stamped. 
The centralization of stamping alike prevented 
a waste in overpostage or the return of mail 
because insufficient stamps had been affixed. A 
separate account was kept for each office, and 
the totals were sent monthly to the Auditor. 
The work was begun with only two employees 
Mrs. Emily Hardy as Postmistress and a boy 
for general service. The increased demands of 
the Exploitation Division necessitated the addi- 
tion of assistants, and Mrs. Hardy later had 


ad 
fests) 


four girls to help her. The largest number of 
mail packages sent from the office in a single 
day was fifteen thousand pieces. <All telegrams 
that were not prepaid were sent to the post 
office for record; thus 
a check was kept on 
the bills presented by 
the telegraph compa- 
nies, and copies of all 
messages which were 
charged on bills, but 
not noted on the ree- 
rd, were investi- 
gated, and the tele- 
graph company re- 
quired to furnish 
copies. This action 
prevented employees 
from sending per- 


sonal messages and MRS. HARDY 
charging them to the Postmistress 
Exposition account. 


There was no doubt that the Company saved 
money and much annoyance by the establish- 
ment of this office. The mailing work increased 
steadily until the Spring of 1907, after which it 
gradually decreased and the force was dropped 
until only Mrs. Hardy remained. She continued 
her work as Postmistress until two months after 
the Exposition closed. 


PAMPHLETS AND LITHOGRAPHS 


From time to time deseriptive matter was 
published in pamphlet form. None of these 
publications was showy or expensive, but the 
matter was evidently interesting because the 
supply rarely was sufficient to meet the de- 
mand. More than three-and-a-half-million of 
the booklets were distributed, and these did 
not include the publications which were printed 
for special occasions, such as meetings of large 
patriotic organizations or national fraternities. 

The Proclamation of President Roosevelt, 
issued in conformity with the Act of Congress 
which authorized an international, naval and 
marine celebration in honor of the Ter-Centen- 
nial, was lithographed and widely distributed 
throughout the country The Postmaster-Gen- 
eral issued orders to postmasters directing that 
a copy should be hung conspicuously in each 


post office. The Secretary of the Treasury is- 
sued a similar order directed to the custo- 
dians of the United States Buildings. Fifty 


thousand of these lithographs were sent to 
government buildings and offices and fifty thou- 
sand more distributed in hotels and other 
places where the publie gathered. The first 
lithograph contaimed a very crude bird’s-eye 
view of the Exposition, entirely omitting any 
picture of the circumjacent territory. Owing 
to the feeling which was prevalent in the 
Hampton Roads cities that no one place should 
be unduly advertised, there was, for a long 
time, in the Company’s literature and in its 
advertising, a disineclination to emphasize Nor- 
folk as the home city of the Exposition, which 
was indeterminately located ‘‘on or near 
Hampton Roads.’’ The name ‘‘Jamestown’’ 
attached to the Exposition title, coupled with 
the lack of a definite locality for the celebra- 
tion, led a goodly number of people to believe 
that the celebration was to be held on James- 
town Island, and much of the Company’s mail 
was sent there. The error was strengthened by 
the lithograph which showed the Exposition 
yrounds near an apparently barren waste. To 
counteract this impression, a second lithograph 
was prepared. This omitted the Proclamation, 
but showed accurately the situation of the Ex 
position in relation to the cities in this vicinity 
Although there was nothing official in the 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


second lithograph so far as it related to the 
general government, the Departments of the 
Post Office and Treasury again ruled that, as 
these prints were advertising a celebration au- 
thorized by the Government, permission should 
be given to the issuing Company to expose them 
in the publie buildings of the country, and the 
distribution of the second lithograph was as 
wide or wider than the first. The railroad com- 
panies maintaining terminals at Norfolk helped 
to distribute the lithographs and a number of 
railroads in the Middle-West, in the North and 
in Canada took quantities of them for display 
in their stations. 


CONTEST BUREAU 


During the early Fall of 1906, the depart- 
ment determined to utilize an ageney which 
had proven very effective at several of the pre- 
vious expositions, and inaugurated a ‘‘Contest 
Bureau’’ under the direction of Silas EK. Snyder. 
The work of this Bureau was very ereditably 
performed and proved to be a valuable adver- 
tising asset. Nine hundred and eight papers 
conducted contests and sent the winners to the 
Exposition. Some of the parties were large— 
one hundred or more, others were confined to 
two or three. {[t is probable that ten thousand 
people were sent to the Exposition by news- 
papers as a result of this device. 

From an advertising standpoint, this exploi- 
tation is best measured by columns. The aver- 
age duration of contests was twelve weeks and 
the average amount of advertising given to the 
Exposition by daily papers conducting the con- 
tests was four columns each day, or a total of 
over a quarter of a million columns. This ex- 
ploitation was secured at a very moderate cost, 
and fifty per cent of all the counties in the 
United States were reached by this method. 
Beyond the borders of our country there were 
eight contests: six in Canada, one in Honolulu 
and one in Mexico. It is fair to assume that 
on the average, for large and small papers, four 
dollars a column would be a low estimate for 
advertising cost; but accepting this figure as 
a just basis, the Exposition for less than three 
thousand dollars expended received more than 
one million dollars worth of advertising. The 
special inducement offered to the contest papers 
was a reduced rate at the Inside Inn, free ad- 
mission to the Grounds and the good offices of 
the Exploitation Bureau in the matter of secur- 
ing free admission to all the War Path attrac- 
tions, a courtesy which the concessionaires in- 
variably and gladly extended. 


POST OFFICE CANCELLING STAMP 


The Post Office Department helped very ma- 
terially to advertise the Exposition. Mr. Cor- 
telyou, at that time Postmaster-General, ac- 
ceded to the request of the Exposition Company 
and directed the postmasters of Norfolk, Ports- 
mouth, Newport News, Hampton and Fortress 
Monroe to use a cancellation stamp lettered 
‘Jamestown Celebration, 1607-1907” in lieu of 
their regular cancelling dies marked with the 
name of each respective post office. Although 
they were not issued until later, it also was 
during Mr. Cortelyou’s incumbency that a spe- 
cial set of stamps was ordered in commemora- 
tion of the celebration. These consisted of a 
one-cent, a two-cent and a five-cent stamp. 

During 1906 a large number of Exposition 
cuts were sent to the general passenger agents 
of a number of the principal railroads in the 
country and these were used not only in special 
pamphlets, but in the general literature which 
was then preparing for 1907. The Chesapeake 
& Ohio, the Seaboard Air Line Railway, the 


New York, Philadelphia & Norfolk Railroad, 
the Norfolk & Western Railway, the Big Four 
Railroad and the Grand Trunk Railway of 
Canada issued especially notable folders, while 
the Southern Railway prepared a_ splendid 
poster, the work of the artist who won the 
second prize in the Exposition’s design contest. 
Several of the steamship lines plying between 
Norfolk and other points issue at regular in- 
tervals quasi magazines, and these were, for 
nearly a year anterior to the Exposition, filled 
with articles and pictures descriptive of the 
celebration. Especially might be mentioned 
in this connection the ‘‘Pilot,’’ issued by the 
Old Dominion Steamship Company, and the 
‘*Searchlight,’’ issued by the Norfolk & Wash- 
ington Steamboat Company. 


LOCAL ADVERTISING 


The local merchants and the large industrial 
corporations in the vicinity of the Exposition 
materially helped the advertising of the Fair. 
Several hundred designs were submitted to 
the Division of Exploitation in an emblem con- 
test. The design which won the first prize ap- 
pears on the front cover of this history; it is the 
work of W. L. Sheppard of Richmond, Vir- 
ginia. While there was no intention of choos- 
ing more than one design, the drawing offered 
by Miss Ruth Syphert Clements of Alexandria, 
Virginia, was deemed so admirable that it was 
selected as a second choice and was used alter- 
nately with the first in the advertising of the 
Exposition. Miss Clements’ work shows on the 
back cover. Cuts were made of these pictures 
and given to local firms, who used them on 
their stationary and envelopes, and few pieces 
of printed matter left Norfolk without carrying 
some cut or phrase advertising the Exposition. 


AIDS IN EXPLOITATION 


Several of the railroads and the largest in- 
dustrial corporation of the State—the Virginia- 
Carolina Chemical Company—issued extremely 
attractive calendars for 1907, on which ap- 
peared some device advertising the Fair. The 
electric lines in Richmond, Virginia, used car 
tickets with a picture of John Smith printed 
on the reverse side and an Exposition legend 
surrounding the portrait. Special commission- 
ers were sent to agricultural fairs held in vari- 
ous parts of West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsyl- 
vania, Ohio, New York and New England. 
Stereopticon lectures were delivered through- 
out certain portions of the South and special 
delegations were sent to the meetings of the 
large patriotic societies, federations and fra- 
ternal organizations. Invitations were sent to 
these conventions to meet at the Exposition in 
1907, and lithographs, pamphlets and Expo- 
sition buttons, given to the delegates, were 
widely distributed through their agency. Dis- 
tinetly spectacular advertising at various fairs 
was afforded by Roy Knabenshue, who ear- 
ried on his captive balloon a sign, ‘‘ Jamestown 
Exposition, 1607-1907,’’ when he exhibited at 
fairs in the Middle-West, and a tent was 
erected at other fairs in charge of a full- 
blooded Indian, who distributed Exposition 
literature. An office was established in New 
York City and this served as a headquarters for 
the distribution of the Company’s pamphlets. 

On the first of January, 1907, C. R. Keiley 
resigned and was succeeded by A. L. Sutton, 
who occupied the position for three months, 
when he was succeeded by 8S. E. Snyder. In 
May, 1907, S. W. Bolles was engaged as Di- 
rector of Advertising, and until Mr. Barr’s 
election as Director-General the demarcation 
between the functions of advertising and the 


756 


Exploitation. 


province of exploitation was rather indeter- 
minate. After Mr. Barr’s election, Mr. Bolles 
managed the department under the title of 
Director of Publicity and continued in office 
until the first of November, when he was suc- 
ceeded by Mr. Snyder.* Prior to Mr. Barr’s 
election as Director-General, the Division of 
Exploitation performed its function with prac- 
tically the same organization as had existed 
since its inception. A moderate campaign of 
bill-boarding had begun in February, 1907, and 
between New York and Philadelphia, and also 
between New York and Boston, the railroad 
lines were well supplied with lithographs and 
at many points there were boards carrying Ex- 
position advertising. Mr. Bolles, who was sup- 
posed to have had considerable experience in 


this style of spectacular publicity, was engaged 


in May to continue and elaborate this scheme 
of exploitation. During this period there were 
evolved a number of plans for special exploita- 
tion, but owing to the absolute lack of funds 
with which to earry on the work, many of the 
best devices had to be abandoned and the de- 
partment was run in the most economical man- 
ner possible. It was not until the advent of 
Mr. Barr as Advisory Committee that any con- 
siderable amount of money could be spent on 
advertising, and at that time the Division of 
Exploitation was disrupted, Mr. Myers ceased 
to act as Governor and the responsibility for 
the conduct of this branch had devolved upon 
Mr. Bolles. 


SUMMER OF 1907 


Soon after assuming charge of the Exposi- 
tion, Mr. Barr as Advisory Committee, later as 
Director-General, made lberal allowances for 
advertising, but the Director of the Division 
did not seem to place a high value on news- 
paper publicity and expended the money placed 
at his disposal almost entirely for feature or 
special exploitation. He inaugurated a car 
campaign, sending coaches over various rail- 
road lines to distribute Exposition literature 
and through traveling commissioners he adver- 
tised the Fair. He also used billboards rather 
liberally throughout the territory reached by 
the railways terminating at Norfolk and the 
lines making direct connections with these 
roads. The Press Bureau was, however, re- 
duced to a minimum and its effectiveness seri- 
ously impaired. Shortly after Alvah H. Mar- 
tin succeeded James M. Barr as_ Director- 
General, in October, Mr. Bolles resigned and 
was succeeded by S. E. Snyder, who remained 
Director of Publicity until the close of the 
Exposition. 


ATTENDANCE 


The attendance was a distressing disappoint- 
ment to all connected with the undertaking, but 
it is only fair to the Division of Exploitation 
that an explanation should be given. Few 
expositions have ever been more widely and 
favorably advertised than the Ter-Centennial. 
The management never desired to exploit the 
Exposition beyond the confines of continental 
United States, or, at most, through Canada in 
addition to our own country, but in English- 
speaking North America the object of the 
Exposition and its reason for being, were 
thoroughly well known before April 26, 1907. 
When the campaign of exploitation began a 
disproportionately large majority of people 
throughout the country had entirely forgotten, 


if they had ever known, that the first English- 
speaking settlement in America was made at 
Jamestown, Virginia; but long before 1907 
dawned, this fact was known to practically 
every man in the country who could read a 
newspaper. That there was to be an Exposi- 
tion near Norfolk—a celebration of the great 
event that occurred in 1607—was also known, 
and the nature of the celebration was a fa- 
miliar topic. It is safe to say that the supposed 
surfeit of expositions did not lessen the interest 
in this particular celebration which had been 
planned along lines differing radically from its 
predecessors and which contained features en- 
tirely at variance with Exposition precedent. 
The great naval display was an undeniable 
magnet. The aggrandizement of history at the 
expense of commercialism proved a potent at- 
traction. The story of Tidewater Virginia and 
the associations of the territory made strong 
appeals to American sentiment and every ad- 
vantage was taken of these factors in order to 
secure desirable exploitation. 


ATTENDANCE MINIMIZERS 


From a publicity standpoint, the Exposition 
opened with every chance in its favor. It 
opened incomplete, not shghtly unfinished, 
but apparently half done. Its grounds were 
unsightly, its buildings were surrounded with 
scaffolding, its two great exhibit palaces were 
empty and the others only partially filled. 
Raleigh Square, which should have been the 
piece de resistance of the Exposition, was a mud 
hole, and the great Government Piers, that 
later were marvels of beauty, looked lke an 
indeterminate mass of driven piles and loose 
building material. 

The Opening Day arrangements were bad. 
Distinguished visitors generally felt aggrieved 
at the apparent lack of consideration which was 
shown to them. Some of them later laughed 
good humoredly over curious contre-temps of 
the occasion, but at the time few were without 
some grievance. The newspaper correspond- 
ents seemed to suffer most. The hotel charges 
were rather more than they had expected; the 
transportation facilities were inadequate, and 
the local press reception committee were power- 
less to cope with the many difficulties. The 
officials of the Exposition probably did what 
they could to make the correspondents com- 
fortable, but it is certain that they failed in 
the endeavor. It is possible that the country’s 
seribes viewed the scene through gray glasses, 
vet there was surely enough to tell of the un- 
finished state without drawing in the least on 
imagination. 

The incompleteness of the Exposition, widely 
advertised by the newspaper correspondents 
who visited the site on Opening Day, was much 
more widely advertised subsequently by the 
Advertising Bureau, which during June, July 
and August kept emphasizing the fact that as 
soon as the Government Piers were finished the 
Exposition would be entirely complete, but this 
engineering feat was not accomplished until 
September 14, with closing day two months 
and a half distant. No one ean tell how much 
this style of advertising lessened the gate 
receipts; but possibly even a greater handi- 
cap to attendance was the widespread and 
acrimonious comments concerning dissensions 
in the management. Those who were not im- 
pressed with the idea that the Exposition was 
hardly worth seeing on account of its unfin- 
ished state were deterred from visiting by the 


*The writer of this article resigned as Chief of Exploitation on the first of January, 1907. He left Nor- 
folk to attend to personal business elsewhere and did not return until the Exposition was nearly half over. He 
is, therefore, unfamiliar with many of the details of this Department during the period intervening between the 


Ep. 


first of January and the first of July. 


ad 
(ol 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


fear that before they arrived at Norfolk the 
managerial fights would have caused the gates 
to close; and, while there was a noticable in- 
crease in paid admissions beginning with July 
and culminating in September, the increase was 
only normal and in accord with the history of 
all previous expositions. The later dissensions, 
however, proved to be the blow that annihi- 
lated the undertaking. October, which, accord- 
ing to all precedent, should have been the best 
month, showed a notable falling off from Sep- 
tember’s totals, and November, by all means 
the most attractive month of the whole year in 
the Exposition territory, yielded a less return 
even than October. To appreciate fully the loss 
which these disputes entailed it must be under- 
stood that after the middle of September the 
Exposition was entirely complete and was a 
marvel of beauty, so recognized by all who 
attended and so advertised in every reputable 
newspaper in the United States. 

It is an odd condition that the attendance of 
the Exposition began to decrease just at the 
period of its completion. The week beginning 
September 16 showed a smaller attendance than 
its predecessor and the week beginning Sep- 
tember 23 a still smaller. This, in spite of the 
fact that not a single rainy day occurred dur- 
ing this fortnight nor was the temperature at 
any time uncomfortably high. The total paid 
attendance for September, the best month, was 
three hundred and two thousand five hundred 
and twelve, contrasted with two hundred and 
fifty-five thousand three hundred and ninety- 
two for October and only one hundred and six 
thousand five hundred and twenty-nine for No- 
vember. An analysis of these figures will show 
how far dissensions affected attendance. The 
week ending September 14, when the Govern- 
ment Piers were finished and the Exposition 
was absolutely complete, the paid attendance 
was eighty-nine thousand two hundred and 
sixty-seven. The next week there were thir- 
teen thousand less paid admissions, ten thou- 
sand less the next week, and the week ending 
October 5 recorded only fifty-five thousand. 

On October 5, Mr. Barr was succeeded by 
Mr. Martin, and there was a general desire to 
back the incoming administration. It was ree- 
ognized by everybody that the new Director- 
General would have a very hard task and the 
communities were behind him as they would 
have been behind any man who was willing to 
shoulder the burden. The attendance ceased 
falling off and increased. During the first 
week of his inecumbeney fifty-eight thousand 
people paid admissions to the gates; during the 
next week fifty-nine thousand; during the next 
week sixty-seven thousand, and then troubles 
began anew. Some over-zealous and _ sensa- 
tional newspaper correspondents began sending 
out stories concerning the bankruptey of the 
Exposition and the impossibility of its keeping 
open until the last of November, and from the 
time these reports appeared the attendance be- 
gan diminishing; and steadily, week by week, 
a decrease was noted. With the exception of 
Thanksgiving Day and one other, the paid ad- 
missions on no November day amounted to eight 
thousand. One day showed less than two thou- 
sand and four days less than three thousand. 

The attendance at an exposition is generally 
used as a measure of the ability displaved by 
its publicity department. It would be unjust 
to apply singly this test to the exploitation of 
the Jamestown Exposition. A number of causes 
contributed to the failure in attendance and 
some of the most important of these were sub- 
ject neither to the amelioration or control of 
the men who were advertising the celebration. 

Perhaps the chief factor in limiting attend- 
ance was the paucity of local population. In 


Tidewater Virginia were probably a quarter of 
a million people, but in the immediate Exposi- 
tion territory there lhved not more than two 
hundred thousand persons, nearly half of whom 
were negroes. <A large proportion of the local 
population was employed on the Grounds or 
had such business connections with the enter- 
prise that free admission might be claimed. It 
is a fact that more than one-half of the total 
attendance was unpaid, and it is fair to assume 
that most of the pass users were local people. 
Managers of expositions have usually estimated 
that about sixty per cent of the entire paid 
attendance represents local admissions. At the 
Jamestown Exposition it is very doubtful if the 
home section furnished one-quarter of the total. 

Aside from the small population in the near 
circumjacent territory, there were features 
which added to the difficulty of inducing the 
local people to repeat their visits. The ear 
service was not adequate and the location of 
the main gate was most unfortunate. The dis- 
tances from the cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth 
and Newport News were greater than is nor- 
mal between an exposition and its home city; 
the time of transit was even disproportionately 
long, and the cost of the ride proved to be a 
deterrer of repeated visits, for it is a fact that 
exposition men all recognize: No matter how 
many choices of routes there may be, nor what 
variety of fares may be charged, the bulk of the 
people travel by the cheapest path and a fare 
greater than five cents lessens attendance appre- 
ciably and almost proportionately. 

Of these attendance minimizers only one 
could be attributed to the Exposition manage- 
ment—the location of the main gate, which was 
mentioned in connection with the car service 
because it contributed largely to the inade- 
quacy of the latter; but the greatest of all the 
drawbacks was the incompleteness of the Ex- 
position not only on Opening Day but during 
months thereafter. 

There have been many animadversions 
against the exploitation of the Exposition ; and, 
in the judgment of the writer, these are not 
entirely borne out by the facts. No unpreju- 
diced person can question that the causes just 
mentioned naturally contributed to lessen at- 
tendance. The exploitation was not by any 
means perfect and in some ways merited re- 
proach, but, on the whole, it averaged well. 
That the Ter-Centennial was well advertised 
prior to Opening Day will be admitted by every 
intelligent newspaper and magazine reader in 
America. The feeling throughout the country 
was cordial toward the celebration. People 
were interested in the history of early Virginia, 
in the territory which was the theatre of the 
great events and in the Exposition which was 
to memoralize the story. From an education 
standpoint, the Ter-Centennial had stamped its 
impress on all classes throughout the country. 

During the pre-Exposition period compara- 
tively a small amount of money had been spent 
for advertising. The entire expenditure, 
charged to Exploitation, was one hundred and 
fourteen thousand dollars. This comprehended 
the outlay from 1902 until April 26, 1907; and 
included an account of thirty-five thousand 
dollars for local newspaper advertising—the 
dailies of Norfolk, Portsmouth and Newport 
News received preferred stock instead of cash, 
according to the terms of their contracts. Less 
than eighty thousand dollars was, therefore, 
paid for salaries, wages, supplies, postage, 
traveling expenses, telephoning, telegraphing, 
bill-boarding, expenses of special commission- 
ers, spectacular advertising of various sorts 
and for a small amount of straight newspaper 
space. 

The people of the country were prepared for 


758 


Exploitation. 


the Ter-Centennial and were favorable to it, 
when the Directors of the Company made a 
colossal error. Without any possible excuse 
on the score of ignorance, they ordered the Di- 
vision of Exploitation on the very eve of open- 
ing to advertise that the Exposition was prac- 
tically complete. The newspapers almost to a 
unit printed the story and with hardly an 
exception they resented the imposition. The 
correspondents, annoyed at their treatment on 
Opening Day, accentuated the incompleteness 
and the conflicting tales caused most of the 
American editors to abate their enthusiasm. 
The subsequent neglect of newspapers as 
advertising media added to the indifference 
or dishke which prevailed throughout editorial 
circles; and still more injurious was the almost 
incomprehensible policy of the Publicity Bu- 
reau to overemphasize the incompleteness of 
the Exposition by fixing a distant date for 
completion and recording each day the progress 
toward that end. With the stories concerning 
the troubles among the officers of the Company, 
the Pubhecity Bureau had, naturally, nothing to 
do; yet it is possible that had the efficiency of 
the force been maintained these stories would 
have done less harm, for at no time was there 
any thought of voluntarily closing the Exposi- 
tion, though such reports were current; and, 
uncontradicted, they appeared in the press. 
By and large, the attendance feature can 
only be attributed in small measure to the 
Division of Exploitation and its successor, the 
Division of Publicity. With the most determin- 
ing causes, exploitation was not concerned and 
could not govern. <A better showing could have 
been made had more intelligence been displayed 
in the conduct of the Division during the Sum- 
mer of 1907, when there was some money avail- 
able; but a real success was practically impos- 
sible after June 10, when the correspondents 
of all the big newspapers and news agencies 
visited the Exposition for the second time and 
witnessed the incompleteness of the enterprise. 


LOCAL PAPERS 


The comparative paucity of local attendance 
could not be charged to lack of interest on 
the part of the local press. Rarely, if ever, 
has an exposition received such cordial and 
unfailing support from its home papers. Ed- 
itors were not blind to defects, and criticisms 
appeared from time to time but the notes were 
kindly; never captious; and editorial sugges- 
tions were frequently accepted. 

During the pre-Exposition period the news 
columns of the dailies in Norfolk, Portsmouth 
and Newport News were always open for an 
Exposition story. There was a contract be- 
tween each paper and the Exposition Company 
for straight advertising; but the payments for 
service were made in stock which never had 
more than a problematic value and before the 
Exposition closed appeared to be worthless. 

The Division of Exploitation maintained, for 
a brief period, a bureau for the specific pur- 


JESSE F) ESSARY KEVILL GLENNAN 


759 


pia cs i errem. , 
Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


THE VIRGINIAN-PILOT BUILDING 


pose of providing the local papers with items 
of news interest. As a separate entity this 
bureau ceased to exist before the Exposition 
opened and the newspapers of the section there- 
after depended almost entirely on their own 
representatives. 

The quarters provided for the press were 
inadequate. Two of the Norfolk papers, the 
Ledger-Dispatch and the Norfolk Landmark 
occupied each a room in the lower floor of the 
Service Building. The other Norfolk daily, 
the Virginian-Pilot erected a house for its rep- 
resentatives. The Virginian-Pilot Building was 
a comfortable and tasteful Queen Anne house, 
which stood to the east of the plaza leading 
from the Main Entrance. The lower floor con- 
sisted of a single large office room. The upper 
floor contained sleeping apartments. The 
Portsmouth Star and the Newport News papers. 
The Times-Herald and the Press, had contracts 
with the Norfolk reporters and received news 
through them. 

Kevill Glennan, the city editor of the Vir- 
ginian-Pilot, was the principal representative 
of his paper but he had a number of valuable 
assistants, among whom was John R. Crown, 
a competent and resourceful man. Jesse F. 
Essary looked after the interests of the Nor- 
folk Landmark and served his paper well. 
During busy periods he was assisted by men 
detailed from the city staff. The Ledger-Dis- 
patch had from time to time some of its best 
men at the Exposition. The list included W. 
T. Kirby, Walter Virnelson and Hugh Steele 
as successive managers, and each of these rep- 
resentatives did excellent work. 

This paper was prepared by the writer at the 
request of Barton Myers, Governor of Exploita- 
tion. Presumably Mr. Barr did not overlook 
Mr. Bolles, when as Director-General he in- 
structed each officer and director to prepare for 
this History an account of his services; but 
the Director of Publicity did not forward a 
report either to the Director-General or to the 
Editor of the Official History. 

(Signed) C. R. Keiney, 
Former Chief of Exploitation. 


JOHN R. CROWN 


Shela ( SVAN AAL, 


CONGRESSES AND SPECIAL EVENTS 


HE following report of the Division of Congresses and Special Events is compiled princi- 
pally from a statement furnished by Robert H. Sexton, at one time Chief and later 


Director of that Division. 


The original report covered all matters relating to conven- 


tions, special meetings, aeronautics, yacht and boat races, athletics, ete., much of which 
was specifically related in special papers—and in some cases the writer, owing to lack of infor- 
mation on certain subjects, was not entirely accurate: 


When the Division of Exploitation was 
created, it was placed under the management 
of T. S. Southgate, who at the same time was 
elected Manager of Exhibits. Finding the 
duties of the latter occupied all of his avail- 
able time, he requested the Board to relieve 
him, and the Chairman of the Board of Govy- 
ernors assumed part of the duties and Barton 
Myers, Governor of Ways and Means, assumed 
the remainder. 

At the request of the management, Mr. Sex- 
ton visited Norfolk the latter part of January, 
1906, and accepted the offer made by the Ex- 
position Company. Early in February he was 
established permanently in Norfolk with the 
title of Chief of Department of Congresses and 
Special Events. The first work of this De- 
partment was to secure conventions and to or- 
ganize various congresses. 


DIFFERENT BUREAUS 


The Department of Congresses and Special 
Events was subdivided 
into bureaus. Frank Eb- 
erle was made Superin- 
tendent of the Bureau of 
Congresses and Special 
Events, R. C. Hicks was 
made Superintendent of 
the Traffic Bureau, Lieu- 
tenant H. N. Cootes, U.S. 
A., was appointed Mili- 
tary Secretary of the Ex- 
position and had charge 
of the Military Bureau. 
This officer was assigned 
for duty by the United 
States Government. The 
Athletic Bureau was in 
charge of John J. Conlen, who later was suc- 
ceeded by Wm. H. Robertson; the Pythian 
Bureau was superintended by Major B. E. Rice, 
and Wm. W. Whiddit was Superintendent of 
Musie and was the official organist. 

The Chief of the Department directed the 
Aquatic Bureau, which controlled yacht racing, 
motor boat racing and rowing events  Assist- 
ing him were Charles P. Tower of New York, 
Hugh S8. Gamble, Secretary of the Motor Boat 
Club of America and Fred Fortmeyer, Secre- 
tary of the Amateur Oarsmen’s Association of 
America. The two latter gentlemen served en- 
tirely without compensation. The Bureau of 
Aeronautics was in charge of Israel Ludlow, 
Superintendent. Carl G. MeConnell was at 
first Superintendent of the Auditorium and 
Convention Hall. Later he was made Chief 
Clerk of the Division and Fred Lonergan was 
made Superintendent. The various superin- 
tendents were not appointed until the work had 
assumed such proportions as to require assist- 
ance in the special bureaus. 

Being essentially a military and marine expo- 
sition, the first matter that engaged the atten- 
tion of the Chief was to secure encampments 
of State militia, college cadets and other mili- 
tary and semi-military organizations, and a 
circular letter was sent to military organiza- 


MAJ. B. E. RICE 
Supt. Pythian Bureau 


tions of every character throughout the United 
States. After pursuing this method for some 
months, the responses were of such a favorable 
character that it became necessary to insure 
camping facilities for not less than four thou- 
sand soldiers daily in addition to the require- 
ments of the Regular Army. The work of this 
Bureau became so heavy that a request was 
made for the assignment of a military officer 
to assist in the effort, and in response the See- 
retary of War appointed Lieutenant Cootes. 
Much difficulty was encountered by the Depart- 
ment in securing action by the Board of Govy- 
ernors in the way of providing adequate land, 
sewerage, lights, water, stables and other fa- 
cilities which are necessary to make a model 
military camp. In justice, however, to the 
Board, it must be said that they were at that 
time crippled with financial problems of great 
importance. 
H owever, 
fourthousand 
cots and mat- 
tresses were 
purchased 
and some 
seven hun- 
dred tents se- 
cured asa 
loan from the 
United States 
Government. 
The camp was 
made _ habit- 
able, and by 
the latter 
part of June 
was entirely 
completed. 
The report of 
Lieutenant 
Cootes shows 
that a larger 
number of 
troops assem- 
bled at Jamestown than ever before met aft 
an exposition, and it is certain that this num- 
ber would have been greater had it not been 
for the many cancellations made on account of 
reports, constantly circulated, dealing with the 
unfinished state of the Exposition. 


ROBERT H. SEXTON 


Director Congresses and Special Events 


UNITED STATES ARMY CAMP 


Camp Captain John Smith, where the United 
States Regulars were encamped, adjoined the 
National Guard and semi-military camps. 
Lee’s Parade, a plot of thirty acres used for 
drill grounds, was placed under the direct con- 
trol of Major General Frederick Dent Grant, 
who had charge of the Regular Army. The 
daily drills and parades given by the visiting 
troops and the Regulars were directed by Gen- 
eral Grant, who was assisted by Adjutants 
Major John S. Mallory and Captain Hines. 
The Department of Special Events assigned all 
camp sites except for the Regulars and notified 
General Grant’s office of the arrival of all mil- 
itary organizations and made such requests for 


760 


Congresses and Special Events. 


drills as would serve best to provide enter- 
tainment for Exposition visitors. 

Unless the weather was exceedingly inclem- 
ent, no day passed without some parade, com- 
petitive drill or manceuvre which provided en- 
tertainment for several hours. 


YACHT RACES 


During the spring of 1906 a meeting of local 
yachtsmen, who were members of the Hampton 
Roads Yacht Club, was held in the office of the 
Department. As a result a convention of 
yachtsmen was called to meet in Norfolk, June 
22 and 23. Over three hundred clubs were re- 
quested to send representatives to this conven- 
tion. Many favorable replies were received 
and on the date set quite a number of gentle- 
men interested in yachting assembled at the 
Hampton Roads Yacht Club for a two days 
convention. Plans for international races were 
discussed and approved and it was decided 
that each vacht racing center would elect or 
appoint a member to serve on this commission. 
The result of the convention’s deliberations was 
printed and forwarded to all the yacht 
clubs of the country and later a permanent 
organization was effected with the following 
officers : 

President, Dr. J. E. DeMund, Brooklyn, New York; 
Secretary, James F. Duncan, Norfolk, Va., and Charles 
Longstreth of Philadelphia, representing the Middle 
Atlantie Coast; Aemilius Jarvis of Toronto, Ontario, 
representing Canada; Dr. J. E. DeMund of Brooklyn, 
New York, representing Gravesend Bay; Oliver E. 
Cromwell of Atlantie City, New Jersey, representing 
Long Island Sound; Charles P. Tower of New York, 
alternate for Mr. Cromwell; James Van B. Metts of 
Wilmington, N. C., representing the South Atlantic; 
James F. Duncan of Norfolk, Va., representing Hamp- 
ton Roads; Myron B. Vorce of Cleveland, Ohio, repre- 
senting the Inter-Lake Yachting Association, and U. 
J. Hermann of Chicago, Hlinois, representing the Great 
Lakes. 

At the first meeting of this body, held in 
Norfolk, the Commission elected Dr. DeMund, 
President; Mr. Dunean, Secretary, and Charles 
P. Tower, Chairman of the Regatta Committee. 
The President of the Commission, aided by the 
Chairman of the Regatta Commission and the 
members, immediately took steps to secure 
cups, trophies, etc., for races. As a result, three 
magnificent cups, donated by President Roose- 
velt, His Majesty King Edward VII and Sir 
Thomas Lipton, were offered in the various 
classes. Mr. Sexton paid a high tribute to the 
Regatta Committee for its conduct of the pre- 
liminaries to the yacht races and expressed his 
regret that no one was found who could pro- 
vide transportation for the visitors to see the 
beautiful races, which were held in September. 
While the start and finish was off the Exposi- 
tion Grounds, it was impossible for the public 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


to find exeursion boats or other means to fol- 
low the races. 


MOTOR BOATS 


Much interest was evinced by the motor boat 
enthusiasts of the country in a motor boat ear- 
nival. The Motor Boat Club of America, the 
American Power Boat Association and the Na- 
tional Association of Engine Boat Manutactur- 
ers aided the Department materially in the 
work of organizing a commission, which was 
composed of the most prominent men in this 
field of enterprise and sport. The Chairman of 
the Commission was Anson B. Cole of New 
York, and the Secretary, Hugh S. Gamble of 
the same city. Besides these officers, the fol- 
lowing members served on the Commission: 
Dr. Wadsworth Warren, Charles P. Tower, M. 
M. Whitaker, E. A. Stevens, Jr., Walter J. 
Howlett, Henry R. Sutphen, H. Newton Whit- 
telsey, John D. Roach, Frank Bowne Jones, J. 
Howard Wainwright, Albert E. Eldredge, Dr. 
J. E. DeMund, A. F. Dohn, Howard I. Shaw 
and Charles L. Seabury. 

The first set of standard racing rules for 
motor boats ever adopted by the different fac- 
tions was known as the Jamestown Exposition 
Rules. While the Chairman and the Secretary 
of the Commission, the Chairman of the Racing 
Committee and the others associated with the 
work strove indefatigably for the success of the 
races which were to take place during the first 
week in September, the event did not material- 
ize as expected. Several cruises were organized 
and came down from New York through the 
canal as well as by the Atlantic Coast Route, 
but only six or seven racing craft put in their 
appearance. Among these was the interna- 
tional prize winner ‘‘Dixie.’’ The result of the 
failure of this feature to materialize into a sue- 
cessful event was largely due to the damaging 
reports constantly published in the northern 
press with reference to the Exposition, and fur- 
ther to the inability of the Exposition to furnish 
the expenses of the carnival in sufficient time 
to enable the commission to arrange for the 
races. 


ROWING 


Through the interest and influence of the 
President, Secretary and Executive Committee 
of the American Amateur Oarsmen’s Associa- 
tion, a National Rowing Regatta was scheduled 
to take place on Hampton Roads at the James- 
town Exposition during the month of August, 
1907, and the following honorary commission 
was appointed to handle the regatta: 

James Pilkington, Chairman; Claude R. Zappone, C, 


CONVENTION HALL 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


W. Presiendanz, James G. Tighe, P. H. Hurley, Robert 
J. Milligan, Fred R. Fortmeyer, Henry Whiting Gar- 
field, John J. Schaab, James P. Fox, John O. Regan, 
Davie B. Duffield. 

The members of this Commission visited the 
Exposition several times and a great impetus 
was given to the movement by their favorable 
reports. For several months much publicity 
was given to the Regatta. Henry Phillips 
Burchell of the ‘‘New York Times,’’ made a 
trip to Europe as Special Commissioner and se- 
cured widespread international publicity for 
this event. Notwithstanding the efforts of the 
Commission and of the Department, the 
financial difficulties of the Exposition Company 
rendered it impossible later to carry out their 
part of the agreement with reference to fur- 
nishing the expenses of the regatta and the 
Committee was forced to cancel the meet. This 
was a source of regret to the Commission, es- 
pecially to James Pilkington, President of the 
American Amateur Oarsmen’s Association, and 
to Fred Fortmever, the Secretary, but even 
more was it regretted by the Exposition man- 
agement. 


HOTEL BUREAU 


With the view of ascertaining just what ac- 
commodations would be 
placed at the disposal 
of Exposition visitors, a 
Hotel Bureau was es- 
tablished and H. N. Cas- 
tle was appointed Su- 
perintendent. It was 
found that the hotels 
and available rooming 
houses in the cities sur- 
rounding Hampton 
Roads could success- 
fully accommodate not 
less than fifty thousand 
people, and within the 
immediate vicinity of 
the Exposition Grounds 
hotels and cottages were 
projected which would accommodate ten thou- 
sand more, while at Pine Beach, Ocean View 
and Willoughby Beach six thousand more peo- 
ple could be cared for. It was calculated that 
in an emergency private dwellings not listed 
could take care of twenty thousand additional 
people. 


H. N. CASTLE 
Supt. Hotel Bureau, later 
Cashier of Exposition 


ATHLETICS 


During the early part of 1906, the Chief of 
the Department of Special Events spent con- 
siderable time and effort in arranging for a 
series of great athletic games at the Exposition, 
and through the interest of James E. Sullivan, 
President of the Amateur Athletic Union of 
America, the following committee was ap- 
pointed: 

James FE. Sullivan, Chairman; Gustavus T. Kirby, 
Dr. George J. Fisher, A. A. Stagg, M. F. Winston, W. 
D. Nesbit, T. I. Fitzpatrick, Theodore E. Straus, Dr. 
L. H. Culick, Captain John J. Dixon, Walter H. 


Liginger, John J. O’Connor, Julian W. Curtiss and C. 
C. Holzel. 


Mr. Sullivan was also made Honorary Diree- 
tor of Athletics for the Exposition. An athletie 
field containing nearly four acres was set apart 
and plans for erecting a stadium and enclosure 
prepared. All the National Amateur Athletie 
Union games were scheduled to be held on the 
Exposition Grounds. William H. Robertson of 
New York City was employed to build a track, 
and he deservedly received great credit for 
building one of the best and fastest tracks ever 
constructed in this country. By reason of the 
financial difficulties of the Exposition, the en- 
closure and stadium were not erected, and un- 
fortunately the annual championship track and 
field games had to be held with a limited seat- 
ing capacity for the public to view the mag- 
nificent contests. The games wert very poorly 
attended, and although the press of the country 
had given much space to the events, as an 
actual drawing card for the Exposition it is 
not believed that the results justified the 
expense. 


AERONAUTICS 


Early in the spring of 1906 the Department 
discussed with the Aero Club of America, an 
association which had just been organized in 
New York, the question of an aeronautic dis- 
play. As a result of various conferences, a 
committee was appointed to call on the Expo- 
sition authorities at Norfolk and arrange a plan 
for scientific investigation and for an exhibit 
of airship models, aeroplanes, balloons and 
kites. The Board of Governors agreed to pro- 
vide the sum of fifteen thousand dollars for 
the erection of an exhibit building, to furnish 
free gas for balloon ascensions and to prepay 
freight on all exhibits. Following this meet- 
ing, the Jamestown Aeronautical Congress was 
organized and the following members and com- 
mittees appointed : 

President, Willis L. Moore; Secretary, Albert Francis 
Zahm; Honorary Advisory Committee, Harry St. George 
Tucker, General James Allen, U. S. A., Willis L. Moore 
and Octave Chanute; Chairman of General Committee, 
William J. Hammer; Secretary of General Committee, 
Albert Francis Zahm; Chairman Executive Commit- 
tee, Augustus Post; Secretary of Executive Committee, 
Ernest LaRue Jones; Foreign Secretary, Carl Dienst- 
bach; Foreign Representative, Charles W. Kohlsaat. 

Executive Committee—Augustus Post, Chairman; 
Ernest LaRue Jones, Secretary; William J. Hammer, 
Orville Wright, Carl Dienstbach, Robert H. Sexton, 
T. S. Southgate, Leo Stevens, C. Brooks Johnston, 
Oliver L. Fasig, A. N. Chandler, Captain Charles de F. 
Chandler, Wilbur R. Kimball, J. C. MeCoy, Charles 
M. Manly, E. 8S. Bronson, Albert F. Zahm, Major 
Samuel Reber, Admiral C. M. Chester, Cortland Field 
Bishop, Wilbur Wright, Allen R. Hawley, Homer W. 
Hedge, A. M. Herring, A. Lawrence Rotch, Charles | 
Jerome Edwards and C. S. Rolls. 

Technical Committee—Charles M. Manly, Chairman; 
A. M. Herring, Mechanical Engineer; W. T. Brooke, 
Civil Engineer, and William J. Hammer, Electrical 
Engineer. 

Committee on Congresses and Programme—A. Law- 
rence Rotch, Chairman; J. Taylor Ellyson, Octave 
Chanute, Albert F. Zahm, Gilbert H. Grosvenor, Robert 
H. Sexton. 

Exhibition Committee—Richard Rathbun, Chairman; 
T. S. Southgate, Augustus Post, Israel Ludlow and 
Wilbur Kimball. 


Aucustus J. Post 
SOME PROMINENT MEMBERS OF THE AERONAUTIC COMMITTEE 


Wituiam J. HAMMER 


ALex. GRAHAM BELL 


Wittis L. Moore Ap. C. M. CHESTER 


Congresses and Special Events. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


JE a = | 


INTERIOR OF AERO BUILDING, JUNE 8, 1907 


Contest Committee—Cortland Field Bishop, Chair- 
man; Admiral C. M. Chester, C. S. Sherwood, Allen R. 
Hawley, Lieutenant F. P. Lahm, J. C. McCoy, Leo 
Stevens. 

Buildings, Grounds and Gas Committee—David T. 
Day, Chairman; C. S. Sherwood, W. E. Cottrell, Dr. 
James A. Holmes, Leo Stevens and W. T. Brooke. 

Meteorological Committee ;—Willis L. Moore, Chair- 
man; A. Lawrence Rotch, Professor William H. Picker- 
ing, Professor David T. Todd, Major Henry HE. Hershey, 
James J. Gray, O. L. Fasig. 

Publicity and Promotion Committee—Homer W. 
Hedge, Chairman; Barton Myers, Carl Dienstbach and 
Ernest LaRue Jones. 

Foreign Committee—Carl Dienstbach; Foreign Rep- 
resentative to be appointed by foreign Aero Clubs. 


These committees worked energetically to ar- 
range a series of demonstrations and to collect 
exhibits relating to aeronautics. During the 
spring of 1907 some doubt as to the ability of 
the Exposition Company to erect an aeronautic 
building and furnish gas of such consistency as 
would be adequate for the purpose of inflating 
balloons. The contract for the building was 
not given out until a few weeks before the 
opening of the Exposition, nor was the building 
completed until about the first of July. When 
the Norfolk City Gas Company made its con- 
nections, the committee came from New York 
for the purpose of testing the ascension power 
of the gas and found that it was a mixture of 
water and coal gas, which could not be used. 
Arrangements, however, were made with the 
Gas Company to shut off the general supply 
“and pump in pure coal gas. After coal gas had 
been tried, a large balloon belonging to the 
Aeronautie Club was filled with sixty thousand 
eubie feet of gas, with the result that it barely 
lifted the bag. The Committee, having made 
this test, called off all further balloon ascen- 
sions and practically withdrew from active co- 
operation. 

After the election of Mr. James M. Barr, 
Director General, money was available for the 
forwarding of exhibits, which were in New 
York. When these arrived at the Exposition 
they made a very creditable showing. The con- 
templated feature—that of actual experiment 
—however, was lost, and the erection of a 
building might be termed a failure. 

The following report was prepared by Israel 
Ludlow, Superintendent of Aeronautics: 


The Bureau of Aeronautics was created by the Ex- 
position to correspond with the Bureaus of Yachting, 
Athletics, ete., and it was purposed to gather all avail- 
able exhibits of balloon material, scientific instruments 
adapted for aeronautical purposes, balloons, airships 
and aeroplanes. Owing to the exceptionally inclement 
weather which prevailed during the Winter and early 


763 


Spring, and the fact that the United States Govern- 
ment was very late in advancing the financial assist- 
ance which it has invariably extended during late 
years to large expositions, the Jamestown Exposition 
as a whole was incomplete on Opening Day, and the 
aeronautie building, in particular, was delayed. For 
this reason, it was impossible to adhere strictly to the 
arranged programme. The aeronautic concourse was 
dependent for gas upon a three-inch main running from 
the City of Norfolk to the Exposition Grounds, a dis- 
tance of seven-and-a-half miles. While parts of the 
building had gas earlier, the pipe line through the 
concourse was not completed until early in June and 
all balloon flights had to be postponed until after that 
time. 

The first aeronautical event was a pigeon flight on 
May 9. Five hundred and six pigeons were released 
for a race to Washington, D. C. A bright clear morn- 
ing and a gentle southwest wind insured a fair race, 
and it was extremely successful. Before leaving the 
Exposition Grounds, the pigeons circled twice and then 
disappeared in the direction of their homing station. 
Some of the birds were not racers and the fastest hung 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 
AERONAUTIC BUILDING 


back for the slowest. The speed was about forty-five 
miles per hour, A remarkable feature of this, and of 
the succeeding races to New York and Philadelphia, 

was that the “Washington pigeons flew to the west of 
the grandstand, which was directly north of the releas- 
ing point, and the New York and Philadelphia birds 
flew to the east of it, correctly selecting the direction 
for their home flight to an exact degree corresponding 
to the points of the compass, although some birds when 
passing the stand flew so low that they went under its 
roof. Only half a dozen pigeons were nonplussed by 
the broad expanse of Hampton Roads and Chesapeake 
Bay and turned back. The others, without hesitation, 
went on toward the points from which they had been 
brought in closed crates within express cars. 

The next event was the pigeon race of May 19. 
About twenty-three hundred birds from New Y ork and 
Philadelphia took part. They were all thoroughbreds 
and the race was exceptionally successful. The same 
favorable weather conditions prevailed as on the pre- 
vious oceasion, and the release occupied barely four 
seconds from the time the lids were thrown open until . 
the last pigeon, left the erates. The pigeon coops 
were arranged in a complete circle on the backs of 
benches about three feet above ground. The birds were 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


released at 11:15 A. M., arose in a gigantic column and 
the sound caused by the violent beating of their wings 
was one not easily forgotten by those above whose 
heads the whirling mass of pigeons arose. An idea 
of the swiftness of their wing beats may be gained 
from this fact: A camera which is able to picture a 
running race horse sharply and distinctly shows but 
a blur of the moving wings of many of the birds. This 
lot of pigeons, without hesitation and without circling, 
took a line straight to the point north by east and 
disappeared before the spectators could fully grasp 
that the event was over, so far as the Exposition was 
concerned. The birds made remarkably fast time and 
reached New York and Philadelphia in the early after- 
noon. They traveled at the rate of fifty-nine and a 
fraction miles per hour, The winning birds in the New 
York district were owned by Henry Ingram of Pater- 
son, New Jersey, whose pigeons arrived at 4:05.42; 
Paul F. Miller of Williamsburg, Brooklyn, arrived at 


4:17.48; EF. W. Davis, Borough of Manhattan, New 
York City, 4:16.52; Adolph Busch, Borough of Rich- 
mond, New York City, 4:06.40; J. W. Booth, Essex, 


New Jersey, 4:27.34, and M. G. Meller, Plainfield, New 
Jersey, 4:10.04. There was a slightly superior speed 
in the mile rate traveled by the New York over the 
Philadelphia birds. It is believed to have been due to 
the fact that all the pigeons followed the Atlantic 
sea coast line and that the Philadelphia birds turned 
inward when opposite that city, while the New York 
birds kept on the ocean front to New York. 

There was considerable discussion among the pigeon 
fanciers present as to which crates were best—those 
whose tops 
opened upward 
or those whose 
front ends 
swung outward. 
Opening the en- 
tire top gave a 


quicker release, 
but the fanciers 
Ane OT kOe el 
front opening 
elaimed that in 
allowing the 


birds to rise en 
masse there was 
danger of their 
beating their 
wings against 
each other and 
fracturing a pin- 
ion. The ques- 
tion was not 
settled by these 
races, as the 
point arose too 
late to take defi- 
nite notes on the 
matter. 

During the last 
week in May, 
Lincoln Beachy, 
a professional aeronaut under the management of 
Charles J. Strobel, made a series of dirigible balloon 
flights from the aeronautical concourse about the Expo- 
sition Grounds, each time landing upon Lee’s Parade. 
These flights were very suce essful and attracted wide 
local attention. Mr. Beachy had his airship under full 
control and was able to turn it within its own length. 
He negotiated very successfully some difficult starts 
and landings, though handicapped by tall turrets on 
the Warpath and by high pine trees. The flights of 
the airship were plainly visible from battleships and 
whenever the dirigible balloon was taken out of the 
aeronautic building and ascended over the houses and 
treetops there was a general call from the boats and 
a rush to the sides of the ships by the officers and men, 
who watched with unconcealed interest the flight of 
the well-controlled vessel of the air. The Exposition’s 
contract with the aeronaut called for a sustained flight 
of twenty minutes, and the airship during that time 
circled the Exposition, returning almost to the exact 
spot from which it ascended. 

Early in June, Eugene Godet, a French aeronaut, 
brought to the Exposition in bond a French airship 
of the latest construction and most approved pattern. 
In the afternoon of June 7, after a day of most 
strenuous effort in repairing a broken shaft, the airship 


ISRAEL LUDLOW 


Superintendent of Aeronautics 


was brought out of the building in which it was 
housed and the engine tested. The day had been 
delightful, with practically no breeze stirring, but 


late in the afternoon a wind sprang up in the eastern 
quarter and brought with it heavy clouds. At this 
time a few drops ‘of rain were falling and the breeze 
was freshening every minute. It was with some 
trepidation that Mr. Godet’s assistants saw him essay 
a flight. There was a crowd of several thousand per- 
sons present, who would have felt much disappointed 
if the flight had not been made, and to whom the 
explanation that weather conditions were unfavorable 
Ludlow in the 


* This paper was written by Mr. 


might have proved highly unsat- 


isfactory. Under the cireum- 
stances, Mr. Godet determined 
to go up. The wind was then 


blowing between ten and twelve 
miles an hour. When hold was 
released on the framework of 
airship, the aeronaut rose slowly, 
slightly against the wind, until 
the breeze from over the top 
of the building, caught him, 
when his airship was _ pushed 
backward beyond the concourse. 
For a few moments he held his 
own at a height probably of one 
hundred feet from the ground. 
Not being pointed directly into the wind, he drifted 
sideways and dangerously near a tall windmill near the 
water front, when he trained his airship and presented 
it broadside to the full force of the wind. With great 
rapidity he shot direetly toward two tall pine trees near 
the Inside Inn; these he struck, the force of the wind 
driving his airship through the branches, breaking the 
propeller into halves and causing each half to drop 
to the ground. His rudder also was completely 
wrecked. Propellerless and rudderless, he drifted over 
the roof of the Inside Inn and out over Hampton 
Roads. Immediately upon passing through the trees 
he pulled a safety valve, but struck the water for the 
first time, about five hundred feet from shore. He 
sank but a few inches and rose buoyantly, making a 
leap, urged by the wind which was now half a gale, 
not less than eight hundred feet at an elevation of 
approximately twenty feet before again striking water. 
In successive leaps, each of shorter lengths and pune- 
tuated by deeper immersions, he went over Hampton 
Roads toward Old Point Comfort, about five miles 
distant. Anchored in Hampton Roads was the line of 
battleships, and many naval launches put off to the 
rescue. The launch belonging to the battleship ‘‘ Min- 
nesota’’ was the first to reach the aeronaut, and its 
occupants grabbed the drag rope, but were unable to 
tow the balloon against the wind. The launch was 
dragged through the water by the airship until Mr. 
Godet’s machine struck the battleship ‘‘ Alabama.’’ 
Mr. Godet was in no danger; he refused to desert 
his ship and remained in the framework until hauled 
upon the foredeck of the battleship, where the gas 
envelope was deflated. It was packed and returned 
to the Exposition Grounds. The framework was so 
wrecked that a new one had to be constructed. 

On June 8 dedication exercises were held in the 
aeronautic building. Robert H. Sexton, Chief of the 
Department of Congresses and Special Events: Augus- 
tus Post, Chairman of the Executive Committee of 
the Jamestown Aeronautical Congress; Harry St. George 
Tucker, President of the Exposition Company; Admiral 
C. M. Chester and Israel Ludlow participated. Ad- 
miral Chester’s speech was especially noteworthy, in 
that it dwelt upon the possibilities of the aeroplane in 

rarfare and the value of an aeronautic division to the 
Army and Navy. 

The captive balloon concession was operated by 
Charles J. Strobel in connection with the airships he 
controlled. To inflate these machines, he was using 
a hydrogen generating plant, and this also kept the 
captive balloon filled. Two of these balloons were 
used during the Summer, the first carrying two pas- 
sengers and the second three or four, depending upon 
the weather conditions. A strong ‘wind makes the 
operation of a captive balloon impracticable, on ac- 
count of the swaying of the basket. Often in the early 
morning the breeze was too brisk, but a lull usually 
came in the afternoon and at this time the captive 
balloon was most popular. The charge for a balloon 
ascension was one dollar, twenty-five per cent of which 
went to the Exposition. The view at the height of 
seven hundred to one thousand feet was well worth 
the cost. Cape Henry and Cape Charles were visible 
and the wide line of sand which marks the Atlantic 
beach shown brightly in the sunlight; the fortifications 
of Fort Monroe were clearly in view and the tall 
buildings and church spires of Norfolk, Portsmouth and 
Newport News looked like toy houses in the distance, 
while James River and Chesapeake Bay lost themselves 
far away in the Summer haze. On several occasions 
the captive balloon was up at the same time that the 
airship was flying and the aeronaut, to show his skill, 
circled around the balloon. The officers and men of 
the Army and Navy were both deeply interested in the 
airship, for rumors had been rife during the Summer 
that airships would probably form a new arm of the 
Service. 

From a_ scientific standpoint, the aeroplane or 
‘‘heavier-than-air’’ machine is the airship of the fu- 
ture. The aeroplane,* however, is but in the first 
stages of development both in Europe and America. 

The difficulty with aeroplane flights has been to 
secure a form of surface which will balance itself—that 
is, maintain an equilibrium in the air. As a matter of 
experiment, a great kite forty feet in length and 


EUGENE GODET 


Aeronaut 


Fall of 1907.—Ep. 


Congresses and Special Events. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 
J. G. Maas AtremptinG FLIGHT wiTH AEROPLANE 


twenty-five feet wide was constructed and mounted 
on boats made of water-tight canvas. During the 
month of August an attempt was made to fly this kite. 
A rope hawser three hundred feet long was attached 
to the kite and to the Navy tug ‘‘Potomac,’’ but the 
tug proved too slow to raise the aeroplane in the air 
and during the trial the pontoon boats became water- 
logged. The next trial was made by mounting the 
aeroplane on two sixteen-oared cutters and a torpedo 
boat was to tow. On the second occasion, ten soldiers 
of the Signal Corps helped in the experiment. Four 
of these soldiers were in the cutters to assist the flight 
of the aeroplane, and J. G. Maas, a professional bal- 
loonist, acted as aeronaut. Two flags were carried, 
one with a red center and one with a blue, and the 
instructions were that when there was any danger to 
wave the red flag and when everything was going 
well to wave the blue. It was found that when the 
boats were towed at a speed faster than fourteen or 
fifteen miles an hour, they would swamp. The aero- 
plane and cutters were towed out into Hampton Roads, 
where a run of several miles could be had through deep 
water and in the direction from which the wind was 
coming. The torpedo boat was sent ahead at full 
speed. Very quickly a speed of twenty-two miles an 
hour was gained. The aeronaut and soldiers gallantly 
waved the blue flag, although they knew what the 
result would be, but after a run of several hundred 
yards the cutters, aeroplane and soldiers went under 
the water. The torpedo boat was stopped and the 
soldiers and aeronaut, all of whom wore life preservers, 
were picked up. A new aeroplane was constructed 
by the soldiers of the Signal Corps and was tried on 
Lee’s Parade. This time it was towed by six artillery 
horses attached to a gun e¢arriage and about two 
hundred feet of rope was used. On the first trial, the 
rope broke. On the second and third trials, the aero- 
plane rose in the air to a height of one hundred feet 
and after going half way across Lee’s Parade it 
swerved and struck the earth with force enough to 
wreck it. This accident was due to a faulty attach- 
ment of the bridle. 

The safe landing of the aeroplane is one of its 
most difficult problems. Though seemingly a failure, 
the Exposition experiments were of great value by 
reason of the knowledge obtained of the action of the 
aeroplane’s surface when moving at different velocities 
and at various angles of inclination. Sooner or later 
these different problems will be solved, as the result of 
painstaking effort. 


BUREAU OF MUSIC 


On February 8, 1907, Mr. Sexton made a 
number of recommendations to the Board of 
Governors, among which were the appointment 
of Sydney Lloyd Wrightson as Honorary Di- 
rector of Music and the employment of Wilham 
Wall Whiddit as Superintendent of the Bureau 
of Music, the duties of the latter to consist in 
the direction of organizing choruses, assisting 
in the making up of musical programmes and 
to act as the official organist of the Exposition. 
He requested that authority should be given 
to him to contract with not less than four of 
the principal concert bands of the country and 
organize a permanent chorus of forty voices to 
sing at the Auditorium from two to three times 
a week. After several weeks delay Mr. 
Wrightson and Mr. Whiddit were appointed. 
On March 22, 1907, a musical programme for 
the Exposition was outlined. 

There were ten recommendations: 

First—The organization of a chorus of be- 
tween three hundred and five hundred voices to 
take part in the ceremonies on April 26 (Open- 


765 


ing Day), June 10 (Georgia Day), June 12 
(Virginia Day), and July 4 (Independence 
Day) and such other days as might be de- 
termined. 

Second—The organization of a chorus. of 
forty or more voices to sing during organ and 
piano recitals. 

Third—The organization of a children’s 
chorus to sing on May 13 (Jamestown Day), 
July 4 (Independence Day) and on Pubhe 
School Day and such other occasions as might 
later be deemed desirable. 

Fourth—That on Mondays, Tuesdays and 
Fridays, either afternoons or evenings, the 
Auditorium be utilized for the holding of organ 
and piano recitals and other musical events ex- 
clusive of band concerts and the twelve con- 
certs to be given under the terms of the con- 
tract with the Stieff Piano Company. 

Fifth—That on one of these three afternoons 
or evenings a chorus of forty picked voices 
should render a programme, assisted by local or 
foreign artists, either vocal or instrumental. 

Sixth—That on the other two afternoons or 
evenings, vocalists, violinists, pianists and or- 
ganists of recognized ability should be engaged. 

Seventh—That on certain tentative dates— 
May 22, June 21, July 17, August 21, Septem- 
ber 13, October 19 and November 20—arrange- 
ments should be effected with such high class 
artists as Schumann-Heinck, Emma Eames, 
Nordica, Sembrich and other great vocalists ; 


Rosenthal, Gabriolwitch, Peppercorn, Patri- 
colo, Sherwood and other great pianists; 


Arthur Hartman, Sauret and other great vio- 
linists, and Clarence Eddy and other great or- 
ganists, with a view of having these appear at 
the Exposition. 

Eighth—That a cup of the approximate 
value of two hundred and fifty dollars should 
be offered for a choral contest and another 
cup valued approximately at one hundred and 
fifty dollars for a glee club contest, and that a 
board of judges consisting of five prominent 
men be appointed, one each from the cities of 
Norfolk, Washington, Richmond, Baltimore 
and Atlanta, to decide on the merits of the 
competitors. 

Ninth—That the Bureau of Music be author- 
ized to arrange for twelve concerts to be given 
under the terms of the contract with the Stieff 
Piano Company. 

Tenth—That the Bureau of Music be author- 
ized to negotiate with the leading organists of 
the country through the American Guild of 
Organists or any other source, with the view 
of securing the best and the most prominent 
organists for recitals. 

Authority was given for the organization of 
a chorus of 
from three 
hundred to 
five hundred 
voices, and 
Mr. Sexton 
pays. tribute 
to Mr. Whid- 
dit for his 
eood work in 
enlisting the 
interest of 
Sune ers 
through the 
southern see- 
tion. He says 
also that Mr. 
Whiddit was 
very success- 
ful in organ- 
izing a splen- 
did children’s 
chorus. 


SYDNEY LLOYD WRIGHTSON 
Honorary Director of Music 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Through a contract with the Austin Organ 
Company of Hartford, Conn., a magnificent 
organ was built in the Auditorium and many 
of the greatest organists in America played 
on the instrument. With very few exceptions 
these artists played gratuitously, the Exposi- 
tion only paying their transportation and a per 
diem for expenses. The organ recitals were 
well attended as a rule and provided entertain- 
ment of a character which elicited much favor- 
able comment from the public generally. 

One of the most perplexing problems men- 
tioned by Mr. Sexton in his report was that of 
providing music by the national concert bands. 
One hundred and sixty-four applications were 
listed, and notwithstanding the importance of 
booking these bands in good season, the Chief 
of the Department of Special Events states that 
it was not possible to obtain action by the 
Board of Governors for months after the mat- 
ter had been brought to their attention. About 
three weeks before the opening the Board au- 
thorized the Chairman to contract with three 
of the leading bands. A contract was made 
with Phinney’s United States Band to play 
from May 13 
to July 4 
with Innes’ 
Orchestral 
Band from 
Plo et ow 
four weeks, 
and with Lib- 
eratti’s  Ital- 
ian Band for 
four weeks 
during Sep- 
tember. No 
provision had 
been made at 
that time for 
music at the 
opening of the 
Exposition, 
because the 
Chairman of 
the Board of 
Governors felt 
confident that he could secure the services of 
the United States Marine Band from Washing- 
ton. One week before the Exposition opened it 
was ascertained that this band would not be 
available. By direction of the Chairman of 


WILLIAM WALL WHIDDI 
Superintendent of Music 


es 


the Board of Governors, Mr. Sexton tele- 
graphed to Captain Frederick Phinney, of 


Phinney’s United States Band, to come to Nor- 
folk. When he arrived it was found that pre- 
vious arrangements would prevent his regular 
band from appearing, but through his assis- 
tance the Lynn Brass Band of Boston was pro- 
vided and arrived in Norfolk on the twenty- 
fifth of April. 

An interesting musical feature was a contest 
which took place during the first week in May 
between the visiting marine bands on board the 
United States warships. This contest was a 
suecess in every particular, the winners being 
the bands from the battleship ‘‘Ohio’’ and the 
receiving ship ‘‘Franklin.”’ 


BANDS 


On May 13, Phinney’s Band began its six 
weeks engagement, which was followed by 
Innes’ Band, which played four weeks. On 
July 5, through the courtesy of the President 
of the Republic of Mexico and the efforts of 
the Mexican Military Commission, the Mexican 
National Band arrived and provided music un- 
til the first day of October. This magnificent 
corps was furnished by the Mexican Govern- 
ment as an evidence of good will. It served 


without remuneration and its excellent musie 
was greatly appreciated. One week before the 
close of Innes’ engagement Phinney’s Band 
was brought back to the Exposition and their 
engagement lasted until the fifteenth of No- 
vember. Mr. Sexton reports: ‘‘It was deemed 
expedient by this Department and Mr. Barr, 
Director General, to provide two large econ- 
cert bands, giving two daily concerts each, at 
all times. It was also deemed advisable to pro- 
vide a small band of twenty pieces for general 
utility work. This band was found to be one 
of the most useful musical organizations at the 


Exposition. Often more than three special 
events were scheduled within the different 


periods of a day. A major portion of the 
music was furnished at the opening of exercises 
by this band.”’ 

Liberatti’s Band was scheduled to appear on 
October 10, but instead of playing four weeks 
it stayed at the Exposition only nine days. 
After the Mexican National Band left, ar- 
rangements were made with the Royal Ar- 
tillery Band of Baltimore to play one week. 
Ellery’s Italian Band of forty-eight men fol- 
lowed Phinney’s Band. While this band was 
at the Exposition there was some trouble with 
the American Federation of Music concerning 
the compensation which was paid to musicians. 
Under the authority of the Board of Goy- 
ernors, and later the Director General, the De- 
partment of Congresses and Special Events was 
permitted to spend a sum equal to fifty per cent 
of the sale of reserved seats in the Auditorium 
for the payment of musicians and other artists 
who appeared in the hall. Contracts were 
made with organists, violinists, Fisk Jubilee 
Singers, the Philippine Orchestra and singers 
to appear from time to time in the Auditorium. 
The revenue from this source was of little con- 
sequence, by reason of the small attendance. 
While a great deal of music was provided in 
this manner, few engagements were made with 
artists of wide reputation because of the fail- 
ure of those who came to derive any material 
benefit from their concerts. 

Among the most attractive musical events 
given during the Exposition was the rendition 
of special musical numbers by a combination of 
bands and the great pipe organ. Another 
special feature was the playing each night of 
‘The Star Spangled Banner’’ just as the lights 
were slowly turned on. There were few more 
beautiful Exposition features than this leis- 
urely illumination at the Ter-Centennial, and 
the accompaniment of the patriotic air made 
it even more impressive. 

The Moller Organ Company of Hagerstown, 
Md., provided a magnificent organ for Con- 
vention Hall. 

Mr. Whiddit, reporting as Superintendent of 
Music, states that the Bureau was organized 
in March, 1907, prior to which time a consid- 
erable correspondence had been carried on with 
organizations and individuals desiring to give 
recitals, both vocal and instrumental. Syd- 
ney Lloyd Wrightson, the Director of the 
Washington College of Music, was selected as 
Honorary Director, and his duties were to cor- 
respond with artists, to arrange for concerts 
by a symphony orchestra and song recitals and 
to give the oratorio of ‘‘The Messiah’’ on the 
evening of opening day by the chorus known 
as the Washington Choral Society. The con- 
cert, which was to have been given in Con- 
vention Hall, was necessarily postponed be- 
eause the building was not finished and it was 
the only one on the grounds large enough to 
seat the chorus and provide ample room for 
the audience. The date for the concert was 
changed to May 13, and it was then found 
necessary for some reason again to postpone 


766 


Congresses and Special Events. 


DAVID BISPHAM 


Baritone 


Contralto 


it. Finally Mr. Wrightson found it impractica- 
ble to bring the chorus to the Exposition, for 
the reason that the Governors did not feel that 
they were in a position to guarantee the heavy 
expenses of the concert as well as to provide 
for the transportation and entertainment of 
the chorus. Mr. Wrightson visited the Expo- 
sition upon several occasions, giving a song 
recital and assisting at several concerts. He 
received no salary or compensation for his val- 
uable services. 


FESTIVAL CHORUS 


Mr. Whiddit was engaged as Superintendent 
on the first of March, 1907, and entered upon his 
duties at onee. His first work was the organi- 
zation of a festival chorus of five hundred 
voices to sing at the dedicatory exercises on 
opening day. He visited the cities of Suffolk 
and Newport News and in those places as well 
as in Norfolk had frequent rehearsals. The Su- 
perintendent of Musie states that he met with 
considerable opposition on the part of several 
of the local choir directors, who not only re- 
fused to lend their services but endeavored 
to discourage the movement. Notwithstanding 
the opposition, the chorus might well be con- 
sidered a success. Owing to the fact of the 
crowded condition of the transportation lines 
and the inadequate terminal facilities, espec- 
ially for the landing of boats, the chorus did 
not arrive at the Exposition Grounds in time to 
sing at the opening exercises. They did, how- 


ever, arrive in time to sing ‘‘America’’ at the 
close. Following the grand review of the 


troops, the chorus gave an hour’s concert from 
the reviewing stand on Lee’s Parade. The 
President and members of the official party 
remained to listen. The selections sung and 


A. LIBERATTI 


767 


MRS. B. A. WEINSCHENCK 


Soprano 


directed by Mr. Whiddit were ‘‘America,’’ 
‘The Heavens are Telling,’’ from the Oratorio 
of The Creation, and the Official Hymn—the 
words of which were written by William M. 
Pegram and the music composed especially for 
these words by Wilberforce Owst, both of 
these gentlemen from Baltimore. 

Mr. Whiddit pays a high tribute to the words 
and the music of this opening ode and to 
Hobart Smock, the noted tenor of Baltimore, 
who sang the ode as a solo. In the trio of ‘‘The 
Heavens are Telling,’’ Mrs. Blanche Armstrong 
Weinschenck of New York was soprano, Hobart 
Smock the tenor and Sydney Lloyd Wright- 
son, baritone. Following this, the ‘‘ Alleluia 
Chorus’’ from ‘‘The Messiah’’ was sung, Mr. 
Wrightson conducting, and the concert was 
concluded by the singing of the National An- 
them, ‘‘The Star Spangled Banner.’’ 


CHILDREN’S CHORUS 


In speaking of the children’s chorus, Mr. 
Whiddit states that altogether over fourteen 
hundred children sang at the Exposition at dif- 
ferent periods.. The plan of the Superinten- 
dent was to visit daily the public schools of the 
cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth, Suffolk and 
Newport News, selecting singly the children 
who would form part of the chorus. Rehear- 
sals were then held and from three to five hun- 
dred gathered together and rehearsed in a 
body. The first appearance of these children 
was on May 30, known as ‘‘Patrick Henry 
Day,’’ when over six hundred children sang in 
Convention Hall, when William Jennings 
Bryan and other distinguished speakers ad- 
dressed the meeting. 

The next appearance was upon 


(= 


June 


‘“Tidewater Virginia Day’’—when eleven hun- 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


JOSEPH MAERZ 
Pianist 


dred and twenty children, accompanied by 
Phinney’s Band and directed by Mr. Whiddit, 
sang several patriotic airs and ‘‘ Virginia, The 
Mother of States,’’ a song especially written 
for the occasion by Miss Lilhan Turner, a 
young lady of Norfolk. 

‘““The work of these children,’’ reports Mr. 
Whiddit, ‘‘cannot be spoken of too highly. It 
was one of the great musical successes of the 
Exposition and brought forth the highest 
praise from thousands who listened to their 
sweet young voices singing together in perfect 
time and tune. The children’s chorus sang 
again June 29 and on July 2 (‘West Virginia 
Day’ ). For this occasion the children had 
been especially engaged by the West Virginia 
Commissioners. They also sang on the Fourth 
of July, known as ‘Thomas Jefferson Memo- 
rial Day’ or ‘Independence Day.’ Nearly 
seven hundred children were seated then on 
the stage and in seats adjoining. The children 
visited the Exposition twice in July and three 
times in August and were invited to sing later 
but on account of the opening of the schools 
this was found to be impracticable. The work 
of training this large chorus was enormous. 
The handling of them at terminal stations, 
the safe transportation of them over the trolley 
lines to the Exposition and the return in special 
cars required great care, and Mr. Whiddit gave 
to this work his entire attention. Special men- 
tion should be made of the singing of the chil- 
dren on ‘Knights of Columbus Day,’ when the 
Papal Delegate personally thanked Mr. Whid- 
dit for the pleasure which the singing of the 
two hundred and fifty children had given 
him.’’ 

The large corps, known as the ‘‘ Jamestown 
Chorus,’’ gave a second successful concert on 
May 13. They also sang on the opening on 
the evening of July 4, on ‘‘Eagles’ Day’’ and 
on Thanksgiving Day. This latter farewell ap- 
pearance was assisted by Mrs. Blanche Arm- 
strong Weinschenk, soprano; Mr. William Wall 
Whiddit, tenor soloist; Mr. Raymond Pearce, 
tenor; Mr. J. W. Cooper, basso, and Mr. A. M. 
Wilber, accompanist. In his report Mr. Whid- 
dit returns his thanks and heartily praises 
Mrs. Laura de Bussey Berry of Norfolk, A. M. 
Wilber of Suffolk and Ben J. Potter of Rich- 
mond, the first two of whom assisted him so 
ably as accompanists at the piano and the lat- 
ter in a similar capacity at the organ. 

The Hampton Roads Glee Club gave a con- 
cert in the Auditorium on the opening night. 
This Club, consisting of twenty-five well 
trained young male voices under the direction 
of Mr. Hamilton, not only sang alone but 
ably superintended the Jamestown Chorus on 
that occasion. 

In addition to his work with the choruses, 


2? 


FRANCIS McMILLAN 
Violinist 


EARL J. PFOUTS 
Violinist 


the duty of the Superintendent was to keep 
up correspondence with a number of organiza- 
tions in regard to engagements for organ re- 
citals, as well as to communicate with other so- 
loists who wished engagements. During the 
latter months Mr. Whiddit was obliged to can- 
cel a number of engagements with well known 
organists, such as Will McFarlane, R. Hunting- 
ton Woodman, Garrett Smith, William C. Carl 
and others, because there was no assurance that 
these artists could be paid for their services. A 
magnificent Austin organ was secured by Mr. 
Whiddit as an exhibit for the Exposition, at a 
cost to the Company of three thousand dollars 
as a rental to cover the expenses of setting up 
the instrument in the Auditorium. From the 
opening until the closing of the Exposition 
some of the very best organists of the country 
played on this instrument to their entire satis- 
faction. Some one used the organ daily. Not 
once was a recital interrupted “by a cipher or 
stoppage of the motor for any cause whatso- 
ever. In other words, the organ proved to be a 
wonderfully successful instrument with an ac- 
tion most responsive to the touch, repeating 
as fast as it was possible for an organist to 
touch the keys, beautifully toned and well de- 
signed. The Winchester system, upon which 
this organ was constructed, gave an absolutely 
steady pressure of air that at all times was ade- 
quate to the demands placed upon it. The 
playing of Sullivan’s ‘‘Lost Chord’? by Phin- 
ney’s Band to the accompaniment of the organ 
was a triumph at the climax, when the entire 
power of the organ was used. It sustained the 
chord so perfectly and gave such a magnificent 
body to the band musie that it was almost im- 
possible to detach one source from the other. 
The Official Organist generally presided at the 
organ during these renditions. 


ORGAN RECITALS 


A feature of the. organ was the Chimes—an 
octave and a half of tubular cones hung in the 
solo swell box. These were very effectively 
tuned and were played from the solo keyboard. 
The bell sounds added much to the charm of 
the organ and the pleasure of the listener. The 
organ season was informally opened at a re- 
ception to President Roosevelt on opening day. 
At this time Mr. Whiddit played. The formal 
opening took place on Monday, May 6, at the 
inauguration of a week’s recital given by Mr. 
Clarence Eddy, one of America’s most noted 
organists. The following organists gave re- 
citals from June 24: 

June 24—William Wall Whiddit. 

June 25-28—KE. Jores. 

June 28—William Wall Whiddit. 

July 1-10—William Wall Whiddit. 


Congresses and Special Events. 


the Kreutzer 


July 6—Special 
Male Quartette. 

July 11-12—J. H. Shepherd. 

July 13—William Wall Whiddit. 

Week of July 15—Ernest H. Cosby. 

July 19-22—William Wall Whiddit. 

July 23-27—A. S. Brooke of Brooklyn. 

July 29-31—E. C. Napier of Pittsburgh. 

August 1-2—E. G. Napier. 

August 3—William Wall Whiddit. 

August 5-7—C. Leshe Carpenter. 

August 6—Special recital by George 8. Dun- 
ham of Boston. 

August 8-10—R. A. Laslett Smith of Water- 
bury, Connecticut. 

August 12—Edward Havens of New York. 
Mr. Havens was assisted by Miss Dorothea Mol- 
ler, contralto. 

August 13—J. F. Richardson, Atlanta, Ga. 

August 14-16—S. F. Smith, Washington, 
D. C. Mr. Smith was assisted by Miss Moller. 

August 19-24—G. H. Fairclough of St. Paul. 

August 26—William Wall Whiddit. 

August 27-29—T. W. Musgrove. 

August 30-31—William Wall Whiddit. 

August 31—A special recital by T. W. Mus- 
erove. 

September 2-6—Recitals by C. P. Landi of 
Duluth. At the first two of these Mrs. Herbert 
Brown, soprano, assisted. 

September 5—William Wall Whiddit. 

September 9-11—James MeGarvin, assisted 
by Mrs. Blanche Armstrong Weinschenck. 

September 11—Special song recital by Mrs. 
Blanche Armstrong Weinschenk, accompanied 
by Mr. Whiddit. 

September 12-14—N. 
Mrs. Weinschenk. 

September 16-19—Walter Keller of Chicago. 

September 20-21 — 
William W. Whiddit. 

September 24-27 — 
Alfred Butler. 

September 28—Wil- 
liam Wall Whiddit. 

September 30— Ed- 
ward Kreiser of Kan- 
sas City. 

October 1-5 
ward Kreiser. 

October 7-8 — Wil- 
lam Wall Whiddit. 

October 9-11—J. 
Warren Andrews, 
New York. 

October 12 — Wil - 
lam Wall Whiddit. 

October 14-16 — J. 
Perey Starnes, organ- 
MtworeeAlle sad nts” 
Cathedral, Albany. 

October 17-19—Re- 
citals by J. J. MeClel- 
lan, organist of the fa- 
mous Mormon Taber- 
nacle, who visited the 
Exposition with the 
Utah delegation. 

October 21 — Wil - 
liam Wall Whiddit. 

October 22-23— 
Clifford Demarest, 
Secretary of the 
American Guild of Or- 
ganists. 

October 24-30—William Wall Whiddit. 

October 31—Shepherd Webb of Richmond. 

Piano recitals were given daily—from the 
opening day for the first two weeks by Mr. 


concert by 


Hering, assisted by 


Ed- 


NotTre.—In some minor instances the accounts of 


and by the Superintendent of a Bureau, disagree. 


J. Warren Anprews, G. A. FaircLoucH, Epwarp KRreEIsER 
J. J. McCvetian, CLarence Eppy, WaLTER KELLER 
Ernest H. Crossy, CriirForp DEMAREST, ALFRED BUTLER 


SOME FAMOUS ORGANISTS WHO GAVE 
RECITALS of 


Pfouts, violinist. 
piano recitals for 


Shonert, assisted by Earl JJ. 
Joseph Maerz gave daily 
the remainder of the month of May, and 
through the month of June. Mr. Maerz also 
gave daily piano recitals during the month of 
July. 

On July 4, Sydney Lloyd Wrightson gave 
a special song recital. July 23 and 24, Mr. 
Rice, a baritone, gave two recitals. 

August 6-10, E. M. Shonert and Earl J. 
Pfouts gave piano and violin recitals. August 
14-16, Mr. Maertz gave a piano recital, assisted 
by Miss Dorothea Moller. August 19-31, piano 
and violin recitals by Mr. Shonert and Mr. 
Pfouts. August 31, one of the principal mu- 
sical treats of the Exposition was a concert 
given by the Arion Singing Society of Brook- 
lyn. Fifty male voices under the direction of 
Mr. Clausen gave a delightful concert in the 
Auditorium. Mr. Whiddit presided at the 
organ. 

September 9-20 Otto Pfefferkorn gave daily 
piano recitals. There was a piano recital 
on September 21 by J. P. Rowland, and 
piano and violin recitals on the twenty-third 
and twenty-fourth by Mr. Shonert and Mr. 
Pfouts. 

From September 20 to the close of the 
month the Fisk Jubilee Singers from Nashville 
gave two concerts daily in the Auditorium. 
The singing of the negro melodies and folk 
songs was an attraction that proved agreeable 
to the large audiences that attended. Sep- 
tember 23-28, special violin recitals were given 


by J. P. Rowland, accompanist. September 
30, Madame Rosa Linde, song recital. Septem- 


ber 24-30, special week’s engagement with the 
Royal Artillery Band of Baltimore, giving two 
daily concerts in the Auditorium. September 
26, a special song reci- 
tal by Milla de Cygno. 


This charming artist 
had just come from 
Berlin and made her 
first appearance in 
America at the Exposi- 
tion, 

October 1-12, the 
Fisk Jubilee Singers 


gave daily recitals. 
October 2-5, Madame 
Rosa Linde, contralto, 
gave special song reei- 
tals, assisted by J. P. 
Rowland, pianist. 
October 7-12, F. W. 
Weaver, the blind 
pianist, gave daily 
piano recitals. Octo- 
ber 14-28, J. P. Row- 
land, piano recitals. 
October 10, Liberatti’s 
Italian Band began a 


two week’s engage- 
ment. October 14-31, 


the Filipino Orchestra 
gave daily concerts, 
and the Fisk Jubilee 
Singers also sang. 
October 17, David Bis- 
pham gave a song reci- 
tal. This great artist 
delighted an audience 
over a thousand 

people, who thor- 
oughly enjoyed every number of his splendidly 
arranged programme. October 25 there was 
a special concert by the Confederate Choir and 
a violin recital by Francis McMillan. 


the same item, given by the Director of the Division 
No attempt has been made to harmonize. 


Where this 


article is not an exact quotation it is a true digest with this exception that some manifest inaccuracies have 


been omitted.—Eb. 


769 


TRANSPORTATION 


HE Traffic and Transportation Depart- 
ment of the Exposition was established 
by the Board of Governors during the 
fall of 1906. R. C. Hicks was appointed 

Traffic Manager and reported to C. Brooks 
Johnston, Chairman of the Board of Governors. 
Hon. Alvah H. Martin was appointed Governor 
of Transportation in January, 1907. He re- 
tained the services of Mr. Hicks, changing his 
title to Superintendent of Transportation, and 
appointed L. W. Silverster his assistant and E. 
W. Ligon, Yard Master. Mr. Ligon had pre- 
viously been appointed Chief Clerk to Mr. Hicks 
on December 4, 1906. 

Mr. Hicks remained in charge until March 24, 
1907, when he was compelled to retire on ac- 
count of severe illness, and E. J. Cunningham 
was appointed Superintendent. Mr. Cunning- 
ham retained the same assistants. 


REORGANIZING DEPARTMENT 


When Mr. Martin was elected Director- 
General, he appointed E. W. Ligon, former 
Yard Master, Chief of the Division with the 
title of Director of 
Transportation, and B. 
J. Sefton became Yard 
Master and continued 
as such until the work 
of the Department was 
concluded. 

The duties which 
were assigned to Mr. 
Hicks were to co-oper- 
ate with the various 
roads and _ steamship 
lines, with the view of 
inaugurating a tariff to 
take care of shipments 
of exhibits and building 
materials to and from 
the Exposition Grounds. <A joint agreement re- 
garding rates, rules and regulations became 
effective November 17, 1906. It was signed by 
representatives of the Atlantie Coast Line Rail- 
road, the Baltimore Steam Packet Company, the 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway, the Chesapeake 
Steamship Company, the Clyde Line, the Mer- 
chants’ & Miners’ Transportation Company, 
the Norfolk & Southern Railroad, the Norfolk 
& Washington Steamboat Company, the Nor- 
folk & Western Railway, the Old Dominion 
Steamship Company, the Seaboard Air Line 
Railway, the Southern Railway, the New York, 
Philadelphia & Norfolk Railroad, the Virginia 
Navigation Company, and the Tidewater (Vir- 
ginian) Railway. 


E. W. LIGON 


Director of Transportation 


FREIGHT DELIVERIES 


When this tariff went into effect, there were 
two lines making deliveries within the grounds 
—the Norfolk & Atlantic Terminal, an electric 
division of the Norfolk & Portsmouth Traction 
Company, and the Tidewater Railway, later 
known as the Virginian Railway. The fourth 
section of this tariff agreement related to the 
terminal charges of the Exposition Company, 
which were in addition to the rates charged by 
delivering carriers. The building contractors 
were much exercised over the terminal charge 
of four dollars per ear, because they elaimed 
that the Exposition Company performed no 
service. When this opposition developed, the 


Board of Governors passed a_ resolution, 
whereby the terminal charges thus assessed 
would be refunded to the consignee in cases 
where the Exposition was put to no expense 
in the handling of his material. The Norfolk 
& Atlantic Terminal Company were making 
deliveries on two parallel team tracks in the 
west end of the Grounds, each track approxi- 
mating twenty-two cars to the clear with a 
fifteen car lead, making a total delivery room 
of fifty-nine cars. The Virginian Railway made 
deliveries on three parallel team tracks in the 
east end of the Grounds, each track approxi- 
mating fifteen cars to the clear with a two car 
lead, making a total delivery room of forty- 
seven cars. The tracks in both instances were 
owned by the operating companies. The Expo- 
sition Company made eighteen hundred feet of 
track connecting the two terminals, with the 
hope that the equipment would be interchanged 
and in this way various loads could be placed 
at the most convenient points for delivery. 
The railroads would not consent to this ar- 
rangement, each calculating to control the 
business in its respective end of the Grounds. 
The Exposition granted to the Virginian Rail- 
way the privilege of making deliveries on the 
connection mentioned, but owing to the few 
buildings erected along the way shght advan- 
tage was taken of this privilege. 


BRIDGE DISASTER 


On January 25, 1907, a serious accident dis- 
abled the drawbridge over Tanner’s Creek. 
This misfortune prevented the Norfolk & At- 
lantie Terminal from handling any more ear- 
load freight and threw the entire business to the 
Virginian Railway. On the first of February, 
the Virginian Railway refused to place cars 
within the Grounds unless the Exposition Com- 
pany would pay to them, out of the four dollars 
terminal charge, two dollars per ear for switch- 
ing, not only on ears unloaded from that date, 
but on all previous business. The Exposition 
Company undertook to switch cars from the 
Virginian connection to the Norfolk & Atlantic 
Terminal’s tracks with a dinkie engine which 
had been hired by the Exposition Company 
from Seofield & Company, contractors for the 
Government Pier. The business was executed 
under this arrangement until the first of March, 
when it was found necessary to secure a stand- 
ard switch engine for work within the Grounds. 
The Exposition Company then leased or bought 
all of the tracks on the site, hired an engine 
from the Norfolk & Western Railway and col- 
lected the terminal charges. The Exposition 
track leases extended for ninety days after 
the close of the Fair. During March it was 
learned that the tracks within the Grounds 
would not accommodate the business, which 
was fast increasing, and as a result new tracks 
were laid and completed about the first of April, 
yielding an inside yard capacity of three hun- 
dred and fifty cars, with a storage room on the 
Virginian Railway and Exposition joit con- 
nection of one hundred and fifty ears. This 
enabled the Exposition Company to take care 
of five hundred ears a day. 


FREIGHT INCREASE 


The joint tracks on the outside of the 
Grounds were used as a connection, and this 


770 


Transportation. 


compelled the Exposition Company to pull all 
loads into the Grounds and put the empties 
back. The number of cars handled daily from 
the first of March to April 24 steadily increased, 
but from April 24 they gradually decreased. 
On March 24, 1907, it was learned that one 
switch engine and one crew was not sufficient 
to handle the increased business, so a second 
erew was authorized. The work was then 
running behind, the yards were badly con- 
gested with loads and were getting worse each 
day, until an embargo was put on Exposition 
freight. Just at this time a second engine and 
two extra crews were authorized, and the con- 
gestion was relieved, the situation coming 
under control. 

The tracks were all laid on natural beds 
without ballast. This caused derailment after 
derailment. In fact, as many as seventeen de- 
railments occurred in one day and night. In 
justice to the Exposition, however, it may be 
said that ballast was not to be had for love or 
money. 


DIFFICULTIES IN HANDLING 


A serious drawback to the Transportation 
Department was due to the fact that all the 
freight to Pine Beach had to pass through the 
Exposition Grounds. While this business ap- 
proximated only fifteen cars a day, one can 
appreciate what a trial it was to the yard crew 
when they understand that, in order to make 
deliveries at Pine Beach, it was necessary to 
clear the main track of all cars (sometimes 
forty or fifty of these would be in the way), tow 
them a distance of one mile, make storage room 
for them, draw the empties from Pine Beach 
and then deliver the loads. In many eases, the 
Norfolk & Atlantic Terminal Company would 
promise to be ready to furnish empties and 
take loads at certain hours, yet the Exposi- 
tion’s crew would have to wait three or four 
hours after the stated time before the Traction 
Company would start to do business, and in 
some instances they could not turn a wheel, 
this causing serious delay, great inconvenience 
and_accomplishing no good. The Norfolk & 
Portsmouth Traction Company were known to 
keep from fifteen to twenty empties on hand 
fifteen or twenty days before being able to 
return them, thus tying up equipment and 
valuable track room. 

Another drawback to the Transportation 
Department was the non-co-operation of con- 
tractors receiving freight. They were very 
careless as to how they performed their unload- 
ing. For instance: They would cut stanchions 
from the sides of flat cars of lumber, and allow 
the contents to drop on either side and remain 
by the tracks three or four days before carting 
any away; they would drop beams from gon- 
dolas, leaving the stones on the tracks under 
ears for days at a time; they would unload 
lumber alongside the track in valuable team 
space too near for clearance and thus jeopardize 
the lives of the train crew; they would unload 
lumber from both flat and box cars on one side, 
leaving the other unloaded, causing, as every 
one knows, a possible derailment of a car when 
the roadbed is unballasted. Consignees cer- 
tainly worked to their own disadvantage by 
pursuing these tactics. 


HAULING CONTRACT 


On the fourteenth day of April, 1906, The 
Exposition Hauling and Storage Company ob- 
tained the privilege to do a hauling and storage 
business on the Grounds, but they gave up their 
contract. The Exposition, naturally, was not 
expecting this, and, while unprepared, re- 


771 


sponded quickly to the emergency. It became 
necessary to hire teams and labor at exorbitant 
prices and to buy apparatus with which to pro- 
ceed immediately, in order to accommodate the 
exhibitors, who were anxious to get their goods 
installed. The Transportation Department con- 
tinued to perform this service until the close 
of the Exposition, when The Export Shipping 
Company received a contract to remove the 
exhibits. This Company was placed under a 
bond of five thousand dollars, to be forfeited 
if they failed to perform their duties under the 
contract. The Export Shipping Company was 
to pay the Exposition Company two cents per 
hundred pounds for freight actually handled, 
and this two cents was presumed to cover the 
Exposition Company’s expenses for switching. 
They continued to do business until December 
24, when they claimed that the bulk of the ex- 
hibits had been moved and declined to remain 
longer, thus throwing the loading and teaming 
on the Department. Happily, this move was 
expected and no delay was experienced in or- 
ganizing and continuing the work. <A joint 
agency was established on the first of March, 
1907, in which the railways and steamboat lines 
entering Norfolk were represented. The pur- 
pose of this agency was to check deliveries of 
exhibits and keep proper records incident to 
their free return at the close of the Exposition. 
In this connection it might be said that the 
joint agreement mentioned before as having 
become effective on November 17, 1906, regu- 
lated the terms and conditions which governed 
the free return of exhibits, it being the general 
custom at Expositions to grant to bona fide 
exhibitors, who place on view their goods for 
advertising purposes and not for sale, the con- 
cession of returning free of charge over the 
line of original shipment all goods so sent. 
The Exposition paid twenty-five per cent. of 
the joint agency clerical roll, paid the entire 
labor roll and furnished all supplies. During 
the summer months there was little for the 
Department to do. It merely maintained a 
sufficient force for the delivery of less than 
earload shipments, generally representing ad- 
vertising matter for exhibitors and supplies for 
concessionaires. On September 9, Mr. Barr, then 
Director-General, issued instructions whereby 
all vehicle passes would have to be signed by 
the Superintendent of Transportation, and this 
order was effective until the abolishment of the 
Department. On November 18, Mr. Martin, 
who had succeeded Mr. Barr, issued instruc- 
tions that all passes for the exit of materials and 
exhibits would be invalid unless countersigned 
by the Director of Transportation, thus cen- 
trally locating the means of all passes so far as 
transportation was concerned. 


REMOVING EXHIBITS 


Mr. Ligon’s duties as Director of Transpor- 
tation involved the proper organization of the 
Department, incident to the removal of all 
exhibits and materials from the Grounds, the 
issuing of all vehicle passes to those entitled 
to them and the issuing of exit passes covering 
the removal of exhibits and materials, to co- 
operate with the Export Shipping Company, 
the railroads and steamboat lines, to make such 
arrangements as were necessary for the supply 
of equipment, to handle the business, to issue 
the free return certificates and to keep all 
records demanded by the work. The issuing 
of exit passes was a matter of some conse- 
quence as it was necessary first to ascertain 
whether or not the accounts of the exhibitor 
or concessionaire had been satisfactorily settled 
with the Exposition Company, and some of 
these were quite involved. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


COLLECTING PENALTIES 


On the first of December, 1907, the Virginian 
Railway, which had trouble collecting the per 
diem and penalty money from the Exposition, 
issued a circular that they would not switch 
empties to the Exposition Grounds unless the 
road furnishing the equipment would agree to 
allow the Virginian Railway to re-charge the 
delivering road with the amount of per diem 
accruing, This agreement was accepted by all 
of the terminal lines, but the joint agent was 
instructed to make collections of demurrage 
and remit the same to the line furnishing the 
equipment. This proved a satisfactory arrange- 
ment to all concerned. 

Including the cars which arrived at the Ex- 
position prior to November 17, 1906—before 
that date no record was kept—the following is 
a statement of all the cars which entered the 
Exposition Grounds : 


Contents of Cars. No. 
umbervand murldine=materidl. sree sreesrstaneterets 1868 
Merchandise, not otherwise specified............ 1065 
Stone’ and. gravel. ln etiare siatieie teers yas ssars oneuetenets 610 
Solidecars: Ofmexhilpuisiacnim sce ccm. venra-usleiieeeinaaners 519 
EXpress, Matter ce cetera ete mets eerie res 261 
GO SIs kos hayes co vicaye dal Mo noiks ca llebes yetslees a eeltrre estette cei ene Meee nanan 130 
alee AR haMe Mane Mla eis Acct Ooo OOA hodmeodn ath ced ac 128 
Bricks hc Spsiones) sonte cue tehe cloner ondliet Pepe usny akettel eerie na tantbotecc 117 
Coal ec AT ed arere eho erstabetaaapenes Oe eie eee terepaer semen 99 
Plasterslimeantd, stuctosnesemecce ee ee eee 81 
Ae: Pee on Ean ame NA em Sencar A his ata 4 Solo 3,2 79 
Sted] rails: oc pes + Che Selanne 4 ces aon ea Meaty cea eee 66 
Roofing paper and plaster boards............... 50 

POrward ge ohare acoder a olepee tern ae ror 5073 


Brows ht forwarcdecteese ch ieee D073 

Sewer Jad: ATOM: Pup © ine custcnetmeta arene eC ae 49 
Plants andi shrubbery -y-crctants urretemte ten inert 29 
CONSELUCHION Tom oes ete cicieerteaeeeneitrete este aie 27 
Rurnitures|(partly. exhibitsi eases eee rren 22 
Slatesat CEM. seo. amen ee eects ot eee 20 
Wire Amd s Com uit cite aciecctiere caren ae eee 18 
TiVO PBtO GIES eyes, Sore oie ays to cris TRAC Cae ere is 
Mic vate Moran porcine SOON OAM Oa boc acon s ood 12 
TiGCOMObIVES Fs auets ot have gtectocoraisicas:e) cites tek et ane a abe) 
COnLTActOrs (OUTS wearer co ciecie eee ane ee 10 
ll hil gee En OCR O ee OE ceed Aes Cuno e on « 10 
Nails) bee os OSS Ee oe Oe ee 9 
CIEL  G ee nas Cane Ree ORE re eR OR AG Gain wu 7 
Piteh And. tare « hyalyroiccncky sieketaso kas a eee ee if 
FLOIStIN GS = Ma CHIN c secdoceds helena Renee eee 6 
Panorama. Owtfitcisjaeces cues cis che Ree cree eee 5) 
Roadv rollers... c.d.ctierrscuere-s lcke ce aie. bt toe eae : 
Sash* weights oc.s 55 fanciers « aeuesarc spate ohare eae 2 
A elit :d eee inn ere OA Gan Sse Gucan + - 5338 


Before closing, it is proper to state that if 
the various contractors had co-operated with 
the Department and had unloaded their ma- 
terials promptly and properly they would have 
received far better service and the placing of 
the embargo, due to the congestion which has 
been mentioned, would not have been imposed. 
But, notwithstanding all the difficulties encoun- 
tered in the performance of the work of the 
Transportation Department, it is only fair to 
say that the material and exhibits were trans- 
ferred with equally as much dispatch as is 
usual in such cases and at the close of the 
Exposition the removals were made promptly 
and with celerity. 

(Signed) E. W. Lieon, 
Director of Transportation. 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


ENTRANCE TO PALACE OF MANUFACTURES 


EXHIBITS 


do not feel that the appendix of this book, 
which seeks to chronicle historic facts, 
should be used for the making of explana- 
tions or defenses ; indeed, under all the cir- 
cumstances and difficulties, which are indelibly 
written in my memory, | do not think they are 
necessary. If individual comments are in order, 
how much better to have them record some- 
thing of the struggle which gave to the country 
the celebration which was held. 

The movement was an heroic one. It had its 
birth (so far as our communities are concerned) 
in the Councils of the City of Norfolk in the 
Spring of 1902, and from the beginning was 
compelled to fight for life at every stage of its 
development. Nurtured by constant care, ee 
the use of means patriotically contributed, 1 
progressed, step by step, always managing a 
meet each exigency as it arose; the capital stock 
finally subseribed, making possible the securing 
of the charter, brought new life and added 
responsibilities; the work went steadily on, 
aided by few but questioned by many, and 
with a small organization, and but little assist- 
ance (except the loyalty of the press), the effort 
grew, usually commending itself to strangers 
more than to our own people, for it may be 
safely said that until the passage of the first 
Government appropriation but few realized the 
earnestness of purpose and the fixedness of 
conviction held by those who were more closely 
connected with the undertaking and who nat- 
urally had a better opportunity to judge of 
what was actually possible of accomplishment. 
It may be further said that until that time but 
few really believed that a real Exposition 
would ever be held, which fact had a serious 
tendeney not only to delay the planning of the 
work, but also to prevent the payment of stock 
subscriptions, thus preventing the pushing of 
the work at an early period with despatch, 
which was all important. 

It remains for me to chronicle a few facts 
about the Department for which I was ae 
directly responsible. Fortunately, its work wa 
of a character which spoke for itself, and aa 
easily be seen and judged of by those who 
came and went. Only a few unwritten things 
will be said of it here, simply that the history 
may thus be more complete. 

Thinking people will, of course, realize that 
an exposition has to be planned architecturally, 
the buildings decided upon and placed, even 
their size, ete., determined, years before any 
opportunity is had to test the sentiment of 
the commercial interests of the country as to 
their disposition to co-operate; hence, it is not 
a question of choice, but one of necessity, to 
use and fill such buildings as have previously 
been provided. 

Some of our buildings were very large and 
many obstacles were met in properly filling 
them. First among these was the sentiment 
which had been seattered broadcast and, in fact, 
represented at that time the actual decision 
of the management, viz.: that the celebration 
should be distinctly Historical, Educational and 
Military, and as distinetly Non-Commercial. It 
required at least a full year of labor to over- 
come this general idea and secure even a con- 
sideration of the question of exhibiting. Then 
followed a most pronounced opposition to 
spending so much money at a Southern Expo- 
sition, the success of which from the stand- 
point of attendance, in the minds of two-thirds 


reo 
fio 


of the Northern manufacturers, must be more 
or less problematical; but probably the most 
formidable obstacle of all others encountered 
was the opposition to the principle of a charge 
for all space occupied; and it will be readily 
appreciated that our Exposition, following im- 
mediately that of St. Louis, where all space was 
distinetly free (notwithstanding which fact all 
exhibits were not complete until three-and-a- 
half months after opening) made our task a 
most trying one. 

Another vital point of policy which pressed 
daily for recognition and decision was the right 
of States exhibiting in free space, provided by 
the Company, to be permitted to display manu- 
factured products under the name and for the 
benefit of manufacturers and commercial firms 
doing business within their boundaries. Nat- 
urally and necessarily, the Exhibit Depart- 
ment’s position was opposed to such right, 
for what firm would be inclined to pay us 
five hundred dollars to fifteen hundred dollars 
for exhibit space, if the same result could be 
secured by placing their product with their 
State, and thus, in addition, save also the ex- 
pense of men in daily attendance? The Com- 
pany, however, found it necessary to concede 
the right to the States, and, as a result, be- 
tween fifty and seventy-five valuable exhibits 
were lost. But, notwithstanding these con- 
stantly recurring difficulties, as the result of 
faithful work on the part of a loyal and intelh- 
gent corps of assistants, by the middle of April 
eighty-five to ninety per cent of the available 
space had been disposed of in a satisfactory 
manner, besides the securing and placing of 
many valuable and extensive exhibits in build- 
ings erected by the exhibitors themselves 
(which may have been a mistaken policy, and 
I am inclined to think it was). This result 
was gratifying and greatly relieved the appre- 
hensions of the Department. 

But when the now celebrated April 26, 1907, 
eame and found us in a state of unprepared- 
ness, Government Pier not half finished, and 
three exhibit buildings incomplete (Marine 
Appliance, Aleohol and Pure Food), merciless 
press excoriations were heralded broadeast 
over the country, and as the effect of all this, 
augmented by a hopeless congestion of freight 
transportation conditions, the real troubles of 
our Department began. Not only did the great 
number of exhibitors who for weeks had been 
wavering refuse to come, but scores of those 
who had signed contracts to participate re- 
fused to do so, even to the extent that many 
who had paid for their space forfeited it and 
refused to send their exhibits, and so it will 
be seen that at least some few obstacles and 
difficulties were with us from the beginning to 
the end; and vet, as stated before, the general 
work stood for itself, and nothing now can be 
added to or taken from it. 

In coneluding this reference, however, it 
may be interesting to know that, excluding 
cost of the buildings, which it is needless to 
say were necessary in order to hold an expo- 
sition at all, the Department actually brought 
into the Treasury of the Company two hundred 
and twenty thousand dollars for the sale of 
space, while its total cost of operation for the 
three years was seventy-nine thousand dollars, 
thus leaving one hundred and forty thousand 
dollars approximately to go toward the cost 
of the buildings, proving not only a modest 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


attraction to the Exposition in furnishing in- 
terest and instruction to those who came, but 
helping to sustain the Company as well. 

The Buffalo Exposition, being nearest in 
size to ours, furnishes a very good basis of 
comparison in vital statistics of the Exhibit 
Department, and such comparison may be in- 
teresting. At our Exposition we had five hun- 
dred and ten thousand square feet of exhibit 
space, at Buffalo five hundred and twenty thou- 
sand; Jamestown number of exhibits one thou- 
sand eight hundred and ninety, Buffalo one 
thousand eight hundred and ten; Jamestown 
receipts from sale of space two hundred and 
twenty thousand dollars; Buffalo two hundred 
and forty thousand dollars; Jamestown maxi- 
mum number of men employed (two months 
only) thirty-six, Buffalo one hundred and fifty- 
eight; Jamestown cost of Exhibit Division 
(three years) seventy-nine thousand dollars, 
Buffalo one hundred and seventy thousand dol- 
lars; Jamestown exhibits removed and. depart- 
ments wound up and office closed sixty days 
after Exposition closed, Buffalo eight months 
thereafter. Thus, it will be seen that the conduct 
of the Department was along conservative lines 
at least, and in closing all reference to it, it is a 
pleasure to record that eighteen hundred ex- 
hibitors were cared for and handled both in 
and out without a single law-suit or even seri- 
ous disagreement of any kind, and one of the 
most pleasant recollections of the work done 
will be the confidence and respect existing to 
the last between exhibitors and the Depart- 
ment itself. 

Whether the Jamestown Exposition will go 
down in history as a success or failure, it is for 
those who shall come after us to determine; 
for my part, in the light of the information 
which I possess, I have no hesitancy in pro- 
nouncing it a success. Suppose we analyze for 
a moment. It was conceived for the purpose of 
accentuating the historical, of reviving patriot- 
ism by a retrospect of our glorious past, and 


the contemplation of our present prestige and. 


prowess as symbolized in the splendid exhibit 
of our Army and Navy; it was designed to 
cause the world to pause a short time in its 
mad rush for gain and remember that this 
mighty Nation really had a birth, and that 
that birth took place at Jamestown, Virginia, 
and not Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts. Tested 
by the measure of its fidelity to, and accom- 
plishment of, these high and worthy purposes, 
who dares say the Jamestown Exposition was 
a failure? Can anyone say that the attention 
of the whole country was not drawn to things 
of the past? Who that takes into consideration 
the magnificent exhibits of the Government, the 
priceless treasures of historie art which filled 
the fire-proof History Building, and the pres- 
ence here several times of the President of the 
United States, the Governors of almost every 
Commonwealth, and distinguished men of 
every calling from this and other countries vie- 
ing each with the other in according to Virginia 
her due and rightful place in the galaxy of 
States, will be willing to say our effort was not 
worth while? 

The impression seems fixed abroad, and even 
at home, that from this point of view the effort 
failed, yet the facts of the case do not bear out 
this conclusion, as the following statement will 
show. The Exposition owes now a total of 
nine hundred thousand dollars to its mortgage 
and open account creditors, and approximately 
four hundred thousand dollars to its stock- 
holders, or a total liability of one million three 
hundred thousand dollars. In view of the wis- 
dom displayed by the original promoters of the 
Exposition, the Company now owns in fee four 
hundred acres of splendidly improved property 


on Hampton Roads ready for immediate oceu- 
pancy, and it has already been found by Govy- 
ernment experts that the location of same is 
ideal for Government purposes to the extent 
that it is perfectly certain that a part of the site 
will thus be disposed of for an amount equal 
to enough to repay the Government loan and 
pay in full the nine hundred thousand dollars 
above referred to, leaving the remaining acre- 
age to cover the cost of the trust, and for the 
redemption of a part of the preferred stock. 
Does this view of the situation suggest financial 
failure? Let’s compare this exhibit with that 
of the Buffalo Exposition. The Buffalo Ex- 
position, which we have before used for com- 
parison, was accounted a great success. It 
closed its gates owing all its open account 
creditors, all its original stockholders, every 
dollar of its second mortgage bonds of four 
hundred thousand dollars, all held by loeal 
banks of Buffalo, and four hundred thousand 
dollars to contractors who erected its build- 
ings; not one copper of which, as far as I am 
informed, has ever been repaid except the 
money due contractors which was secured two 
years afterwards by an Act of Congress, made 
possible by the claimed fact of a lessened at- 
tendance caused by the sad and untimely death 
of President McKinley. 

Why, then, do we persist in decrying our own 
and agree with everyone that the Exposition 
was not a success financially? We do not lose 
sight of the fact that money was lost in many 
instances by individuals who risked their 
means for gain in many unsound and purely 
ancillary enterprises, and this is greatly to be 
regretted, but men have been doing that since 
the beginning of time and no doubt will con- 
tinue, and they have furthermore done the same 
thing at every other exposition ever held. But 
the trouble is, ours is a very small community 
to have attempted so great an undertaking, 
and the losses thus sustained look larger on that 
account, but, in all fairness, do not let us all 
pervert actual history because of our personal 
losses or grievances. 

No, the Exposition was a failure only to 
those who abused it, and to those who stayed 
away and thus deprived themselves of the 
pleasure and profit they would have had by 
ceiving it their hearty co-operation and support. 

I have nothing but praise for the self- 
sacrifice and loyalty of those who toiled and 
suffered to accomplish this great task. I wish 
I felt free to express in some detail my feelings 
on this subject. Suffice it to say, never were 
men more faithful to any trust than they, and 
few would have been willing to exchange places 
with them. Mistakes were made. ‘‘ Who is 
without guilt, let him cast the first stone.”’ 

Unfortunately, local men never have the op- 
portunity of handling an exposition problem 
the second time, hence they must always be 
more or less inexperienced, but the very best 
reward that can come to men for public service 
in any cause is the record for its integrity which 
they leave behind them, and surely these men, 
so far as the Exposition is concerned, have left 
it, for but few efforts of a similar character 
have ever been undertaken, conducted and con- 
eluded with less justified criticism on this line 
than the one in question. The regrets which I 
have may be found entirely in the fact that 
I could not do more, and that the little which I 
had the opportunity to do was not done better. 

Now that our labors in this behalf are ended, 
and this chapter in our life-work is a closed 
one, these familiar lines of Wordsworth occur 
to me as an appropriate motto: 


‘<Hushed be the very thought that springs 
From out the bitterness of things.’’ 


(Signed) TT. S. Sourueare. 


774 


AUDITING DEPARTMENT 


HE Auditing Department of the Exposi- 

tion was organized in February, 1904. 

By provisions in both the first and after- 

wards revised By-Laws, the Auditor was 

the general accountant of the Company and the 

accounts of all the various departments of the 

Exposition were under his general supervision 

and direction. He was the custodian of all 

contracts and deeds and of such other papers 

of value as did not properly belong in the cus- 
tody of the Secretary or Treasurer. 

At the meeting of the stockholders held Janu- 
ary 15, 1904, Barton Myers was elected Auditor, 
and under the rules of the Company had the 
right to appoint, with the approval of the 
Executive Committee, such assistants as the 
necessities of his office might require. Acting 
under this authority, he appointed Henry MecR. 
Bain as his Assistant. 


SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS 


Mr. Bain was an experienced accountant and 
had oceupied several important positions be- 
fore coming with the Exposition. He at once 
inaugurated 
a system of 
bookkeeping 
for the Gen- 
eral Accounts 
of the Com- 
-pany, based 
on a certain 
Ceti aie 
scheme and 
which was 
adequate for 
a complete 
accounting at 
any phase of 
the Com- 
pany’s ex- 
istence. 

This sys- 
tem was ap- 
plied for sev- 
eral months 
and worked 
satisfactor- 
ily, but the 
Auditor felt 
that it might 
be better to investigate the system of account- 
ing utilized by the Louisiana Purchase Ex- 
position and ascertain what, if any, modifica- 
tions might be suggested. Mr. Bain, there- 
fore, went to St. Louis after the Exposition 
closed and thoroughly examined the books of 
the company and the plan of bookkeeping that 
had been pursued. Without doubt, the St. Louis 
plan was good, but the investigation led to no 
change in the Jamestown system, which was 
pursued successfully until conditions which 
later will be described disturbed the course of 
procedure. 


H. McR. BAIN 
Assistant Auditor 
February, 1904-August, 1907 


EXPENDITURES CLASSIFIED 


This system embraced the usual books of 
record—General Ledger, Cash Book and Jour- 
nal and certain subsidiary books where expen- 
ditures under various headings were properly 
classified and which furnished the detail of 
similar controlling ledger accounts. The state- 


775 


ment books were operated cumulatively and 
showed at the end of each month not only all 
the expenses of the Company but the expenses 
of each department totaled to the date. The 
accounts were divided into two classes—first, 
Assets or Capital Expenditure, which included 
all those relating to the Grounds and improve- 
ments thereon, the buildings, the furniture and 
personal, tangible property; the second, Main- 
tenance and Operation expenditures. Under 
Maintenance and Operation, the general ex- 
penses were noted, such as salaries, rent, travel- 
ing and incidental expenses, stationery, post- 
age, ete. 


AUTHORIZATIONS 


Under the first laws of the Company, all 
claims of any sort would have to be approved 
by some committee which had first obtained 
authorization from the Executive Committee 
to make the expenditures. Approved Claims 
were forwarded to the Director-General, after 
having been signed by the Chairman of the 
standing committee, and he in turn would ap- 
prove and forward to the Auditor, whose busi- 
ness it was to see that the provisions of the 
By-Laws had been regarded. Under the 
amended By-Laws, the Board of Governors oc- 
cupied the place both of the standing commit- 
tee and the Executive Committee. 

It was intended that all properly executed 
contracts should be filed with the Auditor, and 
it was the duty of the Secretary of the Company 
to send to the Auditor’s office copies of all 
resolutions relating to appropriations for any 
specific purpose. Authorization by the Board 
of Governors of any expenditures was to be 
sent at onee to the Auditor. Some laxity in 
the matter of ordering of supphes was inevit- 
able. It was not always possible to wait for 
a meeting of the Board of Governors, and in 
many instances supplies were ordered without 
authority, subject to later approval. In the 
way of petty items, the Board ruled that a 
requisition signed by the Chairman was suffi- 
cient. These requisitions were to be attached 
to the bills sent by the creditor with his state- 
ment and were tantamount to a Board author- 
ization. 


CHANGE OF METHODS 


While all of the officers were domiciled under 
one roof, the provisions of the By-Laws re- 
lating to the accounts of various departments 
were very generally fulfilled, and it was pos- 
sible at any time to get a statement from the 
Auditor’s office showing the exact financial 
condition of the Company, how much it had 
spent, what it owed, what payments had been 
made on contracts, what work had been au- 
thorized but unfinished and what assets were 
available or possibly available. When opera- 
ting departments were organized, for reasons 
unknown to myself, the general intentions of 
the By-Laws, as to the Auditor having the 
general supervision of all departmental ac- 
counts which would also inelude the forms and 
records to be used, were not enforced and, 
therefore, the comprehensive and complete 
system of acounting inaugurated by the De- 
partment and provided for by the By-Laws was 
ineffective. 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


PURCHASING AGENT 


I have been informed by Mr. Myers that he 
advised in September, 1905, that a general pur- 
chasing agent be appointed, but that the Gov- 
ernor of Works soon after employed for his 
Division a purchasing agent for such supples 
and materials as might be needed in construc- 
tion, and that the Board of Governors allowed 
this appointment to stand. The Governor of 
Works later decided to allow the Chief of the 
Electrical Department to purchase everything 
required for that Department. 

The lack of one purchasing agent for all 
soon resulted in the head of each Division 
having one man in his Division to do its re- 
spective purchasing, and the result was that 
while perhaps there was never reason to charge 
that the prices were materially more than they 
should have been, great confusion was caused 
by failure to report purchases and to keep a 
record of bills as they came into the different 
offices and there awaited approval or awaited 
the arrival of goods before being checked. The 
Auditor’s office, having no advice of these, 
could report only such bills as came to it ap- 
proved for audit, and when reports of the 
Company’s 
liabilities 
were called 
for during 
the closing 
weeks of 
construction, 
and even af- 
ter the open- 
ing day, it 
had to gather 
as best it 
could from 
each Divi- 
sion a state- 
ment of its 
purchases 
and unap- 
proved in- 
voices. Such 
statements, 
owing to the 
rush of work 
and the ner- 
vous strain 
under which 
the clerks 
were working in the struggle to complete the 
great enterprise and open the gates, were unreli- 
able and never fully showed the exact liabilities 
outside of those shown in the Auditor’s office. 
The result worked great injustice to the Audit- 
ing Department and seriously embarrassed the 
management in its financial caleulations. This 
condition is so fully discussed here in order 
that any similar enterprise may profit by our 
experience and concentrate all of its purchas- 
ing of every character, as above suggested, in 
the hands of one man, whose system shall be 
laid out by the Auditing Department. 


ALBERTI] liek Cups 
Auditor 
August-October, 1907 


COLLECTIONS 


Until the offices of the Company were moved 
to the Grounds, the Auditor’s and Treasurer’s 
offices were operated jointly. After that time 
the Treasurer directly controlled collections 
and all monies due to the Company were paid 
into that office. The Admissions and Conces- 
sions Department kept their own books and 
sold admission tickets, turning over daily to 
the Treasurer the monies collected and send- 
ing a record to the Auditor, and in so far as 
the accounts related to amounts due from con- 
cessionaires the department daily filed an ac- 


count with the Auditor for bookkeeping pur- 
poses and one with the Treasurer for collec- 
tions. None of the departments was without 
fault in the matter of forwarding data to the 
Auditing Department, and after January 1, 
1907, this caused accounts with ereditors to 
become very badly confused. But at the annual 
meeting in January, 1907, the Directors called 
for a regular audit and examination of the 
Company’s books, and work on the accounts 
was necessarily delayed while this investigation 
was in progress, for nearly five weeks. Up to 
that time the books were completely written 
up, so far as it was possible from information 
and figures furnished. In other words, all 
statements which had been sent to the Auditor 
were properly incorporated, and if in any mat- 
ter the showing of the Company was faulty 
it was due to lack of information furnished to 
the Auditing Department and not to lack of 
energy in recording the information received. 


GOVERNMENT LOAN 


During February, 1907, the one-million-dollar 
loan was obtained, payments of which were 
made by the Government in amounts of two 
hundred and fifty thousand dollars each. In 
order to secure the funds from the United 
States, Treasury, it was necessary to send to 
the Disbursing Agent of the Government, Mr. 
F. P. Grosseup, a statement showing outstand- 
ing accounts of exactly a quarter of a million, 
to obtain his voucher for that amount, and to 
secure these statements the efforts of the entire 
force of the Auditing Department had to be 
concentrated wholly upon this matter, thereby 
causing further delay in the current work of 
the office. Creditors of the Company presented 
their accounts for payment and it became very 
apparent at once that many of the bills for 
amounts claimed had not been received from 
the various departments properly approved and 
in such shape that the Auditor could ineor- 
porate them into the general accounts. This 
failure to get reports promptly from the various 
departments not only militated severely against 
the efficiency of the Auditing Department but 
gravely affected the policy of the Board of 
Governors. It was the general belief of those 
high in authority that the Government Loan 
would subserve all of the purposes for the 
creation of the Exposition, whereas it was prob- 
ably true that the money had been almost if 
not entirely spent when the loan was secured. 
The consternation which the untoward rush of 
back bills eaused did not, however, teach a 
lesson, for continuously thereafter statements 
were withheld, and it is a fact that after the 
Exposition closed bills properly contracted 
were presented of which no record existed in 
this Department. 


REMOVAL TO EXPOSITION 


Upon the completion of the statements inei- 
dent to the Government Loan, the work was 
gradually assuming normal conditions when 
an order was issued to transfer the office to 
the Service Building at the Grounds, that the 
departments might be properly organized, and 
while it was evident from the incompleteness 
of the building that satisfactory working con- 
ditions could not be obtained for some time 
thereafter, it was thought to be more important 
that discomforts should be endured rather than 
have an ineffective organization by opening 
day, and, taking all the foregoing delays into 
consideration, undoubtedly fully two months 
were lost to the Department. 

The more active conduct of the Department 
from the time of its inception until August. 


776 


Auditing Department. 


1907, was under the direction of Mr. Bain, as 
Mr. Myers, holding the positions also of Gov- 
ernor of Exploitation and Governor of Ways 
and Means, had heavy demands on his time in 
matters pertaining to these departments, espe- 
cially Ways and Means 


CHANGE OF AUDITORS 


When the By-Laws of the Company were 
amended in order to provide for a Director- 
General a law was incorporated which pro- 
hibited any officer other than a Vice-President 
from holding a second office. Mr. Myers con- 
tinued as a Governor of the Company but re- 
signed the Auditorship under the date of Au- 
gust 1, 1907. At the same time Mr. Bain re- 
signed as Assistant Auditor and Mr. Barr ap- 
pointed as Auditor Albert E. Little C. P. A. of 
New York, formerly treasurer of the Northern 
Pacifie Railroad Co., and a highly successful 
corporation accountant and auditor. 

At that time it was evident that the Exposi- 
tion could not succeed financially. Creditors 
had become anxious regarding the outcome of 
their accounts, and, when in checking up they 
failed to find all of their bills properly ap- 
proved and ready for payment, the report 
gained credence that the Company’s affairs 
were in a chaotic condition. The accounts be- 
ing some six months in arrears it was impossible 
to determine the exact financial status; more- 
over it was publicly known that the expenses 
had largely exceeded the estimates of the Board 
of Governors and it was impossible to ascertain 
the amount from the Auditing Department. 

Every effort possible was made to get the 
accounts straightened out and earry along all 
the current work of the Department at the 
same time, but for reasons stated previously the 
necessary information was lacking and at the 
closing of the Exposition a great deal remained 
to be done. 

Soon after Mr. Barr’s resignation Mr. Little 
also resigned. The writer, who had been Mr. 
Bain’s assistant and later Assistant Auditor, 
succeeded him. As soon as Mr. Martin as- 
sumed the Director-Generalship he urged that 
every effort be made to get proper statements 
of the financial standing of the Company, but, 
outside of enrrent monthly reports, these wishes 
could not be fulfilled. 

Owing to the curiously involved financial dif- 
ficulties of the Company, necessitating a num- 
ber of assignments, several trusteeships and 


— 
| 


— 


mae 


Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 


NORTH SIDE OF THE STATES’ EXHIBIT BUILDING 


finally a re- 
ceivership, 
together 
with the 
looseness 1n 
the methods 
of supplying 
information, 
the closing 
of the ac- 
counts of the 
rarious de- 
partments 
was a mat- 
ter of ex- 
treme diffi - 
culty and to 
this date 
(June, 1908) 
has not been 
fully com- 
pleted. For 
several 
months after 
the close of 
the Exposition the Auditor’s office was just 
as busy as it had been during any other time 
of its existence, and, while in the main correct, 
no doubt the final account of the Company will 
show errors impossible to avoid, because ac- 
counts, if presented to the proper authorities 
for approval and signature, never reached the 
Company’s accounting department. 

From January 1, 1907, to the final reduction 
of force, Mareh 1, 1908, the work of account- 
ing and properly checking the disbursements 
of the Company was a most difficult and ex- 
acting task and great credit: is due as much 
to the elerks in the Department, as to the va- 
rious chiefs under whom they served, for their 
standfastness during the trying days when 
night and day work week after week was the 
regular order, as every change in organization 
or financial arrangement added a new burden— 
but all felt a deep interest in carrying out the 
work to a proper completion, even at the ex- 
pense of personal hardship, in order to assist 
so far as possible the officials of the Company, 
who were also working under adverse circum- 
stances to carry the Exposition on in a credit- 
able manner and make it a lasting benefit to 
Tidewater Virginia. 

(Signed ) 


Wee ea ON 
Auditor from October 1907, to— 


W. P. Hivton, 
Auditor. 


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SECRETARY'S OFFICE 


WYNN T. SHEPPERD was appointed 
Secretary of the Joint Jamestown Ex- 
position Committee at a meeting held 
in Norfolk, October 22, 1901. He was 

elected Secretary of the Jamestown Exposition 
Company at the first meeting of its Board of 
Directors, May 7, 1902 and continued to hold 
the office until the close of the Exposition. 

The Company’s By-Law prescribing 
duties of the Secretary reads as follows: 

It shall be the duty of the Secretary to attend 
and keep the minutes of all meetings of the stock- 
holders, the Board of Directors, the Board of Gov- 
ernors and the several standing committees, either 
personally or by such assistants as he may, with the 
approval of the Executive Committee, appoint for 
that purpose. He shall have the custody of all the 
records and other valuable papers of the Company 
(excepting contracts, bonds, deeds, stocks and other 
securities or evidences of indebtedness); shall conduct 
such correspondence as pertains to his office, keep 
proper records of the Company’s stock books, the list 
of its stockholders, and shall perform such other duties 
as the Board of Direetors, the Executive Committee 
or the Board of Governors may assign to him. He 
shall be the custodian of the Company’s seal, and shall 
affix and attest the same in all cases required by law. 


Mr. Shepperd was instrumental in placing a 


the 


large proportion of the Company’s capital 
stock and performed some excellent services 


in connection with legislative work. 

When the Board of Governors formulated a 
schedule for the distribution of services, the 
Secretary was placed in charge of ‘‘Ceremonies 
and Entertainment’’ and the following duties 
were specified : 

Bureau of Ceremonies: 

Arrangement for official Exposition ceremonies, Dedi- 
catory Ceremonies, and such exercises on Opening Day, 
Jamestown Day and State and National Days as 
may be ordered by the Board. 

Bureau of Entertainment: 

Official and social entertainment of visiting dele- 
gations, excepting the entertainment of officials and 
committees of the Congresses and Conventions. Local 


transportation of distinguished visitors to and from 
the Grounds, and general care of them while at the 
Exposition. 

On January 13, 1903, Miss Lina Elizabeth 
Niblett was employed as stenographer for the 
Company. At that time the Company’s head- 
quarters consisted of desk room in an office 
managed by the Secretary. On October 25, 
1904, Miss Niblett was appointed Assistant to 
the Secretary and the Board of Directors 
elected her Assistant 
Secretary of the Com- 
pany, January 15, 
1907. 

From the beginning 
of Miss Niblett’s as- 
sociation with the Ex- 
position, she attended 
all the meetings of the 
stockholders, Board 
of Directors, Execu- 
tive Committee, and 
Special and Standing 
Committees, and kept 
a complete record of 
their minutes. These 
reports were trans- 
cribed and placed on the record books by 
means of a book typewriter. From these 
records she furnished, to all persons or de- 
partments concerned, certified copies of any 
minute of these several bodies. Mr. Shepperd’s 
mission to the various State Legislatures, and 
later, his duties in connection with the Enter- 
tainment and Ceremonies demanded the greater 
part of his time, and in his absence, the gen- 
eral work of his department was conducted by 
Miss Niblett. 

This is not an autograph paper but was com- 
piled from information obtained from the See- 
retary’s office. 


ie a » 
MISS LINA E. NIBLETT 


Assistant Secretary 


TREASURER’S OFFICE 


HE duties of an exposition company’s 

treasurer are, in many particulars, un- 

like those assigned to that officer by 

other corporations. For this reason it 
was desirable to include in the Official History 
of the Jamestown Exposition some statement 
from its Treasurer. 
This desirability was 
evident to the Director- 
General who directed 
the Treasurer to for- 
ward a report; and the 
Publishers of this His- 
tory more than once 
seconded the request. 
The Treasurer, however, 
prepared no paper for 
the Official History nor 
did he offer any ma- 
terial for inclusion in 
its records. 

C. L. Old was elected 
Assistant Treasurer in 
February, 1907. He 
was in immediate charge of the Treasurer’s 
office. Describing the collecting of accounts, 
one important feature of his work, the Assistant 
Treasurer wrote the following letter: 


(Gs Ik, UID’ 


Assistant Treasurer. 


Editor Official History, 
Jamestown Exposition. 

Sir:—Replying to your inquiry as to the method 
in which collections were handled through the 
Treasury Department will say; that bills were made 
out by the various departments, in triplicate, one 
copy being sent to our office, one to the Auditor’s 
Office and one kept by department issuing same. 
In the Concession Department the bills were made 
out against the Concessionaire daily and in the 
other departments once each month. These bills after 
being received by our Department were placed in the 
hands of the Cashier, who checked them up and if 
found to agree, they were placed in the hands of col- 
lectors for presentation, said collectors reporting daily 
the number of bills and amounts collected. These re- 
ports were made to the Cashier on slips provided for 
the purpose. These slips were then turned over to 
the General Bookkeeper who verified the figures and 
amounts received, and if found to agree, a report 
was made to each department showing amount col- 
lected on their respective accounts, and also a general 
report to the Auditor covering all receipts from every 
source. These reports were made daily, and were 
accompanied by a duplicate deposit slip showing 
amount deposited in bank, it being our custom to 
made a deposit for the exact amount received each 
day. 

Trusting this will be of some use to you in writing 
your history of the Exposition, and if you desire any 
further information I will do my best to cheerfully 
furnish same. 

Very truly yours, 
(Signed) C. L. Op, 
Asst. Treas. 


778 


INDICES 


A-General 
B-Awards 
C-lllustrations 


LSAM ONIAOOT “LAAULS LYATID 


‘uolye10di0D) Ydeusojoyd JLIOYJQ UMOJsoWLL yYsUAdOD 


A—GENERAL INDEX 


ADDRESSES 

NCA sO Nem El ODMR en Cas telersiaie auch ci tet craters? carsie vets, ear 42 
PXlderman eit An Lily L) mortorcran tet ee vc siete 318, 319 
AMD LOIeEUNICHOLRS | fereet..c9 tl nae ais «cee ayetentatele 247 
A yeockwe cOVermOner i arn ictcbrer ke ame ee iaicle sceeohecsyeisieleys « 41 
Balzbisermidwards Gam cere citrcitucn ciaciek eine at talat 321 
Blodgett, Hon. John Taggard...... cha tet ean Vacs ake Ee. takes 80 
Booth D mula errant cere fies tse nis en Agee rs 256 
Branch) asa omenr ery earn Oe, ctor sys a ates 2 213 
Braxton, Hon. Allen Caperton................- 390230 
Bryan blone Wm.) Jennings: coe owes seco e ke Seles « 183 
Bryce, Right Ffonorable James................2+-.- 176 
Ful wR evn Gunn eet Waters ahs, slcsevsi sia tyne my cl sleeves 4] 
Campbell, Hon. D. on eo ROR Ee REE nee 42 
Carconme Jonme Onn Vite ness ciscsice aes. « 179, 180 
Glarktaenatonseermins Sacer. ce oc citi ci cnsuc ee she sue aul fone 53 
Clava plone Wm Rogers ste cictcse oo rire eieiererac 227, 228 
Clemens qoamuelpleem( Mark al wain) cyan cased vee 287 
(CockranwmLlons an bourker day. > lls scslsic cue ake 220, 221 
Gortel yours blonse Geo Dacre oct i eure sins eee 222 WLL5 
Cumming moen Gordon teeter iene. cis cere NS atu ess 53, 54 
@utlera Govem)olnt Gaemrne aren sete eter. coc acs a sisicw era see 303 
Paniclmiionss johns Watwick..<.s22 secs. censces oc 4| 
Davis, Brigadier-General Geo. B.................-. 329 
D pwsonm Govem Wan Via Ona tied eie ceetevensts) oaees 9 nc elas 222 
DepArmondemiudge: Davidi Acer sccrs oe 6c oe scree 6 3y) 
DemBoermmidonde) Oster erect sh: one skcudicin. si wistercis © ers 281 
desP egos blonae) Osean eriisaiccioe foes stes sate wee 237 
Demarest wee ton) Deen cae atic Ae ows 309, 310 
eneensy cova Gharles, Satemcids serch kettles arava 277 
Donahuemehstestnever bance seisias ricicsisrstih «ccc cinageice 243 
Dossizassosallonwe)| Ohnv hese cysts cmietet oe nes. <cie ace 235 
ID rane even Roberta beeen eerie come sek oe 250 
Dyes, 1ke Ihe NG coh eeanc dp oon oo eminemener 297, 299 
Ecolestons: Dream W etern oma sene mye haan © seas 269, 270 
Ellis Saks bills bre cco.cediaees fro CaCI es nea eens 255, 256 
Ellivsonwe late Govanlem Waylorsseticrrece een lot bic-fe crs 244 
Fairbanks slVirss Charles it oats cece ccc cctes nee 65 
lanes, Wi Je6 Jeo IDUD) A WDE Rn. oman 267, 269 
Fuinlevame com WV cetctar cies rss entree aiseeat te ots aeiewim eins es 200 
Folk Gove] Ose Wieteerat ntti. ier yeiars vee cartes 284 
Frasers Gove Duncan Grassmiaieavice ise cise 314, 315, 316 
Fouktishim asmulomeeiats crevacieyencskerccecciste eis cares oad che iene en sutus 291 
Games ilon ela Wramee aoe as tee on he os tee 317 
Galloway, Rt. Rev. Charles D., D.D., LL.D.......... 332 
Gatewoodse Miss irginla cece aes aees ein 185, 186 
Gaynots Elona Wing sentra tei tone 6 oom na clecissts Save oe 304 
Gibbons, His Eminence, James, Cardinal............. 194 
Glenn Gove Robertyet cc. bere nae aes 248, 249, 250 
Godoy eoenor Donn) osevEmecstutc cicrystsss:cie cy ses te 279 
Gompersw ilonsmoamel (sme ete 191, 259, 260, 327 
Goodemblonayl ohn serine ier arti bey, Bey Sey, Sie, SY! 
Graves, Hon. John Temple...4!, 42, 53, 57, 58, 59, 200 
Gricem ition ames ® Vi seit hte: toy. tarsecreten cs nose 42 
Grosvenor Gene Charless Ela ese se cic eececin ss a 56 This 7/5 
Guilds Gover Curtiss atte. eisishis ice onalele crs aloe efeua-o 245 
Pialstead @ilonse Viuratea.. fees cre cc islerois sisicveyele «15,512. 4l 
lardwickm Lionombhomasip W s.,aciaiac s ertves 6 cine ee es 42 
Flarmon-e fl on se udsonen ceria sists aoe cis fi IMA. IX: 
Harrington, Rear-Admiral P. F....... 234, 287, 297, 327 
Plarris Gover Andrews icici ie ecitne etc ree Df 
Fiazara micions@W alters scene con woke cinclacnescien 219, 220 
Hearst, Hon. ey Randolphimnr cae cers soit tates 259 
Henderson, Mrs. GIES oa or oe ease Sieh 327 
Hexamer, C. J. PLD. PAD aa bem meas cote S 240 
Fliggine a Gove BEL cere isa oc siccrrete cls ae Soon HA 
Hobbs, (issrcr ee BIO Cts Ste Gin eee SOR eects 178 
Holbrook, “John Swit taper at tars teense 60 
Hughes, Goy. Charles Evans.............. 223, 224, 299 
Finnterm Reve jen Mickjhersone as ss c)-teiscces «abo sieln eee 310 
Flunterae Vial ore kee Weer cosas a ctccs auevolele vs.o/alacs 329, 330 
Jamesmitdwardelew lal) RheD od xe ct reek 277, 278 
AJ ohiriscorn ey lems sepa berg Sista orcte ioe breterow isa Galata! o.ala acs 313 
Junko obi Eeyore tence. A anes Oe cere a 199 
Keane Senator) Olrimetricin srt hava earn aie eysve. steGsysiene canna 309 
Keflerg@aptat x ancise | etsiote ile sw <n. csnsafor its is 254, 255 
Keerferse ions) sm Sirens acti ic) cee 1s «fs, 21 ms nek eae ss 238 
Keileya Rimnevaben jamin) seme oc cicic ile. a= dotelteedalexs 243 
Kidd ensp) amesn le) eer te atiete a%e\sraccas't 1255 ctoiayeiytiers ets 320 
Kang ie elenry me Viceereter ee ciele..5- ste 6 shots, seterstant 180, 181 
[eandesae Vay orietetc caetiie syste sini crs asin 5, oie tarsiatede « 290 
[angler milan Johinty Weretusittotssteis os o.-'enieyacieietudele.» 42 
Aare SEA: oe eB ochs ec tO eee cera oP f 
Tieate Govsmierestonamrt: aye crete nies eras Swen oye as 295 

Lee, Gen. Fitzhugh........ 425 AD, 59, 00m Ollies 74.26 
Weeigh ml Viress | ames Yio ter er ree ceie tscke atanays Saisie oe cles 324 
[icigh moouthgatem Meg) ):2 aaeirin mele cle settee ate «i <tee 232 
Jartheteldwe Conpressmane rust cts ries ous, fever am oe Be Ue. 
[iittleton se Viartine Worrie:-(-erouster eeaictenisiee cicicres 287, 288 


781 


A 


ADDRESSES—C onlinued. 


[Euthers i laveles eels ele lac) meyer re ieeie aoe. Pa 305, 306 
MacKarlandp Elona bse baer nis ieeracyarc ay, 202 
McKenny: sm Vrsm Weal ncoteter terete tacit tris es Seles 325 
Mekean®:MraeDonalda nce icnie c hcicties ier « 301 
Mahoolsblon-) a. barry acer cee trek nests oes 218 
Wann lone ames a Wenreersen: einem ce enter siete s oco,s 42 
Manterolaw lot: Cola | cscaemmeerierien eras 5 - 279, 280 
MarshallipJudgem|asseA sees settler cries artes: 320 
Martin Eionte Alvah$ Hepes ose se tice ce os oe 333 
Martiny [ional bomasmotaples seria. «cee s..ee 4| 
IMEsmrrcl Jo bits lobe Ils ccucceceaoocenonued anooe 42 
Money:mcenatorseect cts tte eee a eile ca aye /de, oe 53 
Montague, Goy. Andrew Jackson...............-. 41, 180 
Moodys Lion swig Vi aeeee as ee ne eset ne ce 61, 62 
Wirrs ita Wie i. IDEDE AMLADS nee aug @ens oe B31 332 
Morgane ras ante lati ite tie acrtamteae = oslo casts 236 
MiurdochsViresn Viooressemeereteree clee oiioinle «Sixes 254 
Murphys et-Govs) Robertelaas seem erie sr 293, 294 
yersw Darton sep iaccre ire miereteraciajeieie te lal «0 59, 
Neediam™ Chassawallissl: el rreryetertiiiencsavecis ciel 318 
Noyes lores Crosby nosseenemiere erie ites tel aticis sae ove 200 
©/ConnellMRt Rey. Dennish se): Daan ser 330, 331 
agers homase Nelson, a) olen) erreimateeertettets eaters. 310 
Parks) * Capt? RaS crracen tiers see ace rereracises sore. pare 290 
Pattersonnt] rs) [oh Dsctterts etree tava mete tere Garena ic a rere es 270 
eck® Drs Georged Breer oetasiie eS oer ste: 211 
Pennewill} FlonatJiasweeceee creas cet c ce tel. 295, 297 
Pfeifferss Wissel oon Pierce ee trae eet ccrette terete. > 325 
Porters. |e W ae LD: D Preiceer ines earns ehecs tee ea ave as 311 
Porterve ] cress Vicrrvetiste crete cietccrtaps cysiare 2 tievaxe ovecs™= 214 
Rowderly.) Hon? Ta eiaceviaestare.t seer oe cic.ne me 232 
Randolphy RtekevarAltredslViacillmemmeret ie iaereit: « 154 
Rawiss. Dra Gavin ner teee eect aaeeaean 327 
Reyburns blons John tsar crtacecaytcte tec sere ie 2: 311 
Riddicks Elon: '].asze Greermte ne ita sie yee aes ots 316 
Riis# Jacobh.:.5 Stare terete tater ety eaehe ae ocreveis ae 199 
Robinson} Hontslt Maen ee oe eens ek 42 
Roosevelt) Presidente eee ne eee nate. sake 
161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199 
Rosenberg valVirsss tlugo seein att aries tecicrcicrs ee 324 
Schley, Rear-Adm. Winfield Scott.................. 329 
Schoffe. MrsatHrederick? .sietst cme eraeters sts crers oie. oie tk) 301 
Schurman, Jacob Gould, D. Sc., LL.D........... 299, 300 
Scott Fong Charles: Fanrracteremrcciare-iiecise tare sts iets: 42 
Shaw.t Honest leslie Vie er eee ctiog a eissde ig tale 109, 110 
SmithssElon= Elenty . Gasystce rere teieiers caters eee see ee 320 
Smiths WailliameAlldentever-micrs sere deiiecic na ates 290 
Spaulding Geng © spl ures orem clei daisice elncree + 320 
Starry ohn Eames maee teem oii esciat eae se ees 321 
Stephens Dre MM Batessrermt eye aeleceveseys <r PAIV[, PRs: 
Stevens Lion pene saeco itis neice obese 180 
Srciteny labs AGIEN lvcouogdscecugoousenoee 238; 239 
Stokes) Gove idward) Giessen seers cars 307, 309 
Storey uldonemVlooretiel dimmers isctderteicitete ys «lle oleae. 220 
Stuart Gove dwint oases ceteiser cies! sos tredic ss 293 
Sulzer Congressman William. ets ees 1 is «= © By, VS 
Suzuka viave-Consul- Generaleouerriccie satan ae etree ele 291 
Swanson, Gov. Claude A....175, 176, 208, 209, 271, 305 
Sylvestery Mayelsichardespae sieves ses 221s cence « 213 
atts Elon W xn el eer ee eters cities eucleishe secs 110 
Wawney gillon)amese\ smtecemiue cise terene nose acne gis ess Se}, 1h 
ihomaseg Fiona Arthure “aera teteitacis sie sienets: sicl-lcu- 303 
AMIENS IB UM oe dont.cpaccioe oo OOOO aE aO eI tie aero 213 
Tucker, Hon. H. St. George....109, 154, 155, 156 
157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 241, 248, 269, 291, 310, 333 
line eed Dig, AG J ton ge gto Cato ao one ae 270 
Wmstad ters Vinee gee ene eeiersa toasts tedee a feac eiacai ts ne 247 
WA WELTY 49 ery Coico 6 cic cant SB DUE Oc oO CO ORE ein ere 213 
Weditz an Gear oem W oti aaie attave tetera ossicles» alslcheve-susieie 224 
Wirt las IME leas saa cme.o eons aodoas OO Cnoe 42, 53 
Wial ker ae) obrig Exact cote ert sicrave renee -ucusteas areola = eves c 317 
Wrardan Wirsem ViayacAldentncmatecialer-t.2 oye tenets eee cre» 186 
WrarteldiGovae cl wintnneneeireh ici seustoie eieie seks Gro = OG, PILL 
\Warmeran Gover bred aiVi- cronies ciekersie aiciae, serene 319, 320 
\Weashinotons bookergilmetsariee tarsi. lereuwir ol aeisyesie over 241 
\Wigereleyd'e. Wekygae vel Win som olan ac Go oe oh apo Oe 283 
WHS Jebinisy We len soocdcodnenace sone 179, 299 
MEGIRET GS Ife) Glen c.g. 96 Stucke Clb einai oon SOCCER aorae 327 
Williamston johns oharp-aaereereetys tile n> etree sar 319 
Williamsee) ohne okeltonea seer eters cine ccirsie atic els '-als 229 
Wilson bet Goro teats IE shes Sucteralle aie eilene,o\,oua sel 261 
Wilson ram) ne Een crepereiens cia te al sraceroteneraye GiaGiahs # ayaks bv 291 
Whitin Wikevtelrihe Jee ILD E web oo oceooenanddas 224 
NY/srigton Selsl Oneme lea Lone eerste aoa arctic takes re eran ye oiteieiara 248 
Wisepaermotephen eS. Gea s2 st aia tne Settee iste onesie 328 
WW codriths Gover Rollin Sasimnacte meiuriententcr: cr hicks alerts 305 
Wooley headored |e amen wae at es cre save: Cleve ata, ties, 42, 43, 60 
Whyte, Senator Wm. Pinckney..................... 277 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Administration Building (Auditorium)..... LIS IOI 23 28 
Admiral Evans’ Fleet Enters Hampton Roads........... 19] 
Admissions, Report of H. E. Sherwood............. 720-728 
Advisory “Committees: ay eetiane creer ce meetin acre ae 137 
Acronautios Duilding@me ene an creer eer ane ae 1275 129 
Alaska= Yukon-Pacihcalixpositions einen eerie 618, 619 
Albemarle Sound D ayer eee ceie eer eee 327 
Alderman Hamilys Reunions eit erent ater 240 
AmadasS:Philip..70 rete mente ecient ee 3 
Amatetin eA thletics Unioneme ce sere ota eae re 261-266 
Ambassadors at Opening Day Ceremonies.......... 166, 167 
‘American |Boya Daysnecni heen eae Lee ee 223 
American) Civic: Associationcmnyacee te sister ca re tele artes 552 
American Federation of Labor Day................ 325-327 
American Humane Association............20c0eeeeeeeee 547 
American Institute of Homeopathy................ PAWN PAPE 
American-Medico Pyschological Association.............. 172 
American Osteopathic Association ..............4- 25582500 
Americans omologicalascciety:arr hina nice eeriie 
American Veterans of Foreign Service...............+.-- 271 
AMUSEMENTS 
Baby: Incubator. sce tsetse ares os arate are Veet toe eee 685 
Battlevof Gettysburg acc seceroe merece ace ae mere 683 
Battle:-of, Manassas a-tp cotati cenit hitter 683 
Beautiful ‘Orientide-se aeeysteencirteie cre ctor are omttes 684 
Colonial: Virginia pave eter. eeeiacayaicede ora 687 
Deep; Sea; Diving ei actin ccee ater oer ict ancr eae 685 
Destruchonjofs Sans liranciscomeriae eee eee aera 685 
Esquimauxs Village? emcee etre rath: eee ote tees: 686 
Fair Japan tae ttcton tos oe ae oe ie xe een rane 687 
Ferrante wid ¢Animal, Showmeenen tae eee rinne: henne 685 
Fale's#U ours) ign eer. Coe eee een ae 686 
Flell: ‘Gate ys seven scpich tate tec tiem Rae DE eet eet 687 
Intra-murallRailwayasee seine iteta siete eieieieie aera 688 
Klondike onic sie Se sero oOo ep aes 686 
Merrimac and Vionitoneeereeenrr ere aries 682, 683 
MillersiBros 101. Ranchacenestemeniec tee ee nctieene 688 
Miniature) Railway une cn erect ore enn ae te tie 688 
onoralll jacinta tepals ase teas eet ts 688 
Nana .i(Painting)'? crt sce are eieciciariie saree ee 686 
Old [Malle ce. tscstac te teen eae ates ae eee eee eerie 687 
Ostrich? Farm Wort stat cee, cote eis Boer 687 
aul Revere s Ride? cn Scan ut are ee ers 686 
Pharach'ss Daughter @. 1... ciate eine ete 687 
Philippine® Villagee® teats tins a eertar ce eden cite re 687 
Princess: {i rixtes ts: tire serve aeciarcioe eit rata earn 686 
Scenic’ Railway = tose a ch eee ee ee eee 684 
Shoot; the iChutesscenoe seek cmt eth etter oe 684 
Streets ‘offs Galros s.5,¢ Same oe ones ait ake Oe Eee 684 
Templezofy Mirth ejcence. coriec seen eee ee 685 
Animal (Rescues eagues. ms aiciacens ace amide eiioeitrap ee 547 
Appropriation from State of Virginia................ 38, 39 
Appropriations from Congress........... , 53-62; 109-114 
Argentine <Cruiser’ 6. .@.Sacrrocia cia icici ak emer 153 
Avion! Singing society see ain enr ec ae aces aire ere 257 
AmnyiandlNavy Day «2-4. ose iene ete 328, 329 
Army and Navy Entertainment ................... 447-449 
Artsrandu Grafts Dullding artic aint ein tee 118 
Associated Architects and Engineers, Contract with....... 67 
Association for Preservation of Virginia Antiquities. ..26, 127 
Asociation of the Descendants of the Signers of the Dec- 
laration sof sIndependencesemr enn a ener eee 310 
Association of Manufacturers and Jobbers Supplies....... 190 
Association of Military Surgeons of United States... .301-303 
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists............ 299 
Association of Officials of the Bureau of Labor Statisticians 
of 7Americacg.. cons tty Ree eee Oe eee PEBY) 
Association of Seaboard Air Line Railway Surgeons..... 228 
Association of Surgeons of the Atlantic Coast Line Railway 232 
Attendance: Pigures:eccmtise niciiomomiceren Boulet renee 142 
Auditing’ Difficulties 15. ane sitters tesc bse einen tere 126 
Acuditor sReport 1oim Wve ts edi ltonaieeeiteeieineeente 775-777 
Austro-biungarian | Cruisers micelle ieee inne 153 
HA WARDS tes ei Sibyl re, op ote.c.ol eheronal alae el eve) usiokete levee aetetehe etek aPe 461-511 
Classification. Src: etearels cle tii at cele tie a earn 461, 462, 463 
A griculture.5.'scnisen'c cme napte ee ieniee eae tice ioe 462 
Fishvand. Game. aaa te eee ee eee 495, 496 
Foods and) Accessories semcaincia ei inci ieee 489-493 
Forestry: ie cis sie ot hae et Scie Peo cee Cee 494, 495 
Higher: Education {2t, 2issieuullcnichranus nals adeno 463 
History.) 2 sti sicepcist = Gita busters irotecete Miele etansene etdep setae 463 
Horticulture... a.0 st can see Oeeiie tee 484-489 
Machinery sos se cece Se tees A 475-478 
Manufacturers and Liberal Arts................ 466-475 
Minessands)\Victallurcyaeeiret ete iinet rete 496-499 
Primary and Secondary Education............. 464, 465 
Social @Economy = .- tne cere ee 465, 466 
‘Transportation. bs-.7 siecle curse Pcie e teeter caeetat 477, 478 
Collaborators A) 52% 3 sam osaate che oer aie Bie ewe eee 503-505 
Agricul tite aire c.. staan nn ceo ae eel ee eet e 505 
Food. ‘and yAccessories kan.cer oom ae eee 503 
Fish and \Game)s,on ei. sole ee eices moe tee eee 504 
Horticulture arse 4 8. cesarean ea ee oe 505 
Manufacturers and Liberal Arts................-.-- 503 
Mines andVetallurgy..ee rice iin ee ee oe 503 
Primary and Secondary Education................. 503 
Social? Economy “ieancnae cui een aininte ecenienee 503 
Transportatiopgee:. ccacres ys coreiterseaie emer as rte eatiee: 505 
Commemoratives Vedalsm nema sein antlers 506, 507 
Individual Medals (= easyer see nei: 502 
Installation ¥eehicrtnccoce ee ee ree aie 505-506 


Awarps—C ontinued. 

Negro? Participation «1.cieeeene seme eee 508-511 
Agriculture and) Horticultures2e)-eee a seeeeee nee 511 
Floods 5.25, .tercislidteusie\ales Je leet nicraee Sona ee 511 
Elistoty? on 220. ct hoe eee ee 508 
Manufacturers and Liberal Arts............... 510, 511 
Social: Economy sivenios cece eee eee ee 509 
Transportation: (2.0... 1s ci ee aie eee 511 

United States Government Exhibit................ 499-502 
Department of Commerce and Labor................ 501 
Department of Interior <an-.-44- ati cee ee 501 
Department of Justices = 1.10 n)-eiieie eee 500 
Departmenttote state merrier eee 499, 501, 502 
Library: of ‘Congressne...cc caso. sori ee ee 502 
Navy. Department: © o2%...... secon sone ee 500 
Post. Offices Department:. «sae a settee 500 
Smithsonian Institution and U. S. National Museum. .50] 

reasury Department 43 sess cece eee 499 
War Department! ois, 26) sae nce ee ee 500 
B 

Bacon’s Rebellion’... ««..1..+ 0p ssa sane tete ce Gee 
Baltimore: Buildings e-em recente ae 382, 383, 384 
Baltimore” Day oi e5..3 <bloeat qedos sere 18 
Baltimore, Lord! -c..ci: seam tee sects cielo atte en 20 
Baptist ‘Building¥e.2.4. socr cee eave eer 384, 385 
Baptists of North Americas. >--o-2c eee rere 180 
Barlow; ‘Arthur. v22¥66 ca euaec oats hee Gee 3 
Battenberg Cup—Regatta Contests and Races............ 171 
Beachy, Lincoln, Balloon Ascensions...........-+--++++- 178 
Bennett, Richard: 24.4. 4.naiseee nt atone eee ee 20 
Berkeley, Sir Wilham@n. oc -- eee toe one eae 20 
Beta;Sigma Omicron... cee sce nse cee eee 219 
Blair; John’ 22.330 sco htaiersae ee ae eee ae 22 
Board) of ‘Design’ ..can:.qserc-nis Sorin eee ee aa 66 
Board! of :Directors .2.0%.02, os-q1 os eee eee 35, 45 
Board of Director's Visit to Charleston..............+.. 36 
Board of Governors 

Chairman } siix Sens a) eee Cee 69, 82-87 

Create) Working Bureaus: yee nee 82, 89-105 

Duties” .joa6 eek onsale neta Boer ae eee 68, 82-87 

Menabers': sra.cichecs fics tues srcsiens selec nate ee 69 

Vice-Chairman antec wnals «onesie ee eae 69 

Boulevard (5.00 Shae skeen ncn eee 96, 97 
Brazilian ‘Cruisers... assert. clot oe renee ee wees, (7/5) 
British Squadron” «cic eee eee ee eee 153, 171 
Brooklyn Day. So {cco eee ee eee 304 
Brooklyn’ League: Day). on. ounces cane ee 18] 
Budget of Neveibord T1906: 3. nepcee ee tee eee 120 
Buildings 

Alterations of Plans iu: antes vo: cee tern ee eae 119 

Area “of fishies Geiisdics ¢altisi cate oe eee 127 

Authorized after July: 1 90Gas- coer eee eee 119 

Gondition: of; July [hel 906m. arta 118, 119 

Delaysiin Constructiont) © 6s selene eee 128 

Early Gontractsforsiton- sce ocean eae 118 

Empty) Spaces: inaumintcaruie aces tee eee 139 

Stability of 4,2. acini caus ee nce le eee 127, 128 

Started’ after January, 1h 19072. sacri nen 127 

State: Headquarters’ oc.,..s:< 2c 001s bis «ke eee) ee 123 

Unfinished) Atprilon) 907 se ares eee 13275132 

Unnécessary’ Halls: 42-485 «tos eel ee cee 129 

By-Laws 
Adopted: $6 ais sic.acs. erences, 0 Ciarars Ole cee ea ee 45, 47 
Amendments «to: .:ce% ome ek rere eee nee 68, 69, 138 
G 
Cabot,” John ‘ands Sebastians.....sceeia- seer tereenreeeeeeae 3} 
Cape Henry: 2.22. A8e5 lac ad sad cols he eamiee a ae eee 9 
Celebrations of Jamestown Settlement in 1807 and 1857.. 26 
Centennial Celebrations in America.................. 25, 26 
Ceremonies 

Committee) on) 23, 25 cus cro sede ote ee ane ee 47-143 

Disagreement (Gonceming!©...- 6% ie eee eee 142 

Classifieds © s:t:45; grit: asin eteitomigie cast chee ree eee 143 

Secretary's. Share *in...i::0..clasuaacem eee cae 144 

President:to Direct 2.ene- sem ects ove oan ne ee 144 

Chairman, Board of Governors, Report of C. Brooks John- 
GEON ane BS oo tesla o [ee 00.8! 0in.0 elfota aye teie) wietalist a iete tl sede ie 692- po 

Charles \I;. King. 3... 2.2 at ste ccrontaete teenie at ere 
Charter Crate by the Virginia Assembly oe nie 6 Gele)etomene 33 
Charter Prepared Steet eee eee t etme er eeeeeereeas 32 
Gharter;: Third Virginialeiner rice cor acee rae 16 
Charters) 160Grandal GO927 seer ete 14, 15 
Chicago Athletic Association ...............s.e0.0% 260-266 
Chicago’: Press ‘Clubs¢e as) ce ccee cn ncoa aoe aeee 301 
Children's Day® 2.4.05: 2 eens ne ae cech ie oe ee 328 
Children’s) School Farm Weaguei....--- aes eee 215, 271 
Chilean Cruiser in Hampton Roads................---++ 153 
Chrysanthemum Show *s:3.iis fence ooean cies os Cees 333 
Cities and Burgesses of the Jamestown Colony............ 17 
Givich Improvement). Dayan. aces ee etree 327, 328 
Glaiborney amily. Reunions teeta eee 212 
Clayborne, “William 2222.28.50. a0 sconce ee se eee eee 18 
Close of Campaign for Subscriptions...............-- 43, 44 
Glosing ; Day gi2 e oeisse sic soles caus are ohare: Cee 332, 333 
Colonial’ Dames" Day aemete ce eciesii ieee eee 187, 188 
Colonial’ General) Assembly." oe ciesis sistels cteevt tetas ere 17 
Colonial. Wari Society #ness 5. ccc eer ne te eee 290 
782 


General Index. 


Commemoration of Virginia's Birthday in 1857........... 26 
KGommerce.n Pe BlWCe, Of.cu auusnrs sitios tates wtieitiers aics sie 119 
Mommonwealth Lay: scr. aicis epee tues pret ekrste ara) ac! ava oro 220 
Communal System in the Jamestown Colony.............. 13 
Company's Capital Stock 
Glasses ae ean es oy arate etre A eer aad sve anes 38 
Direntora Subscribe us vices acetate icie ee cevte sate ale atelesareiats 39 
Required "Amount atc tain. recke oe cle cine eievaaie caaantenta aft he, 
HOlicitings SUDSCIIDUONS centsicbiciahio> steleleiets clare erie 40-44 
Room ettOn Merete hake selects o,2,c cee ortho t euthoion air erseiiessts 125-151 
Concessions 
Gommmittes sOn ysis cet revsiacevs cleaves Sea ntunrempenainne ane reloes = 47 
Conflict Between Exhibits and................... 116, 117 
Wepartments Greated. sen eerie te eres -rsysienetese on wteyeteiaeromerere © 83 
DION dal HOt. oA an pe non oqumntode Gee Or 99 
Hotels, Restaurants, Amusements, etc............- 679, 688 
ManagersAppointedie > rca crarctaye cheith «ue Siete alo aio ekerens 83 
INeedittors Departments of nwt cer crconysroereictarene rere erste 98 
Elansroteepartmen tiene cette tersietciseiseeeecerette et ater 99, 100 
Report ofa Gar oni herwood si cmeriau daeeer alrite « 714-718 
Reportiots JohnwA.) Wakefield:.. 1...) severe oes 718-720 
Congress 
Attempts to Secure Appropriation from 48-62, 71-75, 108-114 
Failure to Obtain Aid from 58th Congress.......... 67, 76 
Industrial Arts and Expositions, Committee on.......... 
53-62, 71, 109, 110 
oans: @nesVultion Dollarsseacee cece cera 120, 121 
Gongresszotmteanuts Growerse.c-< ceteris -chtinine cd seln ceer ees 290 
Congressmen at Jamestown Island ................... SYA, 3%, 
Congressmen at’ Opening Day® 20h 5. ween. soe eects 168, 169 
Bonnecticutat aye yecce atecietrts | ges eee hia 305, 307 
Connecticut National Guard, Second Infantry, Company 
Bea SAMMY te eraser ns) a. chotdis ie stone comer cle ins eins 2 
onnecticut Governor's Foot Guards... .oc.+<. +e ences: 305 
Connecticut Governor's Horse Guards ................-. 305 
@onnecticnuss anticipationis:| srmeistenters eerste iene: 336-341 
onstruction mpits cketeletris fia) oayete are. creie:c. a afe ora ale negates 107-123 
Convention wlallie sree ae cecis we ate ee cicie wo okersielerete 127, 129 
Cromwell Sends a Fleet to Jamestown.................- 20 
Culvera Dayar nes ce ee eee re isle aide ee aie 36 253, 254 
Culver Summer Naval and Cavalry Schools............. 253 
Clip sRaces merce eas oar ate Ne ceisie es Pins wero ses. 274, 275 
D 
Daleseoirmel hom aseers nt ere ckaces thers loc wlelo sicvallo ene cvs shoes ays 16 
Bye, WANE achbba5 586 hoc guaoubyoudado Ipo6adaces 6 
Day, David, Ph. D., Honorary Director................ 661 
de Becellar, Rear-Admiral Huet, Banquet to............ 234 
Wem lam War leord serie cyercialte cia is cusictescleieue 1 sf sronohone 16 
Delaware Day ...... Bee tohs tyeksye-atsusies aeveteyaiete's © 295, 296, 297 
Delawaress anticipation si eise ities « aise eg 342, 343, 344 
mel eliverancesss Darks he ccia ls erctere: evoke seis) eiiokay sie seyelohsis.< 14 
Detroitel) ayer reach ne Seracere Sertesicrei esate) Ststate eileyeue eres aie 283 
Diarymotmthen’.x position). cpiste ster a ate tris -garet a 153-333 
Director-General 
Report-ofe JemVln Darras tram iets aietereisisonetexs 697, 698 
ReporteoteNlvabwblcm Viartinemtrtsrer cries hy. cinerea = 699 


Director-General of the Charleston Exposition, Consultation 
with 


Directors 
INice MALATE waco tpodcgcan moet Haens Uo bo coon. 68 
ANG AIBA dune b 6 alo Ga Oe MARGE OC Aone OOOO oe 45 
IDE Jen) podnoodmocopeoconscaucueconseuc 13] 
Distinctive sbirivileses merry. fel stelle ote te eieleis el bee taiereis es 86 
Elect: Director-General se ec. ee perience +o 45, 137, 144 
Eilects@theersumesanc ception: ia taste nity tokewier eager si 45 
Eater Roe ckee CAB DISIO HOOD GE DED o mor GatUb Srata Cori 68 
Restrict ower of Governorsijer ie 2) ess elt aie cee ela 135 
Diseiples mote Christ eerie ltertelsteits sayeterar rrr to 301 
I Direagap Sins sonyke oer sect encotpoons Gbcdo ae eto 8 
Dissatisfaction with the Organization..........-..+...+-5 68 
Districtrots Columbia ayia cise siete terse ele 202, 203 
Dorsey, James A. Curator... ccs ewer es ete es 661 
Drakes borancisnmereicvococscnt rateterasstorvetoas tors siereuarctere si. 5 
Dutch Gaps cite ees tlcrler ite iene = clas ely ohoeiets 16 
is 
Fastermmohored Dy aystcm cele cere oie icicle lene rere) enotov el sYeratshereketetstsl > 240 
astern hoxenote Vitginia, Daye eee celine ce rarer: 327 
Education, Exhibit Buildings........ 119, 128, 129, 139, 533 
lovetrryal WANE SCR ae come oon bingo cdlne tooo opoidtte 82 
Biawardevil ba king:ss@up tere ojo sicte viele miele ers tehaieornaitet 274 
Edlectionzot: Officersarse cei ce erie = ee eeiere ener eleaehste iss 3foy, S¥/ 
Election of President of Exposition............-- BOT L0 
|TV ey IDEN? cesctaactctos op dann oe oOURr Hanes ioc ae 232 
Eimptym lreasury sector yerietr ae cie oees setae eta 125 
Endorsements of Ter-Centennial 
Elon Grover Clevelandites + yo © sists ts/sraie ores) ole eels ereleness ot 52 
lonee WieVibs Woodyiatsetctete eras sieres siot-V tole sere teietatove o> 50, 62 
Plone aulaViottonmecnrries meres ic «rates tn ene ttNerteree 50 
President skoosevelt ae erste tres eles 8 ake eievers lenis <i | 
Enforcing Payment on Stock Subscriptions. ....... 69, 90, 138 
Executive ommatteemsm ape nite tects stole ois ee stats 38, 45-47, 86 
EXHIBITS (Described annette sec oe einen ete ole 512-678 
Acmem leathers Companys cirieceettate tsels «chp statecaris 579 
Agricultural Normal University..........-----+++0e 676 
Agricultural Exhibits, Miscellaneous.........-....+--. 647 
Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition ..........-+... 618, 619 
(A Iberlew és Company sein atta tere ie terete ects siete ct 646 


783 


Exuipits (Described) —Continued. 


Alcohol Pinte tectet a aecnte eo cine aisles a ee, Petar 607-615 
AllcoholaWtilitiess\Companyziee see eerie ele ithe 612 
Xlis-Chalmerae@ompanywiy cece ae eee ere keane 591 
Aluminum Company of America..................%. 670 
Americans GivicneAssociationieasisisisnedersee oie eiayy «ceils 552 
American Federation of Labor.................. 560, 561 
American Gem and Pearl Company.................. 667 
Americans lomesmand § Cxardensae circ tetera nici 581 
American Humane Association ...........0.0eseeees 547 
American Institute of Mining Engineers.............. 673 
American Locomotive Company ................ 604, 605 
Americans heace Societyammericic cc ciie vnieies viieree a mels 547 
American® Rutiles Company ee crtests te citee! seis sees sisi g 671 
American Woolen Company ......-.......++-.- 576, 577 
Anderson Box and Basket Company................. 578 
Andrew Reed and Loom Harness Company........... 624 
Ange lace Cashier: octcvesuatirn as capevehs otateams ceucks sien. eretirase ais 648 
Associated Peanut Companies of Virginia............. 623 
Atlanticn Coast leineplvailway smraecrarect noni -reet cr aes 644 
Atlantics Coastelsumber: Company-neeie ea) ieee 624 
Atlantic Equipment Company .................-..-- 605 
Austins ©rcant Company. eerie tr eta eter tate 583, 584 
Babcocka cam ilcoxs © ompany were cre stisieiteteristtsi eres ts 617 
Babcock Printing Press Manufacturing Company....... 582 
Bakeri& Coes roe ces oe peperae etnacs yah Moe micmaeanele © 672 
Bakers Walters cc Gorm lutdeepgietys dele ete ioey 658, 659 
Baldwin locomotives Works ini cern nn 605, 606 
Balfours@uarrys Gompanyaeme cei niettemitcrriteceiea or 667 
Ballard: $i Ballard Matra tacreterct ras ernciereiaretotere «sede «re 655 
Bedoun Aw Pageant nate acto sweetener ninrda ance ais 678 
Belding Brothers & Company.................-- 574, 575 
Bermbheimer oa cca oon See cee, ee ae erent 647 
Bertha Manufacturing Company............:.....-.- 665 
Bhumgaras Pee Petpet: Stirs actete ertoereceiaeic nein 569 
Blackwood Coal & Coke Company.................-- 666 
BY Titen Oy obi nee oc ccqot Pein ab COO Der carrne 623 
Bosman ™:&s Lohman sencs tee eee clo sata ayers eta in esis sire 623 
Bowser poo her Ga Company ceria tsa terictrerntetear 595, 596 
Bricks Joss ochool tence a cieritncecne area rere 676 
Brille J Gi, Companyic..his-n-donis come State le tetera: 598, 599 
Bristol Companyer ree tae trae ease ene eaate 592 
Brogan). Millsieaemercmic er aetoctieah Oe cere tate series 624 
Browne shoes Gompanyaanmartteaetire eerie eile ety: 575 
Brown Weea obaccou Compan yaeetinaer yates ett 646 
Buchanan, Misa Natalies Cara ener ieee 657, 658 
suena pVastae rons Companyermriein rete ene aetr it 663 
Buenas Vistay easter Company aerieirt treeless 664 
Buffalo Gasoline Motor Company...............+++-- 616 
Burrell Ds Ele én Company: es cevnarie sei er-deyores eaetlc 588 


California (Los Angeles and San Diego Counties) Agri- 


cultural, Horticultural, Mineral and Manufacturing... . 


638, 639 
Gambrias Steel Company/acc cis nena aereteratcralekeaiersver ates 598 
Carboruncduma Compan yer trent ren eater 673 
Garmegie Librarysof Pittsburg step. teteri seit aetetsins (1 552 
Garolinag icem Mills mustered osrstereltieus su.cttietetenend coral: 642 
GarolinasyVionazites Company aaettter eit t rete tar 667 
Gauchois’ & ‘Company sauursons | os aetnoaet te ers 651, 652 
GelieiGarriages Company aerreriac ister aiaiiere Foran ate 588 
Chadbourne Manufacturing Company...............-- 626 
Champion Potato Machinery Company................ 590 
Chattanooga) Wagons Companyiiaicis aseiei sires ate le 588 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 
Agricultirallsand \linexraljenmssneueresctieet er 644, 645 
‘Vransportation iam ras crete cs lerele eve a leuefecateistaless) sistscs ove sis 598 
Virginia Minerals and Timber................ 665, 666 
Chicago Kindergarten College.................. 544, 545 
@hildren'spschool pivarmepserity-te uel settee alensl ote 522-544 
GlaflineWniversityanrrsetrteadecekeletye fests: releroueia) ater evotet: 676 
Classifications aacteraiicicaetronersaicvetorrensiclela ei: (ete ate cts 114, 116 
Glausse Shears Company erie ete et dates ale 575, 576 
Glinchfrelds Goals @orporation a -eeriese eines ieee 666 
Clyde lrong Works gucci cicels cet herent eerie « 602 
GocanColag Compan yise cxsiatote eet eatarerteselees rues steere) eka. 657 
Cohn A San Compan yiepenneiers charset iter ever veritas 644 
Coldwell Lawn Mower Company................ 591, 649 
oloniali’Goalué CokenGompanyen remains mere 666 
Goloniall Ducks Millstesrerce santero aerate cust -hetoreiestaxst utero eye's 624 
Golonial p Records gictuttstertta so ciel secre ers cious tet: 517-519 
@olumbias ehonographs Companyae earner ni 576 
Cone Export and Commission Company...../.......-- 626 
Gonfederateselics ven ae fioay ato tescn tere) veteaoeaterelan® 531 
Connecticut 
A oricuilturallaeieyssocote trsxtveton ch asctonsce taceleleversnabeimottieis d.atewie's 635 
Elistorieall bere yerctaveteve,chedeta caters evctateustts a cierto ssi - 634, 635 
Mineral@iryeaceust svete eee crete ents sie i a,iniarsintehets 635 
ConnsGar Ge Company tics eer neon a teieeicoulei ls. «gio 578 
Consumers’ Brewing Company of Norfolk............ 656 
Gornoo Mills irate vatoneter cine erate aati ae sera haya eh sictnt< 583 
@ostonwolgnale Company saniriee eer nenee terrors eterk 615, 616 
(GyimralloOr Iamydn Wisintite doconnttarnonoocascces Jac 551 
Gowee eA rthurt miociae se ieracha ac anteacds taatere areca tpi sous shes 649 
Graddock=aiberrynohoe compan yous teeter astrt lille 570 
Grown Corkeands sealaG@ompany era errs tiie) -letei ster: 576 
Danzenbakerie bce motcostelcterore ces e siots av tabsiedes suoursseileteehsie 648 
Daughters of the American Revolution........... 527, 528 
DayisnCollierya @ompanyccye toteta cere teleraeie etter 670 
Dayton Electrical Manufacturing Company............ 592 
Decree) ohrits kel ows Company. siete ete ctsiraletetetietsta sti teti ter 588 
Deereu owas COmpanyae rer prea ter etkete asf aca rasta eran: 588 
Deerenand Mansur) Company ete totais) eleel= osteleeialase) 588 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Exuipits (Described)—Continued. 


Del ord) Company... 2 aha eernee rine nace 578, 579 
Denison University” eae oc eee erin. cia ra eee 582 
Detective) Bublishing Company,-neerere aac eect: 551 
Detrick & Harvey Machine Company................. 595 
Dinwiddie Tobacco: Associations: .1s. siete iene s eleiele tte 623 
Doksees & \Sonssccrvor ec cteinetoneiaie sisters cieiciee tao sie aA 626 
Dominican /Republicuse sare eee niente ete 423, 424 
Dorkins,: Frances iS: sjevesiccess ieraishstehessietote siovshetere Cxsreseiee 678 
Dreyfus-W eile Gompanyaraaaieeet hee ieee 656 
Durham Cotton Manufacturing Company.............. 626 
winnella Wrights Companys reece eictet eret 651 
Eiducationy .:.fmic tensile poke cal dl sJeble oireretocteectes 533-545 
Eigg-O-See # Cereal: Companyivseieiceeieie terse clots as tet 653 
Fiimer : & Amend ic.cer./s. are incites ee iensaieieelale eo ae oteer 672 
Fil Mountain CottontlViillssarecmyereeieteerts let sitar 626 
Eillis-Chalmersy Company. en eels cuctsteisisie eistelstere sietelctclaeiets 578 
Encycelopediar A mericanal ssi) steleieiieielsicietetsietercieetcreane 581 
Eipiscopall: Church wares oi cserctele er clsvoeic tnicrn mes eee iether 527 
EevwintcGluster of Millstment qe seriemaecr tenia 626 
Expanded Metal and Corrugated Bar Company........ 579 
Farmers’ Manufacturing Company............... 647, 648 
Karquharnw Ad 5.5 Compan yan utc serene ae eee 590, 591 
Fisk ) University? soc caas.s cian nee tee sieniete ave oie meee 676 
Florence) Crittenden) Missioneljseee seein ee et ieniet 554 
Fortee, ‘Margaret oiv.1,., teicustas eiclerollenrete eevstote orate eure 678 
Francesvilles -lomestore ors aan teat eerie rte 547 
Pranklin Sugar) Refining Gompanyenemeeeeieaer tee 653 
Fuel (2622 2 2 See tnd DD ete ee ene ee 607-615 
Galenassignall @ilGompanyeeeeee eee eens 616 
Garrett :&* Companytacee ere ahi ee eee 656 
Geiser) Manufacturing) Gompany-. ..05 2-8) eee eee 590 
General Compressed Air and Vacuum Machinery Co.. .593 
General ‘Electric (Company saseeernre eee EN. BE 
Genesee) Pure) FoodiGompany...- setae ieee 655 
Gems, Precious and Semi-Precious..................- 671 
Georgia 
Firunits 57, poke csk casio vas eh eee ce OR apa otter meet 637 
Elistorical =apvacbectcs. sacri eerste techs 526, 527 
TE Valls: secre hit ns ey de eNRpORATTS oer eRe neyon eT re ues 567 
Gerlack, (Reters (Company sae oeneace Gaia nents 590 
Gillette Martiniéc Company. aoe Peer eeeee eee 653 
Glamorgan Pipe and Foundry Company............... 595 
GlenwoodsG@ottony Milly acc -mtins ieee tee eer 624 
Goulds Manufacturing Company.................---- 604 
Graciosis Os1.& Sonat. oot ae ee ec nee 569 
Grand ilirunk = Railwayserer e-store crete aie 646, 647 
Graton & Knight Manufacturing Company............. DoS 
Green River Bourbon Whiskey................. Rates. 656 
Blaites SUS aessevtee cicterara a tes bce calnee ear te eee 424, 659 
Iamptons Normale Institute=cemmer eects ic aisle 675 
leEnisy 14 1S |e WWE, cos scons eacnodoesonos 627 
Flee Satetys borer Company emir erenine 614 
Fleinz He J.5.. Company meepineeiea olaatenie ctva ee messes 654 
Henderson, Peter & Company.................. 648, 649 
Fleths) Missi Nannies andolphvcietets crereiietettetsteteeaiels 527 
Heurich Brewing Company............ Bristol nude sche ers 656 
High = Point; Nia Cin iivieth eos acct te miscercte notches terete teeters 583 
Highland Park Manufacturing Company............... 624 
Hope Mills Manufacturing Company................- 626 
Floraces Manny ochoolty.. rrr etna iieir stint 537 
Howards University aen-rsrnmate sori aerateciereisie eter iner 676 
iowellya Badia sonss kc Company aneeenr renee it 653 
Flubert®) Bulbs Gompanyser ee eee errr 649, 650 
Hungerford, Robert, Normal and Industrial School...... 676 
FiuntersVianufacturingsCompany-i. err eee 626 
Idyatt Rollers Searing: Companys ast cee ete 597 
[ces Machine supplya@ompany sees ener ers 657 
Industrials Remoyal® Offices. 5...-rte eee tiers eet 551 
International Bureau of American Republics...... 419, 420 
International Correspondence Schools, ..............-- 539 
International Harvester Company..............-- 588, 648 
Jacobwel ome institute: crea emis olavelalolstel ate areolar teretere 541, 542 
Japanese) Exhibit sors osc os torrie tiers ‘excl czsis oven reerete ee eters 569 
JobnswLlopkinsglU niversityrar cite eteiedai sreteinietes atelectasis 541 
Jordanj~Rufustes-ws tact rectye san dsleleferalerstaloietererienerere 677 
Kemp & Burpee Manufacturing Company............. 588 
Kentucky 
Agricultural @aicpiev.csceie) etatoyetey esate tone Stet eral stonakelertel Reet ere 631 
Froréstryaeacrerccc cries ty .elele sivlojeraseveieisiete clalete ct marencnaeietet: 630 
Mineral Sapnn.stacutyis.s jsrere oie eicieterererotolers otet entered 668, 669 
Keystones Drillers Company cteisislsleleieieloters cloiete aisteet reir 670 
ing ss Daughters, ofm Varginiasislelels\stetelaieieietelcictelel tations 554 
Kirkliny Henrrysac ters ciwsetcl tte svete ioterareieielaisieie «oe stations ite 677 
Ksny-scherem. Company seem ioisisie iets) sieietest it 581, 582 
Koken Barber Supply Company.........-..-.---+a+> 577 
Lackawanna Manufacturing Company............ 592, 593 
Ladies of the Maccabees of the World............... 555 
Mamberteeharmacale(@omp any,cteterirtelereteierstet tit atiee ett 582 
Lanston Monotype Machine Company................ 579 
Marge WDistillerys Company acu ais erties ttetei a 656 
Larkin iGompanyimrcccpin conte cierto r cciererracatat 584, 585 
Latin-American cei o ee ais fatesstereustetshersictetel oes 419, 424 
iincolnteublics School ajevrorasterct stray ietetsterereiervarete teat: 676 
JEiptonys Uhomasee Company atresia etettertey staan 650, 651 
Ihittle Neck (Glame Company aceon -iietasiieeleieel nents 626 
Mose Angeles) County @al-anmentetehist litter et 638, 639 
Louisiana 
Agricultural and Horticultural................. 633, 634 
Forestry als <i.ts Ustintatia vovalivssholede ds ler el oPereie tele: eketshene cep statins 633, 634 
Minerals’ Aicearc bicracteettecae sue stistorciore eet Sere 633, 634 
Jaynchburey bublicnochoolsesemnmieieeit eit ee 542, 676 


Exuisits (Described)—Continued. 


Machinery and Transportation ..............005- 587, 607 
Manganese Steel Safe Company................- 671, 672 
Manufactures and Liberal Arts...............00- 567-585 
Marine: Appliances 42:2. 44,a0.c6saa deem eee 615-618 
Marks; Av:Ae & Company some secre eerie © oar eee 580 
Mary Lowell Stone Memorial....................0-- 551 
Maryland 

Agricultural and Horticultural............... «. 628-630 

Agricultural, Colleges: ) esi. ose salen erence 629 

Ineral) bec.ceeavls ayes nae oeei eee 669 

Shellfish Commission) anaes reenter eee 630 
Massachusetts 

Historical (22 tece oko kc etonts Sa ee ee 519, 520 
Matheison’ Alkali sWorks.. octane icine eee ene 664 
Matthews, Si Deen ieee eae eee 657 
McGaskey) Register: Company. sine ere eee 579 
McCormick & iCompanys acer cree cn tiie ete 651 
McDonald Brothers Pitless Scale Company............ 588 
McGee Manufacturing Company.................++-- 624 
McMillan, Ps Jéas,0.tites Ue 05 eee eee 626 
Meadows,. W. G: & (Sons. oc: oo cce «ene neers 589 
Mechanical ‘Stoker ™s.<,/ncueeiem Soho eect eee 608 
Meekins,, Marcella ?5 2. tec ois 1222 ee ere 678 
Merriamy Gu & (Gan Company eee eerie 580, 581 
Mexico eine siete ta caslne ootoe el che niet eee 421-423 
Michigan 

ANgricultural wands biorestry<trerr erie etl 630, 631 

Minerals eis. iic etc ois saci t ane eee ne eee 668 
Minneapolis) Public) Schools») ae see eee eee 543 
Minneola Manufacturing Company................... 626 
Missouri 

Agricultural’y a0). one a a cos eters ane 627, 628 
Mitchell, “Maj. ‘Julians oj. se. mentee ore eee ee 624 
Moline. ,Mills © 2.5 é..0is - scent Oe ek oe 627 
Moline™ Wagons @ompany.. cei eet 588 
Moller.) M.-P 725.0) Skate cut ere ee 584 
Munn, & Company «cs o< ss seg ones oe cee 581 
Musical Compositions by Negroes.................-0- 677 
National Cash Register Company................ 572, 18 
National’ Casket): Company y.- 7 ice eee 573 
National Child Labor Committee................ 547, 548 
National Congress of Mothers.................220.0- 556 
National Council of Women..................-- 554, 555 
National’ Meter!Gompany yee eee eri eee 603 
National Society for the Study and Prevention of Tuber- 

CULOSIS eS ain scan cbheing oe ee Soe Oe eee 56l 


National Society of Colonial Dames of America. . .528-531 
National Society of the Daughters of the American Rey- 


olution 2.27, oc Gaeta cele eterna ree 527, 528 
National Starch), Company... erie eee eee eee 654 
Natural Food Company... nice sestneieete oleae 654 
Negro: Literature’: 25 scacd ek en oe cee Oe 677 
New Hampshire 

Agricultural, Mineral and Manufacturing....... 636, 637 

ew Jersey 

Department of Labor and Statistics................- 551 

Department of Public Instruction .................. 545 

Fish) and = Mammals. aecec oe eee a cece eet 632, 633 

Geological. 322i. w/-tostaccesien soe Ree eae 632 

Good ‘Roads! S.4i% an clean ons acs ei tereretereforeietet eee 550 

Eleemosynary and Correctional.................+-: 550 

Health) Resorts: 2 ..s.sjincl sasscrscieyole: ereitee eer ene 550 

Historical sisei ccc cede is cutie oe ent ie ee er 532 

Methods Employed to Exterminate Mosquitos........ 551 

Ornithological’ 03 $024)... er eee eee eee 632 

School’ for. the Deaft suc x. ecco ton eae 550 


5 
State Institute for Feeble Minded Boys and Girls... .550 
State Institute for Feeble Minded Girls and Women..550 
New York 


Historical 2 2Ac.52.22 2 stenoses 5 sree ee te eee 520, 521 
Newport News Ship Building and Dry Dock Company. .615 
Norfolk County Public Schools............. 542, 543, 676 
Norfolk & Southern Railway, Agricultural and Horticul- 

turall® See ie ee ee eee ere eee 640-642 
Norfolk & Western Railway 

Agricultural teat steisvatecs, «fois ore cbatevet letersi aicrat tees 645 

Manufactures: 7 sects sre « cise tieieisinicie es cte mele tre Cite eee 577 

Timber’ wsjejetsis, 0 5'0-, sini» oti steers storere alate sentra ate eae 665 

"Transportation. §)./c\5.. ece:ss.0\>:012 9) deistere uslcie ae Sere 598 

Virginia Minerals and Timbers...............- 663-665 
Normal’ Industrial” Institutes... .<1c. civic slesetererscieleeniente 676 
Norton: “Company 2:6 «e's 's = sci 's <teicne tcoo sielorelelelel orate ieee 673 


North Carolina 
Agricultural and Horticultural, Fish and Game. .625-627 


Historical) Gite carer icn cone eee eee 523, 524 
Minerals: 4.20 sys. ccg ersvs Rieck seta a/enele le: dleteve letersi eae 67 
Schoolof) Industrial pArtsm in sce ale oleierete ener 550 
State Museum (Forestry) 9 s-co-.o. > tele) seleientre teen 626 
State: School 075 2-2 Fiche Gieie scien ee see eee 549 
Textile” ¢. see cuylonstiv nae Catan sce neelett Caer 626 
North Carolina Granite Corporation.................- 669 
Nova’ Scotia): Mineralsaenm: sc scceeicre oe omic eerie 669 
io 
Agricultural and Horticulturaliy. = s.r: 635, 636 
Geological) Survey jae ssa.00)- + sider sere 585 
Historicalle Meera cera 3 Oden soe ae eer eee 531, 532 
Humane: Society yest snk ocis eee Ge ote eee 542 
Minerals oced. cots, scree aves ose vicesiclescate oiseterateretoge eee 667, 668 
University sof mercteieaca teeth eee eeteeieneeatede 530 0n 
Oklahoma, Agricultural and Horticultural............+ 638 


General Index. 


Exuisits (Described)—Continued. 


Olneny a lings Ot Company nace aes cise ct creb as % 614, 615 
Wroanmiower Company mecrmnts cetectes cclectacs els «ci cieoese 584 
Wesipee: GottoneMillscmt acta wr mest sar cack nae 626 
OltanGas: E.ngme! s\Workswes esa ce weie avorelt hiaclel as 0 614 
Fan -brreabyterian meets sctertette eine idelas vertices oles 385, 386 
Peanut Growers’ Association of Virginia and North Caro- 

UNM ate Sete I) cra tia ahs cteieateine alse earth sve- ay ay 642 
eng Chool wactrs tia ssh cisis sah Seine ah wh na eiee wie 676 
Pennsylvania 

FAIBLOTICA aT aetecetrsiee elects soc vareialetiaMerertucio es § 521-523 
Pennsylvania Home Teaching Society and Free Circula- 

ting eeipraryatorthe! Olind enter eieeie ere cies 549, 550 
Pennsylvania Railroad System .................. 597, 598 
Pennsylvania. a University. Of a: ea). antetar nue sec re 535-536 
Peoria Drill and Seeder Company............... 588, 589 
piladelphiaa lVitiseums a. aeons ies ees eee aie 539-541, 558 
PikesVianutactunng) Company sc... ses ecitecieas 673 
HaloteC@ottong Mill ls aeyracraye ical: tntoistetareth tener cra 626 
Pittsburg Automatic Vise and Tool Company.......... 594 
Faittsburgua Vieler Gompany sco. etoeiieeins areite ook 612 
Playground Association of America.............-- 556-557 
ocanontassa@oale Association jain cacti te ore siinieccaers ore 670 
Pocahontas Consolidated Collieries Company........... 664 
ocomokes GuanogCompanym. ciate sieteleie eternal are taal 647 
Rogpionia eeopinel liven se meee ous wis altars soe rates 569 
Rope. Gosserm hina Company yee cerceerrsie nin aeice) iie 668 
RorloOmicOmnern ieee nto «3c dete ee eee kee 420, 421 
owermhwueleand A lcoholancsbics stems ertes eee 607-615 
Egnmoss@hemicalu Compan yareatencentcinrennriiet rece: 672 
Prudential Insurance Company of America....... 558-560 
Frulaskie rons @ompany-rerac nce seer ae chasis 664 
@uakers@atss Company. soe eee ee ate Cae viola tinea 653 
IRadiummGollectivesten cinta chvitoe ac tere siete ok 673 
Rapid Motor Vehicle Company...............-- 599, 600 
Rates pepe t oases the easis co aeirae ts heen ae 117 
Reedisg Jacob goons ects ctie cite sobre ak fae hece.ay 576 
Renfrow Briquette Machine Company........... 612, 613 
RReogMVotoraGar Company, perctieee cee e sence eee 600 
Republicamominica sere cele sicitetre cen iok 423, 424 
Revolutions Gottone Viillssemiemisesiecicuretaeicisiecte cee 626 
Revolutionarysecords teeminnit aces nuentecceine oe 519 
Rhode Island 

FAistoricaltnenr ta tes crate tite ce cioisie Sim © obs ake suacavaistene & 517-519 

elistoxical mOOCIelyamermten terete aceon aes aie tats 519 
Richardsonyscales@ompanyenee catenin cence ie 590 
KichmondaGedanmv orks erie aemiccr sates cisis/otirte 579, 580 
Robins Conveying Belt Company.................-.-. 615 
RobinsonmaW meg @- cc Sons sae ei iaisieie cos nize oes 595 
Rochester, Board of Education. «.....-¢.---.::02-+-8 544 
Rockwood mr otterya Companyateei miei cree ie aie « 668 
Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Company............ 672 
Romanellig brothersm as epee etter ett aaciae 569 
Root and Vandervoort Engineering Company.......... 588 
RotheGcakinglehart-cer sere aciettecsiebieans ctoaie eo aieinns 574 
RowansGraniten Company aaceniaeecitie since nin saicticiels 667 
Ny ane bomase Fiecotatra ote atotames at eiavays Sale ereese ccsdewcic = 526 
Sans biegox County: Calsmppr a eran crcte ones othe wes 638, 639 
Santee River Cypress Lumber Company............... 624 
ScherrensuGa Aw on Company.ncje nares aaah ar iseelons etre 596 
Schraders At, con, Incorporated... ..-.2ss-0e% 617, 618 
Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Company................ 656 
ScientinewAmericanm tart eeeniiletoates erecta ce oe 581 
Scotts Charlesmssteyes erste roty onsrosiayesei ss ovetane ve vo eter ebonecets 647 
Scurlock sAcyNamyanevan nc cistecn ts cassG cette shite ies 678 
Seaboard Air Line Railway 

Agricultural, Horticultural and Mineral........ 639, 640 

Free Travelling Library System............... SV), 33518) 
Ssh ISE hy WWaseusces Sama cae su ctet orate nete te oxctonere te Sool ous 663 
Shelby Steel Tube Company................... 594, 595 
holes Chass b:.4, Company.ziistm sclyes ants otis = oer ie ake 580 
Simonds Manufacturing Company..................-4+ 594 
Singer Sewing Machine Company..................+- De 
Smitha briscoes Company eraeen = oeisaeccr hat ons cares 575 
Srnnithi ws Go| sprees ee nein ce tud sities eecteie sevice meee aes share 642 
Smith Gan teiano) Company. y-iaaceeiee ie sin ele comes 574 
SocialuEconomy,) Department, of. a) aeeie rs «ere 546-561 
South Carolina 

Noriculturalywetemes tac tctat ic mune er. crates eet, ats 623-625 

Cotton Manufacturers Association............. 585, 624 

State Agricultural and Mechanical College.......... 625 
Southern Cotton Oil Company........  ........ 580, 654 
Southern Railway 

Agricultural, Forestry and Mineral................. 642 

Virginia Minerals and Timbers.................... 665 
SO PALEO Wan Com GVAVEL Ve atirprc te ta aie <ieitinn i tpoeus Bhar ay NRL 646 
Sprayer lextilerA ssoctation maraeeist-lcthscis teres -in ier ust tclel 626 
SToueny Gore ea WY AIG Bay holes Sevier baa cnbnaers o tito Ded 626 
St. Emma Industrial and Agricultural College for Negro 

BU ONE cBie aickcie cle Oy I eID EMEC GE Ge Re opens 676 
Sielrancisnces Sales Academy nation aeeceiin acters cere 676 
Stel tonise br ublicn SCHOOls yes lccisin a cisicte enphiaktee rics 543, 544 
Standards @ile Compan yayraeres ates viet occ, sete err ate 670 
Standatdeoteels Worksma tie azicinn fos berate sete eka eieesaht 607 
Stevens, J.. Arms and Tool Company............... 578 
She fi Ghags Mitre eta telat «yeni 2 Sradiore cin ates a oes 573 
Stonega,@okert&. Coal Company.y- sini) ei eesti 664 
Stover \Vianufacturing, Companya.).)- 4s. 1) ee tee an 588 
Studebaker Brothers Company.................- 600, 601 
TEN Cie Uae CU Re oer cr tie aces DBO em era NM aera 677 
Saylor: blugh Exact rpenrirectusieusnsis ant erases ooh oes 663 
biceacherss Colleges carnevstsscreihe ss actrc Wists t51o fasts, cae Mote 537 


785 


Exuisits (Described)—Continued. 


esting 
OT) VONTTTTSE cae cee lo ee RII OR IAPION Ea toe REA 608 
Gasoline and Denatured Alcohol................... 609 
Maboratorys vate seman sistent teaks) > vate ele Fite tt Mees 610 
Reintorced Goncreteancuscaieo see acine cae baie 610 
plittanya Oh Compan yard cach vise stactatare sore Crass 671 
slit ttanyeotUclosn Mr tic eit ra acer eiie Sv re ttc cn Rina ae 577 
AGU aE Aa Saint ee ie ee eC ae ie eco ae ad 663 
dfougaloo;Wniversityaemastc nat. cpitnicactiae aettes enh 676 
Transportation, Machinery and.................. 587-607 
ravelers@ AidsSociety qc.nsettaig ys. otk sinter 555 
Truscott Boat and Auto Supply Company............. 616 
Truscott Boat Manufacturing Company............... 616 
det SCE OP Jia Gon Raa. <. Sa Ee e ene ine ne 623 
Hummer; «Daye com VV oolworth n> smsterteeneier sierra 583 
Underwood [dares ssc nin iyhciiieauetes niub 0s. ahs aera sees 678 
Underwood Typewriter Company .................--- 574 
Union Bleaching and Finishing Company.............. 624 
United Cement Machine Company.................+. 593 
United Shoe Machinery Company..................4- 570 
United states’ Goverment amnion are eee 394-420 
Department of Agriculture 
ArlingtonuExperiment: Station semen seers eine 413 
Bureautofe\nimal sindustry eee eee iret 412 
Bureausots entomology mesereee ie at een 413, 414 
Bureausofelalantl industry serves eiietcrierrieieeier 412 
Bureaurofs Soils sar trecnseneekrecoe ancien eee 413 
Flawaiandil-ortoyRicomeaaaecanniae ene ete oe 414 
‘Weathers Bureawgnanten cts hos aee oe toe re ee 411 
Department of Commerce and Labor 
Bureausot si isheries eee eee ere nnen 415, 417 
JEighthouses Establishment spereree arteries ieee 415 
Rhode Island Commission of Inland Fisheries... ... 417 
Department of the Interior 
Bureauo fursducation settee cine Aa Gene ae erecta 410 
BureausofeindianwA fairs sears 410, 411 
Generali Zand, ©fhcermeun steerer ne 410 
Geological’ (Survey s:r.cvm< cer Given wee eee oh ree 409 
Hsecturesniancen tex seer ciclo cere eared tien eos 411 
Moving Pictiresenssca natin einen ee ene 411 
Patentw Officeterraciccc. Corin. ae hee 409, 410 
Pensiony Offices... nse cance ccm metic ete ait tee ee 410 
Reclamation) oervicemee sa iceanin. cca eee arater 410 


Department of Justice 
Autograph Letters, Oil Paintings, Court Documents, 


State Trials, Prison Methods, etc.......... 404, 405 
Department of State 
(Axticlessofm@ontederations eames 396 
Geremoniall-Ikettersyn as soc bee sci eee ee oe els 396 
Declaration of Independence.................... 396 
Memotialse te ana vite eon k me bake > cas 395 
Montoex Doctrine, Wy seem Hote eee ee eee 396 
Hicturessofathe bresidentsa.qsac eee neato e seek 396 
Presidential Proclamations mae sei serie ices seer 396 
Relicsas erie aise eee cc Merce ce ee ero as Boe 395 
Territorial xpansion Illustrated................. 396 
WDreaties# sera wee, eo ptwens stirs Meena anteater aoeey Nets 395 
Library of Congress 
Divisionsote ViapswanduaCharts ete sn ene nee 414 
Divisionsofpheriodicalsima een a ae erie a ae 414 
Divisionvorelrinteds books: eee eer rane ie 414 
Mechanical Divisions ..............-+--e:- 414, 415 
Navy Department 
Artificer’s School of Norfolk Navy Yard......... 409 
Atlantica Fleet. Reviewsre eee cme mise 406 
BostonsNavyiviards aera Reece rents oe 407, 408 
Bureausofmyardspands Docksamememceen sekite 406, 407 
Marines Corps-tae teeter cont te ee 408, 409 
INavalsGunpiHactoryananraierterasciitite aici tee 407, 409 
Navale Medicalsochool@enmran serpentine ocas ae icee 408 
Post Office Department 
Deadsilmettere © fice memati farenceentvecn. area tae 406 
Doctimentsaetecec cen te ee crn nt 406 
Mail Transportation Division...............- 405, 406 
Mutoscopestiemics creat hoy yiiien kas sone tana 406 
Wariecimotylesmofmlslandlingm)Viallasemessttsetereerer ete 405 
Smithsonian Institution and National Museum 
Biographicaliee eres nctycm etiam eke 419 
Ethnolosicall septtuce on nemiicc eabie ohare 418 
Elistorica lao oe ae eee eee 417, 418 
Felistoryaot a Viedicinesmtn tere seem reat: meen a eee 419 
Photographyeen norek eh cre ae aero ee 419 
(lableausopm) onnmomithliradin cartier 418 
Transportation Development ................ 418, 419 
Treasury Department 
Bureau of Engraving and Printing............... 397 
later Gets INST .. sonsobsS cae Suc sue Be BA oe 397 
WaboratoryASeclony ests crac twitter oreiain vias 398, 399 
Wifes Saving: Denice sme same rrr cies en ei 399, 401 
FlospitalSectionaae serra trrernat shite meses noc 399 
Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. .398, 399 
Register of the Treasury, Office of............... 397 
Revenues Cutter, Services nina aciv.a ceetetais tele crate 398 
Secretary of the Treasury, Office of............. 397 
Supervising’ Architects; Offices. i... nn: s- 0-02 n0 00 397 
(iiveasnrervorathe |Onited sotates nee seller rain 397 
suberculosisalxhi bites eirckn reer aeke steerer are 399 
ve Ray? Hox bibit ae ic aescncsnecieicts eho: srsheneaaylene Vets tae 399 
War Department 
Generalkstath manera ote anche a sepa oenar 401 
Gettysburg National Cemetery Commission......... 404 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Exuisits (Described)—Continued. 
United States Government—Contlinued. 
War Department—Continued. 


Government» Piers!i cyan aca anette cena 402, 444- ee 
Isthmian Canal Commission (Panama)............ 404 
@rdnances Departmente atari aie eerie 402 
Portote Rico tcc ee ee ECE 420, 421 
Quartermaster's) Department ye ieee 401, 402 
School of Submarine Defense .............. 403, 404 
Secretarymotm\ any Olicerotemeiniecerieeneierneitet: 40] 
Urs: Military Academy ice sativcuct materi eet 403 
WS. poignale Corps) najcrsehs chs checscctreseeteteetee 402, 403 
Wnitedt Statesml obaccal| Company. saree ete ie 580 
Vermont 
Agriculturalleands bloral setae cere acre te 637, 638 
Historical iy.: Aeiwrtesettaee§ wisieg et eee Se eee eee 519 
Mineral es eee eee wncaryk cate teaoe ek teioe anche oe 669 
Vermont Maple Sugar Makers’ Association............ 657 
Wickes) Sons and Viaxim!\Company.aase sentria rei ieee 596 
WictorANp palachees Cotton all aayarareietete rey eey erential 624 
Victor: E2y Kay & Company tieciaa ioc teleeie ceeneter eon: 623 
Virginia 
Agricultural, Forestry, Fish and Game......... 622, 623 
Department of Public Instruction.................. 542 
Historical? farce ce eon eta 525-920 
Mineral and Timber Association............... 661-667 
Schoolstonsthes!eatsand lind antennae 548, 549 
Virginia Anthracites: Compan yarn sitet eer cree 666 
Mirginiay brewing § Company. niet nite tacit etre 645 
Virginian lions Coal sca Coker Company eines 666 
Wirginia Polytechnics nstititem=arce erie aes 537-539 
Mirginial Onion) W niversityanaener eieniiaria ie aeons 676 
Witainer OMG Gise Gl coodaoco oPardasbosuabas 534, 535 
Wakeleé’ss Camelline cage eanionaie eet nate. 577, 578 
Walbormm&phikeni@ompanymeae ere erence ena 601 
Waltham Watch) Companys eee ree SA, BYP 
Ware-Kramer Tobacco Company...............----- 571 
Warrick: Meta. :Vaux ayorie crud ctrare oe caknotccee etiraceee 677 
Wrelche Grape) Juice, Company. eet eerie 656 
Wells “and Richardson. Company. 4... 250. seen ae Mee 579 
Weelsbach: Company Ajamc son acti a4 acciaisicneten eareieiete ener 673 
West Virginia 
Coal -Columin® pycptysia ate see eri reuinete cece EE evant 670 
Colored “Institutes G cae a. Seals sete een echo ee 676 
Fruits: 22 5hs4, Jet i sakhis ) Sade Seed Se ae ee es 633 
Historical. “5: were arecave ate fanaa = ore ninio ateatane stele ane 524, 525 
West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company............. 623 
Westinghouse) Companies: sj-eiart sie cei ete einie ier naenele 612 
White moos entale Company. miei eer erier rie 672 
Wihites@ ake CottonmVirllsan ctor emrett een etree 626 
Walberforce Colleges num cnceemeva arise comer eee: 676 
Walliamsonye benjamingeememneein ae aeniae eae 624 
Wialliamsonay Macl yor scoicciaee:. oot ciaidteke heater: ates 624 
Witt) George Di) Shoes @ompany.seyen ee eters 570 
WiomantsmC@ollesevofsbaltimoreseciee te iat narn aie 541 
Women's Christian Temperance Union............... 554 
WiolferCompanyen sneer eer See ea oe aa 589 
Wood) R= Dist: Companyescnnc ser (skate eatnkey Soalepe s,s Ss 613 
Woods) Ss9As i Machinery. Companyac serene 590 
Wrenn): 2A; :ScS0nS sfsatane serge cies ietehewateteuanercnetawa ese ohs 601 
Morkwoate: andelsocks Companyees iene teicnin arin 580 
Young Women’s Christian Association.............++- 555 
Exhibits 
Gomimittees'| on i sicssssctehs, oroiere 12 spcuar nent tanayaletioetere ieee 47, 105 
Conflict with Concessions Division .............. Wiss, WAL 
Conflict. wathallistory, Divisione eerie ieiecetreet oie 115 
Department: Greateditesucrnirtererctacts settle cece 104 
Developmentvote Scopemscnrcemnc tect tie eee 104, 105 
Palaces Joby aaco: «cts schon eis ok a nei eee 118, 119, 127-129 
Report ofMlicn os Southgate sri-y.)- ceieiia 562-565, 773, 774 
Rules softs Division mite mt cin setae 114, 115, 116 
Unfilled! Halllse7n2 icteric dponers zoo epeptteusieeimeroie Oletete vera 139 
Exploitation 
Advertising “Begun yrricys et aplorat corte ects Glceeaeeter 40 
Adyertisinoia\ listakes manele te cenit 132, 140-142 
iNdvertisings esultsmorrn crt te crite eet ne 108, 142 
Committeeton ress and) Publicity wer-taeenieieneia st aeineeiens 47 
Departmentiot Exploitation am amore ister nie eine 104 
Injudicious Advertising "52 - cece. oe see ee sec 141, 142 
Managers i tac cyiettee ¢ aie¥ ecu «pis, optetatnstaerne) auaneca a siete ans 104 
Report by, GaR Keiley @iaapscetrsrocbia stony. 754-759 
Exposition. Fence’ tenn cance sein siete ls ereieeiniieabe cies: arhaties 101 
Fxpositiona| Viakers@ Way rimieietrats tect -tleini ara ecient 325 
Eixposition? Scope) sas alin = ave cctelessuare sie eekern's ounwsieletetomiers ts 38 
F 
Fairbanks, Mrs. Charles W. at Jamestown..............- 65 
Farewell Dinner to National and State Officials.......... 330 
FinancialisPlanweyceteccnkiomberttec ters chert srcimeccicrayrrainime ces 8 
First) Assembly, Day trerastncrat eta sissies es cisielaaci= « ey Petey, 77532) 
Farst (Bond Testieeisernce fe nis eens rondo nto cos eieees ISS 136 
Farst emelisny CourchimeA meni ca-atpariere tem ictheietstae etter: Up 
First) EnelishelVinister ine Americasetisstarcistststerietetete veleitee 22 
First Jury surialcineAmericasi raster iinet rtchaetetere teen 10 
First? Legislative Assemblysayee 13 4- ta stateniel acento 17, 18 
Firsts Populareilection sing Virginia seria ele tereet tle teal el 1 
First Recorded Marriage in America...............45- i 
Fitzhugh) Liee™ Day ioc tee slate sl holnleldere's onset aerate cre 329, 330 
Florida State Troops, Second Infantry, Company “A”’...215 
Flowers Carnivale eis. erika ee errs mane Hie 21 
Foodsieroducts) building ars taken eie 119, 650 


Food Products: Dayacrmoricmiisieniatlac ice yee eee 273 
Foods, and, Accessories: essences ane eee ae 650-659 
Foreign Embassies and Legations Opening Day...... 166, 167 
Fork Union) Military) Academy aie sete 181 
Fort: Charles sass ait: i :cperovese cite seve eter rete eee ee eae 16 
Fort: Henry” cesscgstsctdis.a'¢ aca iags ae soneitrche soe eee eee 16 
Fort® Raleigh» apie surasieu ects cme eran en enna 6 
Free School) Dayirutseanciisteciocin Poe ce eee 518° 319 
Frobisher, Martins? angen es ene ote. eee ee 

Fuel ‘and|-Alcchol Day 27) tisnis cents ae ee eee 317 


Gates,e'Sir: Thomas. «of Jetse ss siete lee ec ete 14, 16 
General Federation of Women’s Clubs of America........ 
186, 187, 188 
Georgia, Day’ i cicc.c0 suture e eis aloe Sant seen ene en eee 193-198 
Georgia oe Military? Reagant--eie ieee 197, 198 
Georgia National Guard, Fifth Infantry................. 192 
Georgia National Guard, First Infantry, Company “ H,” 
German, Volunteersi.-e secs ste ic mires erste icone ene tere 22a 
Georgia National Guard, Second Infantry, Company “ M” 225 
Georgia: Naval Reserve's jce.j:1cae +» ine ere cic eee 6 
Georgia's) Participation selec oss yee eee 342, 343, 344 
German-American Day seems celeritete 239, 240 
German War*! Vesselsos.. ccs oc..tela sealant eis ee nee 153 
Gilberts -SirsElumphrey.. o> - caer ecisicteei teeters 3 
% God ‘Speed “Ship.© ays stesieistoreiccke ett eeu ete ee eee 8 
Gosnold») Bartholomew rise ae ct eieleie eet niente 6, 8 
Goyerning) Bodies Gomparediinsenicicieinene terete 85, 86 
Government) Participation’). eset arse ene 391-449 
Government Ter-Centennial Commission ............ 391-394 
Government. Piers-\.03.23ss.¢:0/s 0is/e's clemieers eracke eee eres 
112, 122, 139, 140, 141, 278, 279, 402, 444- a 
Governor and Company of Merchants of London... .. 4: 
Grand Camp Confederate Veterans of Virginia.......... 317 
Grand €hapter# sigma Chise see eee eee eae 239 
Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows of Virginia and North Caro- 
lina ere. PEN a earnest atone a ne eee ee 178 
Grand, Royal “Arch) Chapters of Virginia q.ceerieeeree 297 
Graphies Arts) Duildingsee eee eet eee 127, 129 
Great. Council of Redi(Ment cern «mei icteric ieee Ae 
Greater WNorfolk®Dayerime irda ri ota SHISY, SHG, 2i/7/ 
Grenville Richard *; 5. Jou onen cae e ace nce 4 
Grounds and Buildings ' 
Activity, Unders | jas arte ceteris 140 
Committée!on> 560: da neenisientis « eto ceucys eis otto nee een 47 
Completed Werk ® <f/2% cs «te o1ciste ete «cholo aalcrerererete 146, 147 
Construction \vice.d de steseee aieltreiepesclac chet lorena 118-134 
Department ‘created 2.1. ¢ <j: a« 5550 2) ee eee 83 
Manager si. csicis s.olse detalles casas Oe ae eee 83 
Werk in 1907 8 hs, cy cierertesneateuce ae 126-131, 133, 134 
Wrork of) Department ae 55 sccisie on deities 100-102 
H 
Hakluyt; Revs Richard 3%. o-icc chee clos cle re reiteneistneies 6 
Iiamptony Roads.) ts) © pportunities erick teneiteiteeners DOM 
Hariot,~ Vhomas 75 a2 cise ay eusi oes, e:0,enatet veto sorte re een ens recone 4 
Harrisburg Volunteer Fire Department.................. 256 
Headquarters: 5.5. sca ncscisnds sigue sss clacthare Sitee ae aueneneee tetas 40 
Histories Art: Buildings an erin oer ee ener 119, 139 
History 
Building: podria es cise “fereweniereiets 119, 127, 128, 139, 244 
Committees isais,- its sacle dais s conslete aber ee eae 47 
Eixhibits | a. ec. easiayia rs aieoreie piss eiehee aa oan BMW, S35! 
History, Education and Social Economy 
Diverted cfromaExhibitseee qi. areola einen 105 
Division ,Created ©: tage. top a staruesinhe eerO ee ee 114 
Eixhibits me 20 sctec octane 2 a elerel eet ei eee 517-561 
Managersands Directors. eiis ae ier eet en eee 114, 115 
Reportiof Ja Ag G: Chandler IED nersricreare 513-515 
Homing Pigeons, Filightanmmcivrelsttaclciietcletie eleanor 172 
Floren Military Ncademymrry. teins ii ttt iiere ereee 177 
Horticulturel Congress: gee cntrustisi ise ee eee ee 289 
Houseyof Burgesses in) 16] 9 teense tierce ener neat tetas 49 
elouseyof; Burgessess Dayl seine eee eee 235-238 
I 
Idea of Celebrating a Ter-Centennial................... 26 
Ihnois} Day". haxcrtcteeericcees onic ee ete VA AL) 
Linciss Participation enim 2) acter oeteeets 346, 347 
Improvement of Grounds Begun...............--0000e- 
Inception 2:55, ces ARe eens noe scoralziote there seein eres 24-33 
Incorporation) s...5 acct Gels ye» sersetene ee oie seems 35-44 
Incorporators scott <a lsccrscie ee ye lasers, ate Cleereen ere ener 35 
Increased Cost of Material and Labor............... 122-127 
Independence) Day Sus¢isingre cine tee te eee 223, 224 
Independent Order Rechabites................-02ee000- 267 
Indiana National Guard, Third Infantry, Company “H”’. .257 
Insolvency of the.Exposition Company................- 151 
Insurance Commissioner's Association..............++005 284 
Intercollegiate Championshipsinteieeieeinice ieee 216 
Interest) in the) Expositions. sce ace eee 52, 61, 62 
International Association of Chiefs of Police........ AE PA 3) 
Interstate Cotton Seed Crusher Association.......... 179, 180 
Introduction by H. St. George Tucker............+.+0-- 2 
Irish-American Athletic Club of New York......... 260-266 
Islevof Wight) Day sch cog cessen cane ee chacten i cneeicietn = erate 327 
Issue Between Exhibits and Concessions..............+. 116 


General 


1 ECE 5 1 een hte ee he ee aa 7 
ames PRAVODER ctr e e onts Mitste va eicaet Nine stele ree Ao «dai tie viecs 9 
Jamestown attacked my 1044. ote ncrasimenss castacte cree os 20 
PAMeStOWN) Cup waeyhiisideicr acid tes he citer ais elas 274-275 
lamestowny Daye nnrcre attra csvaeteccre ere uthcis jcteta. cette s s/cre 173-177 
Bands Contestasmitacctiecteacnias eect un vineerines ane oes 175 
i Onte Races wre sreisge sins Zaidan, Aseeeletemen chats icceo'ty ober 175 
Celebration at Jamestown Island................ 175, 176 
Distinguished sVisitorss evs) aei nonce worse eerore. aaae 173 
ilurninationvob Ware V esselsinn scente-rie scr oe eirievaeiolein: 177 
Military Paraceten tect. sens vocmettie mailers. aes 173,, 174 
Reviewaulviilitary and) Naval ..,ccsc bec ocieeeeteeie os 174 
Waters Garivalism cen csi siete cmos gett tttee rie meme tue 175 
Jamestown Dental Convention ................ 269, 270, 271 
‘Jamestown Destroyed! in) 608s. 7.2.5. 9e). sae ac 10, 11 
iamestownink LOUD. ae ce ane ae teases Oe eee Sikes 15 
Jamestown Island, Present Owners...........000eee000 22 
llamestowne) cints Committee sant seis ciire cites icieeiiare « SM, BY 
amestownpilistvoflebirst) celtlersace-tns enacts aces tas 7 
ifamestownelvoultryy Show sen cer tea cc ie cats ae ere era 313, 314 
lamestown se lebuilding of, 107S.) a2). «cance cate eos oe 21 
Jamestown Settlement—History ...............000e000s 3-22 
J EVEN BING sdé.cbi ance tle OE cee tas 291-293 
Feast of Lanterns and Water Carnival............ 291-293 
Japanese Cruisers at Hampton Roads................0. 172 
aquelin’s and Cary’s Descendants.............00.0000+ 246 
NV ollvaliokersarClubrirs cis tecc cece ene covevods agtronse arse have ese cite 249 
UnymotmeA Wardsammtnacta rane reise cok aes c mewine 451-461 
Departments | uxiesmem iat tus eon ye «vaste iscsi sr ars. cssls operstier- 461 
JPET ECE Esc kic ae Ric GOONS OCI NRA TO NE NGC ns cee tales 
Peresiclent sw ixcport gents a) si-tctere suciatalein 31 #ue.ers. ete +. teee 
Ruleswandsheoulationsseeriecn stains tials ee 451 482 
K 
KalamazooelViich ae ay a tse sorte itelceieioreiniarereis/e chess 290 
KansasnGitvaayceysemietycrtter ee eters oo haces ellen «Sincere 260 
Kentucky say, nena ci eiise satis clot dla sis ctecs tine tustnnstopais IH Pas) 
Krentuck ye burste tmian try geri icra ciesstatsiencneis tai eysicysicices, © 221 
KRentuckysaicartioipationpe- neato rteiione: (< cuke eletotenena ei 348, 349 
Kentucky State Guard, First Infantry...... ye chee caa eens 221 
Kentucky State Guard, Second Infantry ................ 230 
Kentucky State Guard, Third Regiment ................ 225 
KonghtsgoreColumbusslayatiy err eirdterstele sm Se stsrs 240 242, 243 
Knights, fe Miaccabeesiyn csroe cease ta + ots.s iene operas 4 sysiere s,s trea % 244 
Knigntspotminyviniass @hro Brigade sys mcrae dcleielsisae aie oe 241 
Knichtsrotmiaythiass: Onitorm sank wert eile) lcicieie ae 190 
Ihe 
WSabOne DO ayaien.tevevare ters a ie cisions sess, + )SnoiSe cide eet ates 257-260 
JRabore tar Oblemseeey ttt scheme) ciclo oreo leila al Fe, eaiel er evel' 102-104 
Ladies of the Maccabees of the World................. 283 
[fatin= Americans arhcipation ereieitese crorierters tees. clctsie cle ate 424 
Wondone@ompanyy saci oa Ameer Neto tcie reget wes wets whe 
[oursianaselaricipation perramasce se tacac wee a 350, 351 
Jevnnhavenm | aye terse norte ce pee etek s cote aeicla's © ces entre 9 
League of American Municipalities ..................-- 283 
League of American Pen Women...... aeanvetetereueesotelene es 205 
eaguesoteAmenican Sportsmenin)stalttaies steltate -varer-is) eel eres 172 
Lee, General Fitzhugh 
Biographiyae.cer spines street ease Me ciah seit are ei vieoele, cleveye 46 
Peat eo hermes scream rte, teen, © aioe tone de CASS a ietale see ened 78 
ilectedmbresidentsotelcxpositione «seis eee cl) tet 36, 45 
egislativemW ork solr \cnsltemie ve Ipieinis ie avsrelete reales 71, 76-78 
@bacquiiesmeetcre set serste sites cierats. 8 Wccausheye ein eis a lovato ovarelee 79 
Resolutions#in -lonor oft eeciiss ales Sere oie ore le 78; 79 
[exabilatiess E.xcese of. circrysiettcieiecsio taietsiels acre sachs 119, 120 
rahrands Rowenen insane pieces Cicer mele eine oelches 97598 
[eiptonss Summ bhomase Cupiarese ia ta te te iter iierel aietene nacre 274 
M 
Weleesporta trace aymtsrercmusie icles cio tiete ie rcrerehone ners 225 
Machinery and Transportation, Palace of..118, 129, 139, ad 
Manufacturers and Liberal Arts Day .................. 307 
Manufacturers and Liberal Arts, Palate are Ile 1VAs) Pe 566 
MarinemA ppliances teres: eee se eretar hel sieis telecine Por ciel oie 615-618 
MannesAppliances sBuildingy.4-4- +c ce 5 iets 127, 587 
Martin, Alvah H., Elected Director-General............. 144 
Maryland Agriculture College—Battalion of Cadets. .183, 184 
Maryland) Bankers Association @ oo. sles s ciel oils in = 78 
ManglandalDay pect cit es cen 2 hioene cehereegotin eis 275-277 
Marylandeldorticulturali Societys) yrs). ss alalele cles 289, 290 
Maryland National Guard, Fifth Infantry........... 230-232 


Maryland National Guard, Fourth Infantry, Second Bat- 
talion 


Maryland State Teachers’ Association.............. 217, 218 


Marylancdise tartictpa toner tis cites cits aetele)-(sreietervernus 355-358 
Maryville: Golleges i ces.. terse «sis sve, siete eins © esysiaunatnres sae 180 
Wiassachuseits tay meen te fantse tens cneteise oie crete Seen ane 244-246 
Massachusetts: Participation ...<.5026 6-12-65. “ttn 355-358 
Massachusetts Volunteers, Sixth Infantry Company....... 260 
Wasem Mectingsmrvsacrt coin ccicsiie ic.crelamseseh sce 29, 30, 41, 42 
Watthewsr carmel gcnantey ort sie etc tale ever sninee loner tele ater 
Medical Department, Report of R. L. Payne, M. D., Di- 
ECtOL Tee ee eid eer ee ede hagas o Matdinie oa Sodtersae eae 751-753 
Meeting of Representatives of Railway and Steamship Com- 
BLING, A raovic Srna Ae eke's Ula ge CoeIsOer namo, omc 43, 44 
Memorial to the General Assembly of Virginia.......... 27 


787 


Index. 


WlexiconL) a vairnta stir ts, stow tccs ters des. wfassneehs tens 279, 280 
Michigans ay me tomers! sts. cucicate sare one caer aes 319, 320 
Michigan smlzanicipation ata viet asc cetina i oe aa 358, 359 
MilitaryaAthleties Carnival neces. > sire simi ee aeons ee 240 
Militarys surgeons Dayaanretia<ciiecicicn cies tates iris s 301-303 
Mines and Metallurgy Building.......... 119, 127, 128, 661 
Minnesotagleatmch) Disaster pie fire tants oe oor 203, 205 
Missouri lo Wy eae nitgite tae ee intoa ciieis lege wieuele siahereete 8 283-284 
Missouri salzarticlpatlonimmr.tiseidays cians @ sisrtininara dante 360, 361 
NWlonoplymotmelobaccomilirade seremntts ¢./< stanrantewiate cesar 20 
Mothers’ and Children’s Building.................. 118, 556 
Motivesyors Vianagers terrier tectonic of neha sieeve 125, 126 
N 
NAMING TOLMV ACI A eer enter cele nie. ica sna aie tercke c 25 
National Alumni Association of Christian Brothers Colleges 241 
National) Association of the Deaf... 3.2.5... cctac.s.0---- 24 
National Confectionary Salesmen's Association........... 241 
Nationals Congressmotm Vlothersii siete tieieleieioe ciistelcitereie 301 
National Council of Jewish Women................ 323, 324 
Nationals GouncilRotw Viothersem anr)-premiiee sie si teiacett 228 
Nationals E:ditorially Association 9> aac cnie eel 199-201 
National Funeral Directors’ Association................. 294 
National Elaymakers) Association\). «scils.<l1- 5s vrs =)ee oils 234 
Nationalelces Carnival meneame treet acl ecto tere cisieisicnctores. ae 321 
Nationalialces Carnivale ayasect: cermieeie cietiis sian 322 
National Jobbing Confectioners’ Association.............. 242 
National Machine Tool Builders’ Association............. Vz 
INationale Viagnzineivcaden sa ay meni. me sseietar aera Oe 278 
National Nut Growers’ Association............0+s+ree0: 290 
National Society of Colonial Dames Day ........... 187-188 
National Society of Colonial Dames of America......... 27 
National Society of Daughters of the American Revolution. 27 
National Society of Daughters of the American Revolution 
at) Jamestownglsland sarererc mies orton tnt ae 63-66 
National Society of Daughters of the American Revolution 
Dr teat hPa ae cer Site 8 ye To adc ere tok Ore Renee eee ae eee 301 
National Society of Physical Therapeutics .............. 213 
NavaleReview.—© ficial Chartemmnmien iret bee eek 440 
Negron Suildings Comerstones said aeeyseeere neice ieiiete te 675 
Negro: Dayar arti ieee crit ie rete cspareas tree eater 241 
INegrombixecutives Committees. ieveseiserie erecta ere 678 
INegroplhysicianse:|0a vane meee eit aerate ices 257 
INegromolaverysineVaroln la eee eet ree reer 18 
NewSHampshire-Dayshemr mopantect cies aielala) fioscante ouslo.o12, oe 261 
INewsldampshire sm marticipationmep tient iret enter 361-362 
Newislerseys Dayne. cc ieee ri ironm. Micha ec tions 307-310 
News ersey)s, earticipation mer erie mererararaaereitt os 365-367 
New avorkeAthletics €lubpeermeriecmmmeciancrici ss ots: 260-266 
News York: Day Aint seaeene eee ee ek oot. 299-301 
New York National Guard, Ninth Regiment, Co. “H”’.. 
216, 217 
New York National Guard, Squadron “A” ........... 294 
INewanGorkisal anticipation earner nine aaninnris eee 362-365 
Newport, Captaim Christopher ............ 8, 10, 11, 13, 14 
Newport News Business Men’s Association.............. 30 
Nicholson Coljebrancis se erento eee 10, 11 
INorfalks@olleges Associations sm qeaeyae teen sista ea 225 
Norfolk Committeevaanset- wre aera etre tain aks 29, 30 
Norfolk County? Day aeacrnn eee citenra tec teria 323 
Norfolk Police, Report of H. Mallory Boush, Chief.746, seul 
North Carolina Architectural Association ..............-. 
NorthtGarolina Day) castor erase circ aera. 248, pe 
North Carolina Military A cademygrt neh oti psnet te ee es 177 
North Carolina National Guard, First Brigade........... 244 
INorthyGarolmaeNegros Dayana eins sae aioe ener: 250 
NortheGarolinagizartici pation ieee siete oe oie ieee 367-369 
INoxthm @arolinamianem- ccociationmenieieir et nae te 218, 219 
INorthe Dakotasm arlicipationmm merrier it titere a 378-379 
Noryeciang Battleshipmemmmcr mee ae eset. a. see 214 
Novag Scotias Daycmmnwicen inet mrs nia ricree veel. 314, 315 
O 
Oficial ymnwe cremate tricia harrier cae ce ee 165, 166 
Ohio Brigade, Uniform Rank Knights of Pythias........ 241 
QOhio= Day newer contact tise nad es eee Meroe 271-273 
Ohio National Guard, Corps of Engineers.............. 266 
@hiose Participation entices eee seinen a. 369, 370 
Olds JamestownaGhurcht helica eee meer et eerie ee a 
Olde Roints GComfortasmcemnn ced ete tse tae coat oe 
©lympici @lubrofssant Mranciscomemiioe ieee enemies 260- 266 
Opening, Dayar. tence rae siebaein acasrclas Cipeieit oso 153-171 
A ddlressesitespecatecsctens 22th cate wavaie eye eae eI he fees 154-165 
Invocation by Rt. Rev. Alfred Magill Randolph....... 154 
Navaléaradett.s stone eae cic siterins 153, 154, 441-442 
Military Rarade mt. casth.citacttsisipe eras eke 169, 170 
Soclalurunctionsy veers cate eet epee seis siscss: 170, 171 
Opposition to Appropriation by Congress............. ee 
Oran ation weetete scien one rie Cher akcates sis) afte omeyoder arcrijact aratels 35-44 
©rganizings Committeess qacc sce ek oie aclete errr «ans oes 28,092 
Orphans$ Day Saeciaeis sree tct oto mate ce eters es fete Frases 228 
Osteopathys Way sanivetsetycarsteh ereratartniace ove cstaroaeenetesettcate 256 
ey 
Papal’ Bull gerctecer tics Saree © sateen tiie aisle See alee 3 
assmore sc Creclkepeenta rete tote cia octet ee etc tepe lore ate 9 
ca atiences MEAT Menctre ere rere Pacie asain Sete ere ore 14 
Patrick Henry Day......... Ben LODE Meme TOIC Pe Oe 183 
eanut, Growers Congressiny.tti ce etrdaisiae es aneeiiae ener 290 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Pennsylvania Day gersrcc surat nei ee nine eee 293, 294 
Pennsylvania Military Collegess Ss sarc fs te ees er cetes 184 
Pennsylvania National Guard, Ninth Infantry........... 293 
Pennsylvantapivallroadm© ihcials een nett reer ees 325 
Pennsylvania svizaricipation mest neers 371-373 
Perey; Gearge ey thcsuiic s cole se ale Stren Meme oon eters 15 
Phe lphar Gamma lraternitya seit tei seers 211 
PhisMu, Eraternity irre cioc cate yet niente ed mexcter 210 
Pickett-Buchanan Chapter, United Daughters of Confederacy 
324, 325 
Pigeon, Filights,.< swine sr s.os cists Wage sunele eters 172, 178 
Pitch and4@iLat io wamp.s eer ace .sert areola hor enon ite ) 
Planscfors buildings, s-remniose te arc ee ec eer 70 
Plans ‘for’ Construction te..paych soc <i-lccteertete couch tterertotees 67 
Plymouth: @ompany,  fare.srutcc cia create teeters ern oteornte 6 
Pocahontas) bell Associations nea ate cae nice eater 211 
Rocahontasweindiang iyrincessyieisnie eit een eit eee 10-19 
Pocahontas Memorial Association .............+--++--- 27 
Portsmouth? Committee eenintace tan cient rainy aris 31 
Post) OfficesatE:xposition’s «cistern ee tse 132 
Faotatoy Introductionsintollrelanc!sni eine ener aes : 
Powell Nathaniel! sj. s ccsrecs seen aearusreboeatons etere see ee ae 
Power, Fuel and Alcohol Building........ 2 7ee 29 6072 ae 
Powhatan, indian (Chief ammonia teenns cheater ite 10-15 
Pratt, Joseph H., Ph.D., Chief 22 vdhithscemwen oennee 661 
President's (Cup tc Faced oe ches ointectee teeta rite aici he Malet 274 
President's Office, Report of H. St. George Tucker, Presi- 
ent eich bk wacacba baietera gia ere e lola in sa eee oe MET 691 
Presidential Party on Opening Day............... 167, 168 
Prince Wilhelm of Sweden, H. R.°H..7.2........- 2505255) 
Princess eAnnes CountyayDayachne. aeemen teeny 327 
Pring; (Martin Gisele cn tone se ky oleic oer cas eee choker are tea 
Private Ownership of Property in Jamestown............ 18 
Privileges;: Salevofsits sah: avis snes wiete sess & olen ehersieveran tiers 117 
Promotion \ieoeiae aes startin ect atena sal beeen ibpene shai rors sine 63-87 
Public#MasssMeectings ajqaan ce ae ieee ei eens 41-44 
Public *Senviceg Features stato eee eit aero ey 
Public: (Wiilities ah as sits cltcenake saetereeinto icra ae ste 91 


Races Between Boats from the Men-of-War........ 442- ue 
Raleigh®: SirgWraltere cet atsccies aa eine ais ears eee a ete 3: 
Ratcliffe; Johns ceeciras sors aan eon aoe ere 8, i 
Reports—Exposition 
Auditor ga Weakem Edliltonte aarti cient 775-777 
Chairman Board of Governors, C. Brooks Johnston... . 
695-696 
Concessions sande. dmissions emailer et eye tee 714-718 
Gish Sherwood, Governorareeeriekieri tate 714-718 
John A Wakefield) Directors. sa2ue +) serie 718-720 
H. E. Sherwood, Chief of Admissions.......... 720-728 
Congresses and Special Events, R. L. Sexton, Director 
760-769 
Aeronautics, Israel Ludlow, Supt.............. 763-765 
Music, Wm. Wall Whiddit, Supt.............. 766-769 
Director-General 
James MerBartis. Sat en a ctiosiete ake sicker neil 697, 698 
Alvahieels #Miartinom cnc sites sae cee cient occ 699 
Exhibits, T. S. Southgate, Governor..... 562-565, 773, 774 
Exploitation, C. R. Keiley, Former Chief......... 754-759 
History, Education and Social Economy, J. A. han- 
dler:a Director. a. oc oe cere oe crear 513-515 
Medical Department, R. L. Payne, M. D., Director... 
751-753 
Norfolk Police, H. Mallory Boush, Chief........ 746, 747 
President’s Office, H. St. George Tucker............. 691 
Secretary's \Oiiicegin scat seleelslancteiet eee ate aig eens 78 
Transportation, E. W. Ligon, Director............ 770-772 
‘Lreasurer's Offices «422 accncnn cone seca e aes 778 
Ways and Means, Barton Myers, Governor........ 700-713 
Woyksse Wein Dixons Director serine sietenmtrettantes 730-750 
Buildings, W. H. H. Weatherwax, Chief...... 732-734 
Electrical Department, Frank Graham, Supt... ..735-744 
Fire Department, John T. Goddin, Chief....... 747, 749 
Gas Department, D. C. Miller, Supt............ 744-745 
Landscape Department, Warren H. Manning, Engineer 
734-735 
Landscape Department, eae Heinrich, Supt...... 735 
Powhatan Guard, Capt. H. W. Carpenter, Commandant 
745, 746 
Sanitation, Rupert Blue, M. D., Director....... 749, 750 
Water and Sewer Department, W. G. McDowell, Supt. 
744, 745 
U. S. Army 
Major-General Frederick Dent Grant, Commanding 
425 
Commissary Department, Captain J. N. Killian, Chief 
Commissary: anthteuacis Sticlecus iu choiscmc ease Siena 425-427 
Quartermaster’s Department, Capt. J. C. Hines, Chief 
Quartermaster® «alow: seit sn dace oad aeiattieds ais = 427-429 


23rd U. S. Infantry, Col. Philip Reade, Commanding 
430, 431 
12th U.S. Cavalry, Capt. Charles J. Symonds, Com- 


TANGING Ho cy Sas edenans chia etetona kcacker sae oem tee 431-433 
3rd U. S. Field Artillery, Capt. T. N. Horn, Com- 
HANAN) saoete ceeteioeeee meee peeks, ene eae 433-435 
Military Secretary, First Lieut. Harry N. Cootes, 12th 
WINGS: tCavalrygetmteucr cache cherie ack ek tel eee: 435-437 
Medical Department, Manager, Charles E. Woodruff, 
Surgeon; WISS CA aap aleiutao momia ata alana 
Camp Chaplain, Rev. T. P. O'Keefe, 12th U. S. 
Gavalry ice iabiee paicne olcahonens ercbeiaetere nsec Leva 437-438 


Reports—Exposition—(Continued.) 
U. S. Navy, Rear-Admiral P. F. Harrington, U. S. N. 


(vetired) Peter ee os cs eee 438-444 
Restaurants /Siic acre ccc sis piel sponte e icigiecel eave ister orsyedere rere 679-681 
Electric: Katchent™:./ sb). sicttek econ edie dense ene ere 681 
Government), sfvhie accra ine ne ele, totes iaiee caer tee REINS 679 
Ingide® Inia, jy fe eee take onc os cyte uc abcess ae te er 679 
Marine's Sis). fs co laa sprees 9 coe care sora eet ne ane 679 
Old Gorn! Mill 3.05 cre ceietce eetceasiote oes ee eee 681 
Old’ Jamestown Cafe". cadens ce ie etree 681 
Old: *Norfolk \Catess ay one cutee eee ce ice eee 681 
Streets, of, Sevillesa.ctabesae « ceein nace ee kee 681 
Swiss: Village. ion «etn cictocts & -matte = Oe ere ere 681 
Retail Merchants’ Association of Virginia.............. 247 
Rhode Island Commission at Jamestown...............-- 80 
Rhode* Island (Day "ecu. 2. as citar cen aan eat 267-269 
Rhodewlslandsyimarticipatonmen es einen 373-375 
Richmond! ‘Building, seeccmmc cries cin eine oie 381 
Richmond Day. uc..ctack ede cacles cee eta eee 228-231 
Richmond’s Efforts to Secure the Exposition............. 25 
Roanoke ‘Colony, disse sstseces slays ore oe tare Oe tem ene 4 
Roanoke Colony Memorial Association.................- 249 
Roanoke Island—Old Fort Raleigh—Tablet............. 6 
Robert? Rulton Day see aoc ceeiate eric ere eee 284-289 
Rochester Board of Education mere n tire nent eerie 544 
Rolfe, ‘John... 30-4. 2 2 see ee ee ee 14 
is” Marriage’ toy Pocahontas yy) sere) erin eet 60 
Roosevelt, Hon. Theodore, President of the United States 
DeliverseAddressessemeic eee ernie 161, 194, 199 
Exndoyses’ Exposition t.25.0-/> sect: sor Geo eae 5I 
Inspects) Necro. Buildingaen cee aceite treet 198 
Issues. Proclamations e,.7 < ascent: @ otc a ere 75 
Messages) ton Congress) eerie ee aia 71, 108, 109 
Opensi News Yorke Building: nee eee eee 198 
Visits Exxpositiony 3400 dec: slnticion oat 153-193 
5 
Sandys; © Sirs Eedwitiss as ='erers cistern to's ts ager pee meee enn 17 
Savannah? Day itu sviejis.)- ts the scone Geechee eae 202 
Schmelz: Resolution css;257 ot stile erereie elo eee 68 
Scope. of + E:xpositionii... se snc cays sccte ie ote nee eee 38 
* Sea Venture, Ships o.<.s.5205 Sate sm cacy «shee eee 14 
Second Centennial of Virginia’s Birthday............. 25926 
Second Deed) of ST ristacthansnce cooler eee 135 
Secretary's “Office 4): scien t sates ate ine eae eee 778 
Service. Building: cvs aa, sce ee cede helene ae ene 127 
Sigma Phi Epsilon Fraternity—Ball..................-- 332 
Signers of the Declaration of Independence—Descendants 
223, 310 
Site sof - Exposition 4a ci ones cave cf sie = ctamiare ake meena 101, 102 
Smithy) Capt; John andshiss E:xploitsiyesiertetitet ee teen 8-15 
SMUNTICLIBER? G ogcaabansanaceess Lins o,feehct aetna ee S ye 
SocialisEconomysburlding see heli nete 127, 139, 546 
Society for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities....26, 27 
Society, of Indian (Wars. % She Snae ste cael eee reer 27 
Society of Neurology and Psychiology.................. 212 
Society of the Colonial Dames of America.............. 27 
Society. of the! Colonial) Wars) 32. se seme eee 290 
Somers, Sir- George). soo ctaeaai ete echo aie aree renee Fhe, lie! 
‘Song of the Adventurers” Poem................ 187, 188 
South(GarolinatDay. encase ater aac eee eee 219, 220 
South Carolina, First Regiment National Guard.......... 232 
South Carolina Military Academy Officers and Cadets... .215 
South Carolina Second Infantry National Guard......... 218 
South Atlantic Association of the Amateur Athletic Union.211 
Southhamptons) Earlitot aan celcae ee ieeraneettteeeeereee 17 
Southern) Iaublishers! Association) erie as) tena yeiret eee 18] 
Southwest Varginian) ayicqsrerst terete trea eet tn eee 313 
Souvenir «Certificates Wiajvaaet ee ta eee eee 108 
Special #Participation sane tase stil eee aie 381-389 
Standing: Committees’ = detinetccicihi-lele) tee ete ere 47 
StrAndrewsaxotherhood ie emratcte sister site tenet pena 291 
State and National Food and Dairy Association.......... 228 
States Appropriation 41ers eileen: ett eee 76-80 
States Buildings) Beginning ota ter tet ictal ite 23 
State Commissioners’ Association ...........s0seeeeeeee 379 
State Officials Present on Opening Day................ 168 
State Participation ese arg-r etre er setae nears 335-379 
States Fixhibit. Day ves amen tcc ereaeatteia ten teretctee trere PAV Fi 
StatespExhibityiealace seametisr inter t 118, 128, 621, 622 
Stauntony, Day ih itera os ct a seals eres ne iea: ernment teens 290 
Staunton Military Academy Cadet Corps..............-. 182 
Structural Building Trades Alliance of America......... 178 
Subseriptions: Oolicitec meri steteiisee hci tenets ten eer ene 40 
SifholkeD ay ieee cerita ce tecte ee tee toes ie et otette eden eoeseene cate 327 
Sunday SchoolDay sacetnccmine ers caabtee tortie irene trees 230 
Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill 
Amendment gee atahinr: ote Perce naenharec teeter ta encrer 212-214 
Before (Gongress a4.,445 eerie ee eee ei eae 71-75 
Contents) aegis at eis isua ects py seereierene Phen ie eoee 7\| 
Flouses Committee euscre aeeter erceta-h eckson ae elcrie Rerete 52-62 
Supply System ere re iicrn tee eink einer te pectcr erent 125 
Supreme Assembly, Uniform Rank, Knights of Pythias. ..190 
Supreme Circle, Brotherhood of America............... 311 
Supreme Grand Commandery, Ancient and Illustrious 
Gite CO INIEVLER oa omiedo odecon duh ao gnocouda de 304 
Surgical and Gynecological Society................--++- 212 
“> Susan Copstan tes eo nip mates cen eericie varies terete ate cee orotate 8 


Swanson, Mrs. Claude S., Laying Cornerstone of Virginia 

Building I 
Swedish Cruiser, “ Fylgia” 
Swimming Championships of the A. A. A. U.....233, 234 


General Index. 


ola Virginia Conference of Charities and Corrections......... 323 
Virginia Convention of the Christian Endeavor Society. ..310 
Sem PETANGEs LAUT fi asta ate ermine terNs heraine. His, Saysle. oy 230 Virginia Daughters of the American Revolution.......... 97 
cLHANKSOVVIN g's LAY sete snare ecient eater ieee casts aera elie 330-35 Zi VITGINIAM AVI ere Cok ele crotite « cisracsth wie ene nica iss 205-210 
mplhenVision lof Raleighsloem.aciceet. sce ceen: . 205-208 Virginia Division, United Daughters of the Confederacy 
Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association............ 223, 310 86-388 
‘Tidewater ‘(Commercial League <2 50 ce. cers costs notes ey | NoteID AO tey WM Caw Us When. c oudtecano coon a Ree 230 
sludewaters Virginia Days nec. ne raste te oe cals 8s [905 1919S Virginia Firemen s) Association. 22. a.s5+ss ese uses se 327 
Tidewater Virginia—Historical .................5. LO7S 10Siea Virginians listoricalacocietyae enc enmiimeinr ecient 26 
Tobacco, the Currency of the Jamestown Colony........ (ie VarginiasVinlitarys Colleges Gorpsimmey tetera teeters for 184 
Mi yYansportation Arrangementsivcsh sano eeeee reo. 91-94 Virginia Military Institute Cadets <...-.....5..5+2.---- 192 
Transportation Interests’ Subscription ................ 6955/0 Virginiag OripmmofmNamesr mts sri eect cis ties ice 4 
Transportation, Report of E. W. Ligon............. 7202772) eee Vorginiayy © Oem merit tel estate te? era 29 ake eaaiave lahee oye 187, 188 
Travelers’ Protective Association Building.............. 388 Virginia Polytechnic Institute Cadets............... 184, 185 
Treasurer and Company of Adventurers and Planters of Wirginia stresses: A ssoctation mr imn men iar ic elmira cn iceiee te 205 
Eondonwete: (rents chine ete nt ing a ret oren noe ne cals if Virginia Retail Furniture Dealers’ Association....... 247-248 
Wireasureneu Clic eden aac caisas orice crest erretinetn er. Vike: CONCEDES IIo ago omaioar on De OOM OA COLO 8 
iurentonsochoollofeindustrial Artsoe aie eee |. BE  Wargantty NAMING cos ocdocnudeacorsomonteenuase 201, 202 
Tri-State Medical Association of the Carolinas and Vir- Mirsinjaen Lcarticlpationses eeieerieittaere itaeie tone 336- sat 
ginras.Viects -atathes Exposition= acces tae eee eer 1S5aeeaVirpinia sil erritory.« extentwot ease eeniern ee emits: 
“True Relation of Virginia” by Capt. J. Smith.......... Le eeVasionvofs Raleigh——lroem seit ta fectcirar cite eee 205- 208 
Tucker, Hon. Harry St. George 
Elected President. of Exposition:.................-+:. 81 
European) rip wept. Geer ofa oe cron ea 81, 82 W 
ily leruGoven|-sbloge, le raclamation seca ina cttieer cieinne ce 28 Warkeldn Cori uum faving Comentoneunt tiiaryland 
Buildingutsd. gree ac ge oie culate s Ruleniefae ee inion s sate 121 
wi War Vessels of Foreign Nations on Opening Day....... 442 
War Vessels Present at Opening Day.................. 153 
Wnitornmenank se \nightsiofs leythias anette: 190% tWiatersSuppl yen seein eee tat cise oe sein ne 97, 98 
Wnited’Gommercialayliravelers y-.- + ores coin eerie: ZO mee ay mouth GeorgessPixplorenaearie eee iets aes 6 
United Daughters of the Confederacy.................. 327. Ways and Means 
United States Army Commissary Department........ 425-427 An iExecutives Bureaus 1) asarcete acts: < cievsict sim)» eyo sia ecgs 83 
United States Army Officers and Troops, List........... 424 Gommitteein top rereerctere heise enn oats eisai ake 31, 47 
United States Army Transportation Department...... 427-429 Problems ee screrr teat tie hare rte ciate eve orsnst severe S 90-98 
United States Army Participation ................. 424-438 ReportrofebartoneVlverssemre erat er 700-713 
Wimtedmotates: Campi Chaplaings ata ener ae 437-45 Gum W esti omt) Cadelsy cee rimerionnc cartasitcte see eckeere: 188-190 
United States Government Board ................. 169, 394 West, Thomas, Governor of Virginia.................. 14 
United States Government Board on Opening Day....... 169 West Virginia Coal Column Dedication................ IRR 
United States Navy, Board of Officers..............05 AS GREEN esta Virginiag avast wen oe tapas clears sonst aa can 221-223 
United States Navy Regulations ...................0: 439 GeeNW estar cinia # Nationall Guardieemeieerie: ere en eelere 221 
United States Navy Participation ................. 438-444 eV estavircinials iarticipation meee tet icteric ae 377 
United States Navy Vessels Present on Opening Day.439-441 | Winchester Day .............- 0c eee eee eee eee eee eee 225 
United States Soldiery Arriving at Exposition........... 134. Wingfield, Edward Maria, First President of Jamestown 
United States Third Field Artillery................ 431-433 Settlementapeteses wae acco reer catheter els, oe 10 
Whritedmotatcsmuweltthe @ayalryaane erro ni ae 431-433 Williamsburg, Capital of Virginia SSA rns ob aoe Cre 21 
United States Twenty-Third Infantry .............. 430-43 |e Willamsburgs Committee meee eeiet ae ete ici cei ie eee 28 
(Wniversitysare Viissouris Gadetsume mimic acters nit 210 Wise, Henry A., Governor of Virginia................ 26 
UTA MMIDER 24 tol atiths Severs cou ie eD Get ree a eee eee 3()3 99504 meV omeniseoullding i edication uci tactetete teil -tete- teas steaetstal 234 
Women’s National Press Association.................-. 191 
WrorkingpBureaw Created. screws = ous ts i ayer iets 82 
V Works, Division of, Report of W. M. Dixon........ 730-750 
NTermont De 281 Wreck of the “ Minnesota's” Launch Rs SB Mon or ic: 203-205 
Vermont Peciipadon 2000000200 ICTIIEITLE Gag Watt: Thomas, Governor of Virgins < 002000 8 
Veterans of the Blue and the Grey.................... 228 
Veterans of the Mexican War ................... 254, 255 WY 
Mirginiais# Appropriation | se seman erence ce ene 90 
Wirointap bankers aA sociationen neni ein niacin 213, 214 Yeardley, Sir George, Governor of Virginia........... 16, 19 
Mirginiage are ssoclationimmar een terete. < 234-737 Yorktown Dayaaecicc ce com sone atttor tps Mataaye ke oree- 310-311 
Warginiase il lmoishiphtas reel sacieierria re tec ee 20, 25 Young Women’s Christian Association and Travelers’ Aid 
Viiroinianc company a lnems men aeumccin vets te eerie 7 Society secre emer e re conte Sate cee eten artic om eretetetonere-ate 555 
B—AWARDS 
A Allen) arse Betticnnn, echt. 6 nce 510 American Rutile Company........... 498 
Allen, Claraipkiose cit aioe tts efacletates 510 American Seamen’s Friend Society. . .466 
A. E. S., Dominican Republic....... 490 Allen, Brig-Gen. James, U. S. A.....500 American Sugar Refining Co......... 490 
‘Abbess Draalirumansreicericcccne. AO7 SA lense Johnna Werte nace ttsc nm oer 469 American Tea Growing Company... .491 
Accomack County Rural Schools..... 465a Allens aWir Foveenc cites nite teenie 484 American Turpentine and Tar Com- 
PXckermanga | Luthey ses seiis eo serie 492 Allis-Chalmers Company....... 475850 Sem PADYAR-poracne ta chattde oc on Starter ts 494 
Acme Leather Goods.........-..... 466 Alma Furniture Company........... 473 American Wooden Ware Mfg. Com- 
Acme Staple Company, Ltd......... 469 Almacenes De Artilleria. .. .471, 476, 477 PANY 2... esse ee eee eee eee eee 
Acme White Lead Company........ A7lmeAlonsomNatcisoss cei sneer 472,478 American Woolen Company..... 466, 506 
Actiengesellschaft fiir Spiritusbe- Alpha Portland Cement Company....498 Amesquita, M....... eee e een e wees ee} 
Jeuchitin gs Mectacteps a avsec taricNe coasters ke 469.2 lphine Bros-rantetironsint eect e 487 Amsterdam Gem Cutting Company. . .467 
JRC SE MED SES rls 6 A cna choice Bs Pree 482 Aluminum Company of America..... 496 Anderson Box and Basket Company..494 
Ndlern@yrus trey terecarge ee eee BOA lvas belixe cont. «iets tus clelecauntetes 490 Anderson Spark-Plug Company...... 477 
goes Pump & Compressor Com- American Asbestos Company........ AO 7 mrAndrewse [ee baeetecrsretieiie mates). 485 
sich ee Ae ee eee 476 American Baptist Home Mission So- Andrews, R. P., Paper Company... .472 
esol andelViechanical \Gollegent 509 mum ciely wane inr ere cr i tarels teria: 509 eee Reed & Loom Harness Com- 
Agricultural and Normal University. .508 American Bible Society............. AP atbke pasvarctdducck wposugon oone 468 
ANGVELE IE SSE oe SOM meee cn omnes 490 American Cement Company......... 497 aca Bi Gash a smtiretystewecane soto aets 478 
Aikenhead | tres seneite sceacvere. ust nagaur 484 American Federation of Labor....... 465 Appel, Conrad.................+-- 482 
Paitchesonse bs an Vlasmetetacverie eke dase 500 American Gem and Pearl Company Appomattox Shirt & Overalls Com- 
PN utagawar lpn ehenet a a canvan ote anyece 47\ 497,504 = pany ...-- eee eee eee eee eee eee 74 
Alabama White Marble Company....497 American Hemp Company...... ASD RAGS MAT Cher) AMCs op dten ye ate ia rbeneterene sea siel 510 
AlabastinesGompanyveen cs eae. o> 2 ne 471 American Humane Society.......... 465 Arehart, M. rae Shek Ses cewensnoeeas 483 
Albemarle County, Va...... 465, 483,487 American Institute of Mining Engi- Arguto Oilless Bearing Company... .475 
Albemarle County Schools........... 465 TESTS. Mharier sevens eG eset etree 496 Arista Mills Nos. | and 2........... 70 
Albemarle Orchard Company........ 489 American Lava Company..........- 504 Arizona Turquoise Mines Company. .498 
Alberene Soapstone Company........ 498 American Locomotive Company. .477, ne Arlington Coal and Coke Company. .498 
Alberts Ga cl Companys eeieenniee: 469 vAmerican oktile-aaemetcielees = o) JNantdivonts 166 (Cc8 once oco oun Hooo or 501 
Albertii& Companys oe. 4.00.62 n-- 480 American Monorail Company........ 47 Armstrong Manual Training School. . .509 
Alcohol Utilities Company.......... 504 American Museum of Natural History 500 Arnold, D. A.....-...-.0-205 5200s 488 
Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical American Mutoscope & Biograph Com PANSY ey Lt corre avs, suensast tals) octet al nade noi Ts 492 
College eats. scre tenet tertnsats:« ek ite soses Moro enodpaeo sap w adds 500 Arondack Spring Company.......... 490 
Alexander & McDonald............ 490 American Naval Stores Company. ...495 Artificer’s School Navya yard snares 500 
Alexandria Country Schools......... 465 American Olive Company.........-- 49] Artillery Corpsye rise selene te 500 
Alleshanye Companyenstrdetircins- 497 American Peace Society.......-.--- A65) Asahi Companyeus «ae tecte omar 471 
Allegheny County School Board..... 465 American Peat Society..........--- 497 Asbury Park Board of Education... .465 


789 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Asheville Public School............. 509 = Berry, Bross baints sermon a eit 471 Bronson, Rear-Adm. Willard H...... 500 
Ashida;\Sysceutes cere oerat eects 475 Bertha Mineral Company........... 497, Brookhart, Sh Ante ent ee eee 486 
Associated Peanut Companies of Vir- Berthrong,” "Pit ad. conde eee 501 Brookline Public School............ 503 
AMA. sh gratheielomaaye are one Secret 480 Best Chair Company............... 473 Brooklyn Cooperage Company....... 494 
Aston Milling Company............ 492 Bhumgara Company........... 46757506) Brooks, "6 Warsaoneiece eee 472 
Aston, Win Fle ait tele renee cae 483 Bido, Agustin Franco.............- ony Brown, blanche eee ene aera 510 
Athens Acid .t tee erase ation eine 485) Bindery, Divisions. seater anne ae Brown; |G. Gs 28 e en ee eee 485 
Atlantic City Public Schools......... 465 Biograph and Stereopticon Exhibits. SOL Brown, .. Ev. cee eee 485, 501 
Atlantic Coast Line Railway........ Birdsey, Somers Company........... A0/@ Brown, Edgara-re cmd ae 501 
481584583 50408,) 4957049 bishop Gal onset a an een near A90) Brown, Pranks Gee ee eee eee 474 
Atlantic Coast Lumber Company..... 494 Bissell’s Carpet Sweeper............ 474 Brown, Geo..O. 2 sacs eee 510 
Atlantic Equipment Company........ 477s) Bitza: (Albertina ee eee 492° Browns Herbert... 442 oe eee 504 
Atlantic Fleet Model, Exhibit of ct Sots 590 Black ee Cuckoo Clock Company. 469 Brown F. H. MPSA API tas Mo 6 498 
AtlaspEmgines Works smite eaten csi 476" Black, Ja leacy. peor eee ne 483. Brown, |p Kis-ccier cee ee eta 478 
Atlas Feed Products and Milling Com- Blackman: Esp Vase ee pee. 488. Brown, J.-M. .-7 ose. 3. eee eee 487 
eh i cee Ae IE EIS hy rN Oo 481 Blackstone Female Institute..........464 Brown, Mattie J. .................510 
mice Publiegschoolsemeeer ia 509 Blackwood Coal & Coke Company. oe Brown 185. J Mis aca ees 510 
Augusta County School Board...... 465° Blake: Chass Goa ae are etiae Brown, — Mrs. J. Stanger veer seein 474 
Augusta Milling & Mercantile Com- Blanchard, Ga Jc aceite eran aren 301 Brown, W. A. Tobacco Company. . .480 
PANY Wels Saersuates cuss ver chaleteneaversy ston 491 Blanchard, J. Newton.............. 485 Brown, W. McColloch ............ 485 
Acustings ig strgorap ne erary desecrate 4/6 <Blessing« |. Payette teu eae 485, Bruner, TK. sdsccnt serene 505 
Austin Organ Company............- 467 Blodgett, John Taggard ............ 503 Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company . 467 
Austin- Western Company, Ltd....... 475; Blouin, REES- cee oan 482, 485 Brunswick County Exhibit ......... 48| 
Automatic Refrigerating Company....469 Blount, E. J.............0..2.0000 488 Bryann) Dr. Cy By ae eee eee 503 
Avalon *Farmtace toztr-tte meters ace tikes 481 Blue, Dr. Rupert, U. S. P. H. and Buch’s; Av) sons) Companyaeer eer 472 
AV eryie Sembee Cor SONS seer 482,494" $Me He Sik, ce eee ee eee 502) Buchanan, Gilbert) D)) ae 478 
Blue Ridge Hosiery Company....... 470 Buchanan, Mrs. Nathalie.......... 489 
B Blue Ridge Kaolin Company........ 498 Buckhorn Lithia Water Company. ..492 
Blue Ridge Woolen Mills........... 47| Buckingham Slate Company........ 498 
Babcock & Wilcox Company........ 476 Buen Wing alViinesee tn niente 504 Buckley Lumber Company......... 495 
Babcock @harlesm Estee niin tees 502 Boardvore|)esion aetna 507 Budd, J. F. Shoe Company......... 467 
BabcocksuNirss Deliaaeeereeeee sine 474 Board of Fomento, Azua........... Buena Vista Iron Company......... 498 
Babcockew |saluyman. seeeiee he eta 487 455, 482, 483, 494 — Vista Plaster and Mining Com- 
Babcock Printing Press Manufacturing Board of Fomento, Higuei, Seibow.. «495i i Dany, eer e cyereie slatsholelele te teietetent aeneeete 498 
Company, cut aus srs ee okt asetes 467 Board of Fomento, La Romana, Seibo, Buffalo Gasoline Vloton Gomera 477 
Bachelor, OO Ds ose aaa ee 502 483. 491) Buffalo, Mills feee eee tee eee 470 
Bachuss Ko Olatasarctas sane man tee 487 Board of Fomento, La Vega,...490, 495 Buford, Lettie ................... 510 
Bacon, G. M., Company.:.......... 488 Board of Fomento, Pacificador. .491, 495 Bullard Automatic Wrench Company .476 
BEG, NEURAL. Ghagsocuccsogadcc 488 Board of Fomento, S. Jose de Ocoa..491 Bumgardner, J. Distilling Company. .491 
Barley.n Percy» lrippeasaemeiesteicie 482 Board of Fomento, Samana ........ 495) Bundy, Dra hlowardanhys selene 510 
Bane, Wok siety tots Sa 483 Board of Fomento, Sgo. de los Cabal- Bundy, Mis. Evayee. eee eee 510 
Bajohrs Gark....conrsteetocr aa anae oie 469 We eros. hoe oe ee 482)) 495 Burch, 5. Ricco. 3 eee eee 501 
Bakers Com fect ton incre, Chee 496" Boegel? ‘Carly Win Earp mere meter 472 Burckhardt; Mrs. Anna........5.06- 510 
BakersiGaNe Seer ert a ee 484 Boehm, Mrs. Samuel............... 469 Bureau of Animal Industry.......... 501 
Bakere Dr. hichardu Guemennre eraser » LOM Boges, sllenry s benneeen ae ee ene 482 Bureau of Construction and Repair. . .500 
BakersaWalterssa Gornes an seeetnnniate 489 Boice Lumber Company............ 495, Bureau of Education see oeeeeeennine 501 
Baker, Walter, Company, Ltd...505, 507 Boland Machine and Manufacturing Bureau of Engraving and Printing. . .499 
Balbharzary Ghar) es matter reier 493.) Gompanyacatircr cer tater 479 Bureau of Entomology ............ 501 
Baldwin Locomotive Company. .477, ae BoliGhe i iicsianrs keel teeters Rea tie 477 Bureau of Equipment ....--2...0. 500 
Balfour oe Gompany--ee center BollestS: aWe. vat cee eens ee 502 Bureau of Fisheries, Aquarium ...... 501 
Ball? Ger ate cee ose oias ae ue Bombayreed Jardiniere Company..... 483 Bureau ‘of Indian Affairs............ 501 
Ball pith eat Ste ee cee 472 Bonao, Municipality of, La Vega....490 Bureau of Medicine and Surgery... .500 
Ballard & Ballard........ 4652409 500m ond: krank seep cnie eee re 501 Bureau of Navigation .............. 500 
Ballinger, RAT a noe oo hnneee era DOS Bonham Edward alee ene 487 Bureau of Ordnance .............. 500 
Baltimore Belting Company........ 476 Borden’s Condensed Milk Company..490 Bureau of Plant Industry........... 501 
Baltimore: Buitdingire eer aes 508 Borderland Coal Company.......... 498 Bureau of Public Health and Marine 
Baltimores@ityamse see sPe ere SU OmBornstemt: | cnnie) | sana ene 472 hospital! Services sree 499 
Banningeccmlinomtoneneer cert err DO/@ Bosman su leona ney ene 490 Bureatvof Soilsites eee eee 501 
Bannings Companyanin ear eererr 495 Boston Normal Art School.......... 503 Bureau of Steam Engineering........ 500 
Baptists of America.............--- 505 Boston School Committee ........... 464 Bureau of Yards and Docks......... 500 
Barabass aineycn Vineet cereale eee 472 Bowen: Frank Fl. ee eee. 501 Burkes Garden Country Club....... 492 
AYA Me ates e as eee hee Oe 493 Bowen, Wetmore & Co............. 490 Burley & Winter Pottery Company. .474 
Barbaucourts a Cont aaniercnnene eee 493 Bowers, Andrew ........2.eee000: 48?) Burrell SIDS Has Cove ae eee 490 
Barber Nirs, BAL ecco eo 510. Bowerss Ceos Mote eee Lees 501 Bush & Gerts Piano Company....... 469 
Barcoe, A bett? Brie sic ad es eee 500 Bowie Lumber Company hic oe Ripe Steal 494 Bush-Brown, H:: Kis ee eee 507 
Barium Springs Company.......... AOD Bow linge Andrew anein eee ane nntne 491 Bustamante & Gerunda............. 482 
Barnesie |e ba eenchbeiochcte ar nen nt. 501 Bowlings eh eveiven ind saee eee een 509" Butlers Jesbly Goonseercersterne nee 478 
Barnettals Elsa star eis ar 492 Bowman, Mi tae eee Ay cee ome ASIy Byrd, Miss Addiesse seer 510 
Barnhartelohn oer ee oer rear A834 Bownockern | eAcseeee ee a eee 504 ¢Byms So eee in eer en 484 
Barra): Vitae recent cette ate eee 502; Bowsers‘S. bk. eee Oe ee A476) Byron; Josephiehcs etna eee 472 
Barr, William 2A cee meteitoer ise ee HO) Awyeygel Ce ING coc pom an coe de ousace 482 
Barrett, jon Dvthielerapita, whats steve Patents 502: Boyd With ananassae er eee 481 
Barron, pace iene nce aa aac 469 Boydton Academy................. 509 
Bartley, William & (‘Sonshe cause ee 4/00 Boykin EB eee eee 501) Cabral, (Nis Den) J. vawisislsealerctene nesters 
Bathe Tousen bata ita een eee SUSIE ov kinse| ames entero ene eee 5 Ole: Caceres. \Vianuelonis teint 
Battle Creek Breakfast Food Com- Birackett®| Goi Bosc ene ee eee 501 ie,, ‘Gols, Cornelinsie epee eee 
DADY eta. aecreapey nn Seer ater ccee ere astces 490 Bradford.) osephuiNeaee ene 507 Calder, Albert L., Company 
Bauer PEGs. 2. eee eee 484 Bradford, Major Cyrus S., U. S. M. Caldwell, Miss Amanda J 
Baumit Wik darren ee eee 496 Coe Re con ote ene ae eee 500 California Citrus Products Company.. 
Bausch, Lomb Optical Company..... 469 Bradstreet, J. Howard.............. 504 California Fish Company 4 
Beamanw Nathaniel ammeter erteee 502” Brake? Jessen eee eee ee 486 California Fruit Canners’ Association. 
Beatty Weave nc cece mrteeen ine 479 Braun, Wikio et eae eee 496 California Fruit Growers’ Exchange. . 
Becker lo Aw Companiyaetantaene ee ASOD Braunsike eWaieu Coss ene ner eee 492 Callan, Capt. Robert E., U. S. A... 
Beckwith Organ Company...... AV; Bey lest, Ifoltn (ksoooccaccvassaousur 471 Cambria Steel Company 
Bedous Anse ee ere, caer 510% Brazelton Ho Miee eee eee 510 Cambridge Art Pottery Company... . 
Beekman Sanitary Specialty Company 472 Breeze & Mitchell................. 507 Cambridge Glass Company 4 
Beer Williamson ere mre aes 474 Brewers Weve hee 488 Camden Public Schools 
Belding Bros. Company... .464, 466, 467 Brick, Joseph K. School............ 509 .€ampbell® DF Jace. cet eee 
Bell, Maj.-Gen. Franklin in Ge Ss A.500 Bridgeport Public Schools ..... 464, 465 Campbell, H. T. & Son 
Bell J. Roki soe oer weeks 494 Bridgewater Normal School,......... 503 i 
Bellini: Liuigt Moanin. sericea ye 469 Brigham, Clarence S..............-- 503 Canceling Machines and Mutoscopes. . 
Belton, Millsiste nti amre cere 4/ OMB rile leeGea Company ne aeee erat A7i/Gammadyae Virs.0 Hae hese terete 
Benham, His Meme senternt ata Abb) bys Ib dek oooacosovaacoe 504, 505 Canton Pressed Brick Company 
Benjamin Electric Mfg. Company....472 Brimmer, Mrs. C. H..............- 487 .. Washington, L... 
Benjaniin,wo. A. einen asian eels 472 Brinkhaus, Gertrude L.............. 503: Garaleigh, Millsz.n cee nee eee 4 
Benning, Miss Anna Caroline........ 5035 B nstolleCompany senna 469, 475 Carborundum Company....... xs 
Benthal Machine Company......... 4824 Broadus’ Vie Gane eerie eect 483 CO) Nerp.o BATene.o ODS cic pin yaeastio e 
Benton School of Columbia.......... 465 Brockie & Hastings................ 507 Hye bctoettund-Oc pina Qaran 
Beretfagevn Giana cicm career A82-5493-e Brodiess Le Att te eerie te tee: 501 Carolina Knitting Mills 
Berkeley Chemical Company......... 480 SB rogony Mills eee ieee ater ABGi Carolinas RiceslViills eerste cere aeiees 
Bernard, Mlle. Nephtalie............ 474 Bromley, George M................ 500 Carolina Trucking & Development Co.486 
Bemheimerso coon eee einem ace 478 Bronson, Miss Minnie.............- 502 Carolinas Monazite Company 497 


Awards. 


Carpenter, (Ditac ete cette sings 469, ue Collins ieee Ase cits ite oars sere tee AS9 So Curtis; Mamiya cules sate ech ot cae 500 
Gerpenter, Capt. bis Wernwec ae ates bOZMGollins;a Wir Wen eee aaa increas 501 Custer Coupling Company........... 476 
Carr, eget trope me aces ramet 510 Colonial Coal & Coke Company..... 497 Cutler Mfg. Company.............. 500 
Carr Ne Mepeahags ates vhs diene eyomaue anyon 499 Colonial Manufacturing Company... .494 
Core Miss [rene: J Sieceomy cei es 487 Colts Patent Fire Arms Company... .463 D 
Garterglia Woe destino niu tae 476 Columbia Duck Mill............... 468 
Garter, pJamesn&: Conse ncciateisicst 489 Columbia Furniture Company........ 473, Dain Manufacturing Company....... 478 
Garters Miss: Kate cnieeratssionicse ete 499 Columbia Lumber & Manufacturing Dallinge Gyrus Ee may ee elke. 503 
Garvers Gy Rs, Company sas. sane oe A (eee Companys tamiteetir eer erent 3 Dalton Furniture Conipany.......... 473 
KS BRRAUMON ac chara syete valare rotice ny raced 493 Columbia Phonograph Company.467, 506 Daniel, Hon. John W.............. 502 
Gassens;s Geomeneminn ces sci est « 469 Columbia University Teachers College.463 Daniels, G. W..............---00- 488 
Gastacness si Bonen nieces » 481 Columbian Paper Company.......... 474 Danville Tobacco Association........ 480 
ONTOE) Bs Sebo hich acest aetna? 493 Columbus Aseptic Furniture Company 472 Danzenbaker, Francis ............. 478 
Castner, Curran & Bullitt........... 498 ey Brick and Terra Cotta Com- Darlington Mfg. Company.......... 470 
Satalogues Divisione wae DO ZSE Dauy scircer saree eR Neen HOAMasniell Ralveuld xiv nace stenire cczmmars « 487 
Catalogues Illustrating use of Printed Calhabus nae Products Company. ..504 Daturol Drug Corporation.......... 472 
Catalogue Cards of Library of Con- Gommande! WA. Nitaetit ata eee 485 Daughters of the Confederacy...... 507 
gress and Method of Distributing. pee Cone nants & Commission Company.468 Daughtridge, E. H. .............. 483 
Gatrown el mulNat siete sisieroee © aero we A88m Conn GaGae Company eewenenn ice 467 Davenport Ice Clipping Machine Com- 
Caucasia eee Soe Seeceeters stan 69 Connecticut Agricultural College..... AO 4 DANY Mer te edeoten sbeiereyn eas iene ote eee sees 476 
Cauchois, F. A. 472, 491, 506 Connecticut Dairymen’s Association...491 Davis Acetylene Company.......... 472 
Cawston Ostrich Fon Erereiitieartece ofaporais 479 Connecticut Highway Commission.....466 Davis Colliery Company............ 496 
Cayemite pidtilarion, |) eb cc ae 477 Connecticut Insurance Department... . Davis Fire Escape Company........ 476 
Cayey-Caguas Tobacco Company... .475 AGfes HO BERGE BONG noteudebouce pd kmonoe 485 
Centenaire De La Republique....... 493 Connecticut Pomological Society...... ABAD avisall sokNs char thors s ier hake ese 485 
Wentralmingentos oye meehiee ool: 491 Connecticut, State of .......... ZVOENWE IDE IMGs JWS GAcma caso koe. b 510 
Central Manufacturing Company.....494 Connecticut State Board of Education 464 Davis, T. L...............00 000 ee 479 
Seruticn Virswliksnkslt dee eres doe 510 Connecticut State Building ......... OZ Dawsonyw Na Date rte erste ast 486 
Chain Portierre Mfg. Company...... 472 Connecticut State Commission ....... AGom Dawsonss Wat lates actrees ote 479 
Chamber of Commerce, Guthrie, Okla.492 Conrad, C. A. ........0c cece eaeee HOOMDayme Dre David lutess rane 501, 502 
@hamberlainjaGm Weems tascncn sat 469 Consolidated Granite Company....... AOR eWay Crash tise s. etc utes 492 
Ghambersag lem eerie eas trent 480 Consolidated Orchard Company...... 487 Dayton Electrical Mfg. Company... .475 
Chambers Window Glass Company. .474 Consumers’ Brewing Company....... 489 Dayton Motor Car Company........ 477 
Champion Potato Machinery Company Continental Furniture Company....... A/ 3m DeCastray Vimeeosestee cites > 493 
478 Contractors’ Supply and Equipment Dex Gastro) bree cist cit wien sees 493 
Chance Vin © rasan tines ee ce cee 500. gy Companys emis tanner ae 476 De Dilectis, M. & Company........ 469 
Ghandlermlrs [RAs Gnesi sh ce 502s GontreracandsHispinale een oat AQ Deskiord s @ompanyauee ee ce iis tele 467 
Chapple Publishing Company........ Aj 2m Converse. iLhoss teat ake Sete 497 mDellartmi:loracewiy ama ciate ote 501 
Charleston Chamber of Commerce... .473 Converse, Thos. P. Company ...... 506 De Laval Steam Turbine Company. ae 
Charlottesville Public School......... AGdiCookuLJohnige smarine a steers kuin 484 Der Marchenasele Butte test os eee. 
Ghaseuks Commer iota rltrren cries < AGS mi Cookwml\Viisss1V lp Se ereetei re eiaer arene SO) Der Mossre|iencmnreate set 479, 482, 485 
@hathambe inshtutemm cer tee rere etter 464 -\Goopers& Bailey, saiscacsse eee 503m Der henas Domincor Aussies skin 495 
Chatham Mfg. Company............ 468m Coopers |e Wits cess rca ree oe ASG. Deshieldsam) asm tas he creeita a te sce 510 
aaa es Implement & Mfg. Com- Cooper, DAs Mets oe ek cers oe ieee: 50 /meDeadmlketterC@ollectionssmecr = ar 500 
itech Re SLC CS eRe eee ASO Coopers MrselViarthal ne cae hee LO sean lVirsy am Wiener neide cepa < 4/4, 
Ghetienoee Flows Company slitd se479)Copes Col Ea Desa sone ene seein 500* Decoray Mise Angel (sto. «ses ect 501 
Chattanooga Wagon Company....... 480 Copper Marble Works.............. 472 Deep River Public Schools... ..464, 465 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company Gorbett. 6) 4 Goat eerte Greene 50 Decrem ta Companyane nee acre tretetee 478 
477, 480, 482, 494, 497, 505, 506 Cordelay & Hayes................. 480 Deere & Mansur Company.......... 478 
Chesapeake Launch & Motor Company Gorey | sk Wisieters is tein Aepietene cir eree 500 Deere, John, Plow Company........ 
Aime Gorktany en Neen yt eal mu we 485 477, 478, 505 
Chester Board of Trade............ AN ey, (Creyonitelie: Jib: INOS eye oesertse 510 Dejardin, Mme. Adeline........... 47| 
Chesterfield) Countysasmctenis «ccc vie « A83)Gornette: Vissi Doras. asec acre ie oe 474 Del Corzo, Lieut. Angel............ 502 
@hewaecall'ynewne tna iene cc aen : 487 Corno Mills Company.............. 478 Delaware State Building............ es 
@heyney | ohnukeree cnc eee 496 Cortelyou, Hon. Geo. B............. 499), Denbyne Charles syemereine ee ocr 
Chicago Belting Company........... 476 Coston Signal Company, Inc......... 477 Denney, Col Frank L., U. S. M. C.. 300 
Chicago’ Juvenile Gourts:........... 466 Costumes of Prominent People Con- Dennissel Vie: Weeme cme mis aecuer 487 
Chicago Kindergarten College........ 464 cerned in Settlement of U.S....... 502 Denver Juvenile Court.:........... 466 
Chick Springs Company............ 492m Cottrell, s Weyl premier ayarete ete ees crews HOZimDerache ws eeinete cre de eerie rskoe ns 474 
Chillicothe Public School............ S12) [Grayitabdorny, MAINES I veMoanmancict co ace 485 Derring, Milliken & Co............. 470 
GChisholmswAce Risers aan nese tats 504 Council of Jewish Women.......... AGdieestises binancescOmmnn er ine. 47| 
Chopardiibreresiapeneritas acre etree 469 Country Children’s Home........... 486 Detective Publishing Company....... 465 
Christian’s Natural Food Company...492 Couper, William ................. 507 Detrick & Harvey Machine Company .475 
Christian Science Pub. Society....... 472 Cove Lawn Orchard Company...... 480M Deutsche: Ceramicercc: aces secs. 469 
@bhorchmanae |e seo. AVG) ARB TGOMS PNINNE cooanan GAndoe podeae 478 Devoe, F. W. & Raynolds, C. T., 
Cilkey Veneer Company............ 473 Cowles, Rear-Adm. William S....... 500 Mee Company. tarccr eee alin e casts ales 464 
GlalinguWniversity cae. simone SOB eGo Wistar tea wetter ASO Dewey, pliyster Ml-ecten sass ccae asta 501 
Clara De Hirsch Trade Training Gox,) Mrse aime Rutine eee eee 503m Dickies! |amesanpatmicncs cea ointe crore 487 
Schoolers ste cme wets e bela ate 466% Goyye Lid Witte ncanetias cere et sions 501 Dickson, Maj. Tracy C., U. S. A... .500 
Clarks ACEI artnet ieee cits ek 50a Coyner Ds Gwyn ani ee eee A9 2am Dietrick Wis osetia Meme esteletere aielets 488 
Clarkes ee Wik aase nee aie Giana 504 Craddock-Terry Company...... AG OGae Dragan Gon a Wht evics a1, cccra. taints -1se<ya 510 
Glark"aW alteren noes cmeret. - inclsieae ASG Graney Georges WW naan crt ita cree AL Ge.Willarclite Wiem biter: cere ech oarer tae 495 
Glarkes Bb rothersen sen eee ee AS?“ Graw fords sa Guero enc 5 hie sllerws rel osepiieoeen eae cere 501 
Gauss) Shear (Company.......+->2 + Aoja Grawford.= Win Ga cheese re eesre UCM Dillon Brothersmeetee ante ee ete 499 
Glayst Cecil ae een tee atom. 500 mCrawfordyawerka tees eee AG6m Dinwiddie brossmee es one mice oe 487 
Glave Comelias rasa eee «ce clues 500 Creamery Package Mfg. Company...489 Dinwiddie County Schools ......... 465 
GlavaCounty. serie ao cn ieee 498 Creef, Fitigeaantineu ccs seme & 496 Dinwiddie County Exhibit ......... 483 
G@leary,) Captain’ Henry2.e.e + oie 500 Crescent City Moss Ginnery........ AOA MD iquiniys [nc een eee. oe eet reels 480 
SlemsonyCollege: seks fetes es 464 Crescent Silicate Works ........... 498 Division of Manuscripts ............ 502 
Cleveland Lawn Weeder Company...478 Crew Mfg. Company............... 470 Division of Maps and Charts........ 502 
Climax Ice Machine Supply & Pump Grocker, G@Wic Elia aee cores tee a ate ee AO) IDieoern Ge IMGT en coc odd nomen ane 502 
Company tots aoctetees occ terse lateness 489 Crocker Wheeler Electric Company..476 Division of Periodicals ............. 502 
GlimaxmiVifos Gompany-e.n acme AT] 2 Grockett AW pomracted rice raat 488 Division of Printed Books ......... 502 
Clinch Valley Barytes Company..... A9GM Groft. Georges Vianna en cee an AORm Divisionsots lorintsmee mere cela ce 502 
Clinchfield Coal ee BTR ea as O89 Gromwellia|:, Risaacerie.- ee ae see AST eWixi Mrs: Jas Asean ss son ost es 474 
ElinamansylViressousiesnsiacs schon sce: 510m Crosby @ Dycke | cairo eer nee cic es AGOm Dixon \Vliss, uucy ares eeie lente sere 474 
Clingman Nursery Company......... AB5 q: Grossi Eve eee cede ie. aetna tees ABS SDixony \VmsstteGiece, siete eerie 507 
Clinkscales, Mrs. Fannie........... 5SiORGrosse Llerbertapesre serie eee OSM Dodd &ostruthers nee i. <i ors 472 
GlohangeAlexanderseestice eae + erie 488 Crown Cork and Seal Company:..... 489 Dodd, Mead & Company........... 467 
isi des Iron OLkse sete tectterels os icioiees 475 Crozet Fruit Growers’ Association. .,.487 Dodge, W. B............-..-+-+5- 487 
oaleelracem | Ournaleeeerrty se ceicie es A98)s Groziers origi Gens illiamyW si.) 00s Dodsony Hise «teres eetite aisneicte le etseetsleers 481 
GoatestuRobertsmpenre cles ote soo Die @uerpop Viedicomen trite rrre 469, oh Dodson AW si Ri caeeee cen cites 481 
Cobeyiaw sacar tee ae ae 485\ Cuesta, Jorge wre sotw cabrones shasievae one Om Dole Richard sb) .urties site ite seer 501 
Cochrane Showcase Company....... 470 Cuesta, Nemesio Ybern ........... re Dominican Government ...472, 475, 478 
Cofimant Brosue te scene cerns ses 483 Culpeper High School and Graded Dominican Republic ...... 482, 490, 494 
Gonillae Erm baincnwiaer mee ie oes AS4 MO Schools cee cs sere ie ive 65 Dominican Republic Building ...... 508 
Cohriver Acs & Com criicerasetv rend snes A80 sCulvergEie Car meetpicn =.2 ed oat ae SOM Dooley, Johne Lis cryin sisisve terse 510 
Colina Geor Sa Consaataeemete lo ele 492 Siriaas Frank, Bulb & Plant Com- Dorchester Academy ............... 509 
olbergn Rodolfone seston caret aes A72') pany noo theta c ree one 480 Dorkins, Frances Spencer........... 510 
Golberts@ NV 0 Pama seatre Nees oot 499 Cantina Eich [aaene crarereeee cece: HO 2 Dorvseyse [ha caste pacts ciliate «a ainuctetee a cee 502 
Coldwell Lawn Mower Company....478 Curry Normal and Industrial Institute.509 Doussand Perfumery Company....... 481 
Coleman: tq Flite shee coke ese 487.9 Carts awardes.ss cae aera 50 ie Dow wA rthure Mi sci cists etelcnerateiscere 504 


791 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Dowling, Eidwarcla | aarnictdetetetters 500) Bincatsn Viercedes salen ier reer 493 Glamorgan Pipe and Foundry Com- 
Downing Albert Weems 500) Binney, er Gordontesee ener 502. "Spany aes. See ee eee 
Doxsee, Je Fia& Sonaeere ese ee 495 Fire Arms, Historical Series......... 502°" Glass, (Eis Goer 503 
Dreer, John, Plow Company...477, 478 Fishard, Gaspard ................. A93- GlauberteAy Ce een 472 
Drury; ) Fr Annas tis. coerce: 485) isk, Wniversity tepirie riots 508 Gleason Mfg. Company............. 469 
DunbarssSons, Ga wae eee eee: 492 Fitchburg Normal School........... 503 Glen Alum Fuel Company.......... 499 
Dunlap, slrving wil sates meanness etre DO lee Rixed iEixhibitseertniten ht tiene 501 Glenk; VRoberteen sania ceeeereee 504 
Dunn, Jenning, Baumann Automatic rabid POW Ger, 5 One On adé ob odgontor 502 Glenn Springs Company............. 492 
Hinge’ e:c.fc pacer ee ae eens 469.) Plorists, exchange perenne enonioe 484" Glennan» Nevill. 2 eee 507 
Dither Cotton Mfg. Company...... 468) Rolentino,= ose sa seen ei etcieceer 482 Glenwood Cotton Mill.............. 468 
Durham Elite Mattress Company....510 Force, I. F. Handle Company....... 494 Globe Dental Mfg. Company........ 472 
Durham Hosiery Mills ............ 510 Ford, Worthington Chauncey........ 502 Globe-Home Furniture Company..... 473 
Durosel, Mademoiselle Etomante..... 47) Foregger,s Dram Von waaiaee tere 497 Globe Parlor Furniture Company... ..473 
Dusony s Weak bron eee 479 Forest Furniture Company........... 473 Gobernacion, Secretaria de.......... 77 
Dustmanie Virsa Aenea ee renee 485 Fortie, Mrs: Margaret.............- 510) (Goddard) arlaGiny eee eee 469 
Dutch Wooden Shoe Company...... 495 eKoster eeynoldsa seein sient 469 Goddard, William Dean ........... 502 
Dutton, Robert & Co., Usines Cen- Fosters] aS alhenicie ae eee a 504 Goiticoa, Hon. N. Veloz............ 502 
trales/ vara soem ls ee eee 493. Howlers Mrsseec ne sec ener 510. sGeold Frankils See eee eee 501 
Dwinell-Wright Company .......... 489 a box.sGarlton wey eee ie cette 502 Gold Medal Camp Furniture Company 
Framingham Public School.......... 503 472 
E. Frankenbush, J. W. & Sons......... 481 Golden Belt Mfg. Company......... 47\ 
irankftordieATsenal amen arene 500) Goldsboro Asi leery) eel eee 484 
Eagle Furniture Company........... 473, Franklin, H. H. & Company........ 477 Goldsboro? Mo amatss)isleteeenne eee 484 
Early American Imprints, Exhibits of 502 Franklin Sugar Refining Company....489 Goldsmith, J. S.................... 502 
East Kentucky Coal Company....... 498 ePirayens Owentepreit ee ean 486, Gompers, Samuell:-e ere ere 504 
East Orange Board of Education....465 Free Public Bath Commission........ A66_ Goodmans Hens. eee eran 500 
Eastern Shore of Virginia Game Pro- Kireedmenjs, Ilospitalasmeietn ata ee 509 Goodman Manufacturing Company. . .498 
tective Association .............. A0Ombsreeman,y Daniele sitet eater tte 510 Goxdonsés Gordon see ae eee 480 
Eastern Shore Produce Exchange.....487 Freret, J. P. & Company............ 494 Gordons Wen Wi Sen Conese tee 482 
atony Mrssclelee Adare tte nto oer 484" Krey,k ted tera seer me onde 482 Goulds Manufacturing Company... .. 475 
Ebb. Walter(Si ner cee heen 510 tenday no Det eenneen eee 491 Grand Rapids Public Museum....... 494 
Ebert, Chatleghcancceetettbaen eter 500). Fries} Broseesiesh acre eee ae oe 467 Grand Trunk Railway System....... 
Eberwine, | Grccepe te eee ee AB] UE riess Fi0& Elita ae ee ee ee 470 469, 495, 505 
Echols, J Mia Gompanyaue eer: 492 Fries-Harley Company ............. 469 Graniteville Mfg. Company.......... 473 
Eckel SE dwins Gaye eee eee 496 Fujimura, Yuji © ois eelels hate het ats cdveetans 475 Grant, Maj.-Gen. BeDs UNS eAne 02 
Eckenrodet Lian) een ener 503. Fujinosh) Ses tere re eee eee 47| Graton & Knight Manufacturing Com- 
Economy Silo & Tank Company..... A480" Fukare ihe tercet ome erent AT5)) MOPANY ars aleve cletelel tel tele ketene ete 475 
FiddyseMissioarahy | a aecetme mnie 504¢ EullertEs Ag, 8c WW) beeen eee A8{ Grau, Joaquin .2.0- 2-5 eerie eee 493 
Edwardess) ohn binaries t 499 “Rultonella Roars eee eee A8 i) Graziosi; ©n& Sonsmeeen eee 467 
Eghertckciharun cohen ee ee ate 488. Fulton, Mnion, coe sob ren Roman 506 Great Lakes Veneer Company....... 494 
Egg-o-See Cereal Company......... 505m Hundicion Nacionales ene eee 476+ Greco,/Gi, Gi n-coane ae eee eee 491 
Eickemeyer, Carl gt: or aaa ea de G2 Green, Dr. Paul) Noo cee eee 502 
Eamer se Amend ond can 496, 501 & Green, Ella PY wich ee eee 510 
Enselles Win Gees cose ae eee 478 Green River Distilling Company...... 489 
Electrolytic Company .............. A497® Coabat tO seta reccys tetoreeeeecreneeeenetee tae 469) Greene; Mrs.) Wn Eee er 492 
Electric Blower Company........... 476 Galena-Signal Oil Company ........ 496 Greenfield Country Club............ 484 
Elizabeth County Schools........... 465m Galloway eb t-p ulna serene eerie 501 Greer, Miss Mary 2: senenee 499 
Elk Mountain Cotton Mills......... 468 Galva Del Coco, M. & J........... 483 Griest Mfg. Company...... ....... 469 
Elliot, Brig.-Gen. George F......... 500) GambereACe lenceria AS Guiting) roses Company. eee 488 
Elliotts Ee cee oe eee 482 Garcia, Augusto & Cia............. 493) Grissom;3W-) Bae eit eine 487 
Ellis-Chalmers Company ........... 467) Garcia.) Dante ATiesee eerie 4997493 = Guerranty 5. Senne eee eee 487 
Evlisone&s ingrameren serene cians 4/3™Garciamalioxibio) a mepaaeloeeeemate 483 Gueydan Rice Milling Company..... 479 
Fillysonye |pmay love nee eae riere 502) Gardnermen. Gata Gs Gee ene 503 Guilbeaue Dre Aver teeters 485 
mmm;, Chatlesweancmcckrreneicme ees ps Garfield, James Rudolph ........... 501 Guittard" Claude, Serene enna 502 
Fammerich hase Coste rere Garfield) Publics Schoolsi seen aineit: A65 =Gundlach; Carl Bree 502 
Enfield Pottery & Tile Works. . .469, 506 Garo;#J ohn vcs. eee eee tier: A69. (Gunn; \Chesterijscts he cece eee 488 
EmpineersqCorpsof. sneer ene Gatrettj&'Co#e. see ee eee 489 Gurney Mfg. Company............. 495 
Enterprise Mfg. Company........... 3 Garrido Drake Mien ce eee 502) (Gusemian; J Wee yee eee 488 
Folangess VillemAlicesssemera scm iene 474 Gartrell Pre Wesante ae sentence 472 
Episcopal Church of America....... 463.4 Gaspoghen lane cee ie cele: 490 H 
Exbys Daisyciteaet co meer eet 467-; Gast, BAC PAG: dare oe Se ei ee 488 
Erwin Cluster of Millstscmees eee A6Gia Gaston) County sateen eee 498 Hass, Wm. S@Sons..0 aes 495 
Eirwinss WN Ay ee rection 50 Gatell'* Fedencouee see eer 400 elaines Koya Gomera eet 469, 500 
Eiscannem|Vlarceusierasee ee een 469 Gay, E. J. Planting and Manufacturing Hains, Brig.-Gen. Peter C., U. S. A..500 
Espallat, Augusto & Sr......... 490, 491 Company 2. 20m eo eee eee eee 1) "Hfall® Brank Aw eremerice eee 472 
Esteliichia @ristobal meee einer A723 Gayheart; Mi Ee eee tae ee 481) Hall) Wee sor rsere eee eee 485 
Etruscan Antique Art Works........ A7 |e Geddes William Vice nee seer 499 Halladay, Edmund ................ 479 
EivanenmlViiss @ Viper teeters 484 Geiser Manufacturing Company.475, 478 Hamilton, W. W................-- 483 
Fiverett ieublice schoolas am seterertior 503 General Compressed Air & Vacuum Hampden-Sidney College .......... 463 
Excelsior Knitting Mills ............ 473 House, Vacuum Machinery Co....475 Hampton Guano Company ......... 480 
Excelsior Seed Farm ............-.- 481 General Electric Co. 467, 475, 498, 506 Hampton Normal and Agricultural In- 
Expanded Metal & Corrugated Bar Generals Mandy Office saeeee aren ier 501 AMOS aonosoopec dooonaco Os 506, 508 
Companyae cer con Sek cr mare 467 Genesee Pure Food Company. . .492, He Hance Asbestos Mining Company... .498 
Experiment Station, Office of........ 501. Gentry eWsAce ee te seis cere ie A87 Hanck Mig: Companye eee eee 472 
Geological Surveyaecreen serene A) Iebwels Cremes Woooncosescuscs eee 500 
F Georgesons) CEiGier a eure teas 501 Hanes, P. H., Knitting Mills....... 468 
Georgia Marble Company .......... 497 Hangers Js ES pene eee 467 
BaeltonqWiny ..4eee tees re 506m Georgia statement eee eee Hanover Pressed Brick Company... .504 
Fairall, ae le ieee ites Mee 499 463, 464, 479, 484, 496, ae Iansen's, Chr. Icaboratorymese senian 49] 
Bares: EA @.e gemiieiae aoe teeriemetere 498 Georgia State Building ............. 7m Tlardcastles Mrs. KayNueeie seen ern 492 
Fairview Seas Scholae eee 466 Georgia State College ............. 309 lardyse\Vitsw hillipsenienernrstnn tenia 510 
Falkner, Dr. Holland P............. 500 Gerlach, Peter, Company cca Geers Gia 4/5_ -iarlem) Academy maser e eee 509 
Balle Rivers ublics schools earner 503 Germain Wine Company............ 491 Sldarmon, GeopAt anes dene 482 
Panton. Dwights omic eerie 484 German-American Amber Mfg. Com- Harriman Manufacturing Company. . ae 
Fanton, Si Pees vnc a enone Hanes ote SOS tee pany. seiaeretr ee toate oye Tere 9 Harrington, Rear-Adm. P. F., U. 
Fiarchowse)feiloube seen aaee 488 German-American Company Mill Na a atlvicieeossente angio ete er ae 509 
Farley; sJ.0 GUer bit actetiet steer 510 Oe MN ara ede au hosiaia ane Eos A7ileitarrisy Clays Company tee ene 497 
Farmers) amesi acest creer seers 502 Cone KalitWorksi 8 ates 478° Harriss) cS) oe. coe ene 484 
Farmer’s Mfg. Company ........... 478 German Lithographic Stone Company.498 Harris Lithia Company ............ 492 
ley Wo Wore sabcouonoaname 486 Gettysburg National Park Commission.500 Harris, Mrs. Julia ................ 510 
Barquiarw AcpEy ew letd see eerie: 478 Gibbs Preserving Company.......... 492 Harrisburg Board of Trade......... 466 
arrandsleivingstonumei ee erent 504% Gibsons Missi lrenciee etiam cee 502) Elarrisonsy |.) Ga con sonseeeerier 480, 484 
Fearn Sisters tasestscmtisteus actors mses 469 Gibson Iron Works Company........ viel IS bvestha Jaltd <oocccongcageuccese 500 
Federal Clay Products Company..... 504 Giffin, Miss Etta Josselyn........... 502m larronye serghtons G. ayia ene 501 
Fentress Jou Desncde eccn perce 503 sGifford {GM wee eee acc eee 40 | eblarte Viillertbl.. ecient 472 
Ferguson, Alexander & Co.......... A492 © Gilkerson; Mave. cementite netore 483 Hartford Public High School....... 
Eierminy) Nolascoumeiaertainie le eiereneeie 491 Gilkey Veneer Company............ 473 463, 464, 465 
Fernandez, Capt. E. Ruiz.....:..<¢ 502) Gill (SARS .ay.mieae. meen sires rare 4862 Elartleys Ci Pa meee cts teenie 501 
Ferrat6t J. Baelrc,e sca ce eee 487 Gill, James G., Company........... 491 Hartshorn Memorial College......... 509 
ield;'O;) Jude Gra lee ent aetaeens 500 Gilletiy Martin’ 6c Corn. etnies AH) Jeevaatien JAN Wik cacanoccooormcc0s: 472 
Fike, Jacobiccceciasunlns sore stneare A86eGilliam’ SY See seer etree ee 492s Hashimato, Yo ocseice caeictestietetee net 469 
Binca se as Deliciasimerie coer 490 Gilmore, Miss Jennie..............- 503 * Hass Lh Be & Comets ten eeiccn 482 


Awards. 


Hassinger Lumber Company......... 495 Howell, B. H., Son & Company....489 Kaneko, Mr. .........c0cceeeceess 504 
Haverhill Public School............ 503 Hubert Bulb Company............. 479 Kansas City Board of Trade........ 466 
Hawes, von Gal Company.......... 4087 Muddles Mis) JRecenetdestoaeete 471 Kawamata - Keupu - Seiren - Kabushiki - 
Hawesville Hub & Mfg. Company...478 Hudson, J. W. .............0e00ee 487 Raisha'sius hater tne st esneet 47| 
Hawkins, Mrs. A. P.........0.000 474 ~Hudson, Miss. T; Eve oon eee DO aways weites AS llensepee eee tee 483 
Hawkins, Wallace ....5........5.: 457 Fludson,s Le bere tinc aoe 489, 505 Kearns Furniture Company.......... 473 
Playasnie bl are Ae tee ce 475 Hudson River Day Line............ 477 Keeler, Robert, Ink Company........ 474 
Haynes Automobile Company........ Aimer ittmange Dec Syeckitee e ee 488 Keely-Springfeld Road Roller Com- 
| ENA ANG Mliy Be coher Meakae Mc mke caw 501 ea piaee Brig.-Gen. Charles F., U. SEUNG ASG MOOAD Oboe BADR Omen yori 476 
Playward,) [ass leecemtre: set cre irae 496 PAAR eK ty PVG APES OGG OT HOO Keistery lsaack nace a hee oc eee 483 
Elaywood County nena acti 486 etireeny Ts Hae ie ee AB3E Weithe ae Wietcaeen ctee oe Cae 473 
Heard, Mrs. Eugene B.............. OS me llunvertordys arlene peer ta eer SOOM Weller) iter seers hoa 486 
Heekin, James, Company........... 491 Hungerford, Robert, Normal and In- Wellermans Natl eosteeta etn. os st oe: 501 
Fiedty Virsa Daniel G2. seems 484 duatmall® Schools eeecenie rem acter 09 mKelley. a Danieliiterm sascce cna poe cee 500 
Heine Boiler Company............. 476 ane Mfg. and Commission Com- KelleyaalViiscg ss Gare mie rae eet 485 
Elemrchs)) uliug seeeneanrcie se ck D2 PER DAD agtertcteieh acktacs cet erate 468 ae & Burpee Manufacturing Com- 
Rleinzst rias ieee eer oie reste 472 etnies Mise Company tweeter tine PIER os uf SEUNG LR oy aOR Cae eee 79 
Heinz, H. J. Company ....... AGH AGOE Lluntzinger we: Elewsers sires niteteersietere 476 eal Coickmmrttastanene seks dhaucis 499 
Helmerichs, Theodore H............ 00M Eontzingerw| a bles 8c Gow seen A] 2m cenned yal Ecce eta ae aoe 511 
lelyinerlohna Gane eee ate sane nk A/S» Elutchesons) David sacs ie leeieieiaee 502 Kent Furniture Company............ 470 
Flenderson,nietermacrie tac craec- 459 sEluttenhauerses)|onn! estes ieee ee 486 Kent Scientific Museum............. 497 
Henderson, Peter & Company....... 479 Hyannis Normal School ........... 503 Kentucky Blue Stone Company...... 498 
Henderson Public School ........... 509 Hyannis Training School .......... 503 Kentucky Jamestown Exposition Com- 
Plendleywe li Wedecten sks eh ce reo oe 502 Hyatt Roller Bearing Company...... 475) ee mmissioneyeeiachs 479, 481, 482, 494, 497 
Fienrich sehr. brewing) Company 409 el lyder, |e bsetserael sci cena cielo eee 488 Kentucky State Building............ 507 
Henrico County Public Schools...... 465 Hydraulic Pressed ‘Brick Company 04m enyon slay merrier an 489 
Henrietta Mills Nos. | and 2 Forest Kern, Charles iter rs ee ete OP 505 
City Viillstigets eee on tree ie ee 7\ I Retr Jaa Were eee eee 484, 500 
Elenzel a) Ga ere oo toe cae: 472 Keystone Driller Company, Inc....... 496 
Fierauxs Drodmindwacntcoee ee eae ()2ealchitaro-\shiguaomes cere eine tains 47| Kilbourne & Jacobs Seng 
Hercules Gold and Copper Company .504 Illinois State Building.............. 50/eee Company. ta genet ae seer 478, 498 
Heredia, Ignacio & Cia............. 492 Imperial Furniture Company......... 473 Killian, Geo. P., Company.......... 470 
Elermanogmiverezee ce aes ee Indian Ridge Coal Company......... 499 Kilpatrick: Want Vriet ht Oey eee 464 
Elermandezmocousecmrr itera 492 Indiana State Board of Health....... A65@ Kimball Arthurs emer erates 502 
Flerreraw Daniel, soe cn dee elses 490 Industrial Art School .............. A69e hamballeoumners | gear eee 500 
Tlerrerasm\Viantelaeret an eyaeiioee erae ie 490 Industrial Removal Office .......... 465 Kincaid Furniture Company......... 473 
Elecreraw\Viannelidems eee ae oer 490 Infanzon & Rodriguez.............. 483 Kincaid Veneer and Lumber Company 495 
Herrera, Mayor Salvador .......... 469 Ingersoll-Rand Drill Company....... 496 Kindel Bed Company.............. 470 
Heth, Miss Nannie Randolph........ 503 Ingersoll, Robt. H. & Bro........... AGO Kinga lee] sete eee ae Peon. 480 
Hewitt, F. R., Kaolin Company..... 498 Ingram, Frederick F. & Company....472 Kingsbury, H. P................... 49| 
FlevligerBiconter ce ecin neni 495 Ee lnmany Fee Wicca fcc oe. A88 g kirby Chast Aseeraer hee mee eres 500 
Flibbertaiemand geass ee nie 502 Insular Coffee Company............ AQ2s Rirkling Plenry! fas tens. ee vat care tee 511 
Hickman-Ebbert Company ......... 478 International Children’s School F arm Kitchen Cabinet & Table Company. .473 
Hickory Seed Company............. 481 League dpe cetiet ee aries ee aed Ge Ietiganrig (Co Wace bh escanotogcnee 500 
Flicks tales rire nee eretct ane chat. 483 International Correspondence School. .463 Kittrell, Norman G................ ||489 
Fliggins) enniescrre- arc ce onteeine ee 510 International Harvester Company of Klondike Gold Mine............... 497 
High 4 Dep ee ee: oe 488  America....... 476, 477, 479, 491, 506 Knight, Valerious L................ 500 
High Point Buggy eer ge woege ree 478 International Postal Supply Company.500 Knoepler, J. L..................05. 474 
Elighstoint, City ofsmns ocean 468 International Sanitary Mfg. Company.469 Knowles, Taylor & Knowles Company 47\ 
High Point Hub & Handle Company.473 Inventions, Models of, Especially Illus- Knoxville Collegelpiree weenie ties 509 
High Point Machine Company ca 47 6 trating Development of Bell Tele- Kny- Scheerer Company wiistieis'eiel.e akevd) eas 467 
High Point Metallic Bed Company..473 _ phone ...............-000e scene 2honlsaaty; Charles \W:..o 0.005... 502 
High Point Milling Company ...... 492 lowa Dairy Separator Company...... 489 Koken Barber's Supply Company 467, 506 
High Point Normal and Industrial Iron Clay Brick Company.......... BOF olboW me. Jasna tee sire ender: 502 
School Merge are cient ere 509 Isle of Wight County.............. AGS SISORdG,ya- aa taty aaeventeine se «is Stati 47| 
High Point Organ Company ........ 473 Isthmian Canal Commission. ... . 38, 500" Kopesay, Joseph 23.9). 8 wets trecsins. 482 
High Point Show Case Works....... AVY iin WS IBS 5 oa Ac aun bean 503 Krauth & Benninghofen............ 473 
Highland Park Mfg. Company....... AGB lwamotoySaek creer os eee eens 469.9 Rumiend,: (os dena nee ae avers 472 
LER ASS ET area ek cilia ae eae 503 Inn, IDBYe, Ik IB. he den tasges ee 504 
Fille Geo dk Wie ee ee 510 J Kunz Georgech ane Migs cise steeen hres ste. 496 
EUR Virwen Gar Alberta mavens ener 503 
11 Wil [tarmac teeta ae 5 hig Jacas; ScuCia Shara tence eee eee 492 le 
Hill Veneer Company.............. Ajomlacobmiiomeninstitutes=s eaeenr ier 464 
Hill Top Oil Company, Ltd........ AOS ml acobssa Charles Veen eee eae 505m lacalles Juliany Vices weet siete 502 
Elilton¢ Geo ME ee) nae 8 he ATO mlacobse Mires lla Danner ee 484 Lackawanna Mfg. Company........ 477 
Flilton eWeek eee an eee eee BO 2GM) acobemmW ae Valen ee ene eae 500 Lagomarsino Wine Company........ 49| 
Hinde & Dauch Paper Company..... AT 2s \acocksyaMirssiGa Wa wera sterstenpeke eke ABS wlearrdit&elvee metre cers sete. kere o\ctors 404 
lines @aptes jul wile ose Acree eee 502 Jackson Coal and Coke Company....498 Lamb Boat and Engine............. 477 
Hinton, Miss Mary Hilliard......... 5()3e Jackson wbsranciss |: ae anit ene SOM ambertoaliartwellam renee tteisetrr 478 
Hires Turner Glass Company........ 469 Jackson Springs Company........... Ay) Nerralsyode IMIG (Cy IMac eanopoooaac 474 
Hirshfield, Ruth Ashley........ Zee), SOS) Jena, Shin leh codardelnbacodoccce ASG). LET ESTE Dea won goteodan des OC 487 
History, Records and Statistics....... 500 Jamestown Concrete Works ........ 473 Lambert Pharmacal Company ....... 467 
Plistorysotslviedicinem na serene 502 Jamestown Lounge Company ........ 470 Lambert-Murray Company ......... 473 
History of Photography ............ 502 Japan Art Association »...........- AGO ml famonys Hem W cei tetcustn se stetlersia cs ois 502 
Eelittingers@) osephy cee reciente: 500 Japan Collective Exhibit ........... 506m Samson=Seribners) Wouelelelels sete stale tele 501 
Elcbartalcouiss Gamer eer ee 60m aspersm)amese Aces e ee net ae 504, 505 Land and Water Transportation...... 502 
Flodesonp iia Hearsay ea ieee oe ore 469 Jeanerette Lumber Company......... 494 Lane & Degroot Company........... 477 
Blommans J One pe ena 456 DJefterson, Din Et Bie eeeaebiicn ated 510 Lanston Monotype Machine Company. 
Flofimanes Vlatiag eae ee eee AT 2s) enkins ta Wal lisweAnaeetrer ner teeta 503 
Flogans jlenryaen ren ae nce 484e Jennings, MrsnVir Rosse asta: 510 Lapham, J. Spencer................ 484 
Hohlfeld Manufacturing Company....472 Jevne, H., Company............... AO | mlvaraque mous erereiaee cite talaelereiass 502 
Elollanid VirswelVl sso reer 504 John Deere Plow Company......... 505 Large Distilling Company........... 489 
Flollandslhomasperriamince te ate 5 (0m ohne Smiths Groupes eteiae tera 502m learkineGompany ate en eer 470, 505 
Flolmes:@)ipA water 8 ate as tea 502 Johns Hopkins University........... AG3 a leasseterteA moses ecient ss.s «2. = 487 
Fiolmesse Wy ble Bs Nonna 501 Johnson, B. F. Publishing Company.464 Laughlin, Homer China Company... .471 
loloway Annies hunks ni. cnr es 5 Om Johnsonsa}e Vis trees ace ee eee: 487/s]“aurensa Cottons Villserrercyeetneles ce 470 
Flollydayem vires |= Giree ane nee 4725 Johnsong cu Vinsseries sec aeeee Aye) bey WAI inthe: ac nldocgls bon magooe 507 
Hollyday, Rear-Adm. Richard C.....500 Johnston, C. Brooks ............... 5) 2 mleavancexovpiis Gp ©Oye niciaiciel « 482, 495 
Flolt=VMorgan Viulls seni eis eters ZAVA| Aue I Ids CAC so aoougo be oe 483 Lavandier, Carlos Baez........ 480, 493 
Hontzk& Sever pret ee ee 493 Joint Jamestown Committee.......... (4m [eavillene) ul esa sameeren ters or tens eters ues 493 
Hope Mills ma G@ompanvere ts oes 468 Jones, Bee res ioe eee ASB laaw rence: sz Nah see mcr trceticptaies sieeretcke 500 
Floriick we) ohng ose ee ea 486 Jones, Teer Col. Thaddeus W....... BO) Om aay |e leet itor acetone 510 
Horlick’s Malted Milk Company..... 49 Sel ordang brosm@ mien onto A7Gmlseakst Ran Bias ote ean hoeieis casetels.2'sver ane 489 
Elough "aw alter) 2s rnin ye HO Ze ordan wits: serine eerie ae 511 Learned, Col. Charles W., U. S. A.. .500 
HoughtonyeA bert Gauss eee ree 500 Joyce, Maurice Engraving Company. .470 Learned, Marion Dexter..........-. 503 
House Cold Tire Setter Company....478 Joyner, V. W...............0e cues 492 Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories....... 470 
Elouseholder) Prank essen scan foe 486.0 Julien Amablem.waacacc nets wae ADS5mleees levancisnbiescemiacci re etree 503 
Flousers Misa Sam sencne oeeincas ce AB3= Jung, ae ont eter recipes AOD", lee, Uy Rens cai sleeenerateliee sade sieoareyaren 480 
Eloward vA aan fete re eae 510 see, Aukennentian stasis wai ees 474 
Eloward Dre lin © rae ee oe eee 501 K Wee’ Mirs¥ A S.22 tecce ne atoe vies 498 
Floward?éc'Morsemapnen aeeiceint 497 eenlzapers Company; qecrrcaarets e 47| 
Howard University ................ 508 Kahnweilers, David, Sons.......... 7 Om WeightonseViarsialls Gacttrietaeteieisie sole 501 


793 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


embcke) 42s rote ut te ni aa 495 Mackenzie, Brig.-Gen. Alexander, U. Miesse,; Ma Mace eee eee 486 
WetchersalVlavionssteserchs atryeter tener 501 S.Ag spate deere et ree 500 (Migutani,) [zee rcs as cere nee 472 
Leupp, Fst Ec. faeces nreerts DOI MackenziessElugh) Roos aeee 5OO Miley sa Hak snecvyein se enine on ene 473 
Leuthold Freres’ & Gies.. 0.6. erie 470'\Maclean; Paul Siccen. 1 melee 499 Military Information Division........ 500 
Ptewiss Arthur Geers ot) eee tee Sills Miaoinnise Ville rseee nen ae eee 474 >Miller, .B. F - daceee  eeeeee 488 
Lewis, Captain Fy W., UsS 7A... 500 -MahanWeiGi7,. fee fee 488 = Miller John) Deer see eee eee 500 
[sewis;, Joseph) Diz aon ase ees 470" Mahoney) 4 60 Lise eerie einteerre 491 Miller; sH.* Pecan ance cipnteene ieee 482 
Lewis, Mrs. Sadie Price............ Dili \Viailealeransportation senate 500 Miller;#Hi Wiccan. eee eee 488 
Lewis. Pi. Dit ce eee eee 489 Majestic Manufacturing Company...:467 Miller, Kelly ..................4:- 509 
Tews, Virgil OA ceva artene stare teeta tates 50509 Miakinow 1st ete eie ners 475 Miller Manual Labor School........ 464 
[exin stone Vials tersrter atten ciate sree eren 475% NialloryauVlaya Johny oeee senior 502, Miller, sNVlisssAdawV sae 474 
ibraryot  @ongress.y erie: 502 Manaclareilaciendase eae 492° Miller; Ws Gureaienteeeeeeeeee 482 
Juied|> Christian, Gao soy tn ea cine 483 Manassas Public School............ 509) Millers Wilham:-- 40 eee 486 
Wight-Elouses boardigee eerie sila: 501 Manganese Steel Safe Company...... 496 Mills, .\Wmi G...225(: 0 See eee 503 
Light-House Establishment, Exhibits of Mangus.) Canis 6.5 5D a ae eee 481 Mine Smelter & Supply Company... .498 
501 Manhattan Trade School for Girls....466 Mines and Minerals................ 498 
Tancoln) Publics schooleeuen sare cel: 509 Mann, B banc ece nein eet tne 488 Minneapolis Public Schools.......... 464 
[sindorySalomoninesce resort ene ene 493' Manns Geow kin eee nee eres aie 479 Minneola Mfg. Company............ 468 
Jeindsay se kirankiser oe eters alere te eek 4703 Manny Sab row nee cee ceren eee 487 Minnesota Manufacturers’ Association. 476 
[eiptony oir mel homass | saete ete eitreren 506 Manning, Warren H...............- 506) Minnick: 6ooArehartacncnreeitelieeenrete 483 
Little Neck Clam Company......... 595 Manterola, Lieut.-Col. José.......... 502. Mirabeaus By iin atee cere ee ree 493 
Livingston Seed Company..........- 486 Manuscripts Illustrative of Early His- Missourij Exhibit). ane preeeerentert 506 
Logan Brick Manufacturing Company 504 tory of Jamestown and Virginia. . oe Missoun, State 2... oer 
Logan Clay Products Company...... 504 Marchena Y Del Guidice.......... 493 479, 480, 481, 482, 485, 507 
Domer Ets Hs eee ee 490 Marcou, N. Bentbergson............ 469 Missouri State Building ............ 507 
[eongworthy Parke: L\ cure rimpaaebsnerns yee 489 Mariner & La Beaume.............. 507, Mitchell Brossn-ys cetera 494 
[Goole Gon leincolnam ese eee AWA la Whole NY Cid ee ae he So asanae Snob AG7 Mitchells Maju | ilianeee eerie 480 
Toose; Sigs xc wears etre el ebes eas 485 Marks Adjustable Chair Company...470 Mitchell Invalid Bed Company...... 470 
[opezi, Jacinto, a eerie pers ert exerts 502 Marks, Samuel H................-. 500. Moffett, Ri W.. .2 ee eee eee 483 
Topeziand) Dukatessercispss's ie 'srer-lopels ant 49) ee MViarrawae VirsseAnnanG@s eee eee 510 Molahon Mfg. Company............ 470 
JEorays Cotton Vill steerer rere AZ, Marsteller: 4). ie seein eet 499° Moline’ Muills!...7 ee eee 468 
Los Angeles and San Diego Counties Martin, “A. Gant eee 488 Moline Wagon Company........... 479 
4795-506) sMiartine A lvah ell eee eee eee 502 Mondragon, General M....471, 476, 477 
Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce. .488 Martin, George H................-. 503° Monetta) Mills. Se pisrie pst 468 
Ios Angeles Gountys- teeter are 488 Martin, Hon. Thomas Staples....... 502 Montclair Board of Education....... 465 
Los Angeles Olive Growers’ Associa- Martinez gorag Vinca eier ren eee 483 Montgomery, Maj. George, U. S. A..500 
Hon ice estuarine seas Semetoccees Martinsville Locust Pin Company....495 Montgomery County, Randolph, Prof. 
Los Angeles Soap Company......... 409 mMartves eau am reser ene 469. LisSe en ee eee 498 
Los Nietos Ranchito Walnut Growers’ Marvyins. Cy Fiscetic eee eae 501 Montgomery, William P............ 502 
ANsSOClatlon™ Rise todos cists tries ot eseeeroe 4885 Marye, shornton-een se eeeenioer 507 Monticello Wine Company.......... 490 
Loucks, «George's. n:nat eae oe merone 486 Maryland Agricultural College....... 464 Monumental Bronze Company....... 470 
Louisiana State Crop Pest Commission Maryland Experiment Station........ 484: \Moody, Kae e2. i.e ene 511 
481 Maryland Geological Survey......... 496 Moody, ao H..cis os aenatiateretsteere 500 
Louisiana Distillery Co., Ltd........ 490 Maryland Shell Fish Commission..... 495. Moore, Es Be.) -naae eee eee 501 
Louisiana Oyster Commission.......- 495 Maryland School for the Blind...... 463 Moore, J. R osha is Seis ete eas seleueieteretet ete 487 
Louisiana Rice Irrigation and Milling Marylandwotate aera 463-507 sMooress tye ete eee eee 511 
Gompanyacrioerh sore etter 79 Maryland State Building ........... 507 Moores Mis5.5 Wace eee 505 
[komisianapotate miter eann ere 479 Maryland State Commission.....484, 490 Moore, Paul V..................-- 505 
Louisiana State Board of Health..... 466 Mason, Rear-Adm. Newton E....... 500° Moore, RS... ...5 sce oe ee eee 
Louisiana State Building ........... 508: Masons, 2h les ue sere atte wae a eee 501-Moore, 155 Wee eee ener 488, 505 
Louisiana State Museum ........... Massachusetts Agricultural College... .503 Moore, Warner ................00- 98 
463, 468, 479, 485, 494 Massachusetts Board of Commissioners Moore, Wallis’ Evans ieee 501 
Louisiana State University Station ...479 463 Morales, Ceferino..............+--- 483 
Louisiana Sugar Experiment Station...471 Massachusetts Board of Jamestown Moran Flexible Steam Joint Company .476 
Low Moore Iron Company.......... 498 Exposition Managers......... 464, 466 ‘Morehead, Js) Meco sene eee eee 483 
Lowell Normal School.............. 503 Massachusetts Library Commission....503 Morgan & Wright................ 478 
owells Public ochoolseerscrettiyitert: 503 Massachusetts Nautical School........ 503 -Morifmikhcin tiresteco ents @ eee eae 472 
Lowell Textile School.............. 503 Massachusetts State Building Ae ee re 507° Morita, «Sicscsce crete ievccalevarte iene eee 469 
Jgowndes,sr. Chatles ans: reenr oii 485 Massachusetts State Department of Morris;: Ts, Cis".:. ae ee ce eae 486 
Lowney, Walter, Company..... 489, 506 cation. <4. eee ee 503 Morrison, George.............- 482, 484 
[eucasse Milles lihpe ll erreererrem reste ierate “ey IWMI ER lh soonnecanomoasoannn 487, Morse Silas: Rig cece snmeeeeeine 504 
Iouce) (Glarencesen sere tensions SOS aiMathews iy S40. ee eee eee 479) (Moseley) Mrs. Katies.) 510 
Duchessiyés) Ferrandinie sas: eter 493 Mathieson Alkali Works............ AG7. aMoses W. Bi Sa Sonsane eee eee 470 
[uchting,) Vrs) Emest-eeernmaeeicite 504 Mattaponi Pickling Company........ 492. Moss, Isaac. so. whe cee eee 484 
Tudlows Walters We reer cer eens 499 (Matthews; Fo. Ei. 2 cee eee 485 Mt. Vernon Public School.......... 509 
Tiudwigi |nojaseeerct- eee eee 495 Maupin, Mrs. James F:.......-....- 503~ Moulie, Eugene js. e oe ee 481 
Lugo, Capt. Manuel Garcia......... 202m Maxwelle bros aeee eee eee 484 Mountain Lake Land Company...... 499 
Lupton’s, David, Sons Company...... 470 MMaxwellaiGola es eee. eee 479 Mouton; Alexander): e4es ee nee 49] 
Lynchburg Lounge Mfg. Company....473 May, D. W..............-.000000- 501 Muckenfuss Mfg. Company......... 473 
Lynchburg Pipe Foundry............ 47 Nlaynard Gs Gree ene eee 502 Muir) FJ dr. rseieincnaeeh teeters 504 
Lynchburg Public School ...... 464, 508 Maynard, Hon. Harry L............ 502) Munn! &@ompany sma ee eens 467 
Meadows, W. C. & Son............ 479 Munson, Mn. KWecee ose. teat eee 485 
M Mebellus, Asean oie canoe eae 493 )Murao; | Kangosn.e- ee eee 472 
Meckens, Mrs. Marcelia............ 510 Murray, Brig.-Gen. Arthur, U. S. A..500 
MeAllisten 6c Bellivevs. erence eet 491 Mecklenburg County .............. 498 Murray; Ne Fisn2% nck seentreeieeete 485 
McArthurs blo Gaon eiiceeetieetiierar 499 Mecklenburg Mineral Springs Com- Museo De Artilleria................ 476 
McCaskey Register Company........ 467-2 pany s eke ee oe 491 Musical Compilations Illustrative of 
MeC@aul evan |emiclayesiyvantrs a taeier 485 Meehan, Thomas & Sons, Inc....... 480 listorymofy Music terrae 502 
McConnell, E. W. and Austin E. T.475 Meekins, Theodore S............... 486 Myers, Albert Cook..............5- 503 
McCorklete aa linae erreee erin: 473 Melchers & Company............... AS?) Myers.= Dartonmeent csr ty tre 502 
McCormick, Alexander ............ 484 Melrose Knitting Mills.............. 471 Myles Salt Company, Ltd........... 497 
McGormick) WW El-eeeene re 504u Melvin; tAS Date ee oniee Sete 501 
MeGormicky Mys) [53 dicanameirieeen 487 Menendez, Manuel................. 469 N 
McCormick Historical Collection ....463 Meriden Public Schools............. 464 
McCormick & Company ....... 489, 506 Merriam, G. & C. Company......... A64 .Nance, Macs El Sseens eee eee 482 
Mic Gwenn Vise laa Gr SOT errno 487 Metcalf, Victor H............. 409. 500) eNantucket) Millsee sn sere pierre 47| 
McCollock, Miss Mary..........--- SOE) IN eae Win Dh ce cosnerbocooanen 495 Narcisse, Papailler (Pharmacien).....493 
Partie Bros. Pitless Scale Com- Wlexicol,. betyrn entra Nen tryin cn ne 505, 506 National Association for the Study and 
ANY. Pee sevel o cesterelane thes eee aera 476 Mexico—Departmento de Detall..... 486 Prevention of Tuberculosis. . .466, 506 
MeDonald. DeRs &.Sonsiceicce eee 491 Mexico—Estado Mayor............. 468 National Cash Register Co. 466, 467, 506 
IMeDonaldakennethweneiiie sents 507 Meyer ay, Gio & ere eny as Pires 500 National Casket Company ..... 467, 506 
McRarland,) Miss: ay Visser steerer 5. Meyer; John arereeee pact mnie 485 National Child Labor Committee..... 466 
McGee Mfg. Company............. 468 Meyers, Edward .................- 500 National Electric Supply Company. . .473 
McGeheesm | urrissester eerie 479: “Michand). Hee ae ee eee 495 National Marble Company.......... 498 
NcGeorsenl-laroldaeeeee re nies 505 Michell, Henry F., Company........ 481 National Meter Company........... 475 
McGinnis, rail Weenie: 481 Michigan Cut Glass Company....... A7 ll National Viuseum) sneer rere 501 
Metlhennyisi cout caren nner 490 Michigan, State .......... 479, 491, 497 National Rice Milling Company..... 479 
MieMianuss brank seers aera 495 Michigan State Building ........... 508 National Society Daughters of Ameri- 
MeMillante Fae lei ence ee 480 Michigan State Commission ......... 492 can JRevolution £2 2s os cenee ois 4 
MeNeil}. Chas.ie ance aie ane 511 Michigan Wheel Company.......... 477 National Society Colonial Dames of 
IMecNorton,, Anna i.e scare ee 510 Middletown Public Schools..... 464, 465 America: «2. 05\o-fe aetoeie sai ote ateteeteere 463 
MacBeth) Aw livieenc een cee ere 510 Middletown Machine Company...... 476 National Starch Company..........- 489 


Awards. 


Natural Food Company..... 466, 490,506 North Ontario Packing Company.....491 Peabody, Robert S................. 506 
avigazione Generale Italiana....... 478 Northampton County Schools......... AGDUeake Werle es woes eee ener 487 
Nazou,S Eougened be crcinn fonts seins 480 Norton, Lieut.-Com. A. L., U. S. N..500 Peanut Growers’ Association......... 480 
Negro buildingoaac excite eee is 508s Norton) Company, auas.cese as ies A Gmizeeblesse| ohn Koutras wea tee: 506 
Neifer: Ella Wacstew 2 tkrecatte se hos os 492 Nottoway County Schools........... 465 Peerless Machine Works............ 474 
NelsonsArtbunel4cs.e sesh. bees oe 486 Nova Scotia, Government of Province Pegierom | oseru misc eae ee oe 483 
Nelsonw Nate wera trrsecncee: tenements 511 Japeiamont Mills ae See cat.) te eons 470 
Nelsons hts tee Seite oe A470» Nozaika, Sadatoshi....,ecseseen. one 475 Pelican Lake Oyster Company....... 496 
Nelson County School.............. 465 Nutriline Feed and Oil Company....481 Pelzer Manufacturing Company..... 470 
New Britain Public High and Normal Nye Lithia Springs Company........ 493 Pendleton, Charlotte .............. 470 
Schoolsmmn eae ee ace tee. HO4 PAOD NY CamIVATS ae CeO Larsen eens rane AjAaRenick & Ford: itd). coe eee 49] 
News Century, Gates a saci. e sc an A/OENyeNirsaWs Ba... een ase 474 Peninsula Paper Company.......... 47] 
New Hampshire State Building. ..... 508 Benne Schoolkmmr tami et nae urn ae 508 
New Haven Normal School......... 465 O Pennsylvania Home Teaching Society 
New Haven Public and Normal tonmthes Blind wae eae a. 463 
Schoola wate ox Mears <hr octet: 64 “O.K” Manufacturing Company....473 Pennsylvania Railroad ........ 477, 505 
New Haven Public High School. .... 465 Oakland Pressed Brick Company..... DOAmnennsylvaniayastatelseale ci sles s ye 463 
New Iberia Extract of Tobacco Pep- @) idl BAN ARB mRGeta rae anion 6 come 485 Pennsylvania State Building......... 507 
Hem Companyylatdaratcsi en ace eer 49 Ogawa atsio meant etaet eer: 472 Pennsylvania University ........... 463 
New Jersey Geological Survey ...... 496 Ohio Geological Survey........ A680) 49 /mlnensions © ficesmart ct ien-it se oe: oe = 501 
New Jersey Good Roads Department . 466 pea ae and Manufacturing Com- Peoples House Furnishing Company. .470 
New Jersey, State ....... A635 84645 50; spanV een. eee een eee aH Peoria Drill and Seeder Company. . .479 
New Jersey State Building.......... 507 Ohio. She formthel cata eee Batgexal tame Viercedesuirpere hiniect eters 493 
New Jersey State Institute for Feeble Ohio, State ....463, 464, 497, 505, 307 Perennial Garden Company......... 481 
Mirndedin Wiomeniam icehitt. cos car 466 Ohio State Board of Agriculture.... Retexr Eliseoumt. bogie th eiaciei.. 490 
New Jersey State Museum 466, 494, 495 ABO 481, 480) Perezs (Biltseos sts. jepaysysyeerviels «es i003 « 493 
New Jersey State School for Boys...466 Ohio State Building ............... 50 jm iperezmldlermanosieeper tite ret ie sc: 493 
New Jersey State School for Girls Ohio State Experiment Station....... 480 Perkins Institute and Massachusetts 
(Reform rte terete. Soe tts sre 466 Ohio Siate University ............. 463  chooll/forithe Blind sq.eae-s 2. - 463 
New Jersey Tercentennial State Com- Ohio Valley Pulley Works......... A/mm berry) amesaeAtaenie nite rree tote <n 478 
PN ISSLOM ME eta share ie reratetene ne 6 ayers 66 Ohio Varnish Company............. 4/OmRertyse lop lnaseeteee cine ete caus inte 484 
New Lexington Pressed Brick Com- Oil Well Supply Company.......... 498 Perry Picture Company............. 464 
BEI? Slocicc cue Gcaa an BOR eneE D04B Okazaki, Nine er eet ete 504 Peters, Benjamin Franklin.......... 500 
New Orleans City Board of Health. .466 Sena Jamestown Exposition Com- Retersip kegel seen mere creas. tit .cstti 484 
New Orleans Cotton Exchange ..... 4 OMEE DANY petcle' ss ceicioteler roe anes 480 Petersburg Leather Company......... 47| 
New Orleans Sugar Exchange....... 490 Oblehons Seed Corn Breeders’ As- Petersburg Rim & Veneer Company. .495 
New River Company............00- AD / Smee SOCTACLOT tier csc¥ate ete Pen es clei ope eee 48] Petersburg Trunk & Bag Company. . an 
New York Association for the Blind.464 Oklahoma, State ................2- AB Guu cterson mooxren een eiee enone: 500 
New York City History Club....... AGGmOkutagawa iil seer vate neater 504 ekpetriess Charlesmargiiecicrem a ean. 476 
New York Leather Belting Co....... 47 Om Ol da Way Raw [Toscanini cer 487 Petty, W. L. & Company........... 480 
New York Society for the Prevention Old Seviouncsca Drones ee AR 7 mele hel ps2 cml sere caine tore focus 484 
of Gruelty.to Childrens.........-- 466 Old Dominion Brewing and Ice Co. of Philadelphia Fire Brick Works...... 467 
Newavorksotatemre ve teaeecn en 463 Wiinth, Witissogndach adnagcoune 490 Philadelphia Museums..... 463, 464, 477 
New York State Building........... 507 Old Dominion Iron & Nail Works Philadelphia Commercial Museum .. . .502 
Newark Novelty Company.......... A/S See COMPANY Mae ch ae cae eine ana A76 es Phillips ae aeseethy cites ast ane see 484 
Newark Public Schools............. 465 Old Dominion Soapstone Company. .499 Phillips, Phillip Lee............... 502 
INewbem:) Ievy (Ecc. . cess fw ces ae A) BOldaVarginiakcitchen-seeeitoiseeer 506 Phillips Pressed Steel Pulley Works. .476 
Newberry, Truman H.............. HOD @lingere Realaneen em tee cy etree eer as 499 Phonographic Institute.............. 470 
Newcomb Piano Company.......... Ai Om@Olivass cy Commies aor Sle aa eee 490 Pichardo, Nicholas H............... 472 
Newcomb, Sophie H., Art Department Olive Hill Fire Brick Company..... A. Rierrey. Danjeans semteierryacae a: <hr: 493 
of Memorial College of.......... 468 Oliver Mining Company............ 498s PierremSsuVice re cteriecree fee ne soa 475 
INewcomer, Aaronie acces ouhetes aii 485 ce Wm. J. Manufacturing Com- Pike Manufacturing Company....... 496 
Newell maple serena terns ore aver eles 2: DOM pan years deren raan teeine tacty wheres Ajife UeilotmGottonw Vii serra eieie iets 468 
Newell Paid Beer ccs vensen ate syevtce arene veceus 488 Olive. Jose L., De Petit Saline...... 495" Pilson; | Geom Weer rrmeettes sere as 483 
INewmanwAty Gs teres. ioe cs eet le 511 Olsen, Tinnies € Company sees eene A] 6m Pinas Nie hs Comment tee eee 483 
Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Orange Park Normal School......... 509% Pinney Wercsteencertin tices 482 
Docks Companyaeinis cei 477, 505 Orchard Knob Clay Mfg. Company. he Bitney eA a lee ewe re ee, cc ee 501 
Newport News Public School........ 509 Ordnance Department ............. 0 Pittsburg Automatic Vise & Tool Co..475 
Newton Hosiery Mills.............. 47 Organ Power Company............- 467 Pittsburg Barytes and Milling Co... ..499 
Newton Public School.............. 503 Ossipee Company Mills............ 468 Pittsburg Meter Company........... 476 
Niagara Fruit and Vineyard Company 486 Ostrica Planting, Canning and Mfg. Pittsburg Tubular Whiffletree Co... ..48] 
Nubletts Miss [inate <n: ce'. evacioe = HOZ eee Companysiurns visiuse eee tte te cir A960 miaittsy \vaniag Gountyereer reece 465 
Nicholson Colas) obnte- ame ames SOOM O tara Ser. wien © cone te eee Ea rome 475 Plainfield Public Schools............ 465 
INrcholsonymiViiss Nell Gir crayon eres ssi: 503 Otis Manufacturing Company........ 404m latom Vrs se larrye Ns raves ans 511 
INicodemuss Jae As etriictaeocta ieee aie 485 Otto Gas Engine Works............ AU foy JAMES (Gey 18o Ro Shyla, ano tonc Bee 484 
Nieferw: llasemecetre eae ens es AD Dm Overmy ery tls blssoetercs atime A86uelatte Normans o seein ee eee es 484 
Niles ros reeeerttten laer snk omcteveewee 482 Owensboro Public School........... 509 Playground Association of America. ..466 
Nippon Shika Gomei Seizai Kaisha. .475 Owl Commercial Company.......... AGO) iPr, Cie oncecccaseocanooueeer 487 
INivensa Was Groen euttae.- akee tions: 487 Oxford Furniture Company.......... 473 Pocahontas Coal Operators’ Associa- 
INE Gy JERSE, s ot a. eet cents ena 510 Ozone Spring Water Company....... ADD Sime LON Meera Nee ie one icin one ats 96 
Nolin Asphalt, Coal & Navigation Pocahontas Collieries Company...... 497 
Gompanyan ese ce selse iets ct cronies P Pocomoke Guano Company.......... 479 
Noonen Manufacturing Company..... 473 Pogsioni Saopinelliguna ee ee eee ess 467 
Norfolk City School Board.......... Adm abst Chasm lise ier cieine nee anes 4855 Rollock, Mrs. Mollie!s.2) svc 3. > 511 
INorfollcs County. Vase one. 487 Pacific Coast Syrup Company....... Aoi ollock Ow Llsteerppriers. «creek ee 488 
Norfolk County Public School...464, 508 Page, Mrs. Hugh Nelson........... 503 Pomona Terra Cotta Company...... 498 
Norfolk Mission College............ DOD es Ragen oe, Misa ete ae oes eracre ates AS eel oolim George sia esse cece sa 507 
Norfolk & Southern Railway........ agen, Wey Mine saeterc orator ci iere teers 511 Pope-Gosser China Company........ 468 
482, 489, 490, 491, 495, 496, 506 Pallan, Fotografia ................. me Op ewe Virsam Eliza bethieee eee 511 
Norfolk & Western Railway Company Palmersn gran ics See tay ge eeeockae cree 473 Port Huron Salt Company......... 498 
468, 478, 483, 494, 497, 506 Pan-Presbyterian Exbibit .......... 505 Porto Rican-American Tobacco Com- 
North Adams Public School......... Bieler Ge De WdGecsasagawo lo sennieet 504 PONY Wawa cant eierere case cusel sper chevaveveler eens 484 
North Carolina Department of Agri- arkers Geom Wits apc eit eee: 473 Porto Rican Benevolent Society..... 472 
CULE a ee ey neice tases AO7 = Parkers: [alle tee oe on eee ee BO Omi ortom icone eee ieer eie 506 
North Carolina Exhibit ............ 506 Parker & Thomas and D. H. Thomas, Porto Rico Department of Pecoaton 464 
North Carolina Geological and Eco- [reer gag oac. See 507 Portraits of Prominent Persons, Series 
MOMICM ULV EV et acres su peic octane 497 Parsons, Henry Griscom............ 504 of; and Historical Paintings and 
North Carolina Granite Corporation. .497 Parsons, i Greets Bein stevie cnt ASD meme ictires ma temic es cron ak 502 
North Carolina Historical Commission 463 Parsons, Mrs. Henry............... 466 Portsmouth Public Schools..... 465, 509 
North Carolina Pine Association, Inc.471 Parsons, Mrs. Ida................-. 5 LOM Rostm@ ficou Viodelean amine ner 500 
North Carolina School for the Blind Partridge, sh.ran cane ee create ere 500 Postage Stamp Collection........... 500 
Anda Ded Gar, aoe ees 463, 509 Partridge, Wm. Ordway............ 5 (\7aebostlem Waynes Guat Seimei chic ior 483 
North» Garolinaotatene 7) 404, 505, 507 Pate, MecGall reno. seseeeiocie: © 500 Potter, Major Charles L............ 501 
North Carolina State Board of Agri- Patenb@ tices etre cca riacierntne SON PEC AEE Goootsone daadeoncde 493 
UNS Gogedoet op aashaaor ede 481, 495 Paterson Public Schools............ AOS ous STess ellerano-ane yey tierce 480 
North Carolina State Building ...... SUZ Pattersonm Virsa eustela ani rere: ASS Powell le Avy EAs ceric stave Gemma are 486 
North Carolina State Museum ...... Patterson; Mrs. lindsay... 3)... =. : 50S mr owellye lon baer Meee eee 511 
gaia 486, 494, 497 Patterson, R. A. Tobacco Company. .481 Power, Arthur E...............-.. 474 
North Carolina Tale and Mining Paul Elorencesiaacce-ors cet cten ce 510 Prang Educational Company........ 464 
Company Weieietiec- oars Se ihoss tes 04 Sauls Mrenikice inn sc rantecerr semaine Sililimeerattss Gs Julrane emcee ta corte se a 
North Dakota State Building ....... 508 Paul Manufacturing Company....... A7/omiaratte Lamese Dupe ericteneimars fer 504 
North Louisiana Experiment Station..481 Payne, R. L., M. D..............-- 502) Pratt) Joseph Flydes s,s... ones 496, 502 


795 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Fratt.éc) Worthington eerie 494 Robichaux, Edgar & Son........... 479 Scranton Board of Trade........... 466 
Prescott. Georges once teeter 478 Rochester Board of Education....... 464. Scurlock;-Al Now, oe pete eee 510 
Pressoir,W elbys Catts nmi iser tee 477 Rockstroh & Schneider Nache, A. G..467 Seaboard Air Line Railway ........ 
Preston,. RobertsE<.. corre 500 Rock Island Arsenal............... 500 468, 480, 483, 489, 494, 499, 506 
Primera Photo Specialty Company...473 Rockefeller, E.................... 485 Seaboard Air Line Free Traveling Li- 
Primos Chemical Company......... A496) (Roddenber Wb. eee eee 490 brary: System.5.0 davon eee 464 
Princess Ann Academy............ 509'T Rodes. ie Wigs sere eae on eee 487, 505 Seaboard Refining Company......... 49] 
Prometheus Electric Company....... A7T3© Roe GoW bie ane eer meee ke 484 Seagull Specialty Company.......... 492 
Prophetesbrenora oe eee 493 Roeding Fig Packing Company...... 490 Secretary, Office of the............. 499 
Prudential Life Insurance Company of Roeding;.George Gina. a) cee teen 488 Secretary of War, Office of the..... 500. 
(Americas sede ae ae: peice 466, 506 Roeding Olive Compary............ 491° Seeley, Av Sees coer ete 487 
PrudhommeniGens |e Asse etomteete ee 479 Roehrs, Julius, Company............ 481 Seibel His]= Jtia. oc 5 aoe eee 499 
Pugh; sMrste) QW etictad tse 485 Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Com- Seileér,: Guss..cm am ace ee eee 485 
Pulaski-Anthracite: GoalCompany ee 49 2a pan Yareeeree air ek ee eee 496", Sellman;” Fo<A Sen eee ee eee 485 
eulaskin County aaee ener 482497" Rogers.<A El ge cite ine ee ee eee 485-"Serres; De aaian cet mee ame ee 493 
Pulaskis Countyochcolss eee eee 465 Rogers, Rear-Adm. Eustace B....... 500 SSeward,, Ws Tn gc see ccmieeeie eeeene 485 
ulasice tones Company eerie seerener A97 Rogers: Rua biaccurriieett acer rte: 51] “SeyboldiCt Leva. seis eee eee 484 
Pulaski Timber Company........... AOAS Rollers Genwi) ohne neater nese ae 461" Sexton,, R-) El 2adccsae eee eee 502 
pullmaneConpanyan een er ee 47/5) Ome Omagucrayn) Oscar tre eee 492° Shamel;(AMDin.. wae eee 501 
Funtay Gordaw aineryeeen ite cere 488 Romaine Fire Works Company...... 474 Shamrock) Millsene secrete 47| 
Purcell Mrssy eng: lassen ects 503 Romane lib rosea serene eee 4G/_ Sharpe,y Esdwint Ra) t-te eee eee 500 
Punam DAT & const ane 495% Romeles/ Di ieen tame te sere eer 493, Shaw, Drs Albertce2e eee eee 502 
Putnam County Public Schools...... 465 “Rondebushy lost aces mer venient: 486. Shaw,’ F.. 1.22.5 5 heen eee 488 
Putnam, i-lerbert 2.45 see eee ae 502 Rookwood Pottery ................ 468 Shaw, Hon. Leslie M.............. 499 
Roosevelt, Hon. Theodore........... 499 Shaw, Wallace?S:233 jae) ee eee 504 
Q Rootly Elihu econ cate recmnex erence 499 Shelby Steel Tube Company........ 475 
Root & Van Dervoort Engineering Sheldon’s Kindergarten School....... 509 
@uaker) Oats) Companye-eeer ena ter ASO se Gompany se caccetyse tee ieree 475 Shepard, As Nii Se0-- nee eee 482 
Quartermaster’s Department......... 500 Roper, Le Roy Sons & Co.......... 483° Shepard, Charles) Winns seen 490 
Quinette "Fae Accent Seen nee 485 Ropes; pe Walters oseceeee a teeeeiia A773 Shepperd, Gywnn! lessee eee 502 
Rose Cliffebiruit: Warm semi rseor AS/ “Sherer, Matthews |iveenteeeeee eee 503 
R Rosenberger, Flin srry rr ieee 48 Sherwood, El E-eeeee eee eee 502 
‘ Roseville Pottery Company.......... 47'| Sherwood) C75 panera see eeeee 502 
Rabenstein & Warner..........-..- 508s Rosso aH pose eee tierce ee 483. Shibata, econo nc ck eee eee 472 
Racine Boat Manufacturing Company 478 Ross, Captain Worth G...........-. 500 Shield’s Magazine of Art........... 473 
Raleigh Cotton Mills............... Ad Ross) & Gerry. aeniaen eee erate 481 “Shivele;.M.- lee e2 acne eee 486 
Randolph-Macon System............ 463 Rossiter GW righ tate ieleeteietersi eter tett 507 Shoffner Lumber Company.......... 494 
Rangeley Orchard Company........ 489 Roth Scangelhardtemaers ener rae 467 Sholes, Charles E., Company........ 467 
Rankin Coffin and Casket Company. .474 Rowan Granite Company........... 497 - Shotten’ Thomas Cut Class Company .470 
Rapid Motor Vehicle Company...... 4] J@Rowland;aw alec teen eee 486 Shreckhise, Miss Rebekah S......... 492 
Rasnickia Nit Wes eee tie eee 4/3 @ Royo wie Goutllicnten een eters 493, Shriver) Bs. By & Cores eee 491 
Rathbunyeiaichard.neen eee 501 Royal Bag and Yarn Company..... 470° Signal Corpsns.500)-2 ee eee 500 
Rathmany Charlesyinossaten eerie 503 Royal Petroleum Company.......... 496 Sierra Madre Vintage Co........... 490 
Ravenel}= Wit DeiGe cera ee ase 501 Royal Plaiter Company, Ltd......... 468 Simmons, Bennett M................ 500 
Rays, George Evre mice enn ete oe 503 Royster, F. S. Guano Company...... 479 Simonds Manufacturing Co..... 475, 506 
Rea, Rear-Adm. Charles W........ 500 RuckeraWs, Go cece re ere 500 Simpkins, JAG Se in oie ee 486 
Reading Room for the Blind........ 502 Rustic Furniture Company........... 474. Sims, duvcinee nee eee 511 
Reclamation Service.............+5- 50 le yansaelhnomas yt aeeeenee neater 463 Singer Sewing Machine Co.....467, 506 
Record Oil Refining Company...... 497 Slack,’Stanley"I2, 9) ace cee 500 
Red Jacket Consolidated Coal and S Sloan, Earle, State Geologists........ 498 
Coke Company SNORT aca o Shh NG ARKO 499 Sloan, J.’ M.ct ies eke eee 486 
Reeds Chase an) sera eperaae ae 495 Salem Foundry & Machinery Co.....491 Smillie, T. W...................5. 502 
Reed s,m] acaba Sons eee eee 467 Salem Wagon Company............ 4785 Smith,Arthure Lone eee eee 504 
Reesing & Company..............- 4700 Salem) Publicyochoolas een eee 503 Smith Brothers Company, Ltd....... 491 
Reinburgs @apten)- be seer eee 502 Salo Art Metal Company........... 470, Smith \C." oT oo... \sene ste 483 
Reliable Furniture Manufacturing Salt Specialty Company............ 479 Smith, Edwin ,D:..),0. 9 ae eee 470 
Companyrttek cree cen ate ne 4/02 SamualyGompany eaeeeee ee eee 472 Smith, F. G. Piano Company....... 467 
Renefrow Briquette Machine Co.....476 San Diego County............ 479) A96@ Smith, George) Otis. cee eee 501 
Republict of sEiaitienes erence 490, 494 San Juan Municipality.............. 476 smith;s Joseph) Hisns scree eee 470 
Revenue Protection Company....... 473 San Juan, Municipality of.......... 490’ Smith, * Jt Hanne ee ee eee 488 
Revolution Cotton Mills............ 468 @Sanchez,u.dwardoue eee enone 492 Smith, Mrs: ouise Caryae see eee 491 
Reynolds» Cuylerumer ene eee 503 Sanders, Phillippi & Company...... 493 “Smith, "McCy Jee cc ee eee eee 489 
Reynolds) Jiames! Bo aes cee 499 Sanders Smith Company............ 474 “Smith; R°OW 2. scee coe ee eee 496 
Reynolds, H. M. Roofing Company.471 Sanderson, C. R.............2000-5 481) Smithy Mrss RoW eee 511 
Reynolds, R. J., Tobacco Company. .479 Sandusky Portland Cement Company.497 Smith, Mrs. S. S.................. 469 
Rheinische Badeofenfabrik sifetolehecapbieie 470 Sandy Hook Proving Ground........ 500) Smithy oo AS oo serrate ee eee 485 
Rhode Island Company Mill No. 7..474 Sanger Bros............--.00+++00: 484 ‘Smith, U1. Wa ke. see Oe 470 
Rhode Island, State .......... 463, D0 7m Sangiovant,. hb aeenie etnies 493 Smith-Briscoe Shoe Company, Inc. ..467 
Rhode Island State Building........ 507 Sanitas Food Company, Ltd......... 490 Smithsonian Institution.............. 501 
RichardeslVirsssi!llent cle 466 Santana & Hernandez.............. 490) smoot, Cs Gr & Sontea. eee 474 
Richardson, Edgar & Son........... 485 Santee River Cypress Lumber Co.....494 Smyth County..................... 499 
Richardson) Elmore Sse eee eee ABLE: Sapp,* Wiss mack cee ea cette een 485 Snow Lumber Company............. 494 
Richardsonsa Wen Lee eee ieee AS 7 Soauers Gatien Company tetit teeters 491 Snowden,” Geo.) Fite cc eee 470 
Richardson Pickling Company....... AOD Saunders.) Gata eee eet 501) Snyder, oilas, Ee. orleans 502 
Richardson Scale Company.......... 475 Saunders, Ni Wa cemeednacer eer 48] Sobrinos, Brugal & Cia............ aie 
Richmond Cedar Works............ 467 Savage, Rev. William R............ 498" Sodan; (Dress Ee) Oe eee ee 
RichmonduGityarnn ee cee eee 506: gSaxtonselde Ls. ctiiee cir eee gene 500 Sollner, Richard.......... 475, 482, 483 
Richmond City Building............ 508>) Scarborough.) Geovslus: were terete 496 Somers, T. F. Company...........- 473 
Richmond | @ollegemmnesrry arr A63, Schaeferss John’) Ameen ran eee 500 Somerville High School............. 503 
Richmond Department of Instruction..464 Scheibner, John .................. 473 Somerville Public School............ 503 
Richmond Forgings Corporation...... 476 Schenck, Miss Rebecca............- 503 Sonnech, Oscar George Theodore... .502 
Richmond Public School ...... 465, 509 Schieren, Chas. A. & Company...... A75 “Sonoda, Saburocanse see eee ee 475 
Riley, Mrs. Matilda F.............. 503 Schlichten, William G......... 468,479 sSonore;, K igen.) eae ee 472 
Risdon Iron & Locomotive Works....498 Schneider, Geo. A..........-..---- 501 South Atlantic Cigar Company...... 483 
Riichiess: Mrs Las cae oe eee te ae 506 Schneider Sisters Company.......... 470 South Carolina Cotton Manufacturing 
Rivers? Brose eek shee eee A88.a ochockleyss Weichert mace cece 484 Association: nccc te cee ee eee 
Rixey, Rear-Adm. Presley M........ DOOM Scho firme Wiltredis El sereacteecte eet went 503 South Carolina Crushers’ Association.. a ; 
Roanoke City Schools..:........... 465 School of Submarine Defences....... 500 South Carolina Exhibit ............ 
Roanoke Cotton Mills.............. AVAL Sydotierelaas Jkyistoyt, bheins annus ea aoe 477 South Carolina, State .....463, 464, 480 
Roanoken@cunty see ener eer eee AS3eSchulerjn Coles Charlesnee eee eer 479 South Webster Brick Company...... 504 
Roanoke County Public Schools..... AG> sachuy kill rsenal., emer eee 500 Southern Chair Company............ 474 
Robbins; (Joc Hae tee eee ee 482, 486 Schwarzchild & Sulzberger Co....... 490 Southern Concrete Machinery Co... ..476 
Robbins®, Wis beers es See 486 Scientific American Compiling Depart- Southerns Cotton’ Oili Cosmet 
Robbins); Wisconsin ces ate 501 MENU! s chets aise Spare Ces olen nea eae 67 467, 471, 480, 490, 506 
Robbins Belt Conveyor Company....476 Scofield, John C.............-..--- 500 Southern Gypsum Company.......-. ao7 
Robinson) k1 4a smear nn eee 5O5ia Scotts; Charles srs ever eaters toa eerscets 479 Southern Manufacturing Company... .492 
Robinson): Reser eee eet parecer 500 ScottGu Sh wep eee aa eee 488 Southern Ohio Vault Company...... 499 
Robinson, Wm. & Son, Company....496 Scott, Col. Hugh L., U. S. A....... 500 Southern Produce Exchange......... 487 
Roberts, David Ellsworth........... 502 mocotts County ochools sane eer 465 Southern Railway Company......... 
Roberts, FIA Bae. ae eee rie AIA | Scott,’-) Goss tance ctercterss step eben ameter 485 480, 483, 489, 494, 497, 498, 506 
Roberts; » Wn Haat oo aie eta oii eins A81_ Scott, Joseph Francois......«a..-2+2-2 495 Southern Stock & Farming Company .489 
Robertson. J Hi: wacker errors A877 Scottie Virginiauesn oceitos etter 510 Southern Vineyard Company.......- 486 


Awards. 


SLUT PRAT en SAORI. Culyeeioe 502 rr United Cement Machinery Company. .475 
Southgate, T. S. & Co., Inc... ..490, 506 United Electric Mfg. Company...... 470 
Sparger Orchard Company.......... 456" Lait; ion.) Williams bl meer te 499 United States Hame Company ...... 477 
DSPALTOW AG GIAVEL Yaa erareten re: ote cece ASO walraked a Ween cdesteteerni tue ae whedon ies 469 United Shoe Machinery Company... .467 
Spencer Jed Fl. ck stn etaekve awit heures 501) Talcum Puff Company.......4...-- 504 United States Roofing Tile Company. 497 
Spencers William! Kian esses oc carte « DING Ralladega (Collegessaise a aeeeern oer 509 United States Spruce Lumber Co... .494 
Spillman, iJ cbasye 8 seatelsfensts a, antiaraia avg 501 Talladega Marble Company ......... 470 United States Tobacco Company ....479 
Spray WoaleniMille Mill Nowhay 400 #Tashirdr lo 4c, .. cP, athe ets oh 475 University of North Carolina, School 
Spray Textile Association........... 468 Tate Furniture Company............ A] Am moss Mineste cronmn asin teter: ctl cn 497 
Speck ery: Gay LD stteeiers c.cke cy-usie i esieas She SO De Vavlors Ace Cuecmnr. 3, vase eee re) 511 U.S. Life Saving Service.......... 499 
Springueld Armory cs<2.0t, + leas e's DOOM aylora Ha Gira san cacoen eee sate DOZMUCIR Oo Vintiren centr ee are ene eee 499 
Springfield Evening School ......... 0s “Alevalon, IBAENS cododbus pocenedse at 499 U.S. Revenue Cutter Service....... 499 
Springfield Public School .......... D0 2mlaylovae|seknox. sey ae 506 MD 0/mO Sam larines Corpsasme ise ee 500 
Springfield Technical School ....... DUZme Day lor iaulul:, eee ee ena etiee eee 500 U.S. Marine Signal Company...... 475 
Spyehyuntiny Weehyty les aera de doce ae A990 as Wav lorie Lom Jae ee ee 488 U.S. Military Academy ........... 500 
Springsteine Vill sie stars stave aia oamyeratress 470 Taylor Iron and Steel Company..... 478 U.S. Treasury Department ........ 499 
BS PLOULMDW OW srapetrenyniels, haraite sneln <iecSi Se 487 Tazewell Coal and Land Company. . .497 
Sprunt, Alexander & Son........... ASZE VWebault sew uliame Gc eee 47| V 
Sres, Pellerano Pau & Co........... 480 Temperance and Industrial Institute. .509 
Sie. Apatite weldite) lb Snenco ooomaee 509 Terre Haute Public School......... 509 V. F. T. Dominican Republic....... 490 
St. Bernard Mining Company. ..481, 494 Terry, Geo. H., Company.......... 477 Vade Mecum Spring Company...... 492 
St. Charles Condensing Company....491 Textile School A. & M. College..... AQGm\aldezacwbatel loners serrate 493 
St. Emma Industrial & Agricultural pihatchern Gea Espen ne meron cee ae rie re ADDR ani Demanss) amacrine ae on 485 
College moana cme atc cme icles: Sie hatcherm | Niioo et apaeee nen ABS RV any Duzora Wis lave sete sn ae 493 
te ranciss Denoalesintciat csc ot, sole SOS Sl heardseAe Dis eeeeenen aye ke A7 5a ane Hosen. lon Warne stteie) a: 483 
St. James Perique Tobacco Growers’ Sihomass Douglaseil ann aero 506 Van Horn & Sawtelle.............. 468 
Association -ntunasiee ane in tnneat es Jos homascen Pass een ee aadore 485 Van Lindley, J., Orchard Company. ae 
st. Joseph Public School........... SOSU homasee on: seein eee ack 403m Vandervall.e an Webi etertatele cio 
St. Joseph Industrial School......... 50D Bihomas korenzomerer ree eee erice AOSMEN anorman.s Geos lA scereee fie scene 470 
St. Louis Board of Education....... AG4 FT homas. VM eG a ee cece Gees 493) Velasco, Dr. Ramon... )oceoee es: 473 
St. Paul Normal and Industrial School Thomas, 4 Bentley uaantaaee ne 485 Velie Carriage Company........... 477 
500 Px homasaaht ees eee ces tio ee ARJUN €loz-coltlcoamee nen eee mens 502 
St. Peter Claver's Be Aevancimisvareuotes 50QM Ghomas mW ar A neers tithe oes 511 Venetian Mosaic Art Company...... 498 
Stalfordqulreekom lL) sys. at atone 496 Thomas, Seth, Clock Company...... 470 Vermont Maple Sugar Makers’ Assn..490 
Staley mile ban Company soe 403m bhompsonse Ea base eee ein SO eaVermontwotate merrier 463, 497 
Stamford Public Schools Saiaye ness 464, 465 Thompson, Mrs. M. B.............- 485 Vermont State Building............. 508 
Standard sbrewinge Cosmacsos cece: 490) Ghompsony Keng len 6c) Come aie AQ [Via Georgele Wee eriaetee cinta 487 
Standard Oil Company ....... 4907) VOM hompsonsy ibrayseacen eine 491 Vicker’s Sons Maxim, Ltd.......... 475 
Standard Steel Works ............. 477 Thompson, Mrs. Annie W.......... 473 Victor, E. K. & Company.......... 480 
Stanford Steel Range Company...... A7 Ome lhomsona Cis Cumin Searcy trate he 500 Victor & Appalachee Cotton Mills. . .468 
Star Stoneware Company........... 474 Thorn, Mrs. Maria Matthews....... A/SmWictoriaaGottone Villls jeepney are 470 
SLE AOA nd Bos odie are acer 496 Thrasher Clock Company.......... AG Sem Viterasy blag sre del fetes ei acl nc cra 493 
State Dept. of Education........... DOS eal hynesnstitutemets cee. seritaerie ee 500m Walaroy Narciscomemc crys -triitee els 492 
State Crop Pest Commission......... e. PRibbs@e Mars euse oe arene meetin Bie tllalbare botogratia eer raeieietces steers 472 
State Fair Association ..........-+: Omslifanywlsouisee serie erie ee OF meV llerssm Laat Pinkett yapatarey geen te fase, 488 
State Normal School (Bridgewater) . 503 eDiffany 2otudioW cpr setae chemi Ab/meV lly ointyenpitensh ity snesae wales 493 
Statesville Furniture Company....... ATA BP iuttany. Gq Cosueitre recle oetnen A06m Vancenty Row toast ducae scree 484 
Staunton Public Schools............. ADS Lilly VCol.y Joel ames ene cso mutta 481 Virginia Anthracite Coal & Railway 
Steckler Seed Company, Ltd......... 432 malnlsonye Capt We Ven baer 474, 479 Company apne meee errs 498 
Steinbrenner: FAS Ge vient. cane: 500 Timmons, Lieut. J. W., U. S. N.....500 Virginia Brewing Company ........ 490 
StemndorseO tow Ween a ss on eaeer A/Smebindallae) esses Caen ceenas cette 473 Virginia Carriage Factory, Inc....... 478 
Sterling Electric Motor Company....476 Toasted Corn Flake Company....... 49| Virginia Etna Springs Company..... 493 
Steulpahreds |e ese a cntee s 476 Tomlinson Chair Mfg. Company..... Aja@ Varginial Exbibitiuee) ee oscar 506 
Stevens, J., Arms & Tool Company. .475 Toppan Boat Manufacturing Co.....477 Virginia Hot Springs Company...... 493 
Stewart Wop ete ote rec ee bas 476 Tougaloo University ............... 509 Virginia Iron, Coal & Coke Company .497 
Stewart Orchard Company.......... 487 lower, As). Company sem oeiae ieee 467 Virginia Normal and Industrial Insti- 
Stickley Bros. Company............ 4/ Ampliownsend wE4 +3 Gist ce epente are ceri AAO): SUNS coat nt domo 7 posioda ob one sooe 509 
Stieff, Charles M...........:.. 40/2506 = Lowsens A Sloe a naan y naar. 485 Virginia Mineral and Timber Exhibit 
tiettelaranon Coren. ye erroe on serie eae OG) Ihe Ieee bane mom bana ondbaroried KV PRIS CUGN comet obceatasione 494, 497 
Stillwell rise Gane oes on srs 489 Training School for Children’s Libra- Virginia Pipe & Foundry Company. .476 
Sto. Domingo & W. S. Knitting Com- Hans ae seen ee ee 466, 506 Virginia Polytechnic Institute ....... 
ANY Weber cs ste dasa aise cause cine oaks 475 Transparencies, Exhibit of.......... 501 463, 466, 468, 479 
Stakelvpam Wee eos cb sat ntes cece 489 Treasury, Register of the........... 499 Virginia School for the Deaf and 
Stone want lesen ee en eee > eeloreate G@harlesm lea rek emia erste 00 lind Wreck Oe ee ele 463 
Stone Printing and Manufacturing Trenton Department of Public Instruc- Virginia Shoe Corporation .......... 506 
Gonipany wise ee ne ee JAS tations eu oe nn eee ee re one 465 Virginia Slate Company ........... 498 
Stonega Coke and Coal Company 494, 497 Trenton Good Roads Department....466 Virginia, State ............... 463, 507 
Stonewall Jackson Institute.......... 471 Trenton Normal and Model Schools..465 Virginia State Building ............ 507 
Stony Gree ee ee ek 480 Trenton Public Schools ............ 465 Virginia State Commission ......... 
Stover Manufacturing Company...... A7 Om Urimble a Grav eae cw ceeeretit & 481 480, 486, 487, 496 
Strauss Elon mOscaras sneer nee SO mbrpletiGeos Bane seen ener eee 481 Virginia Trunk & Bag Company..... 474 
Strich & Ziedler Piano Company..... 50491 rice DreAe Green. Sec 501 Virginia Union University .......... 508 
StricklerpRweAn ry ere ine eee AGB) Uhre, Ike, Reha? Ishs ces soedendooc 501 Virginia University ................ 463 
Stuarts Draft Milling Company...... 492 Truscott Boat & Auto Supply Com- Vogt, Henry, Machine Company... .476 
Stubbs, Elizabeth Saunde~s Blair... .. AJA MeTPANyeceh chee hie es ice ee eee AT eon oltas DS urease tai ere 463 
Studebaker Bros. Mfg. Company..... 477 Truscott Boat Manufacturing Co FA77~Vrie, cargeon J? FU) S.No en 500 
Sitzman tL) ae eae eee ee A407 milisuchiva whys wear eee oe lees 475 
Suffolk Packing Company........... A935 Usukamato.w |eersectarcie rite toe 475 W 
Sugar Experiment Station........... yW Ko Je MENTO} al © renee. Ais, nice e ae Aiea ae a 472 
Sullivan hosts) edhe se ae mas Meas HOOmuucks GeO ce Companyeeeae er erie 480 Wadsworth Stone & Paving Company 497 
Sulphur Mining & Railroad Company. Tucker, Harry St. George........... 502 Wagner Electric Company ......... 476 
8 Tulane University of Louisiana...... AGZMNagnerin Jt Digested error tio! ise 488 
Supenors bine Company 07s nee - A74e Lurner Go A eee ee eee 510s Wacner, Martin &Go.saaes. -- nee oe 492 
Superintendent of Building and dnrner en Virse lstheraseee ene ere 510 Wagner Water Still Company....... 492 
Groundsm@fhcenot. pessoas ete ce 502 Turner, Day & Woolworth Handle Wiakefiel dig ae Atos ween veces 502 
Supervising Architect, Office of...... AQ9s Gompanyytan site co fe.etreeyettes okra: 494 Wakelee’s Camelline .............. 468 
Surber Mom bre sire cele cete ve AG 7melucsing sate aee entree 486 Wakeman, Jeremiah ............... 483 
Giiee< (Gani? st gecopeneeneeee 483 Tussing, CU ieee armen aa on ASGie Weaker: lit blotetstsctierten tes cicieretans 483 
SHUG AWALIFEY 5.5 85 i oe eee a 511; el ussing, Judson’ Reve: eee. 505 Walborn & Riker Company......... 477 
Swansons Elon ClauderAy. sacceec.). BO 2mehussing wlVirs aloe) ec ae toe oe 55m Walcotthe Ga Dstere a. aes oan clever. + 501 
wartleys Ds Dia wen ott ope 8 rare 488 Tuthill Screen Company............ A733 Walkers Wits soca tonic os os 489 
Swaseya Aim DrOsewemerhe stat eaieue oa: 502 Wall RiGioB sien deol: sisters 505 
Siting, Gis AGEs fae. Se Reo ee 502 @ WallmaWalliammlse toetire oe octane 473 
Sweetibnar College seas. cee sei 464 Wallace & Moncure.. <2 .0.7. 5.52. 493 
Sy dno, Ga eine aa eee et ere 487 “ Umberger: Ew Wises ence nantes “VAL, MENG I erathe coobienaasnepabopaune: 498 
Sylva Mica Mining Company........ 504 Under Feed Stoker Company of Wallerstein Produce Company. .483, 493 
Sylvain Wee ee ee ec ie ee ees oe AOS CMCATIENICR, nities «2 oreo tN Ee 476 Wallin Leather Company........... 474 
Sylvester L. M...... Shane cle hele, See 487 Wnderwood.elda sear tite atl aree iter: sO) AWAAR I WO os restos boner 500 
Symons) Brossug.aec.cee crease ieee: 492 Underwood Typewriter Co. .467, 506 Walsh Window Tent Company...... 466 
Symons ws obert isa arose 485 Union Bleaching and Finishing Co...468 Waltham Watch Company .468, 500, 506 
Symons pl ws seach ne ets aie 595 Union Furniture Company ......... ZEN ANUAL ION, (oe {pec otirie uci oD OBO DONE 499 
Simonse Viren leno, eiapireyn reicteter tes, 505 Union Sulphur Company .......... 498 Walworth Mfg. Company.......... 475 


797 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


War Department, Mexico. .476, 477, vs White Oak Cotton Mills........... 468% Wood, Os Ma). ecaeincivarete ae 
War Eagle Fuel Company.......... 9 White, S. S., Dental Mfg. Company.496 Wood, R. D. & Company 
Wiard,s Virscn t-l-1Gocctcetes tumiiere hearer rs White Star Mills See eitie, Gin cam Pinracecrs a 493% Wood, otubbs 6c Gos eee eee 
Warner; !Viespasianoy aan eons ar ae 501 Whited and Wheless Company, Ltd..494 Wood-Mosaic Flooring & Lumber Co. 468 
Warner, William R., Company..... 468. Whiting: 5: Ea. soceerrenace seers: 502 
Warren; Edward Feesmeede neni: 500. aW hitingsD ros mere ae eee ieee: 486 Woodoleum Company 
Warck, Meta eVauxs1e ene eer 508) Whitman Ralphe soccer 500 Woodruff, S. D. & Sons 
Warrick: Misi Eheeenasee & oe eeee 5 TP eWihitneys Ee) Eicttm toe citer rrere ae 473. Woods) Samuelibie a eee eee 
Washers al hen GOO Seeman erie tae 470) Whitney Draw Miltonenaeeeieeieler: 501 Woods, S. A., Machine Company... 
Washington Geuntye pre-set 495 i Whitted ali Gace joe eter 486, Woodward, We Rivweeeeee eee 470 
Washington Heralditiscm) eee 473 Whitted Graded School ............ 509 Woodward Lumber Company 
Watanabe, 19% we satiate ton 4/72, Whittleseys) Wine Taner cis artes 500" Wool; sl heodores |e eee eee 
Waterman, L. E., Company... .468, 506 Wiggins, Frank ................... 505 Worcester Counter Company 
Watertown Arsenal ....... ......- 500 Wilberforce University ............ 509 Worcester Pressed Steel Company... . 
Watervliet Arsenal ............... SOO Mm Wialbournys.SaeVieetret serie tereare ies 478 Worcester Public School 50 
Watson, Bf] ia ee eee es 48)] 2 Wilcox Ea Vien seta an eee 501 Worthington,e)) Veet 
WEEE ans IRE LEA Wee Cli bt aoe codkhece 481 Wilcox, (EIR Reeet eine eee ese 488> Wrenn; A. & Sonssse eee eee 
Watsona lanl vysmecnrtreiac roma Somers 481 = Wilkinsons);s As feneenccn tees oot 4945 Wright, Krank acess 
Wayland «Roaster cece: 487 Williams & Mary College........... 464) Wright, Mrs. -]5, eee eae etre 
WreathersBureaul «ce ci eee SO Walhamss 5 ros seamen seein ner 487 Wright, Reginald eae eee 
Weatherwax, W. HoH? 225.) 2208: 502, WalliamsselSs5 tat eee ee ae ae 478 Wright; ‘Sale ocen eee 
WeaverhEn-Sc acme ease eet 482 Williams, Miss Bert M............. 499 Wrightson, Sydney Lloyd 
Webber &> Sons: npc een 484 Williams, Mrs. Eliza .............. 5 103 Wyman;) Waltersss ce eee ere 
Welch Grape Juice Company....... 491 Williams Patent Crusher and Pulver- 
Wellersailiramyoonsae tanner 478. izer Companyee acne elie eocr are 476 xX 
Weller Pottery Company........... 47s Williamson Benji aseeeiet eee 480 
Wells & Richardson Company....... 468 Williamson, McIver ............... 480) Xenia Public :Schoole-- nee 
Welsbach Light Company.......... 496 sWilltamsonye Wa Geo Lasers 487 
Wendell, Mrs. Barrett............. 503 Willhamson Vise Company.......... 475 we 
Wenger: sMiltons neers .--476 Willimantic Normal School.......... 465 
Werner: Williamyt-laneee eee aoe 5O4 BNW illing pl Viisse Fuente erteteeeerer specie 484. Yamada; i Kc 2.2 ect en 
Wertenbaker, Dr., U. S. P. H. and WaillisteA Sh Dore aoe tare eee ee AG) Yiamajin\/astljiro ny. seer eee 
MeHoSii castes eee: 502 Wilmington Cotton Mills............ 471° Yamane,’ Mit hese eee 
West) Johnt2lcaer ann cis cee 513.) Wilsons Charlesm losseer ect eee 505: Yanes,. Fe Joc cies ee eee 
West Point Veneer Company see ates 495 Wilson Saw & Manufacturing Co....476 Yeager, T. D...................... 
West Virginia Colored Institute ..... 509 BWilsonyeL roy | wuleee alert eee 509° Yeates. Wm.'S:... 402 
West Virginia Pulp and Paper Com- Wilson, /James ceaaemis cence irae ten: 501 Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ Associa- 
PANY’ vss cee kot qaee same oes wisi a eee 94 Wilson, aan Peis eys easirenacohe teen ere UES 501 ton. ~tdsieg ies cleo eee 
West Virginia, State ..... 46354655488) Wilsong Flay Maenteen eee 501. Yoeckel, J. Lc. c eee 
West Virginia State Building ....... 5082 Wilsonss. Mie Vinertanierc oeshe ae cheersisiets 470 York Safe & Lock Company 
Western Wniversitya mens ceite anette. 509 Wilsonk Sool avid wera tnier erent 473° Yoshida,» Cie. coca eee 
Westfield Normal School........... 503 Wingo, Ellett & Crump shoe’ Gow.) 408) Youngs, Euler eee 
Westinghouse Machine Company..... 476: Wintersinger, (G._R.. acces eeentrien A89 . Young, Drs) Wma Elen eee 
Westland) arm; sneer ecrareierect 484 Winthrop, Boeakman ......... 499, 500 Yuji Onuma Fish Culture Company .496 
Whately, m\\caltermertete sir eiereiete te 487. Wirshcine) Grube seer Crete 487 
Wheat, PeAte | crecramh tia eon Mire rietere eee: 481 Wise County Schools............... 465 i 
WheelertAcOWVi tee eect eee 502 Wissotzkys WW 6160 Coie esl eee 491 
WUncling Wher, WWE ooo uoonecc on 502 Witt, Geo. D., Shoe Company...... 468 Zephir, Mlle. Francine 
Whitcher, Frank W. & Co.......... 470m Wolts Gompanyancu ere eitoe rere 75: Ziegler’: We Bx coast. eee 
White Danaye | riceicemtct lene 499 Woman's Auxiliary of the Civil Sery- Zimmerman, Mrs. Amy B 
Whitesshig Pines nian ieee aie 478 1C@: |ueague sys. ciee are ccs he oka ere 466° Zimmerman, It Sass eee 
White;<Franks Aime saan decita cei 484 Woman's College of Baltimore...... 464 Zimmerman, G. F. S. & Company.... 
White Capt Jeger rae: 482) Womans) Exchange) seer ae ener 511 Zimmerman, W. Carby 507 
White Furniture Company ......... 471 Woodie). Fiesee oe: een Stl > Zirkle; Luther Ata. cece eee 
G—ILLUS TRATIONS 
A Aston, We «Fide neccit. ors  heite o.0.0 05 so Oe 
Asstor,. Col. John) Jacobrie yess cere cei ce aera eee 
Abbeys i Ws Sevcrctore x .acaie sottsvave cueeak oa tavenimiev cheptis ceepskanete. Se eaten 233: Atkinson, ‘Gol? J~ Wilders..ae seen oe eee 
Acme leeathens Company. Exhibitor ecient it nttttets 579 + Atkinson) Ex-Goval (Ga Wana .-2 on sees, eee 
Adams, Georgey Fu ane cues se cksietes aie pateimrety incre ttcer 48... Atkinson; John’ Boas) oun oes Seco eee 349 
Adams, NiO Y-cA. Gea moacchict «22 siktiren 265 Atlantic Equipment Company, Exhibit................. 
Aeronautics buldingt <2. s.r areata? ere ee eee ae 763~ Atlantic ‘Goastalcme.-E:xhibitese enon eee eee 645 
“\cronauhic oulldingw interior elena eee ee 763... sAuditorium's 4.5 cco: bibsrtates i ts etc Oe ee 
Aeronautic Committee sageste scr cisrnc hier penetrate 762 And Wings’. ao c.sniic nin sciecns oat a nee nee ae 
Akoun Merdinand tgs ct rronte pratt ities sore ots ieee 684 AtUNight Siac: osc) tase Saree eee 
Akouns Gastonttvteter 2 atiyosecererr rein titties oe ene eas 684 Eiast:; Wing ise dene tuceedeG eee Alot Seco ee 
Alderman, sEsdwiniA\s euler ace eee ere ne eee 545 Thluminated io 243,72 202 seat ie ee eee 8, 125 
AllenjéMirs Guye Rs C. oteertsretintaisa 30 ete See eer 187 Roof ‘View Wissen tke, uaese tees ae oe ee ae 
Allen}* 1.:A. BASS Goiee es pesarte ataegtis cask eveee cue aetna 20>) Austin! Organ—Auditoriumms one teeta 
Alling#'Charlest ¢)tscs. are see eeeiotescaet civic ae te eraneae & eekerecs 239. Ayers; ‘Gent Rufus (Ai! 2) sean. oe eee ee 
Allis-Ghalmers) Gompanyya eux bibitie cpr techs eistetetessteteniers alee 591 
Ambler wiReyvsPirancis a \Willis tet: fee cisne tee ere terror ae 246 B 
American Federation of Labor—Auditorium ............ 326 
American Federation of Labor, Exhibit ............ 559,560" “Babb, Eid Boj. os techn welt eis Ook eter oe 
American Locomotive Company, Exhibit................ 604: Babbitt) Mrs Juliettes Vine, cry-ar ore tee 
American Medico-Psychological Association ............ 73.) Babcock: & Wilcox {Gompany,. E:xhibitasee eee 
American, MissnSadien secinty- eerste nicer este 324 Babcock Printing Press Company, Exhibit.............. 
American Pomological § Societys. aise elie ei ele 28975 Babys Incubatorerxhibiteseret eee ee it een ean 
American Republics International Bureau................ 449 Bachelder; Nathan “Ta @isoen oo eeee 
American) sLuberculosiss -:xhibitionmae ack eerie ene atic 5615) Bacon; Iv AS AMCR ienenciatt seh Ricoto treet 
American Woolen Company, Exhibit................... 5/7 **Bagby;, Lieuts.-P5 H-asnie sation oe eee nee eee 
Anderson... Col. Clifford playa ee taen erie cera eee 192%) Bailey), Fisshisckaoctacin Gh co eee eee Cee 
Andersonie WW illiame (leet ce pee ee econ 315... Bailey;; N&eY wAG Cl... ae ae eee Oe eee 
Andrews; Jia Warrenitt.c «qe. -)ertie vac ycpteiers Mtoe oot ole dabete 769 ainjd HH.” McRinete avec cere eee nee cereale 
Annapolis: Cadets icc Gis che clase atatsiertig detent Venere -zcrcitete feet 1927) Bakers Missi Blanche sceee ean eee ee eee 
Ansell Gove Martina a cetecttertiee ieee ee eee Pero oe 219", Baker, Capt; Wa Wire ete sect ec cara eter 
iA oki.) Viscountno1uzorn., sysicnrcke ier ic eee eee eee ree ee 169: Baker, Hii Ee? faces eee ae eee 218 
Appleton; Gena ranciss:lenry-cmisie tetera eels 357% » Baker? Hons Wise Wietacteere ao ceiitenn Gere cere 
Arch, Stairway-icstanci esas oseiacienss contac tetera ore 446 Baker, Walter, Chocolate Company, Building 
Ach,’ View asctiacc sata crorcusle aa icine ee Rien aioe 445 Baker, Walter, Chocolate Company, Exhibit 
Archer tlh AC AS Corti tera cctas einen hci re ey ieee oe 265° Baldwin; Chas... Eic#e acces Oke nie ne ee eee 
Arion&Singing Society east. ste a- biccistie ictnonin sPasteisiene ore 256 Baldwin Locomotive Works, Building ................. 
Armfield a Brigv- Gene) osephminnenin anita eerrer 244 Baldwin Locomotive Works, Electric Car .............- 
Army and Navy Officers Club House............... 447,449 Baldwin Locomotive Works, Exhibit ................... 
Arts: and) Crafts: Sectionaen ee eehicn seo ear eee 108.=: Baldwin} Robert tls) soto keene ct nists cree eee 
Askew; E.iStephensonsaee aera’. 1 cale de Sateen etc atrs 290] Ballard) & Ballards Exhibitee.c oc cee eect 
* Aspern,” I. and R. Austro-Hungarian Cruiser......... 165) © Baltimore: Buildinguaaeeeeer eae reine ieee eee 
Association of Military Surgeons...............000000, 3012 “Balzhiser,. Edward 2G. Sarre sera saree arerie. eerste testa 


Illustrations. 


Bancrott: Dra Charles, Ptr ecuni aeeetnce tere sue dec eee 8 173 
Banks, es Ocucess Gace evo. Mictteea tere am isis Sere lee tal 662 
Baptist Building AE ie Sis RIMERRCOL ons DOE Re trict err 384 

bBarbecue: sion Kentucky: Dayaewss eae toile icicles etersicie'e 226 
Barkers ree Wis Gate eer chin hig We shad ephicsalce saree ote 48 
Barksdalert Picea cence secrete eile ootsay octecscn ett 389 
Hames el) aC ca, ices Orie inne ae hei dele’ 368 
Barnes, Supreme Com. Charles A...........--eeeereees 190 
Barmettpicomt ls onemer nnn get crite ale Perce sins ce, breimuars 49 
Barirm [ames Veet coe ckuetersis inter ve oiren ad eeaiereamersliteis 144, 264 
Barrethw tion) olinitncck. cceitecitna seca aii ore tererals 420 
Barrett lVirsekKate. Waller. cec ec coe ote deldaee 554 
DD ALrettwen WV oe Lyre rate ciate ee tena eres aie ears eich 5S 
Eearror fell ce ree oes ace a SEs a ee 191 
Baskervillenu Charles bh. siieracins aie sete tarnicntelsterciain 454 
Batchelor lone Cron eee ameivetena eae ctete wines cubtee eerie anole 375 
Batchelorm wl) :atrcstot cttw ben ccs vi an tanoe ataLne er sanas 56 
Batesse Ea wie ee rotey aise weiner creer nn Se ete neta 287 
Battenberg Race Finish, “ Argyll” Winning............. 443 
Baughman Coles. Wines cea serie te ee eae ce oe 354 
Baulehva Wautam een cca eee nese co weet cake 49 
Beachy’, IEincolnaeAtrships nine ie ste eh rts ete 249 
Beamanm Lionas Nathaniel ate seer nent nt citrer i eriaice rire 55 
Beanwaiarletoneriofimanenere tatatoe oe ciate 454 
Beardsleyae Lions) Flas lesen nes ecreyetec sors cioicele caters eras 260 
Beauyolr smite oer hak ane acre ae oon aoe: 386 
Bedou, A. P., Photograph Exhibition................... 678 
Beeler, Col. Betis |S ea Birch engame cS sire NEI hao eG re 254 
Belding Bros. & Company, Exhibit.................... BD 
BelleA lex? Grahame: sarin cn tor ae eee ene 762 
BML, (Ey, ee ve o Qh matte Remo crak cree CICIato Ae MERE naa 646 
Bellarsas NSny AeA Cot Sih ed ore Arne ocr hg ch eek 265 
Benjaminel View heD. oc. eee elas meen eee eee 454 
Benton amese Md pico lath fee io icon a Sa 349 
Berkley, Miss Adelaide Williams.................++2- 312 

CLLVMAN Rem EN Gee wedemiciaeicitre,s acisssiaeG ccs sie cle aks ee 217 
Birkin bine) ohng Acme eee cee ec ni 454 
Bimremlerent?-Colahacsaae terse ae rand ucts os 454 
Bisphamwe David mame eireriac ieee eens cL 767 
Blackwood ae Sa @okelGompany,w exhibit wer icsiiesieeiee 666 
Blalocke UNpD ae tees ae ee oe ee ORE ea Nokes 368 
Blanchard, on Newton Crainve ot: eer cee cus oes 350 
Blodgetieb tomy an leet cee a eee ites een mays s sire 375 
SECM ran RUpertpe Pe ote ee eee he Siac oe eae 750 
Boardsots Designs epi ae er teehee bs athe te oak 66 
Bogasmbrig Genmidwinw laa meen chee nose ater: 378 
Bolintu arte egmerene rd tera ey aie eae ends ales 370 
Bolton, Capt. John T Bia eye. so boNlat 8 Jed) ishjeliatie Sesie! vles: ¥)/ej'ereaee' Ns. eee 51 
Bonaparte midony Gharless)Josephivesemiernes sa sicans see ek 392 
Bonesst jon ocott. Gomer eraiana . dass arf ieee ane: 203 
Bonhagwla Ace As Gio chim cscs © Neo or OY Ok rie nee atic Se 265 
Bonhamperc wing bent temmeneer eee a eae. cae: 622 
Bonners Miss#oarah brances sa coe eiee ecie son cen BAZ 
Boushee lem Viallory serie eee tects Aca netalnesince 747 
Bowiem @arterg see cent acces dee noe er tas eee 353 
Bowman ColaeArm Vi sees eee ce Ne we Rtt, ce ey cn 337 
Bowser, S. F. & Company, Exhibit....................- 596 
Boyd Same aarti aerate Sein. some ei. 235 
BraxtonweAllens Caperton: ese aevecien ace one neers - 235 
Breckenridge Clarence baw ee nee hi eee ene 366 
Brogan lent Colt Ag Lu nonin cco patience 302 
Brille Ga Companys ixhibitaee eae ernie ieee oe 599 
Brimleyael lel meer teas agree Seen oe etn han 454 
Ey rinsmace wa Note ame cee eee ees Sine oy eR, ET 265 
Bristolm Companvam xhibitaaae tener tenn eer es 592 
Bromilowse le pAme Nee Catan irnd ne hone peace ened ace 265 
Bronson NiissilVinnies sient i ie aoe es ee 515 
Brooke mm cms lament st rcs ne os 8 etm ye aie ok 5] 
Brooke lVirealVamiesedrickes ase enim eee ak 225 
Brownie lor Geet: ce pera tener Ais ised fot ae ce Os 262 
Brownsell arent ees tea a cere 4 233 
Brown mae) Beem roots rece sae ie see ae eee hence 49 
Brown Shoe Concany Exhibit Saree ce reeete oe tates) tere 575 
Brunnerae Arnold m William ree ee titten aren cies ieee 455 
Bryansiion:) osepiiase sect ates ate eeamice. | tere 53 
ryan Lion on) se Ate inners: se. ote te eee 183 
Bryan, Hon. W. Ve Greeting iWeteransy tose ri ae eet 183 
Bryant louse Wo) sao peaking musa ette noen tice orci: 182 
tyrant cole louise l emer mecca te mmyes crater erence 366 
Brycemiats Lions Jamese. tcjcss Sane onic as cep sere ie eee 176 
Buttalogiiuntsibys bia, Kon bush- Brownie rnnei seat 124 
puttaloesstromel Ol @ianch a +a jamie terete be ae racine ee 688 
Bunldingers entrails Groups aera sie aie hilar aneen ee 698 
Bulle Gomeliuswl ieee chek no Meese dase aes 94,95 
Bureau of Animal Industry, Exhibit..................-- 412 
Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Exhibit ............. 397 
Buyeausotebisherresixhibitswem se iste she eeeiereere ites 416 
Bureaucote Vintemesxmibitas wes seria. cians cece nisin cree 398 
Bureauvotecoie mec xhibiteans . sccate cae eiare erent 413 
Bureaus of Education and Indian Affairs, Exhibit....... 412 
Burlingame; al lone ae bse cstiatstat cree sete mii tasstate ol ane 375 
Burnett, ae Kxyanciss lesecen, scucncctentuce ae eating 291 
Burrowse [ae sere dee ote acer c ccc yn coe saheiee 49 
Bursch, N. y. TL Oe oe Ata op Eee OO eco OF RTE 265 
Bush-Brown, H. K., Buffalo Hunt..................-- 124 
Subister cancel 1gepmmreere ete eit aie che tass ere stoteveis iste hatepere das 575 
Butler iA tre meron; dita shae ch te ren oe 769 

CG 

Gaboue Miss: Blanche} Esc aneaaen |. ees rae Sos rsnetsrrsys 370 
Caceres, Ramon, President Dominican Republic.......... 424 


799 


Caine Dre) amesg ww cole ata eheisan &ciae cldite’s Oahehten eres 217 
CaldwellPelughe warmer et are. cot sereecsiite re seine 217 
Cahitormiam states txhibitus.<cecee ae ene arelhetin ts is eee cs 639 
Galisntuleveckidwarda@N enc thes-seieatia nace comin 332 
Callahan wlan) snan semmacn as iecc selene snafkd stv sd ae cdkey cotelstals 50 
Calloway wilinomase) epee ns, ore arene Meee ssid ein dats 675 
@ambriapoteelacompanya Exhibitwe: aaiee tte eek 598 
Gameronwiox- Gove William Eine, si.ere teer tes stents niece 101 
Gampbel lab raxtonms Weecma os chee cee te eee ere rete 8 370 
‘Gampbelly, Elia W ood ennem statins dats Nereinteldie wcrc 8s lens 270 
GannonFions Josepha G.cni- sues a cemeteries ots 154 
a Canonicussm© die iVionitor mock deters kine eiete edit ects are 158 
Capeublenryaarn tae chatatects. vets ievsieini. cn oi eenia be haere 96 
Gamegien Labrary @xhibity seeing tierce evcacks ae 552 
Carey Elon gS. tree oie eked ois aahiintelauei aie bb sie 133 
Carpenters. Captye law este ciertamnieie’s oo nareva crsetcte are sisvate 746 
Carpenter, D. Me niabae MOLECU he) els ealsask Maisie hevecarere¥nns ‘oyieciecaX6) 6 a ote 368 
Garpenterae Virsuelohilipmrtm entrant ce otic « taf a cet 187 
@atpenterseRollaryClinton seem ete ictese sears 455 
Gastlets EISBN Steer cine ctieirerciere oreever init cin soe witcras at 762 
Gastlemansa Ger vailins Wiscu cetw tte) apareieionca cietere es: s.6 at syeyeiera nee 35) 
@auchoisscc. Company pexhibitaeenei eisai iat eee 651 
Gaulheld Drin) aevromae crane of, eieioks sieves cic ioversieurone eizatecs 262 
Causey Elona | ohn Were satrecaicte atemina sare com ieleve ces 344 

ACES ae Loreen rece enviar tno tseahe te iesi hays cueeeutte shez: rosa 270 
Champion Potato Machinery Company................. 590 
Chandlers Dimi larryseemarmincrcis tierce ae it eterna ities ce 366 
Chandler, 8] SEAM Gen TOesD) revere eee ay fine es ace clea ay, arece ass 514 
Chandler pliieuts-@omhtmemen caste frtacct-roeomin sete cele. oe 163 
Chapplew oe. Mitchell taereteriers s teeteiiette ci cioeies he, crciere 278 
Charles #Gapts Orn) saree nines daitie eke ce cere rine ie cre - 189 
Charlétonhie Rea vere eee cote ie caebocaoc eon 646 
Charleton, John Ree were es crniee te ais olape, Sie Sees as 297 
Chaseye M3. Elissa crete mecca ties siete, a onatlirae 455 
Chataignese[ecbl wcrc cysts eletetetots ev total cisvelayoisusi fies Secteve tate 382 
Ghentungamleiang-Chen gaol ca eerie etter ae nieces cane eh 167 
Cherrysohnie Wane steeds eee niente ota ILA) 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway, Exhibit............... 644, 666 
Ghester.7 Adm Gag Maange yale crete leteisinic cierainse.cke torn 762 
Chicago Kindergarten College, Exhibit.................. 545 
Chilberg: ®t RAS eee rs on tometer etek. ar ett 619 
Child @Babors Committee me xnibitae eee eee eae ees 548 
Childrens) Rlaycround ae serine meee ne ae 556 
Ghildrenisy Schooly Farmer eerie nies cect etait cae 553 
Chowsy T zschi vac eee eee tie eae ae cae a Aare omer ass 169 
Chrysanthemums howae eee erect ae cn 333 
Claflin Jobin’) 2a ae ae erect ence ten cree ees 287 
Glaibornys William ss ees meter eateitess ater etet aac caere te 212 
Clarke D:2Si2 sie ae eee eer ee earn reg oth 20 623 
Clarks Reyis Wal hoburnapretieeeeeee mete se cee so 327 
Clarkelha Wr EL De Scall) premiera. se. ceca 455 
Glassen}. Arthutit cc cet autre eure iat tre! oietee even aes 257 
Glaussmohean Companyee Exhibit aeemmmre ie eerie eee: 575 
Claxton WD Pat Pee nee 455 
Glave ions William) Kogersmemmeeettenrsrie enistrae/aerere 227 
Glemens,) Dra Samuel Lee ere einer nila oe 285, 288 
Gleveland Elona: Grover samme tere ieee eer ees. « 80 
Glotworthy) Gola ©) Bakeraenercmen ser coricieseire cone: 231 
Clouwcheny pA An Gata eceree omen nmes « 265 
Clydeylronm Works pix ni biteeemeete cee aieeienise aera: 602 
CobbaiHoneAndrewslacksonse ta eeee ite ere sei 246 
(Capdiveny, en. Iola bWayoo cobb webons tou oln dobioageudauho 372 
Cockranss ions Wee bourke imme cees amen emits c.rcioun a: 220 
Cockrum'n Jin Wee renee mn ee oe aesiere ociche 200 
Codd SAtieeae ont aateemme tere em «che. sitet: 510), 2s 
Coldwell Lawn Mower Company, Exhibit.............. 591 
Cole ERD War re Soe Stee Bk 48 
Coley Joukdward tem aes ver tities oats ioaivrta aeces c 50 
Collins ISA AS Ciecreericiaeictetee cites se crew de cry sianee 265 
Golline John Glennarmeneaen teers seinen Goro 321 
i Collins WSs © seer tery meiosis oe alae avers ciereere succes 455 
ColonialAMirciniatamomanent cerita tenia aie ns ae tes 87 
Colston Captyelsredericka iceman ate ieciis atte 353, 354 
Columbia Phonograph Company, Exhibit................ 576 
Conn Ga Grn Company ape xhibitaerm ease eect a creeiaes 578 
Gonnecticutebuildingmeereeir crete tne ree aoe tere 341 
Connecticut Day, Gov. Rollin S. Woodruff and Staff.. UD 
Connecticut Day, “ The Governor's Foot Guards”...... 306 
Conecticut National Guard, Second Infantry, Co. “L”...255 
ConnechicutStates Exhibit: meceias ver daiten scales een oe 634 
a Connecticut sae en oso nar steeterosttterererercctchanions © shoreveler ats 156 
GonsolewofsthemAustins Organrmmetta site tatcicis a oii ele 584 
Gonsolvom Virsa Charles stl meee te aaa Weert e. fern co 311 
Consumers’ Fat Gompany, E.xhibitum eeccisee sce ile 656 
Gonvention, l-lallitacmenicrs cies citron cheumiehe hie tisue snes 761 
Conway ee Aap Awe Gretta niedtccisiote ere Seite se ocel eves suectle 265 
GookA Iberty Sec cet octets sti oni Me ae ee tie ees 217 
Gook® Fepilie. [ret cemaresre cre no oar eats fe gies 262, 263, 265 
Cookm Willarda Reread erin ecccct tre sto 78 
GooperscA lived garam rcteree eisaic ine cacti eestor ciel arayeicbaies 366 
Gootesys Hurst lieutml-lan Numero «srereiietle tele sta 252, 312, 435 
Gortelyoun Lions George: Bangsar.) tee eines is ole 222, 393 
GosbyssMajoricopencerdee teste serie = eieiimisie ot ni 444 
GCostonijoienal) Company,, Ecxhibite er sees cialeleistsls) ietele = 616 
Gottrel lA WaE te eatin exe eee atolls suctetctesinGoe islet ete 70 
Coweeq Arthurm Gladiolus miami crs set retericne eis tereters/</27- 649 
CowleslVirs-y josiahw i. vans se taaei teen ait erates cy-ierieier ie 186 
Gox eMrs# William? Riffing cere sey. eaten 188 
@ox sw illiamis Vian Zand Umrao. + civoneranietene: «aie etarsieteners 455 
Craddock-Terry Shoe Company, Exhibit................ 570 
Grafts elreutivnes net eteiots idle oiets otaksvels anavale\ are i cusnelaisiarene 163 
Craign John me lee clea © toe tuts He Gide crest Sa aiNene ocel 289 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Grane, Freda. Rotamornn cc tetera traces eae Oe eee reree 455 
Grawford).Dr;, |QYs er naa eee Gee eee 270 
Gridler;, Hone homas: Weeeean are eon eee are ee ree 105 
Cromwell® Mrs; ElleneS cena eeeninee ine ein ieee 19] 
Grosby,; Exrmestel.e «stra tease reece enone 769 
Crown Cork and Seal Company, Exhibit............... 576 
‘Crown, iat John: Rueds2 oa naeen ein Soon ee ee 759 
Cramp; Malcolm Haye epreran setter oie lin ke tele ance keeeter 349 
Culver: Black» hlorsemlxoopernaiacie cent erecta 253 
Culver Naval Cadets at Discovery Landing............. 253 
Gulver@Navall\GadetssDcilling mri ie tere eer ee 254 
Cumming; Sse Gordona.ecicchicsie ieee seme ceteris D2 
Gurhs,, Gov Guild) Jirinciese.rcesceeccsteiecsyctteercre eevee eee te abs 356 
Cutlers; Hlon:,,John; (Gree .citccte sia ies Seen ein citer 303 
Guthng, ions RR: Kultony).5-aee cee emer ener 286 
Guttng William p Bayer climes ser ee erent ee tener 286 


D'Abruzzit® Duker gests. nie Aseveerseee eal tere eae 171 
Dahl: CaptOskar te cea aac sore ere eee 214 
Dalya [ir io ste tlc on coke rads ae ote eee eto ee 262, 265 
Daly, te A AX Coe faces oes atanet: ater ena ae aaa 265 
Daniel, Hon. ee Warwick:onisc tame ooh ee ee ere ee 59 
Daniels Maj: Risl eter ce cae eal o ese eeee 245 
Daniels, “CoM. aveoait cei Se CORO ee een 233 
Dashiell Si Pinas tanewoeste fot eee eee 353 
Daughters of the American Revolution................... 64 
Daughtridge EF. 10a. eirjas cdaaaceinn dean hes eee ee 368 
D'Avigneau,: Eugene = .mi.ceacio cate nace torre ee 315 
Davis, eb rig.-Gens Georges: eee eee cen eee 329 
Davis; \WssSatcsceh en Serna een eo eee 691 
Dawson; Gove William Vig © seenereets ete ieee ees 222, 378 
Day, Gol. GM Fentond ne chines the es ey ee 500337, 
Day; Davida Si Ph: Dia reutaceer ne cen citar Rieter 661 
Dearborn’ ELS W eco Oa en dere eee ee Oe ee 285 
Dearborn;tNwa Va As Gs satks seca eRe ee eee ce 265 
Deckers Mrsinoarah) Sai zlatte a ssencenttne ees fae ree tere eee 185 
Deere lows Companyae lx hibit aint eine eee 588 
Deffebaugh,. Joseph’ +...mneetat cere rice ee ee 276 
Desiiord# Company) :xhibiten eee eee eee te 578 
Det Kloeckner;* Icieut?z Com year ere eee tere ear 252 
Delafeld# Richatd em onree tec ee ee eee 285 
De Lagercrantz, Baron ecient Sacer ae ene nee 252 
Detkiaa War. ord takene: eee eee rere eee Caen 16 
Delawares building atancnaariacis neces 343 
Delaware Day, Goy. Lea and His Staff—Group......... 296 
Dels'Gurzos. Lieut wee eee eee ee ee 423 
Demarest: Clifford! i.aaesciok ties its tans seme hee 769 
Demarest Waal 1.. SsuD: nsaetirstniccCee cee cree 309 
DeltMunds'Drv)s Eee Sake cee cane Ee ie 274 
Deneen; } Govt Charles Stennis toh hero nee ere 346 
Deneen, Goy. Charles S. and Mrs. Deneen.............. 276 
Denison’ Wniversity, E-xhibitseeey aoe eee teens 582 
Depactmentsois Interior, Exhibitees aero etc reer 410 
Departmentsofs)usticenxhibitiae-ecemeee eee eee 404 
Departmentsofi state, Eaxhibiteene ss celeritete einen iets 396 
DeweyaeAdm-m George nso Nuseiite chee sient eters 62 
Diaz,, Porfirio: scaseecr see eietr ane SOCCER ere 422 
Dicks Eons George Hitec at ccna) nena 344 
DickeysiW.>,. Cog tee cs ee eee oe eee 233 
Dieges: Charles® | aacaos cher oa eeioe een ais eros 233 
Discovery Weandingomithis |b acing: teri eestor neater 148 
Dixons Mrrsand|: Mirsoereter ays sey te een ena ee ee 276 
Disonse Will) M areas asissdecics a otr etree erica 730 
Dockerys sil" Gates aain dicos care ol «ean SEC on ee Races 368 
Dodgen CharlesmRichards erst cesar caliente acer tee 456 
Dodson, er William’ Roca tec ore tetas eee cielenameer ies 351 
Dodson: (RAS serase rastetstecitatam oc oie iter eterno rane 353 
Dominican Republic Building: a.8 so wingers Set ee 423 
DonahuestRes Revi RS eek oe iene eee 242 
Donohoes Si Ras qeiconia sch ecto eterna it PE RaE Tene erent 48 
Dorkinssbrancesio4 exhibitor etree ioe ite ene 678 
Dorsey, James A tenn ce tere ag lesan iinet pie eine 661 
Drakes, SirjFrancisi sr wyacse na Srcaeie ite persed eee erate 5 
Dry Dock, Floatingwoteel | Modeler. cri sie einer 408 
Diteer Mrs ct se te are ricer DeLee 276 
Dil ean DW Noyes Sh We IG beaten oo pusheaceosob nace WAL AVE 
Duncan ie] Fethiacs teaches cere eect cre tee 274 
Dunn) “Chomas: Bivy..ag cot oes ee eee lege ee eee 363 
Dunne FlonS Bix Fitegeyas sobotetcs oats serete actus cadre emecaetets 284 
Dwinnell-Wright Company, Exhibit.................... 651 
e) 
Eddy, aGClarences cata © nclsto rele Serials eh icaeieee eeiete 769 
Eidwardiwvil aekcangvotengland seni tiers seiiereren 82 
Edward Vl wingsor england) Cups adieena een eee 274 
Edwards} Honea Iitkd.cevon acrrocecn tine slots eee eee 393 
Eiooleston, rn tdwardijeura sratgereye serine pectin te ee 269 
Egg-O-See Cereal Company, Illuminated Exhibit........ 653 
Eimerséh Amend ki xhibit seach: eee tcnene ae iene rite 672 
Electric’ Foun taingesseecvae cntetne mers tenor ee deerieree ete 699 
Electtics Kitchendtssc.toeracecree ao clerocte a ace ee teenie 681 
Elkins Uso gen ators foes sae sence et cetera ner tera 378 
Ecler Ts cA Ag sGis. Rees. ate eice cet See rores Coenee 265 
Ellersrific 1 Jose 2a tes celts. tes <22) 2 aie eee ee egos acs 262, 265 
Ellis-Ghalmers (Gompany,) Exhibit eeaecie ee eee ae 578 
Fllis;.Dra Sidney Agsiaiincw «oncom env odeiyrumeiae caries 256 
Ellysonyy lone) fal ay lor a, sarsctists ere eaeacicl are inter parte 69 
Ellyson; lon.) Js Laylor, and Curators it.) ieee or 518 


Ellyson, VirsaJ\on Lay loraeer tape te eerie erie ee 27 
Episcopal Church Esxbibite css seater merece ree eit eta 528 
Exminger:, Miss: Willie e\Won- aeors eeee aoeeeer ee 210 
Eisquimaux -Vallageg mcnih «coma «eae eee een 686 
Essary, . esses F tusscusananemearntae tae On ce nae eer 759 
Estes, Miss Toilliantetacnas ava siete seni oierev ska ice ee eee eer 210 
» Etruria als RUNS ase s 2 cceteree Bea oe eee 172 
European, @ommissioners -).)1gre ven eee ieee een nee 105 
E:vans;, MrsaSarah Accs cemaseccee cote enc ee eee 187 
Evans, Rear-Adm. Robley D. .......... 159, 163, 197, 439 
Evans, Rear-Adm. Robley D. and Staff ............... 163 
Evans, Rear-Adm. Robley D. and Maj.-Gen. Frederick 
Dent: Grant : oaecscaitd te he see ame ie oe ee eee 
Everhart, Mrs and Mrs.@ Aven ese ee eee 378 
Eiverhart;, Little) Flenryizot .-scrtel ciate eee ie eens 78 
Exhibit Buildings—View from Pennsylvania Building... .. 450 
Eixhibitslpalacess at. Nighteme on sree ctesters earn teen 511 


Expanded Metal and Corrugated Bar Company, Exhibit. . 
ExposiTION 


sah) 


Beginning Commonwealth Avenue................-.-- 77 
Boush Creek: aj.nd cise atic pte ttce een eee eee 63 
Canoe. Trail! . 2... sider uturesccto av oy etctece Ger oe ee 44 
Company's) Fleadquarters s.r el eee eee 40 
Fence. Soedicsic ca aoe ee aie ab eee ee a oe eee 90, 91 
Fire: Department: ).1.,ccce to cote ae nis Oe tenia See 748 
First ‘Garload Deliveries. - 4-2... 7 see reine teen 93 
Government Buildings—View from Pennsylvania Building 
450 
Grounds, Main Entrance ime cranes teers 380 
Grounds—View from Massachusetts Building........... 123 
Iandscape. Development) .eseio-)-2 eee ee 83 
Looking East from Warpath: 2). Scs.5 2 ae eee 35 
Looking’ fromm: overs; Lancet) eee eer 151 
Looking East from Pennsylvania Building............. 143 
> Tuovers’ Lane (05 ne. s cena Oa ne Oe eee 151 
Moving’ Tree 23:3 cst. 2. dev sind ahuchess parent eee 97 
Natural ‘Beauty sic. .< connote tena. ace Eee 84, 85 
Norfolk Councils) Committees ....eis cee eee 94 
Old ‘Farm’ House: $20 35:3. 25. sods aoe ee 77 
Placing sills) for Exhibit Palaces eee eee 100 
Power, Fuel and Alcohol Building................... 607 
Preparing , Water) System. .«,. -1o ote crete eee 73 
Pump: House and Reservoirs... - .ccisi-teliteieeeeeen 603 
Reservoir. 6.222 be os ec oe Soko ee 98 
Site. ottenccls cisctom dle: dkevesettiere/etears, Staiece.s eae te a aera 37, 67 
SUrveying “5. socs suavelsi classe cies solelevel ee Glee steleeaner oan 72 
View from Auditorium Roofa-n. os cee eeien aieteeenee 130 
View. of Grounds (oaidae. sects ce be lo meee ete 130 
View: of Site: feshisiee 6 elec clecie slo cots Oe Emenee 67 
Water: Front® 6:.5:s,ccs. exeowlare) op eva state ole Gee 24 
Exton, Capt.: C. Wo: criti lelesios,<.o1sauels siete ae eee 189 
F 
Fairbanks? Hons Wilson: Hiss .s es ee cee 357 
Fairbanks, Mrs:jCharles\ Wires: cen creo el eet ee 65 
Fairclough. G.cA fi yanis sites coos reves a ages seve ee eee 769 
Fair Japan 7h .< 3% 5.0% Geo ot ansus yeracscelete kel oe ee ee eee 687 
Faison,., Dr: John Minos eih-, cia io) oatereaicioie eee ee 368 
Faleonio;, Monsignor’ Diomedes<. 55.5) ene eee 242 
Farley, Most Rev. John sia. aj, si aWel's “alraretcesereltelcelsl/a fake e Reta meena ese ney 286 
Farmer; James: yo. Sie, stn ot ace selec eicra eee 453 
Farnum, Lieut’ Fi Hocce gu: on ec oe ee 189 
Farquhar;{Allane...2¢ 0 5 «earliest ie ee eee 353 
Farrar; Josephiy .i5.< Seva aeerrs dois seueretioe eae ae ene 177 
Farrell, (Ni Yo AS Ge ie odd ee eee 265 
Faunce, William) Hi. DDE. Dee 267 
Fernstrom,* Elon] Ml ook oe rtd cc rei coats coe ec 251 
Ferrari's) Wild, Animal Showse. = sense enneee eee 685 
Fielding) NY. A.Ciiaes ea. osc ances roe em operas 265 
Finch Charles" Etc 3cee sc ete se ee ee eee 50 
Finley, Dr Mark: Foi Se eaecceest. alee ote on eee 270 
Finney;...R;. Gordon’. x :; emits « seer seleteltstereintne coer 621 
Fischer,«Carli))ro 2h sacs oo blew tae tro tee ne ie ae ee 456 
Flanagan; lo AveAl Gig... jgige4 anes eevee ns senna 265 
Fleming, Ex-Govys ABs .c.sanmoeeii eae eee ere 378 
Fletcher), William “Hoc seed Sas © op nO eee 285 
Floyd). Gov Charles: Mice trices ers tyeieeteteteieertel eter 261, 361 
Floyd; Marcus’ Lticicie. care tere 5 Os oe ree 456 
Folks ‘Gov, Josephs Wingate” 447... a.m Soe ieee cies 360 
Folk, Gov. Joseph Wingate and Mrs. Folk............. 283 
Follansby;- Elon. -H- Googie. ety ai aeiotecetet tenet het ome ttetenen et 362 
Food sProductss building a aay. eet 118, 131, 650, 652 
Court’ Entrance! £22 sues Arce tres ae see ene eae 656 
Entranee: 34. oe anole eek eee ae de eI eee ero 133 
From “Lee's Paradésma-ne ae rte ioe eit 650 
Interior") sfaveccite cy avalos ci eranaa incase ie ences ero 141 
Ford): Ga Biichs. hehe eee ee ieee 264 
Ford; "Nia Ys An Gage act teen or ol Lier ee arene 265 
Fort Union Military Academy Cadets.................. 181 
Fort’ Wool! Ah con 5 ree rete toe oe toe olen eee eee 150 
Fortress: Monroe” 2 eis tae ae ears ciel aie een eee 147 
Fosburehy’ Eni Gin oem eee cee oles ceererarene eee reer 219 
Foster, Reuben 724 cur cma aicte seeloteln Sin eee pareeeren Ceres 353 
Fosters 9s Lich Syren cence ae oleie ore sone olnrsieasuone iste ilcnerste eterna 50 
Fowlers Lhomas). lawton tie destin ove ite ares ae renters 287 
Fox’ Charles ‘K¥.se fetter sole wetos ttiets cers ora Pec cee te 456 
Frank: Tv; Al Gade rene tes oii crt tle Oe ener 265 
Franklin Sugar Refining Company, Exhibit............... 653 
Fraser,» Fon... Duncan Goan ct nctete State, cast ogee tat techarevenenaes 314 
Freeman, Mrs<.Mae Whites. cnc... oc ate os aie spisieteiaie erate 225 
Fulton: !UVick J tawiteneccsectneetien eric ors sioedaieince ieee ears 48 


Illustrations. 


Bea anne Robert neces ae tee saline ents 287 
Hunku Vise) lillies remit crerat cate atte aia se caretie ate ee 257 
PUgiaqn Ames EAS ae ie Maen niet Co. cicrel arcane eots 349 
So Vigra me Wealshe Cruiser emer sieiei orineste cca orale ct 251 
G 
Garmetew lamest en. tarlert oncom etc tes stakt ctor es 456 
iamet m Udgesihendorer so mawteee ce timtniinmerul teen as 54 
Gas Engine, 235 Horse Power—Economy of Fuel, Exhibit 
Gasoline and Denatured Alcohol Engine, Exhibit......... 609 
Gatewood fViussaVirpinia Serren crits erect eek ete iete cs 186 
Gatling aeNa by pre eee date ai arate oe suerte te Biacaee aA 
Gaynoral lone alliant pac cee Secret hoes 304 
GeucesmWillramtiViaeincen nit serecG cee ccin eal ie 312%) 
Gehrardt wick Grier oer e eran teenies otter a dati neni 264 
Geiser Manufacturing Company, Exhibit................ 590 
General Compressed Air and Vacuum Machinery Company, 
Exhibibremr ce pircin tate ee rans tne ce aren ae teks 593 
General Electric Company, Exhibit....-.............05 592 
General Federation of Women’s Clubs—Directors........ 187 
Genessee Pure Food Company, Exhibit................. 655 
Georgia 
Day, Gov. Joseph M. Terrell and His Staff........... 198 
Fexhibiterpreeeerr tes trier eran deme ne ote cote uate stehenene 527 
National Guard, First Infantry, Company “H”....... 225 
National Guard, Second Infantry, Company “M”"’..... 225 
NavalpReservemcmer. on tartans sino pclane os bai cen ms 216 
States Surldingeeetsiare-ure seca oe oecacomhss ola 345 
Statemicxnibibgerrm eters creme Swcuctor armen ooo e. anton 637 
Germangkalmpw orkswelxhibitanceee weieme tee ce erie ee 648 
@ibbonsa Cardinale) ames sane nie ieee eee On eee 193 
GibsonwmRobert aneeisien ae as vise are elon eens Sia amie aie 179 
Gioni lata Vlajey lemhesteteente sh cites stacks nee aaawiae 6 « 253 
Gignilliate Comeslie Fleer acters wor mecict site oat cutie oe were 253 
Gilbertwoirstlumphreysee acre cceeiee oat selecase ea © on 3 
Gilbertaotreet ulsooking™ West mentite dees eee. : 780 
Gillette, Martin & Company, Exhibit.................. 653 
Gilmorenp | WACH cere ee tics eles, Seidrietee su ke heen as 248 
Given, John Pio owlescatas OSCR een be CT eee 370 
ee Glacier MORO M RT Oss aoe ace. 157 
Glamorgan Pipe and Foundry Company, Exhibit......... 595 
GlenkplobertWea ene e ote tioiee meen sbi cccute 351 
Glenn Govan Robert brodnaxes car eee ie cieicisie s/< 249, 368 
Glenn ohntG@ollinsaara- ecient tects aes a nice anlfoscanee 321 
Gleonansmicevill Mere eeiceie Sees rear ae oie said tio sas eee 759 
Goddard se Mrewand eVirs Edward) M.ceetincee tees secs: 376 
‘Godeta Eugene fre mee tice Fa tooo eile oie ustneie & are 764 
Godoy cenore| one) oser ateme iets mmcine neck aecicae 280 
Gompersalrionssamuelle meee aeris ane tints iy. ccc cle sete 259 
Gonipers milous oamuel speaking wemerms ries oe cece 260 
Goode, Hon. John, SLED) Be ere eas 6l 
BGooduL lope Lim Vis Somer ae prrsiiaccisteie cosets 164 
Goodman elise A Sybian nite otters sche oss me ek bh eines 289 
Goodridgewit a secerei etait sos ce tiniee nna cincraeein eve 95 
(Corelain Iho Vhdadtdaupdeescoodee Sebo Bebe Oenhonke 233 
‘Goodwinta vin Dey easter me ee ne eae sok oan eee ae 233 
GordonmMisseAnnavA mice so tees come eect cie alesis 230 
Goulds Manufacturing Company, Exhibit................ 604 
Government 
Buildingger Ammer mets screech crite cite sara cen atin sere ce 394 
BirldingM marca ners cl tains <<a ke eee: 395 
inthis Jes ah INWANin ds onboonabonc amos odosodonee: 45] 
ulldings—-Colonnadele yep ween ciara 89 
Burldingsam Groupmermcerser risen rer cm eee eie cae 449 
Government Pier 
PAT CNM ae PME teers davai er ase he NRG a ayee alt G 146, 150, 381 
ENG UMEITE cag ébnisoaded Sete bends ep E eee 391 
IDE too dit tice OG OOInE OGLE NIE fon DIR piotieeieals St eta eter 45 
[preworks el edication pen acntintrett nti oe clei riderncste 278 
Smith’s Basin and Discovery Landing................ 34 
ower gree me ceereye iiss ee eine sie hanson eds daeee s 389 
WOU cominicuiy toc ae ed OTE eran Gna 150, 390 
View from Pennsylvania Building................... 143 
Grandeucunks allways oullding wert ae aett rast geet: 646 
Grandmilaun ke allway etxbi bite somerset eee ite a 47 
Grant, Maj.-Gen. Frederick Dent.......... 159, 174, 197, 425 
Gratonm cue Knight luxnibiteri eri smi eel ietemitrel aieicks 593 
Graves@ion=s Johnvd-emplesee. 2 och ne + decree lene time. 4] 
Greek Runner, Statue seeree ee tector een eee 512 
Grenvillemoin Richard acm sis ccreers cierrae sists oni aes 5 
Grey me teute Da eae tence cleo 2 catia tayet Grane sec une 189 
Grice wl Viren bet Gre re te oe ee os cleats 556 
GatevessmClarencel bare aiciters bicticel sitet o teie lols <falnis ules 270 
(Grosscup me icion Bhiredenick konto miste relic ere eimai poker 126 
Guggenheimer#lsaaciss torte as sicidicis esveisisieis srevie \ehene stele» 286 
Gilde Gove Curtisny | tay eerteoen<ieorins rete can sete 245, 356 
H 
Flaite Republics lxnibit wa crtrseiee stae cote -inis ei niete eretaicete ei 659 
lal iA rp reittetetery. cee clefobe ciate sntoietvacoinicts afeislawe. 286 
Elamimarss.| ohiiteeee crt tects ola soci foe neta est reis se 105 
Elammern William Grusecctirrete brie ts. sel clelele aie sleteis. le shen 762 
ElamptonslnstituteiPsxhibitemetsent-fss0 eters tare ieter 675 
Fianna Charlesene cae seit istics vies caters oes, essa ares 178 
“Harald Haarfagre,’ Norwegian Battleship............. 214 
Elarding) De Micra tt acces eieie eialeicere so, seer aterahers 50 
Elardyse Viress Esmiily settee et sectoctrtecin tic ctiaete in te rciers 755 
Fiarmon; Fions) Judson ese re ccc clelteisisiewieia cis aie daisies 273 
iS Ey OL ASE Bee Gretad cinoma. co corien Gain cen: ROOnt 203 


801 


Harrington, Rear-Adm. Purnell F.......:.:.:11........ 438 
Elarrisn Gove Andrewol ti ok eines cee eee ee sas 272, 369 
ElarvoyeCharlese | erretite ate itt. acts ok te a eee: 262 
Flarveysa ion William! Os-ran.as ie wacesicietcce cect rk 372 
larveyml mmOgarurtrtetttre ccnatectis fore. tere ane rls 389 
Tlashamotommyiosnitsugumenrear ence eee meeting 569 
HHathawaya Ext Cimmmiitecin scceean cece midomi co eter 50 
Faubold'® Beale mnie cremate se ce einer epee ce ch 233 
Felaubolde NS Yee Ay Gar remit niece. ctor Fete cei. 265 
Flavard a Colemv aleryeenmarritsiein. iach ne te dete ote 302 
Flayesp rigs Gene bing Vi street tera Rites eter ial ee 78 
lead m Viremtupencs saree ra ntee ey eee ie tah = 558 
learn Grancatenichtericdwarce lesen ann rer eer 242 
lnGets Jotor, Wallets TREN 6445 yaoccenonaaensoane 257 
Hearst, Hon. William Randolph, Speaking ............. 259 
Heidt Daniela Gal ryeenrr cree teem cian eaane ee 650 
Heine Safety Boiler Company, Exhibit.................. 614 
Fleinemans Ditka rire este ck Nest cee ocle ss 283 
Heinrich a uliuse bacterin ttet ties cnc cee vera cie cietons, 6s 735 
Fleinze bt) we esxhibit erm canines <a cer Sumiercte ce. es 654 
HeistandS: Gol SIRO mene ea otto ee crate 285 
Flelle Giatetmmpmerrctttrrcta tae caterers srt antucteisrete cones tole 687 
Henderson, Peter & Company, Exhibit.............. 648, 649 
Hengelmiiller von Hengervar, Baron.................... 167 
Herbertbenjammeb tect niceties as oe iateveye tate aoe 199 
Herbert, (Oey Basa. ce didiic thera) Ces ice PARES Gace ey 389 
Herbert? Richard aWermnce se teteinis carians assis caee.ae oe. 366 
Elerings)Garl eters or cierete eto tere era feneltvins: eve ete varetarens. aie 456 
Herrmann Sa bom) caret ert cree ahah cine farectlere cent sieke 274 
Plertherg, Nea YatAs Ge tee e crmtcnicicteat ae eteedite waters e 265 
Fess A lbertaeen meme core tine. a cameo a eee be 233 
lesser David cere ae rele eat ons «omieog 233 
Fiexamery C-8) selon: ele yan serene tctci ie cree tee 240 
Eliggins;s Gove) Jamesa rlenryme ane cease ieee 268, 374 
Hill’ DrmGharless Gee rn, ae neh yeas 173 
Hilton Wie Piero ce ete irene Senet aes 777 
Eines Capt a) S Lerccyomtte rece cies oeicireGiclne hata ns 427 
Hinmanse. homas eee errs ant oo ae oie 270 
Flinshaws. Gol Gauwitneestecmreterterstel ot ae cere ei aes sicker 368 
Hinton Miss: Bonitome ern here lores Chere 210 
SHAG, INES IM Eioy Lets oc oop poe scodeaaconcouunur 518 
History} Palacegeapertr nec ct ere eetiseie s oeltee a caeien wes 516 
Historical Portrait Collection, Thomas F. Ryan.......... 526 
Hitch Frankie erat Ce cee eee ete eee 94,95 
Hodges): Colt larry manerem etre sinceieacs ee cari 50 
Hodges® ColsSamueliteacicasmerirny ceils cr eee asia 691 
T-loehnel,, Capt. Ritteravonteierri eerie aati eee 165 
Flogey Charles: Fit. a rc ec toee re ions cae ar 349 
eloges Virstm Lowa cia |v Serene eeeee ae et nee ener rae 230 
Ilolderbys Lions Nathaniel] mentee tates nner etter are 276, 347 
Flolderbys Miss) Nellie eer rrae ne ccents . ocieete se ee: 276 
lalibrreOdny MENG To (@he co cons coduewos dbousesanapnc 245 
Hollisterse Mrse Lalliane Me eet: fe oon 281 
Eicoker Dra Kdwardabeecherse eee eae cen eines 211 
Horgany NotY < AS Chay etter teen otc cas See 265 
Horm’ Capt Ne oeeeice acetone strita eine 433 
Hotel Chamberlainejaaaecemre areca fete coves ee ae 146 
Howard, Charles St. John CRO OMALT OD DOO A Or CEO Pee DOR OOO OTC 568 
HowardwUniversitys Exhibit meme oer aie cnc 676 
Flowzer lnieuti- Golam ive seer eres tree ee eee erie es 189 
Hiuhard)] @eightonee eee aot Geel atere 51 
Hubbards Wie | Aerts eatin reas acne ae oe 297 
ubert. Bulbs Company, barns preter ik tierra atte aye 650 
Hut? ELS] eee iat Seer Se rca e oe 261 
FelughessGovaseands©iicialgivarty eerie ire reir ne 298 
Flughesws Gov Gharlesiivans merrier reireere rie terete: 363 
lughes:” Hons, Floyd Mesmre cate rotesstersieess-rrciors eleva acts oie 568 
Huchess Roberty Vite cerns st nates chee ote creretncte 48 
Hughes; RolfetEan Ma D wearer se aereti 7 nirae Wee ron a 185 
Fumphreyse Virwandsl Vrs Colon JemAcrmen ae eine 276, 347 
Hlamphrey spluitties Onesmeneeerer rt moiicicicin Gn rarer o 347 
lathinjdigaa IGS IMA? INR conccocgnnonbeaoopvoneber: 347 
Jean, I COOL Ml ionc.cocbie ancode coh don oD cotome 344 
Hlurstee Williams baer arith rs cestore aera 218 


IceaContest#on=laceisuk aradencrmneseit cosine catteict are tales 321 
Ice Machine Supply Company, Exhibit................. 657 
IPI NACA Shino name to ton acne ttle. Romer oer 173 
Ingersol,# Caption: atemritenc ints oaaaee or micas Orin re 163 
[llinots#Building Meret sey errant ce tS a eee Paes oe 346 
Illinois Day, Goy. Charles L. Deneen and Official Party. .276 

pe lilinoisee) se omno mine Docks Voce ane ememtnna rts arenes 408 
Indiana National Guard, Third Infantry, Company “ H ”. .257 
Indiansgiromel Olm Ranchwememmee enya err eceri art 688 
Innes,s Fireclerickts Neiligaercrscraterd 1 cataroraelacctotarerai sons nnieiaie 767 
Inside Inn, Piazza...... 58 ye a3 SAN SOE OER eee 679 


International Bureau of American Republics, Exhibit .... 
International Bureau of American Republics, Porto Rico 


and Mexico, Government Building................ 419, 449 


International Correspondence School of Scranton, Pa., Ex- 
hibiteeemerewt oe necks ca ae we aee eis creme tote © checapatectors 538 
lrelandsm Viosts evai) ohne cere nner nites eters 284 
Irish-American Athletic Club Team................... 265 
TrwinselVitss Maryn tenntons te ck npetioe o mtiarere lene otens meee: 368 
Jacksonts Giles; Bossa since sic vere steam sere sc ( esisigie seams 675 
Jacksonse | dons Pav Wis wore cen eda evs lo cress ale vean a trstalee 372 
Jacob Tome Institute—Memorial Hall Seat cheater es 541 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Jamar, John SH saschene sataeoteeteiaesoee es tases cident: SBE) 
James, DrvEdmund§] ea ancer-r. creo iy oe eee 276 
James: TS. King’. Soo Setriecioeg aoe Soe heise oreele cae ae 7 
Jamestown 
Boulevards @ommissioneer tee eter desist eens 95 
Buildingibarsty settlements retest nieieeieirr 10 
Burning. of “4. eee eee hee COG eee ieee 7 | 
Dental "Convention. 4.7 sae cate oe commis te Setter 270 
Tn 6222s eee Santina rectiske Se ner ais eens eee 18 
Official Photograph Corporation, Headquarters......... 682 
Poultry Show, Officials and Exhibitors............... 314 
‘Vachts Racing Commission gare emirate iene 274 
Yachting ‘rophies: tosece octet omar ecoes Meco ee 274 
Jamestown Island 
pees of the American Revolution................ 64 
Gatesie oe hu seca nepte oid: We AA diateetita. an tere atee 27 
Men LB TOOL orchestra chahe saheie <p che ae tel Tekin eae 175 
Monument 9a: otete Sidhe d co dicrs os aired ot ec ee etree eee 27 
Panorama’ fies, persian losc(n stress cobra tae ane 25 
FLOWN spe Orel a-aye.ctue soe > SiaeMne eer GP eR Re Ee 26 
Japan Day—Japanese Officials and Party............... 291 
Japanese: Bazaar oc crac ccenles cuties tetas ees eee 569 
Japanese: Exhibit) occy2/.:smnteecse sleeuss someon Meteo 569 
Jaquelints wand) Carey'ss Descendants quieres te err 246 
Jarvis, Aemilius (.o52.2, coca eota ev etraeier eee tererer 274 
Johnson? 1s Eo. gos. eaten ok eon beer nee eee 313 
Johnston) Hon: Cy Brooks; ee... cae eee eee Ene se 69 
Johnston; (J), Stoddard saitrcreisserustesl ohh eee ae Rees 349 
Johnstons Majors Da. Ric dedensse nn tetera een tae 245 
Johnston; Miss: sAnnies Ete, ca. ctomtae aaa tata eeree ne en eae ENV] 
Johnston, (Mrsa ‘Walliam Ace cece ceri eieieva ener tear 187 
Johnston, Wims. (Fi pac coat ae 5 ie tee ere enact ere 359 
Judson} 3. Bivens ds ottetncte are ereusnlenavebstetcrene tetera rene rare 289 
Junkin, John ion testaciosines alertness erecice eet meh teten 199 
K 
Kanawha. - Yiachtuc..is so sheers ae Iacono 289 
Kear oNe Ys. (Ady Cutien tora om cheat anton eee. anette 265 
Keating; . Wii Jsn aces svausneteagranties aleeene cele tbe, <ois tamteseaeee 265 
Keesee 4 Drs.Geo, |. F.cepe. aren cree ead ea ee ee ee 270 
Keffer; Capt Francisy |e. mtegae cee ier ieee eee 254 
Keifer) Hons Joseph Warren. ore eeemriel one) citroen Zp, 
Kretley; £Geg Rosati, ot ticccasccne angers okt cs ees onaleaeteieittear co ee ee 101 
Keileya Rte Revaebenyjamineece ene e eeee etenr 242 
Keller, Wralténins.« Sone coin a ee a eae 769 
Kent, sreut) (Guy ao. Sais se eee wo Seinnaie ep ee ee 189 
Kent: lenty- wl svete astern iia c coin cient oe martes 361 
Kentucky 
First Infantry, Field Staff and Officers...............- 221 
Sa Fort: (Boonesboro. enon. seccormte ote fear eee eens 348 
Flempiviixhi bit. ncaa ciccs mtaisisra ena antnra apteine ter eine 630 
State- Exhibitpam. cae aceme semi areree cerca 631, 668 
States Guards Seconda nt an try... iene enero 229 
Kang sMisskiViargaret>cacemmiia ctor cen herrea eer tee 552 
Kinzel aiFired BAW Va igersm ny: oe secveent ers trees eee eye 347 
Kirby se Jamies sot s 2 Sry tige cusenaeion ete cunt on aries eae ee 178 
Kizer, LG Ct Cae iar roe troT sine MRE Orthos 6 Hid beans 50 
wk leber:)) rench: Cruiserseey 2 eee eee ee eee 184 
Kilines Hii Gi .retiece ck ack cracen nesta oko ee Rate eee Aa eae 244 
Klondiketinrzcantns cits oraeittiee tae nett eee eee tee 686 
Knight) Georgem Ws Ioh. Dynan eee Cine tartare: 370, 456 
Knightsoh Columbus peer cere cee eee aieie reat ase 243 
Knights cof Pythias eh. tieeseeenree Ce eerie eee 190 
Koehler Gapts Hiv Jiccsess amecced tee ar cee Pee eee 189 
Koemere Anton. Fe ann ee cee ee ee 240 
Kohleaatys Charles W...6cuns. we a set acme eer cet ere 102 
Koken Barber Suppiy Company, Exhibit................ 577 
Kraft” Dre Franks a; ¢ttnn. ete eee oe ake eee 211 
Krafts Joking [rience > iateco cere eae era a eee ree Pye) 
KiriseeA SB e we cicre roe see teneyete eta ion Rae aie eens 49 
Kreiser;, Edward ian sc aerachctae caer einer eee eee 769 
Kubeli#'Stepheng] osephigee arcmin cakctereria valerate eee 456 
Kounz,5 George, pis pen). t9c.) et eee ee eee 457 
Kuroki, Baron, Field-Marshal, Saluting ................ 174 
Kuroki, Baron, Field-Marshal, and Maj.-Gen. Grant..... 174 
Kurokissbneld=lViarshalpandasta tt alent ite taer rien tere 174 
Is 
[Eabors Dayae lointe Gormitteess Groupie iter ner cniie etn 258 
Lackawanna Manufacturing Company, Exhibit........... 593 
[amby, Ese L hxc pac cae ero t aes aso ne ene eee 48, 95 
Wambert,“ Col] ames: FIs cerret cretiee (ones ieee Ree 372 
Lambert Pharmacal Company, Exhibit............-...-- 582 
lkemtionstantenie, IANS Gogccoocduccscuance tours su0d 457 
Wanghanjal ALA. \GSe eres ec ade beer ener eno 265 
Lanston Monotype Machine Company, Exhibit........... 579 
fanza;.-Gactano ae et racctiee ier cnn eirieriatere eRe ere: 457 
Traraquelluouisipantietncogatehas iclceaste taka tomieramt atta crete 659 
[carking Company wlcxbibit seach ater cee eee ere 585 
Jarkina, Companyssintenorm oActae etapa hier ei 585 
Lawrence. Jie Wiesner eric ern eho pe eee ee 233 
Lay Figures Showing Uniforms for the Arctics ......... 401 
Lay Figures Showing Uniforms for the Tropics ......... 402 
Lay Figures Showing Uniforms of the Officers.......... 401 
ea) Gove breston ancien eee neers ee oe 296, 342 
Leach tA. Bins de eee ciac cnemhatcis cee nals Cee ie a are 366 
[éahy;, (Cons toe tee pric ctr se ae Cee a ee eee 262 
WeescArthur: Be. jtisetaees ue elton s aioe ea were econ ie 49 
fees Gen. Fitzhugh ye cress tere tects le site Minera ene 46 
Jeee* Walter fas.. faceep sete cos eee tr een 233 


JZee's Parade; Hastisection ss, ner eee enn heroes 148 
[Tiee’s Parade; On'Georgia Day amen ete pine ee eine 196 
Leeds) Henry 7 Weecuiss sca: oe cee eee ee 366 
Leinster, en =Coll (Re Le aaa oe eae 245 
Le*Simple;: ‘Gharles.4.eric ctaas annie ae Rene eee 105 
Jeesner; ¢Eions) John OAs sen cits ce ie eee eee ee 240 
Jeewis,.-Flon: John). Paasche eee en eee 372 
Liberal Arts Buildings: .o.-s> se eee eee 132 
iberall Arts) Buildings Colonnade. = seat ein ene 140 
Liberattt,A4 sacs ds cra atau eee ar eee ee 767 
[Eibrary of Gongress,E:xh) bitectsen tenes te 414 
Jzighttoote Virgen) oly) Eyecare tere ee oH) 
Ligon,” Eat Wc ing en odious Aa eee trae ae 770 
Lindberg;* Captain 4.1. cats: fee Aen nee era 252 
Linde; Mme. Rosas: <0 Acc ocean eee 767 
Lindsay#9: McC33Ph Dic cenaeeee cee eee 324 
Lindsay, . William 22:52 scanner nee cee eee 349 
Lcipton’s: Sir Themas)‘Cup iyissieeic oo cee eee eee 274 
Jeipton, lhoss J. .& Company, Exhibit wees e ene ae 651 
Little? Albert’ Ez. cccccs onseeee ee okce e as ee 776 
Little; Miss: Eidith } 23 (tse sat eee ie eee 366 
Littleton; Martins Wize chien ues goer ee ee 288 
Long, John’ Harper, Sc:Din.m «cee ene eee ene 457 
Ieord;HoncArthur. «hie. accented aimee acre eee 357 
Los Angeles and San Diego Counties, Cal., FE xhibiteeeet 638 
Louisiana” Building’ {.4.05 --ee s.r oe oeeeee 350 
Louisiana’ otate Exxhibit™, a... cee Gene 633, 634 
Lowenberg, David) a6c:¢ Gerard arc tonto ote ee ee 58 
[Suce,4 Clarence’ serie nie seer aera WR ho os 363 
Laidlow; ‘Israel Js cd ecs cee eersse ca eee ee 764 
Liudlow;) Ra Fulton: nas cases tara eese 286 
Largo; Captain 2. ols (ore ess-cese cynic uae SCs onal ee 423 
Lyons; Hi J ees ee adiaa aeecms oe ce se eee 233 
Lyons, Neo YrAcC.naaka weak os.crdak cre oe eee 265 
M 
Me@arricki"Capt) James: Wir cet ei ae ene ne 48 
Mec@arthys: ion. Carlton anus seen 229 
McClellan, J. J.25eacc cca nae «eee eee 769 
MeCohan,) John Ei. uc: nae ere cee ie cere cee PAT 
MeConnell))/E:mmet W. <h. si see 682 
Mc@ormick& Company.) Exxhibiteen eee 651 
MeCulloch; Nt "YsCAe Gi se cneae a eiee inte ee eee 265 
McDonald, I. A. A. + ca scale ahaa: Sind ae ore eee 265 
McEntee; N.Y. Av Goia.cs: occa occ ae eee 265 
McFarland, Hon. wie By Fasssoseue see 202 
MeGrath, «Mz Je 3 jase c ceite areciske cas ieeeet eth enna 263, 265 
Melnnes; Dre.Re Woocc cece. 6s eee nee 347 
Welntosheel® rei Geeeese tr ere sista le Wo eeeere eee 353 
McKelway,, Drs (St: Glairs ics 4090) Gee 304 
Melean, ‘Lieut-Com 34.42 0 esac cee eee ee eee 163 
Meleéan;’ Hons John Race. cos: ae ele niece 203 
Mclean; -Mrs.)) Donald Mignse ect eee eee 288, 364 
Mel.eod, I. “As As Cries a. eee a ee 265 
MeMillan;.‘Francis’"34.04. 26.0.0. 20086 eo eee 768 
MeMurray, James: Vscea qercce 1 cee tenner naan 366 
Mc@uigg, Major JooR accesses tee ee eee 266 
Maass. Pi Gili. coco aceene ee reine ee 765 
MacArthur, Lieut--Gen. Arthur... «9. ose ieee ie 
Maces) William) blarrisone ene eet eee 
Machinery and Transportation Building... ..128, 131, 145, 386 
Machinery, Building. eae oem en eee eae 132, 136 
Machinery Building Colonnade—Night View............ 618 
aerz, Joseph? Ss ccsc.t tna nae ns ee 768 - 
Miao Atrthur® Pe care teie ance sco Oe or eee 568 
Mahoney, Ni Ys A. (Gos aaecurectatce cee eee 265 
Mahool, Hon. J. Barry oe 2. yee ee ee tee ee 218 
Mail Transportation in eet i Sasanlei dldye, Sebveiesots teen 406 
Mallorys Major Johnisi.. s-cerice hae eer 249, 252 
Manganese Steel Safe Company, Exhibit............... 672 
Manning; Miss) Louise? 2-25 oss see ce eee eee 257 
Manning, Warren. 5.2 cee eset ee ee eee 66 
Manterola® Lieut:-Col.s oe 9. ose. eel oe 423 
Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building............ 132, 566 
Manufactures) > utldingieairn. tei eeere eee aes 132; 136 
Manufachires’ Palace, Entrance ieee eee 772 
Marine: Restaurant)..%.. 3: 21tdedcjne, sees reer 679 
Martin, -Hon. Alvahy Mite nceccn eee ee eee 5295 
Martins, lon. 9) homasstaples rir ana eee eee 59 
Martin, “Thomas. Gre occ a-1e -res ee ee ee eee 457 
Maryland 
Agricultural \Gollege (Cadetsse pe) ee nee eee 184 
Building | wade fdcvels aalelblesant a,avapeeles she: ekah needa ges See eee 122 
Building. » Flomewood!i jen; ace aera ee 352 
Building, Laying Cormerstone.eanra-erve tom re ee 121 
“Crysanthemum) «Show wa. hee Monee eee eens 629 
Jamestown Commission, Groupe-eras treet 353 
National Guard, Fifth Regiment, Officers............. 231 
National Guard, Fourth Infantry, Second Battalion, Off- 
GOrS 25. soaindane beteudvstere Gltease ake alse eye taiats PII eee 273 
State? Exhibit sacrcsvetsre coeaeinenete ore mel Sele yee ere 628, 669 
State’ Teacherss Associations sss alee ee iaieteetere tei 217 
eithe: Fafthit’ iisghtemcccens. 0 aster cin erence aie eee 231 
Mary Lowell Stone Memorial, Exhibit.................. 551 
Mason, (Ge Once i crcicetebet often eet retperaseiia, eben 233 
Mason Me Was ct Son acts nies eters hionaieis eleiote earn Seetelans 49 
Massachusetts 
Board’ of (Gommissionersee aceite crite tarertettetietsieicteteele 357 
Building) = Old Staten lousei sess ei-r terete tetera 356 
Building View of Grounds) frome clatter ner rrr 123 
Day; Gov, Curtis (Guild }rsand) Dattysecrr -eeeeeeae 245 


Illustrations. 


Massachusetts— (Continued). 


EEXDIDIV Naat aterm tie ah cas Germ etem cueeivrcmie as archelerelers, vials 520 
Navalibrigade on’ ees Frarades cir. ssi aie «se alee cle « 246 
Volunteer’s Sixth Infantry, Company “F"............ 260 
Matheson Alkali Works” lant em net aria oem nace cies 664 
Matheison Alkali k.xhibitecnisicrnmte tarda aero ta ase & 664 
Matthews, 950 WIKINS sa cs mci. «cise ela ec eisisie cere. oe 49 
Mauping Misy James) biccn cemrtie:< aa cieicunin me ennsielets ie le)otere 518 
Maybock, Lt. ty GP Secaecychorsrneneieteles sitet ste tans etm Fiz oiaicee = 189 
Meyer WV ilo bale sim roeraeetiatalcicuncte ctr at Seneca steteh sens ot 200 
Maynards: tional iarrys Ween nics isl trate nie 58 
Mayor Des Planchesye Baroni.aacmion ance jtatectotert- isis 6 oc 168 
Meadows, Wa Ge Sc oon. Esxbibitesrarcn nents miete ts oietocic 589 
Mechanical ctokermr leat cniiewe. fase acclaim ommtent ae sn cake « 608 
Neekinaslaviin ch tcencntic suse otereticitis seis nicer ae bnardienss 3B) 
Melville gRear-Adm. Go Wises ue pat eels sins Sotieieierre see 286 
Menkel a William wee. semen acrante certainties 457 
Merriam, C. & G., Company, Exhibit.................. 581 
Merrimac and Monitor, Exterior View .............---+ 683 
Merrimac and Monitor, Interior View ...............-- 683 
Metcalfy tions Victor, Llowardecirsenins <cii -eieiete sian cree 393 
Wiettssee |emvatin Ds outteoaite clon mated bisctiate cletrcts sonaksrsusycieneinielS 274 
Mexican’. Gommissioninerra slo ons ans ote ietocecstacs clscatene arate teletel 423 
Mexicanw buxlibitad,tree-iiteie cles sfavelnrssoheseie (ealeve «cry crore ae 422 
Mexican War Veterans Association................0+5: 254 
Mexico Day, Norfolk Ladies Representing the Nations... .279 
Mexico Day, Senor Don José F. Godoy—Group........ 280 
Mevyerslim Aare Coste ett cece e we nuaevccrs siinaiaciata tte a 265 
“*Miantonomah,” Modern Monitor..................0-- 158 
Michigan 
Building metre iterator Satan wels socvctavorsares sistant Seeve Sere 358 
Day, Gov. Fred. Maltby Warner and Official Party 
320 
SSfatew Hixhibitamereyaoraeste leat sta0aletaiojere cc -sore ios io aie ot 630, 668 
Wheelie, Gioctert 325 soccgeueooee combo bona pmtm cca 457 
“Military Catering Company,” Vent pag ponx tetas Bote cetee ees 436 
“ Military Catering Gompanyseml ent) Interiomuerse iret 436 
Military Surgeons ae\ssociation iy. itiifetetel te aitaley ste ieteren 301 
Vial ere) eS ee eatin ascet sax evrnlopipere at ovrts caitatnuscs celiefal ere: ay oror 744 
Millerm -luoh Gordon'er aoa as ct eins otis «0s Sieiria elena 364 
Miller, Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Gordon.................. 288 
Millse DD rekandalVitsm Wt. G. ae e csi scteremiers @ eae tere eS hons 518 
Minerallandselimbers building serrinsrserniets de cies ete peters 117 
Mines and Metallurgy Building ................... 127, 660 
Mines and Metallurgy Building Entrance .............. 673 
WMinraturem bat waymereter erie’ sietiomare wits selene nner alekeneds 688 
palViinnesotarswan lualnch = Wrecks «mice gateers «cs ohereters «inelere 203 
Missouri 
Breaking Ground ar cme seteti tele etary) ouciettifere ayaa 121 
Building meer err hin eee Neferie sete ale ayes ohs. o syerecirePala 122, 360 
Day, Gov. Joseph W. Folk and Mrs. Folk........... 283 
States eaxhibitimemmnterta-e ieetciriier iterate sshate ovennie ets 627, 628 
Miryaokacmmlisune sino tate retrieve ct teeys ctw ctchelietsyo clelotee witereh als 169 
Moller Organ—Convention Hall.-.5-..-5....202. 0002. 584 
IMonnino we Vises Mouiscueqate corte piclersinrccns hers career sen 210 
WionoratlemAmexicanse brxhipit eter rick aie meealetes te craieteta rer =* 688 
IMbrtEriesy ING 1ehy ADE VE DBs oping soo6- cc daneco.c ddr 458 
Montague, Hon. Andrew Jackson................20005- 36 
INiteeratin Jat, WG Iekars conadenopocan ute ocobueosacre 62 
IMooresa\Virsa iehilip Neato ase le etnies iaraiane 185 
Wi Goreng Nome gn iy Gee rae oe rote arene a Slctiaa carafe reReNas 265 
Moore, Rev. oa We DAD), DREAD cb os coon dobro aca cus 331 
IN GOremeNVAlll ise learner ecciorets cccrate ateseiate fornia vtaretoly ict scesreiaiers 762 
Moran Drs Vitel Vl sereeeetioitsnycrcasmeteresit stent cosmsean te ceva 22 
Niorganss @aptem) obmue Vicerrrrste co eeattatalar- ttt ieeeefel ase ceroe ere 432 
Miner, Shite IDERINShs 500055 to 50ccccnonsoHanecmsoE 246 
Whar cel as Eee eperterc recta cadets etre de arotetiga sale che fuse Gibietoye/onetevesit« 363 
Worrtsons Golle Charles Eysuters «1s c1s Seat arereciera mice clova e aete 221 
NG Get ee 1s 3s Oa Soleo BAe ciel Cereeneerrn peer cei 632 
Woxton se lel onam ly att lleva tepereres tat sexcrcnersne) seta oa) sradtie.2peloisietels 62 
Wices i Wise W Gee, cite ct arse wie teieleciminiets eke o/9 2 Sictone averse 49, 95 
Motherssvands Children’s, Buildingyacs,. 40-0 ye ete 555 
Mian fords Nee qc Gane ate reestlev vais ep inielodere)s) eos sususi a2 265 
Minnis Compan yar Exhib tater rier) ee eter tin iets 581 
Miunrose Wilfred Flarold Siatemeiecle oer sclaers enters ie suas 458 
MWimnraes Charles) Eien bls) i craaet repetettatersiars terete con aiaysherene 458 
Murdoch Mrs Moore... ssehiae ceive ins aces is tol 254 
Miigsliez, ISG, Ita She cus onscoponnonmon nar pe ode 372 
Murphy lereut-- Gov, Robert, lveerrr str tiie ni ietsieti trier 293 
Witglikg NialWWent 7Ne Gaon ondsccomub icmp oc nese : 357 
IMATION, VRE NCUA koe ep bn omere toed eDeesc oar ... 458 
Miyerene Alberti ook tere -| ict) tolarensl sbstetohaietstste ecysuey teres tee 518 
Mba, [pb BEM Gs snatoud oncom sgomeccdde ao oe. 55), Bs) 
Myers Lions Darton.) |lousets cits e eee acl easels 170 
N 
EUs Wes. Shee tec ec ODOC ORG Sear Aco o ne 233 
National A. A. U. Championships, Officials............. 262 
National Cash Register Company, Exhibit............... 573 
INational Gasket @ompanys, Exxbibit . <5 serra. «sm ieietaistelelens 573 
National Confectionery Salesmen’s Association........... 241 


National Daughters of American Revolution at Jamestown 
Island 
National Daughters of American Revolution, Exhibit .... 


INatonaleGermanaAlliancemerscnre i oritienl orate terra cnnts 240 
MNationala Gslard eemcamprmenty eye iecctersta +) enatenelen intel aeaieds 434 
National Meter Company, Exhibit...........5......-4., 603 
National Society of Colonial Dames of America, Sean 
Naval Review; Official: Chartaias ved acciinsctisiets ce aiucelys 440 
Navy Department Exhibit............-++ +e eeeeeeeeeees 407 


803 


INeedhama Gnarlesm W1lliss)ls a1) seve attra. gievesaeesrsietern oat 318 
Negra -Apricultural@isxhibitsieccsosselen sara netic 677 
Negros Building earcerir.me et rer svioinety Aco. ceti otaltietate as 674 
Negro Inventions and Improvements—Models.......... .677 
Neville, Rear-Adm. Sir George and Staff............... 164 
INevince Lactate a: rere tere rpc ete tras 271 
Newbold: Gaptre lal © Lary ae ratterienst sat, eile ctor Sis tye scree 189 
NeWeombiwAceA aC een cen tents a thats Metts nea dae 265 
New Hampshire 
Building’ .cara- eels c arene mien: Selsietad gebe seid oa ae 362 
Day, Gov. Charles M. Floyd and His Staff........... 261 
New Jersey 
Building me aa seiseretae totic cis uenletnr oer oy acetic ae vers 365 
Gomparativesochoolerxhibiterrsaesireer ctr trices 545 
Day, Gov. Edward E. Stokes and Official Party....... 308 
Schoolwtorathes eat E.xhi biter icine iret etre ee 550 
StatesE xhibitw, sree secre cite ane hie resia ate cinerea aa reet. 632 
News lersey ae Oo Saro me acing Greenies ste erecta: 443 
Newport News, Va., Ship Building and Dry Dock Com- 
BEivo dea: ooode nee at Odd otD DODOOL ADA pOMA nae A 615 
Newton blonw Oliver Arar cncamiten mnie «ieee wctenciehs 344 
New York 
Athletic@ Clubm Leama cae oa tesicnietrarcvseies cca ttet s 265 
ous ding esters ta ccctey oe cer eeee even esceucuct seeitep alate, Meek ro ysis lal enase terse 364 
Day, Goy. Hughes and Official Party................ 298 
Fic hibitperrnerctae etetarstes eam teeersreyacatay mentions ces everclear ct wteite oye 520 
INbrionral (Grerek Stmeclon SIN vj ocenaconenesancne 294 
Representatives Who Selected Site.................... 363 
New York Safe and Lock Company, Exhibit........... 580 
Niblette: Missi Mina Esc tare tete: crcl aati e ier atte tes crea 778 
Nobles Eis M daererevocrsaari ena sarostatta gitar ing) ace orcieroe 217 
Norfolk 
Pana P eiib CAT Ob TC AC.O LE CE AC Oe OR eS gee 42 
Citys El alli eer eteic rate oes belee ornate eadverisicteesjotekor rai 32 
Gounty* Schools: Exhibits meriretetwre tetera. 543 
Day—A uditoriumierretrin tein crite sein cise. -scasreteys 316 
Mav—Iceeistaradetsteityeincte sirtarere crave «rain tS ous) 275%0,2 316 
Plarbor serstree ints rhe tiareoren Aeros erie Hig) ott 5 39 
OyplVitehowenaa: 244 cues Track nage Son noes oeenme 228 
AWA seer enna bone POCO OCC RY of Oop Ue Ee orernioen 39 
Norfolk and Southern Railway, Exhibit ........... 640, 641 
Norfolk and Southern Railway, Fruit Exhibit ........... 642 
Norfolk and Western Railway, Transportation Exhibit... . 
598, 646 
Norfolk and Western Timber Exhibit ................. 665 
North Carolina 
lati hits gore cuca s.ooeo5 bcos Oconee mboan oor anor. 367 
Day, Gov. Robert).5-5 Glennisyyemuetereateicioene siete tote asta 248 
Days: Droops: Parade pyres sett eete tel srecieraisya alate eras atere 249 
Exhibit Gin sshd. accror terrier ttcieta sadty tebe orelen er =i 0 523, 667 
National Guard, First Brigade, Officers............... 245 
State. Exhibit)... sccm aceen Bien erttels a.scat 625 
State School, Exhibit seem rocia sie sce axsaitleyslstsysres 549 
Textiles Exxhibit\\ aio oe cetebemereet ras Same cio ist-vseners'eb3 626, 627 
INorthy Dakotas buildin oie ererrsetee tert ererettiaeraleti 1225379 
INerdinaehcs dh WG a Goon ndnotnanpooconeaaseonddroce 265 
SyNorthi states NX ACH ONS rite ine oe eae eee hs otras 289 
Norwood)! Charles piste mrorvertrretee inter teseeetare srcneteushecetiayels 349 
Nova ‘Scotia (Exhibitige aster tek srorcaste totais rec aeyetoks xis csi tust eis 669 
Noweers. I homage ta.) ciety ae eae errr eae mane Gasiaicons esa 8 347 
NereH Into, Gada Shsg-cenaceoncvsduccass cagomoue --200 
Nusbaumen Virsa: lenuyen Orr mete etrieetattteiels rel shor 225 
O 
O'Callaghan; cl siv_seresmetee eteueversatete-dousters Senerseia sestoet sre iets 233 
©'Gonnell SNA Yse Ace Gite eae iia ais cae seater atc 265 
©'Gonnell Rt Revs, Denne Ja0 iD see sae ie sere 331 
‘Ogdinwn Newtons Visarmimer tacit ter ie Wes ee 378 
Ohio 
Building ge Aden aupmeeriticctretraciirs kote ster ea eters 370 
Day, Gov. A. L. Harris and Official Party........ ee 
E:xhibitapyers mea ioe tt mete cena 2 eo onerete  teeake a“ 531, 668 
National Guard, Corps of Engineers...............-. 266 
States Exhibitueemereemect ae ereaetcterliaetepehesciorar: orcre cnt 535, 636 
States Universitys xhibitmeewry ites sill «crass 536 
Oixesis, Cheitin Rage Wie soccbonncegtoorteosenes 437 
ON<esiay anid 6odtesulscp donee secure oascencege 94,95 
@klahomagkexhibitwewrctscrecte ercir kets ahead rae iets terial ois 638 
ORL MCs liege ons nonb.ob2 Coc bia RERADS 0 Higa mane See erate 778 
LC ULM epee er tee ae Nak, Reva. 681 
©ld#lamestownl Gatewrenmer ne see eter oer are 681 
(OR PAW AIR 27 doles oe 6 omar Goan Seo Manama cacao 687 
Old Point Comfort, Hotel Chamberlain................- 146 
“Oe Sree Seay Ua. oc ogainndindonce 5 sada d om me 571 
@ld Warginial sort Gabiniter site y csi alee tert icin 21s 6057 
Old Virginia ‘Tournament, Knights UNS ele s Kahres (ain si(euciels, siete 523 
CO) GMAW AAW cm oop ben aaa Son oot COp.0 deo mE cco tick 49 
ORs Gils: lig Wenetint oc deecmonnie (2abeueccoudo nmr 189 
Oliverte lone Georce allie eaeteke iterate aloted- ter eo 372 
@Isenvaelanttrs sy Exh item ete teckel tereots ee eter yen 5) sea 614, 615 
Olsen, Tinius, Automatic Cement Testing Machine....... 614 
Olsen, Tinius, ee Compressing Machine.......... 614 
Oppenheimer, 1D yey) Opts Bincic ease ce oe Rs aor rene ar ere 228 
*Orgoblo” of the Organ Power Company.........----- 584 
Organists Who Gave Recifals...........<00+-++++++-e> 769 
Orient Beautiful and Streets of Cairo.............++--- 684 
Orient Beautiful, Main Entrance ..............+.---->- 684 
Ostrich Barmsses eit ei tees cteierers charvoet rerercialtelatetencrstass ats) s 687 
Otto Gas Engine Works, Exhibit...............--++-->: 614 
@usleys) Mirerand) irs. Gon Grates eyiedeiern viele mist slates areinini 349 
OyGnty JE Wesodecucocnad uous 0070 ao Domgoont 353 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


Pages. Drip Phomas; Nelson ae tee: eel ir se ee 206 
Pager Ho Litt eyae ciao cer eit: Caer iets tio ern 50 
Pajer;s Von;, Captain tances cutee eitae once atthe trate 165 
Palace of ‘Commercesacamsrssiae tees aie seein ere 119 
Panama «Canals Relief Map peescreneretaecenter 403 
Pan-Presbyterian Building, Interior...................-. 385 
aration Gavaliere BArtUrOn sree eee eee eee 192 
Rarkerel-lonyeA ton ab rookss sls. pees ee eee 227 
Parkers J... Hin cect eee oak ete oa cae eee 66 
Parrett Wall Fuveatas eoteccnet: cre cee ware nuscnem yer rer sere aceite 200 
Parsons, Elenry\Griscom men seette ey ine en eosin ee 552 
Parsons, Misi Fenty mre ate toa retiree eee te 552 
Patent and Pension Offices, Exhibit..................0- 411 
Pattersony#Mrsq Lindsay, sane oe mnarecieae neta 518 
Pattison,=t-lon., »)ohn aM siesismiets cists cherie netted 369 
Patton, Jit Lat soe tien lao toe sre eye eee rete ae cette 48 
Payne Ra 1s Mo Diss cate eee ae On oes eer 57 
Peabody, N. VERA, dope Set pete ean eee 265 
Peabody; Robert ¢Siarennce 2 cote ais oe earac renee roar 66 
Peeblesi@John Ki. temcctecrr feign Foy eee 66 
Pegram)) (William: sMiinae,. ain siee cero cies oe siete ie 
Pennewill, Hon. James aimravahane ale Valele-cyercevsseustineye wick: kare eRe 295 
“Pennsylvania” and “ Chesapeake and Ohio” Officials. .325 
Pennsylvania 
Bildingwaes Independence #i-lallueeee eee eee eee 371 
Day, Gov. Stuart and His Staff—Group............. 292 
Exxhibit "y2.c03 acral enact toot PrRers @ he ruched Rees ate ee SYM. Bye 
Homes I’eachingy Society aeeefectoc orice scenic irene 550 
Museum) Eixhibittoact secre oer cine erat 539, 540 
Railroadsoystemss E:xhibit maneiteet en eee nine 597 
Whiversitys Exhibit. 7p pene einen Geer mere 536 
Pennypackers Virs.ulpercy Vp eee ete einer ee 186 
Pennypacker, Hon. Samuel Whitaker.................. 371 
Pericolit, Gapt.= Ricardo eee ce oe ea eee ee 172 
Perkins; (Mrssa Charles fA cea erceiee eee ctitoee eite meet 186 
Peysery Ehas. eek Saerene us Oe eee ces See ee 49 
Pfister, Isieut) Carloset sac ccats Sor onc ere he eons 169 
Pfouts;: Earl (Jae ti. dae comatose te cetera eee ee eee 768 
Philadelphia Museums Exhibit................. 539, 540, 558 
Philippines Villages Esntrance-aeree eee eet 688 
Phillips;@A3* ) ac So geen hoe icone ae heer ee 49 
PhigViapbiraternity, © ficers serena: aint ere eee enn cone 210 
Phinney? Firederickin =. nan once cca shoe ron een bere 967 
Pickett Virsa lua eSalles Corbett sericea ener 205 
Pigeons Flighte& a).2.ccnm phere o ace tee ee re eee 177 
Pilchersa Mayjse James; En teeta e tore eet mcr 302 
Pilgrim; Dra Chatles ma -aemorntscu sre teeter eee arene 173 
Pilgrims NOY BA Gor es « ceeteitee se Beco hits ae) 265 
Rine#Beach,? Pier. Sent ater eee ee eee 92 
BioneersMairlifin' thes West:- sacenea sc eemrer et ene 405 
Playground Association of America, Exhibit............. 557 
Pocahontas Collieries Company, Exhibit................ 663 
PocahontasHospital. 7.).cecem ee ore neta nerds serene 752 
Pocahontas—=Pichire wireeaeee eerie tee ce nna eee 19 
Pocahontas 2Spring aaa ome eee reine tere 103 
Pocahontas Statue: (vtec cts spins mers em aie ane tee ere 17 
Poéahontas* Street. eae hee tea ee eee 138, 149 
Pogue, £Col..tJosephk Eni. atament sie Seem ene 368 
Pollock Fiona lames.caro smi ee ee ee eee 372 
Pomeroy; Robert Wéas.2<c oer easier ee ae 364 
Fortelommoencn) on) Epitanion imi eter eee 170 
Porto RicowExhibitve. 2. ne aerate ne ne eee 421 
Post? Augustus’? Jitssteiviccs 0 octet eee Eee 762 
Post; = W altercd (24.2:«, nike Goon eh erie oe eet ee 49 
Postal= Fred tees: cia cate eee en ere ae ee eee 359 
Pottery, Building eet 22 ccte ee eee eee 109 
Powell CA Lic cham cmpecinaalotieh sy eaeaeee name ae 48 
Rowell {George Sivmtatceee oahu: se eran tee ee 368 
Fower,) Eiteleand sAlcohollBuildings ser see eerie 607 
Powhatan,’Guard Bayecccccoemieeh ach oe. ee ree 745 
PowhatanaGuard|@fiicersuren ene eee eee ert rite 746 
Powhatan; King ae ecient cere rite c Pane Semele eee 1] 
Powhatan's Oakey .eestiat senronce Ce eae eee eee 87 
% Prairie.) ‘Cruiser chprtens 2.e oot ee eee 216 
erat, Captor Gao) |uliandyenmcetet ser eee ee tice yee eee 622 
Bratt) osephe i. Ph. Di gen cc oe eer ene eae eee 661 
President's: ‘Cabs 3. cycregeeuseacists Botte ore ee 274 
Press ‘ClubitRestaurantgecacnce. Seco ie ee ete 681 
Price (NSS YA 0 Gar. ones enh eae era 265 
Pricess Wei Is. [rscrqasia ean ofertas aero tee eee 353 
Priddy, Chas Wiibeee Ae ac ai tener ore er RR ees 49 
Primos Chemical Company, Exhibit:................... 672 
Prince Wilhelm, H. R. H. of Sweden................. 250 
Prince Wilhelm at Supper in New York Building....... 252 
Prince Wilhelm Reviewing Troops ................005 252, 
Princess Trixie and Paul Revere’s Ride................. 686 
Proctor Gov bletchers > sm raeee eee eee ere 282 
Prudential Insurance Company of America, Exhibit....... 559 
Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, Exhibit... .. 399 
Pulaski @ountyasLixbibitaeree eer ee eee tee ner 663 
Pure hood: building mentrancesss nr yin titre at 133 
Pyser,* Elias oes shoe ee oo crenata: «eee 49 
Quaile, Rice k eaten cic ttemien aera eapore eee aon Lae 233 
Quakers @atssCompany,ss Exhibits pe ee eee eee 653 
Quartermaster's, Exhibita. sect ere eee eee ee 402 
Queen) Mrsis ues fans onacarce voter Seria erator tet 276 
Quinlan, D,. Bisa asc steees enctancain temetnied eta vaiene 294 


Raleigh; Sir Walter’ © tas stern cose ers eee eee 
Raleigh) Square ect ccc aes aoe tie ee 88, 134, 139, 142 
Raleigh Square and Government Pier—View............ 334 
Raleigh? Squarevat: Nightimenmerjresrnereer terete 107 
Raleigh Square Southeast) Corner. «1.4 2 eee eee eee 753 
Randall;'Col.s Ja Riv, asco see oe ee 277 
Randolph, Mrs3yNorman) Vee eee ee seater ieee 387 
Randolph, Rt. Rev. Alfred Magill.................... 154 
Ranson, Le Aisin feo ee dos oe Oe ee 179 
Rapid fee Vehicle Company, Exhibit..... oo Riaeenenevonaaye 599 
Read, Col?” Philips 32.28 sees sean ee 431 
Reed, Thomas .K.....28 onccis ce non ene ee 366 
Reinberg;Gapt.. Jo Ed. ct... cccce eee eee 587 
Renfrow Briquette Machine Company, Exhibit........... 613 
Renfrow Briquettes|\Viachinelssen rien 613 
Remtrow: Briquettes,, Carloadiofjsae ie iene eee 613 
Reo ‘Car No. 33 wis aekvcars otis sera ese eee 600 
eos Viotor Car Companys Exhibit 600 
Revenue) Cutter service) Exhibit.1ee sere erent 399 
Reyburn; Hon; John Ev .css ee) asco eee eee 311 
Rhode Island 
Building © ix ie.ets aiscistad oid ose) 218 perce ee 374 
Building): Breaking Groundseree eee 120 
Commission i jac. 0.4) el ste ccctahe ee oe ee eee ee 375 
Day, Gov. James H. Higgins and Official Party....... 268 
Rice,) Maj. B.. Ecc. 80 cael: inp oeevckoer ene 190, 760 
Rich; -Ex-Goy. John “T., oexcicres s ereeiatetere eee 359 
Richardson Scale Company, Exhibit.................... 590 
ichmon 
Building’ aisis's «/\etsiens ot tore Mths ere cei rr eee ee 382 
Cedar» Works: Exxhibrts\oeee ere eiie aie ieee 580 
Howitzers 3. atari Satan 20 aoe ee eee eee 208 
Light Infantry” Blues: ws0e./ae ee eee ae ee 207 
Riddick, Hon.) James (Give ecclesia eee eee 317 
Ridgely, Mrs:’ John’... /s.e% «20 onket nt ae 993 
Riemer, «Carlo. 2)..02:6 ps's 5 0 «ote crore eee 233 
Riley; Franklm° I, PhD. jee oe ee eee 458 
Riley; Thomas Fii.s2 1.70. seieeeeie ace ne 2339762. 
Riley,. 1: As Ai G2. ib s.5.0cee aatacto teste eee 265 
Risley}. A. As Cree. sis is bees eee eee 265 
Rives, George: Liss. sis Sei.e4's 00 e/eeieke Ose 287 
Rixey, Rear-Adm., Presley Nase eee 302 
Roanoke Island, Old Fort Raleigh—Tablet............. 6 
Roanoke: Island (Site!) 0.4.02 82 cleo cence ee eee 250 
Robert Fulton’ Day E:xercisessa, ene 284 
Robertson}, Wi) Hict 2c feces nace ae a eee 233 207, 
Robinson, William C. & Sons, Exhibit................. 595 
Rodgers, N.Y. Awe C.Jc.aees ome toe ee een ee 265 
Roessler and Hasslacher Chemical Company, Exhibit...... 673 
Rogers, Miss. Mary Ku. .20 00. pane ene eee 217 
Rogers; Mrs.) Henry We. oc4 5-2 > | ere eee 353 
Roosevelt) Elon. Lheodoxes.. 2. es ae eee 74, 197 
Addresses National Editorial Association............. 198 
And Mrs. Roosevelt's )5.. ast aseece nee 160 
At* Discovery. Uanding..4. 95 oee ein eee eee 153 
Cup)! acticin’ 5 als eet el ining Qrelerstee 6 slain aaa ee 274 
Maj.-Gen. Grant and Read-Adm. Evans............. 197 
Oni Way. to) Nesro) Binlding saa eee 196 
Passing Wsiberal Arts: uildin gestern eee 166 
Saluting 5.0...d.0.6 5:50 gece sy Otlalste oer oe eee 170 
Speaking ion) Georgia Dayan eee ee eee 194, 195 
Speakingjon) ©penings Day acento 152, 162 
Root, | Eynests: Riciccrc tecescdsers htercsceterniahe eee eee ae 370 - 
Root. and Van Dervoort Engineering Company........ 588 
Ropers’ John SLi. . 3 28.<sad ca tae cine eee 50 
Rose, Hons David : Ca. ic. 3 sa aae sc 1G ee ee eee 344 
Rose, :Ralph¥ss shieiseus + + <fvse ence Seine Oe eee een 263 
Rosenberg; Mirs)) Elugovr< acica-clacteicte eters ete 324 
Ross;, Capt. Worth) Git se tse seca ta cteeiete eee 458 
Roth and) Englehart) Exhibits siete eee 574 
Rowland») Flonssand)) Mirsyy loracem|5-eer reenter ene 373 
Ruddy}. JiGA so 5.20 so ciss cotordisccthe ane ee eee 233 
Ryan; Thomas F.,, Portrait Collections-2- eee 526 
>) 
Sailors laanding= for) arademciy eres sierra eee 197 
Sale, Col. “Wie SWiee toe bie aresaacekoetyse ete ese ene 339 
Sandles; “A; | Ppieic ccc onendone one eee EE eee 636 
Sant iiranciscoss Destruction of sessile ee einer 685 
“Sankt Georg” I. & R., Austro-Hungarian Cruiser. ..... 165 
margeant, Ws, iii srrcicw stevhene scents eee eee 297 
Sargent) Flerbert: Eee ans cede ee ener 359 
Scenic, Ratlway.12s0..cc soa oe eae oe ee = ee ee 684 
Schaffers.Nga YacAn Got ee ee eee 265 
Scheiren, Charles A. & Company, Exhibit.............. 596 
Schenckn Miss= Rebecca neva eric erie em aati eerie 518 
Schley, Rear-Adm. Winfield Scott..................... 329 
Schmelz,.,\George A.t.2 SP 25 seo ince ae ee eee 51 
Schoff}) Mrs. Fisactac vie tencnetaushateietcl cotpae Sener 556 
Stdatatetye, HN te Bron, Vp divloin co ocangancomocasceaocouas 618 
Schreiter;’? Ea "Rs. gts Ue cite Oe snare aie in ee ee ee 283 
Schuler!\Col!Charles?:etackh ec: tee Cee ee eee 351 
Schurman,) Jacob) Gould) DiSc.9 Lula Dae eee eee 299 
Schwartzchild and Sulzberger Company, Exhibit.......... 656 
Schwarzkopf Az <Bencrssataie the acter aise eae eee oe es 214 
Scientifics Americans E:xhibitasmunpisisen re seiner inert 581 
Scott, AW alert tee es ore adie Tastee OO eC ees 286 


Scranton, Pa., International Correspendence Schools Exhibit 538 
Scudder, Wallace M 


Illustrations. 


Seaboard Air Line Railway Exhibit................... 640 
 Seattleume Ls both wavey moog oct hicieron sete Gets 6 doko 619 
Secley IN sak een or. ome ete een rites aerareiea ecto he enna 265 
Deltz aa Ne RRS Karp een eee rn one Meer c Sate, cays Sache 265 
Service s DuULcINgem ite rmansur tne me ede pata thes cits ie erie terens 696 
Sexton Rit haere ee Ree Oe 274, 760 
S hance W.1l laren <a). crreicren marae renee amen aia at as ci aer 50 
SAYER DELtS Fein ina. cree rata ieee siete rce aie act 453 
Sbawartion# seslies Mortimeraavoareeeiaces ane oes a 392 
Shawse ohn. Keys] tasters eaten tere eater necro ue le 353 
eye URNS (Gd GLA odlan aeclan ite baad anion > nooner 95 
SA WAMNY all ace feos. momnreN Aen ees cmt tce, uiee att a eons Canc ae 658 
Sheshans Elon el enmis miss ccsrte tases ceca niake ote ek ore lee a 375 
pS neeh anew Hee (Cooma cclere Ne rercmre ele cinta ois awar cr scm Sem 264 
ShetheldeltonWirvbeccd kde cris ce ear es ees 375 
Shelby Steel Tube Company, Exhibit.................. 594 
Dhepparaee igs Wicca cman Ae accra tae en ae ee 262, 265 
Shepperd ss: Gas liirins carne een mice ee neers es oy 
Sheridan elite |isereten cyanate tastes oes Sear eras 262, 263, fee 
Sherman Virses| Ohne ickinson wera erei eelscieir teres ars ate 186 
DHELWOO a Comm Sater tree deter irin keine ae een Sree 5 54 
Sherwood a Vise) ennicwerniad sry. <a ee ie cree 121 
Shiekw Virsaur ranks Nese ein tir cin, o Penal ae aes 187 
DnGocmther Chutes wy. revere cra aare serge cece pebete ahatenseienauehsc ous 684 
Shriversmilices elerbert seas sanyo wary. ais moran erernotae ai 353 
Sickel wlViaicw Lie Geary mie ye oo sores ont ceteI Perce 431 
Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Descendants. .223 
Simonds m apts Georges Sammie oa are Lene 189 
Simonds Manufacturing Company, Exhibit............. 594 
Singer Sewing Machine Company, Exhibit............... 572 
SkinnersalVisseSeulahen seats «nay teehee Gee aes otra 225 
Slemp, C. Bascom........ SBP Nil OPER GC eer 50 
Sletzerm Via: Genwi Wits ller cae fav rans eke cis toe 244 
SHAY Vie digs I atc, 85 aie oleic ae Eg nar oon ianeiaa 458 
Smith, Capt. John 
Atithemotakeaerera tk disc sree. SSE ES NRE cS 13 
BITE? o.oo ios ote IOI ECE NS ROR EAI ae cere a Po ees 9 
GaptuningalndiansChiefs-enceern eee meet eee 14, 15 
Gone Ci 46 Scarred OO MM OOaT IS Cot Moa ue cena 12 
Sta tlegernn erences siae nr cctte maian-anaere Frontispiece 
irading with, they Indians,» lableauy sae. 4-2 = ee 418 
SmithanGaptenl Vise ote sry as eve seeps oy steneialouste oereyeo ave te 189 
Smithwe Dree amlloll veered ctae cect a + acts niin. tora 270 
Smithyelen Gapisianos Companys Ex iibits epee iere en cee 574 
Shitiin, JnGitae (ro. ostipens ooo tice ony 60.46 GRetnonmt ote 359 
Smithaplamestlarpermer ns sain keisein cere ae seererkne ts 366 
Smitha Virsae abe lla crsree a vera roti es aioe iomvaes 386 
Smith, Mr. and Mrs. George E., of Laurel............ 343 
SmithweOscarmlemicee sere silo. ctsses sete ieee ites eal creas 51 
SmithwRicharcs Fd savestcreceite etc. sia orci eee ats, fc hasierere = 214 
Smith wie Vic Caen Sere ctinctn fe ae ai secs ore tye iene 647 
Smith’s Basin and Discovery Landing.................. 34 
Smithise basing cea clsnd a eck meats eet uaa: soe 
Smithson mOrresteny Meroe ores er kee Ne ola. ae 262, 263 
Smithsonian Institution” and National Museum........ 
Snyder Silasy Fons oe crews oer Shae een. chs cietconeateiots 754 
Sacialeconomym Sulldingae: erate narrate ee eee: 137, 546 
Soldiarsgrandesailorsal@lubsilose pene ee mmcr terriers 448 
Soules ranks Geemyerr eye eae eo rr na eh cor ator ees 363 
South Carolina 
ava GoveeAnsell candpllisiota thee seer renner ce 219 
Military Academy, Officers and Cadets............... 215 
National Guards, First Regiment Officers.............. Doo 
Sfatemlcxhibitweea nant ecae tie te oes eee eee 623, 624 
Southern Cotton Oil Company, Exhibit................. 654 
Southermelsailways Exhibit meee eee cere aisicree 643-665 
Southgate mlarost ee re eet Greets eine stan sees 70 
Specials Commissionersmerainn ccittaoe. ie cotae setae See tices 78 
SpeightenlVirssm |e Le eewee seeker circ e ns sucier ve scrarcrens wxterctols 312 
Specks\onsotemberg es baroneanir tare race aes cra eat 168 
Spencers lel Ion. aera asec roe eaters cues By A Ortateratue yori cnetetey? 48 
SPE Cer ve WM Jac emer ere Cue coun cfr e cee csrteorn rE ayeus 178 
foyer Ea ey CoS BRAN rk OMe ire he: ciel ones ot tee aCe Ae el eee Sy 
Standarceotee mV orksi tux bibiteetry ieee ieeicin meine 606 
State buildings: Lawns seis brett carrier eck 335 
Statess exnibibeOul) ain cmcer areter een aie tee 114, 620 
Statess xh bite buildings) NOKth EOI emer eite i hninian ae 777 
States Exhibit Building, Western Division .............. 622 
Staunton Military Academy Cadets..................+- 182 
GSTGACS Ub SUE. are ee eters at Ae Ae ae ul dn oe Cee 51 
Steel Mel lughiee meres cies cere een neers Sees: 759 
Seen) amesmerar cts cy accs avs eStats cke Page oe ero ci ores hee 233 
Stern BCol ge sel cane seta, onecbraroneke mae mon ate Sree ee 201 
Stembergusprig=- Gene Gar Me. ac essicieer eeiee nine starsrarele 458 
Sterrettue) Mele treces ks cca cin ree erent ee W355) 
Stevens vires lorllian IVE INicesauas systecratee creek ns cde ayetes Ret 230 
Sragertreyiy Bye 12d Be per ronan Ree 2k ae Ae eee 366 
Stevenson aidonseAdlat E.wingca-is cee eine cite stele 238 
Stewarts Capt WEED sari atts. 2c fosstoche aren cinera aera c 189 
Stewarts sWm-akhine ander op case. teraya te hers ono rae 286 
Shefts Gharlespview Exhibitew sarc oes cere nee Sy fs 
SLbigy VaR A Gln hia bis COCO ee OID Ee Ok cs amine See 270 
Si oussicublicuochoolsse-xhibi teri: iii ttt tear 544 
Stobbarta May. Gen-mArthur® anv tajcter<-actaretn mete om ee ler 190 
Stokes @ Govan .cward Genet soc. serie EA cnps 308, 365 
Stonega Coal & Coke Company, Exhibit................ 664 
Staple aul sa Ghurchy eichmond,. V a-sajaee een eerie 79 
Storyie Lionel Viooretiel damemuren criatcie eer ete coherence: 220 
Stolespury a Colin bm cli smtre Me yecth oc cis kiers disvaveradeoles eieters stave 372 
Straus gil ee Lica cum remeter Ucar se sists Sea iag- Rete w se bee aneie ieee ote 262 
Struthers Josephinul- hil caierervari., satota aca ls errr averse 459 
Stuarts tion: Edwin) cidneyatiessy see ters carelvinnce camer 372 


805 


Stubbs, Dr. 

Studebaker Brothers Company, Automobile Exhibition .... 

Studebaker Brothers Company, Abraham Lincoln's Carriage 
601 


Studebaker Brothers Company, De eee Coach... .601 


SHileny ab Bacaampreenondomaces Goncoue I eLOL, 264, ae 
Summeers;m) Ose phwe Lm merre aerate ce ene, thetis sete. rsa sie 
SywansonyeGove Glaudes were eietre eee 121, 219, 337 
Swanson Govarand sl Virsanmes fans cient. area ee 154, 337 
Swanson, Gov. and Virginia Commissioners............. 337 
Swanson, Gov. Speaking on Virginia Day.............. 209 
DO WansOn nel Vi rane Gs ge A ie weny on OF tt taal a elnnacnten tech Biorave 121 
OWaseyseAmbroseure. sepia nee lve tetnaren ahs elas 453 
Dwensonmpernarday iclorspnye tio oee eens eis. 459 
Swimming Championships of the A. A. U............... 233 
SwissigA lps eae etee crest rete ees ara ee ashy Meoaastec sie eines 681 
Sydnorm Georgev lS mlragesiyere ce cetorcus rains ttt cna creme 248 
Dylvestene Vaya Richatcionttactratemmncy tere etrerreterl ti clccctone re 213 
SymondseCapt, Ghatless | smmcian emer ects rack 432 
Symons pel homasm be adde ley sunita ieiiettie mince cir are 459 
SYMON we Lv El Pree trance getyeale tee ayers sce lees, ON ictle hte ta ahs 78 
i 
Itai, Isem Willen lStoyerel INLIB).c osc censadagooceue 392 
att, Lite Revver act cern heatepesrremmicamis ake aia,s.0788 289 
ate Robert mauascertocts acter eet rae teen inte rast da tiekie 459 
Pate Mires Cop Baye rel ie, serene oy Asem eae Socom sah ahe 387 
slalbotty ling |Saageveer crcbe Pt ctet ts anya eich ee icles 265 
pRalbothaMissmVlaya Cornel ianee eerie pare neared ieee 518 
pay lors ColseWialtcral- lame amrimepc entire tan Coareotcan coats 51 
ihaylor;e James” Knox eastern niceeien < cacirac ns 6 ser 66, 393 
ihaylors, [EAS Aw Geese pet rns arm Aca ary 265 
aylore. Samuelaepesetetae nce seer eee rh ee airs o ich hd: 636 
yay orm Wialterel] arg me ona ee tee ita cchgsbeycre.nchovoniets 48 
Teevanys [PASTA Si Capers crthrte erie ren tt rts alert tueverenete 265 
fLemplesofeiViirthioa wera erct meres etree cas aieeesevovenrs 685 
Hlennanty yb almer meena terercranayseeictrsle ics nites 353 
‘Tents; # Models; ester cane to eee tiara Pie iae.o ee ae telapets 403 
Ter-Centennial Commission, Official Home.............. 447 
ferrell Govee)) osephie Mi terrier ein ere train ye te te 198 
‘Test’ Gas: Enginewerr: -cientsce ocr ees ee oe ee 608 
‘Test Engines for Gasoline or Alcoholi..e...0-00-...+4. 609 
‘esting’ aboratory-—V tewalemce eee eiarer alti re a 610 
Testing Reinforced ConcretesBeams anon ee ere oe 610, 611 
Wlexas, ees SUS. eee eee meth aes Hens meee 156 
Alrextiles Building: o= sco spter etry aetere tete tete ieee nese 109 
ve Lhes Old:iShoesShopve anaes tints canpterine aice sree er eee 571 
EChomas,s Douglas Fler -eeeee erie aeieite ee cre ests 66. 353 
pEhomas).Georger Ml Wecctoereer niet riers sickest a cc> 353 
(Uhomasie;-lonsa A rthu ry Lettre teeters eeaeteac yrs 304 
hUhomass Elona...) Vigan coeireeeaete er rrr eer nate ea 372 
Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, Exhibit......... 525 
lihompsony Capt |ohne Vicansaanpeeeteeaeiielaee tire 217 
“uhompsonyy Colt st] san cer etapy wen tonne ence ie eis sin cece ans « 218 
Hhomsonye | amesig: Vien. werepeec eae ree tent cra eetron.jor 5 seine) chs 29 
Whorpes; burtons | seeeemn eraser ee en ere ees ay ence 270 
Blinclewaters Dayaeochooln bildrentereeit ts tet eer eral 191 
MDilley;) Fis Mehran erect ter ier stats tain oisras techs he anaes 51 
Limm-Adol phvweerancintiecteies ster ite ciortenieieie oom ore 240 
PPOLrancesg Ws Come Pee caer ee per eaten ameter te area 518 
Fl ower; Charles* haem ateeie otaoer apn ee tree Raise. oko, hens 274 
‘rain! Eaeutsadcotte sae ee ee teeta cin ites cee 163 
Transportation, Norfolk & Western Railway—Exhibit. .. .598 
Slinansportationi wi) cin cme eee tere ie 117, 131 
BEA Cod Sor cierto oO bd GU ne onic on coe Meee Aare 115 
(Wests Front aersusrctiees Taina ten Gh tiy te) ears orci a ncn ovsee 713 
Interioraes mercer terete etree enters recess tae teusianatts 14] 
Travelers’ Protective Association Building............... 368 
iliraversy @haplainulvevaa ap aren etc when renee, 189 
TROOPS ttderys le erase sesame tos T Seas Sa eee foe Coeiaretw tos apaierara aes 161 
Srubenbach-e Eset ll eae een sect tere ee eaonae crs token. 233 
plirubenbachts Gat) Saree na eres fs eeeredn eect, 1s sets Se os ches 235 
‘Truscott Boat Manufacturing Company, Exhibit.......... 616 
mee suikcuba War ee eee eee or kh orn IE cps. ae 172 
iiucker wi) onteliannyeoteCscorce scien rrr 219, 252 
Tucker, Hon. Harry St. George Speaking on Opening Day 
155 
Rurnerss LeeLee Verne mewn eno iay eet Brrr ere sia 270 
Tita, ibs. Anh Wiles, INS Gh oponagcouccusucneecogune 276 
ilsy ler One| el lace nie mar. he erased. ree pee Sih iee sep 28 
ry sone Virsem | essemnpe retin, hover hore deh. cue ocirestererecsctere 353 
U 
Wrderwood-wldas exhibit easier icae ce cine 678 
Underwood Typewriter Company, Exhibit .............. 574 
United Shoe Machinery Company, Exhbit............... 570 
United States 
Customplouser©@ ficers mains soe mene ee 568 
lataarsoeinitelins «Soon ocak ab bopotaosepoumtaomees 415 
isheriest exhibit pceeter eset tee P tomes ocatege creas eiceons 416 
Governmentsoard! © fficerse nis suerte eine 449 
[ifemoavings Grewat) beracticemmamiyachimi settee ea: 401 
Mifemoavinos Grew lrilling em cmieiiecraeeia eters terre 400 
[fee Savings Otationmeaem ta ca.cetiecrcletitasteectes Geen 400 
Marines cece: stay tese cause ocacciotacsteiarvecstena pic apavetesaveyetens! s 207 
Marines |danding es. actecre a ccretsiers psioe ate sei eee nParvas 197 
Marineston) trowhatan jolrectonerysierctetre re -teteete tree 162 
Marines! haradingeeissckersti nites tree diet ereisite cons rspatstie 153 
Military Academysn Viodelemaar ie arrests iieiterte tects 403 
Naval Academy, Miniature Reproduction............. 409 


The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 


United States—(Continued). ‘Wamer,) Geo, FredsalMalibyamee eee eens 320, 359 
Naval Academy, Officers Cadet Corps................ 202 Washington, sBooker: lieee.mija ae eee tee en eee mene 4| 
Navy Officers, Discovery Landing................... 160 Washington Newspaper Correspondents ............... 110 
Third Field Artillery on Lee’s Parade........... 162,433. Watson; olimt [Birney go eee ele eee 51 
Tobacco Company, Exhibit............... certs 580... Wattenbarger,i Je Meters. see Aer ns eee ee 361 
(wenty-ihirdelntantrys © ficersm=meryirrn nie enter 43.1. Watts) Judges ech) Riemer crs ree iena re ee e eeee 4| 
Warships in) Elamptone hoads smemieniiier ete sienaenn neta 44> Ways) 5 Bowell’ Me Deets eee eee 185 

Weadock, ‘Bi, Faia side csiox tac eee 283 
V ‘Weatherwax\: W.. EUS. sneer ee 732 
Webber dicut:; Ea Plaueses eee en ee eee 587 

Vanderbilt}: Cornelius datsem ey eesrae tees eee eee eee 285”. Weeks, Bartow (S:4- ee, ei eee 233, 262, 264 

Vaarnerig Fst tic ccteic ie tthe Cores eee 199° -. Weters IicA SA. Gace ncrs anche es oe ee 265 

Maughan, Dr, Geo. sll Asst: ourg:- Gens eee ee 3020 ) Weinschenck)sMrs4_BarAr ican sn eee eee 767 

Vaughn, Brig.-Gen. C. C., Jr. and Officers of the Virginia Wenck; Bo Ea. Jr ret sae aoe ee 233 
Brigade (As. Cue rd coe Ne Uae A ee Wertenbaker,wDx) Charles Io-4- eee eine een ee 750 

Weloz*Goiticoa,® Elon wr Nari rarctsey treatise ii tater erent 102 Westinghouse Company Exhibit.....................--- 612 

Vermont West) Hon: Henry Le itnnce cae eee 203 
Building for siccscoited sett coerce re Tae eee 376 pe West) Misses Binal Vitae te ose neni to citer ee aan 281 
Day, Gov. Fletcher D. Proctor—Group............... 282." Westie. < Clifton peace auton seriolercgaielseunieisio cea 271 
Maple Sugar Makers’ Association, Exhibit............. 657i West, Pomt) Cadets) ase eateries oe ee eee 189, 197 
Exhibit: 24.328 teense nies hse hese a ee eee SIO» West, Point, Officers inna ener eee eee 189 
States Exhibit # staf 28. ears tena soto ol eee ee ee 637. West Virginia 
Sugar Camp: at Maple Grove’ Farm...esee needa: 657 Building <3. sstaca S8sdack atic ae ores «eee eee 377 

Vessels;aModels*(.a emer mes paint tae One nee 409 Coal <T ower isn. cote secede a) (ho eee 670 

ViallHontsHerbert2 Bie oe eee 362 Coal “Tower “TLablet arcu emcees. © oe ei ee eee 671 

Wickerssioonsi oc Vlaxinivatiix hibits anieeieeeneeraeniena een 596 Day, Secretary Cortelyou and Gov. Dawson—Group. .. .222 

Victor sEimanueli LU Kan cio tel taly einer 81 Exhibit is.2ite aw S355 oo ce lane Clees eee 524 

Virginia Horticulture: Exhibit... .c2.13 ceri ieee ae eee eee 633 
Anthracite Coal Company, Exhibit................... 6665) Wharton,» Visss RosaNeilsona-eiet- iene eee 373 
Bar -Association—Group \crans-meseiaee ieee eit 236 <Wheeler;’Maj-7Algars Mecha ater ee eee 567 
Brigade, Officersins seu. soci et oer ee ee ee 2047 aW hiddity William Wallace ae cient eee 766 
Building 00... saeaccnd tea: See eee 122; 336, Whipple,” 02. Si S.05 5. ae eeiiwierisieicl ler ee eee eee 157 
Buildings Interiors m;aect cere ee eet er eee 338) White; x-Goy. Albert) Base. eters renee eee eee 378 
Building, Gov. Swanson and Commissioners as Hosts....339 | White, Miss Cornelia L..............00..2e00eeeeeeee 518 
Building, Hon. R. W. Withers and Assistant Hostesses. 340 Whites Misses Mabel Icouises ners eee ee 205 
Building, Gayings Gormerstoncanaee ese eee 121 Whitehéad,,’ John tg S22 eae «ole re ces ee eee 51 
Clubs. 2th ee ee ee eee 251)» Whittaker; HIG 2 s.2%-0. cree eta re eee 233 
Coal-.& Coke" Company eee eereren eee eee 6660) Whytes Elon) WalliamPinckneyaane ere ete eee 275 
Conference of Charities and Corrections—Group...... 332 Wilcox# Early’ Ve Ph Dice ohms ee cee ee 459 
Day, Goy. Claude A. Swanson and His Staff......... 201 Wilcox; HB: Awe 2 eo ee oo eee 178 
Eixhibitweacs-¢ econ tts cone eee Ce vee one 525) Wald) West Show——101) Ranch trict). tlettaictl ne tae 688 
Pirst #Viap—seal § oe en ee eee 22 Wiley; Harvey W Ph:D;, LED? eee 459 
Iron; Goaléi Cokes Gompanysn ixhibitee eee eee 6675 © WaleyjeMayj. aWa Eidayets sesso ont eee Ce 286 
Mineralitandslaimbers—Exhibiteeeaeeee ere eee 662) Willard}sDr2) William Dawsonsneeis ane 256 
Mineral and Timber Association, Office and Office Willard. Dé Earle Sos inonetmones oe cee eee 256 

Force Ge ice ee ah ae. A 663 Willet, Je YG a nar neh tis dco wena ans 51 
Militaryallnstitites @acets iter initia near aea aan 193° «Walliams, (Charles; Els a2..429 100) ete ee neo eee 51 
Polytechnical Institute Buildings....................- 537. Williams; Hon) John) Sharps, see eeeeenen eee 319, 
Public Schools Exhibit Bow tame Menata ona MuiShew eRe toy Araceae ead cone 542 Williams, John Skelton oje, 0/ af 8y.6116),0 lhe S .«) 8) Wp (als Jokela ae ciate Ronee 229 
Retail Merchants’ Association............ecce0eceeeee 247 Williams;,Miss* Adelaide: 2.4.1. sesiece ee eee eee 312 
School for the Deaf and Blind, Exhibition sane Cee 548 Willoughby Boulevard 22. oecccns acdc eee 106 
State-Echibity.c2 homes elas Manta t cn eee ae 622 Wilson, Brig.-Gen. John M............-..+.+2..00005, 203 
Whiversitys Eixhibi taeeee ee aeeee nr nteee ee 534.535. «Wilson? Drei), Famidee csine laren cere ei ceie eeneeeee 291 
Volunteers, Seventy-First Regiment cme ee ee 208 Wilsons Hs Gs At nie raion ciate nano ee ne eee 260 

Wairginian’ eitloty building sess ae ieee eee 759 Wilson, Woodrow, Ph.D. LLD., Lit. Di... 200. se enn 224 

Von? Pajers Captian cee en oan ee eer eee 165..c. Winston, Hon. sl\ Dae ones a one eee 248 

Vorce; Myrontl ieee ce Ae ere ee nee 274. WisesRevs ‘Stephen S.:Ph Dis... oe 328 

Vreeland, ‘Hubert 5.36 shee hoe: eee ere 349° Withers, : Hon.) Robert) Wt20 ea. citi eee 337, 340 

Witt, George D., Shoe Company, Exhibit................ 570 
W Wolfe Company.ni>xbibitseiemricieyrle tet teetereee ne 589 
Woman's. Building: .ie.5 eis a5 He entars ceee ee ee eee 554 

Wiaddill sient bs i@2a- ae aoe oe eee eee ene 6911 Wood)) Com’; Genee cy: soar io eee ee 619 

Wahle, Otto eens kere oe ee ee ee 233 Wood, R. Di-& Company, JE xhibituns ee ee eee 613 

Wakefield;3 John AW .03 106s tee eee ee eee 720). e\Woodrutt, Gov.) Follinu Sumemicee cient 305, 342 

Wakelee’s Camelline, Exhibit..........--<<cc+sccececes B77 WV oodrufiastj one Liimothiyse ieee arercnsleieraret sel tee ene 300 

iWalbridgemViiss) ZoemAlbertac: sn nae eee eee 350) “Woodward: Bs CG. Litt. De era teenie eee eee 459 

Walbridge, Mr. and Mrs. Edward L.............-.2--. 359) \Woodward:. Mieuts.G: Jia aes See oe eee 438 

Walborn & Riker Company, Exhibit................... 602° -sWool; Theodore isa poate: ccc eee eee 56 

Wales, Wet! [rote ts ee ee eee 51 Wrenn, eA. 6 Sons) Ecxhibity. omens oe eee 601 

Walke, Mrs. Frank A............ Be eet Re bn 387. a Wright;s Maj Clinton) Jo. acm. cetera ie ee eee eee 201 

WialkerJR SAS aee ete oe ee ee ee ee 270: <Wright;.,Peter’ nieces « siagitas seciscley: olen tee) rele eee 48 

Waltham Watch Company Exhibit....................-. yi  WarenGony, siehtay IW bilo nc occcudupsdaucccdunoosdoase 765 

Walther; sINSVY eA UG RNa iain inn tener aoe 265 

Waltons Hi Hes Goss Seems nls eee ee Se 271 yi 

Walton;«Elon: Fenty. Ecce oe een ee eee 372 

iW/altonsy Elonas Wiesleya: Kose iene eee 3i)4.. bY anes,’ Francisco")... te0.om 4 ieee see eee eee 420 

War): Path== Views ieee ee ee ee 680)” WorkySafe:& Lock Company, Exhibit-s eee eee 580 

Wreard.MrsueMay aA ldennceeey toon ieee eet et eee ee 185 Young Women’s Christian Association Building... ...... 555 

Ware-Kramer Tobacco Company, Exhibit............... 571 

WareheldsJohnve, ence 2k ee eee. onc pee 353 a 

IWartielda@ols Glenryal Vice pec acer renee eters 230 

Warheld,iGov.wEdwings sack neenmerke cei eree 1213532 Zink, “NS PY¥s Asians ore oars eles rats lies lene ae eee 265 

FINIS. 


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